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<button aria-controls="toc-Etymology_and_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology and concepts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rigpa_(knowledge)_and_ma_rigpa_(delusion)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rigpa_(knowledge)_and_ma_rigpa_(delusion)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Rigpa</i> (knowledge) and <i>ma rigpa</i> (delusion)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rigpa_(knowledge)_and_ma_rigpa_(delusion)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_exegesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_exegesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Traditional exegesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_exegesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Three series</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Base,_Path,_and_Fruit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Base,_Path,_and_Fruit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Base, Path, and Fruit</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Base,_Path,_and_Fruit-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Base, Path, and Fruit subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Base,_Path,_and_Fruit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Base_or_Ground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Base_or_Ground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Base or Ground</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Base_or_Ground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Three_qualities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_qualities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Three qualities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_qualities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Direct introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pointing-out_instruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pointing-out_instruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Pointing-out instruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pointing-out_instruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Path" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Path"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Path</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Path-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Garab_Dorje's_three_statements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garab_Dorje's_three_statements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Garab Dorje's three statements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garab_Dorje's_three_statements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-View" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#View"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>View</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-View-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Conduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fruit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fruit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>The Fruit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fruit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Self-liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rainbow_body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rainbow_body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Rainbow body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rainbow_body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Critique</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critique-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Critique subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Critique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simultaneous_and_gradual_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simultaneous_and_gradual_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Simultaneous and gradual practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simultaneous_and_gradual_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dzogchen_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dzogchen_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Dzogchen texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dzogchen_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Buddhist_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Buddhist_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Contemporary Buddhist sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Buddhist_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_academic_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_academic_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.3</span> <span>Western academic sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_academic_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.4</span> <span>Web sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dzogchen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B4%D9%86" title="دزوغشن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دزوغشن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="জোগচেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জোগচেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дзогчэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дзогчэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%87%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Дзогчэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дзогчэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дзогчен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дзогчен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="རྫོགས་ཆེན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྫོགས་ཆེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzog%C4%8Dhen" title="Dzogčhen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dzogčhen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="अतियोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अतियोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ძოგჩენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძოგჩენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzog%C4%8Denas" title="Dzogčenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dzogčenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogcsen" title="Dzogcsen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dzogcsen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="अतियोग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अतियोग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BE%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3" title="ゾクチェン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゾクチェン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogczen" title="Dzogczen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzogczen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дзогчен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дзогчен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzog%C4%8Dhen" title="Dzogčhen – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dzogčhen" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dzogchen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Дзогчен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дзогчен" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tradition of teachings in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the primordial state and related practices in Tibetan Buddhism and Bön. For the monastery, see <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen Monastery</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-A_(Dzogchen).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/White-A_%28Dzogchen%29.svg/260px-White-A_%28Dzogchen%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/White-A_%28Dzogchen%29.svg/390px-White-A_%28Dzogchen%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/White-A_%28Dzogchen%29.svg/520px-White-A_%28Dzogchen%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>A white <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> letter A inside a rainbow <a href="/wiki/Bindu_(symbol)" title="Bindu (symbol)">thigle</a> is a common symbol of Dzogchen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAchard2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchard2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/A_in_Buddhism" title="A in Buddhism">The Sanskrit letter A</a> is also a common symbol for non-arising in Mahayana Buddhism. </figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Dzogchen</td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">རྫོགས་ཆེན་</span> </span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a></th><td class="infobox-data">rdzogs chen<br />(rdzogs pa chen po)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dzokchen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">Tibetan Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zogqên</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Lhasa</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="bo-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">[tsɔktɕʰẽ]</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">大究竟、<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%93%E6%BB%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:大圓滿">大圓滿</a>、<br />大成就</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size: 1rem"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">大究竟、<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%86%E6%BB%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:大圆满">大圆满</a>、<br />大成就</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">dàjiūjìng,<br />dàyuánmǎn,<br />dàchéngjiù</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; background-color:#DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#7D0545">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa<br /></dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> </p> <dl><dt>Gelugpa<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃsāra</i></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bon_yungdrung.svg/75px-Bon_yungdrung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bon_yungdrung.svg/113px-Bon_yungdrung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Bon_yungdrung.svg/150px-Bon_yungdrung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">Rigpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kora_(pilgrimage)" title="Kora (pilgrimage)">Kora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngakpa" title="Ngakpa">Ngakpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tonpa_Shenrab_Miwoche" title="Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche">Tonpa Shenrab Miwoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shardza_Tashi_Gyaltsen" title="Shardza Tashi Gyaltsen">Shardza Tashi Gyaltsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lop%C3%B6n_Tenzin_Namdak" title="Lopön Tenzin Namdak">Lopön Tenzin Namdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche" title="Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche">Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drenpa_Namkha" title="Drenpa Namkha">Drenpa Namkha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Gods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenlha_Okar" title="Shenlha Okar">Shenlha Okar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Walmo" title="Yeshe Walmo">Yeshe Walmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalpo_spirits" title="Gyalpo spirits">Gyalpo spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhung_Meri" title="Zhang Zhung Meri">Zhang Zhung Meri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menri_Monastery" title="Menri Monastery">Menri Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triten_Norbutse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triten Norbutse (page does not exist)">Triten Norbutse</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian shamanism">Siberian shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Nepal" title="Hinduism in Nepal">Nepali Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuism">Wuism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bon_sidebar" title="Template:Bon sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bon_sidebar" title="Template talk:Bon sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bon_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bon sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dzogchen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">རྫོགས་ཆེན་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rdzogs chen</i> 'Great Completion' or 'Great Perfection'), also known as <i>atiyoga</i> (<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Nyingma_classification" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">utmost yoga</a>), is a tradition of teachings in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Indo-Tibetan Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bön</a> aimed at discovering and continuing in the ultimate <a href="/wiki/Ground_(Dzogchen)" title="Ground (Dzogchen)">ground</a> of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettit19994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettit19994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goal of Dzogchen is knowledge of this basis; this knowledge is called <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">rigpa</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: <span title="Sanskrit-language romanization"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Vidya_(Knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidya (Knowledge)"><i>vidyā</i></a></i></span>). There are spiritual practices taught in various Dzogchen systems for awakening <span title="Standard Tibetan-language romanization"><i lang="bo-Latn">rigpa</i></span>. </p><p>Dzogchen emerged during the first dissemination of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, around the 7th to 9th centuries CE. While it is considered a Tibetan development by some scholars, it draws upon key ideas from Indian sources. The earliest Dzogchen texts appeared in the 9th century, attributed to Indian masters. These texts, known as the Eighteen Great Scriptures, form the "Mind Series" and are attributed to figures like <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%AB_Si%E1%B9%85gha" class="mw-redirect" title="Śrī Siṅgha">Śrī Siṅgha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a>. Early Dzogchen was marked by a departure from normative <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a> practices, focusing instead on simple calming contemplations leading to a direct immersion in awareness. During the Tibetan renaissance era (10th to early 12th century), Dzogchen underwent significant development, incorporating new practices and teachings from India. This period saw the emergence of new Dzogchen traditions like the "Instruction Class series" and the "Seminal Heart" (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སྙིང་ཐིག་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>snying thig</i>). </p><p>Dzogchen is classified into three series: the Semdé (Mind Series, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སེམས་སྡེ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>sems sde</i>), Longdé (Space Series, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ཀློང་སྡེ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>klong sde</i>), and Menngaggidé (Instruction Series, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">མན་ངག་གི་སྡེ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>man ngag gi sde</i>). The Dzogchen path comprises the Base, the Path, and the Fruit. The Base represents the original state of existence, characterized by <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a> (<i>stong pa nyid</i>), clarity (<i>lhun grub</i>, associated with <a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">luminous clarity</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">compassionate</a> energy (<i>snying rje</i>). The Path involves gaining a direct understanding of the mind's pure nature through meditation and specific Dzogchen methods. The Fruit is the realization of one's true nature, leading to complete <a href="/wiki/Non-dual" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-dual">non-dual</a> awareness and the dissolution of dualities. </p><p>Dzogchen practitioners aim for self-liberation (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">རང་གྲོལ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rang grol</i>), where all experiences are integrated with awareness of one's true nature. This process may culminate in the attainment of a rainbow body at the moment of death, symbolizing full <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>. Critics point to tensions between gradual and simultaneous practice within Dzogchen traditions, but practitioners argue these approaches cater to different levels of ability and understanding. Overall, Dzogchen offers a direct path to realizing the innate wisdom and compassion of the mind. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dzogchen" title="History of Dzogchen">History of Dzogchen</a></div> <p>Dzogchen arose in the era of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">first dissemination of Buddhism in Tibet</a> (7th to 9th centuries CE) during the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> and continued during the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Era of Fragmentation</a> (9th to 11th centuries). American Tibetologist <a href="/wiki/David_Germano" title="David Germano">David Germano</a> argues that Dzogchen is likely a Tibetan Buddhist development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrons2008168_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrons2008168-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, numerous ideas key to Dzogchen (like <a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">emptiness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">luminosity</a>) can be found in Indian sources, like the <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Buddhism)">Buddhist tantras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">buddha-nature</a> literature and other <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a> sources like the <i><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b40_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b40-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, scholars like <a href="/wiki/Sam_van_Schaik" title="Sam van Schaik">Sam van Schaik</a> see Dzogchen as having arisen out of tantric Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">completion stage</a> practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest Dzogchen sources appeared in the first half of the 9th century, with a series of short texts attributed to Indian saints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most of important of these are the "Eighteen Great Scriptures", which are today known as the <a href="/wiki/Semde" title="Semde">"Mind Series" (<i>Semdé</i>)</a> and are attributed to Indian masters like <a href="/wiki/Sri_Singha" title="Sri Singha">Śrī Siṅgha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vairotsana" title="Vairotsana">Vairotsana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a><i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994234-235_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994234-235-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later Semdé compilation tantra titled the <i>All-Creating King (<a href="/wiki/Kulayar%C4%81ja_Tantra" title="Kulayarāja Tantra">Kunjed Gyalpo</a>, kun byed rgyal po)</i> is one of the most important and widely quoted of all Dzogchen scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germano sees the early Dzogchen of the Tibetan Empire period as characterized by the rejection of normative <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> practice. Germano calls the early Dzogchen traditions "pristine Great Perfection" since it is marked "by the absence of presentations of detailed ritual and contemplative technique" as well as a lack of funerary, charnel ground and death imagery found in some Buddhist tantras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2005b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano2005b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Germano, instead of tantric <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">deity yoga</a> methods, early Dzogchen mainly focused on simple calming (<a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">śamatha</a>) contemplations leading to a "technique free immersion in the bare immediacy of one's own deepest levels of awareness".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Christopher Hatchell explains that since for early Dzogchen "all beings and all appearances are themselves the singular enlightened gnosis of the buddha All Good (Samantabhadra, <i>Kuntu Zangpo</i>)", there is nothing to do but to recognize this inherent awakened mind, relax and let go.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatchell201452_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatchell201452-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibet#Tibetan_Renaissance_(10th-12th_century)" title="History of Tibet">Tibetan renaissance era</a> (10th century to the early 12th century) many new Vajrayāna texts, teachings and practices were introduced from India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> school and its Dzogchen traditions reinvented themselves, producing many new scriptures and developing new practices influenced by the Sarma traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These new influences were absorbed into Dzogchen through the practice of finding <a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">treasure texts (<i>terma</i>)</a> that were discovered by "treasure revealers" (<i><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">tertons</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tantric elements included <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a> practices, visionary practices like <a href="/wiki/Dark_retreat" title="Dark retreat">dark retreat</a>, and a focus on death-motifs and practices (such as funerary and relic rituals, <a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">bardo</a> teachings, <a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">phowa</a>, etc).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-2547_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-2547-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatchell20149-10_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatchell20149-10-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These new methods and teachings were part of several new traditions such as the "Secret Cycle" (<i>gsang skor</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Ultra Pith" (<i>yang tig</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Brahmin's tradition" (<i>bram ze'i lugs</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "<a href="/wiki/Longd%C3%A9" title="Longdé">Space Class</a> Series,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and especially the "Instruction Class series" (<i><a href="/wiki/Menngagde" title="Menngagde">Menngagde</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which culminated in the "Seminal Heart" (<i>snying thig</i>), which emerged in the late 11th and early 12th century. The most influential texts in this period are <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_tantras" title="Seventeen tantras">Seventeen Tantras</a> (<i>rgyud bcu bdun</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart_MacKenzie2014_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart_MacKenzie2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important scholarly figure in the systematization of these new traditions was <a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa Rabjampa</a> (1308–1364).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b9_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b9-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later figures who also revealed important treasure text cycles include <a href="/wiki/Karma_Lingpa" title="Karma Lingpa">Karma Lingpa</a>, (1326–1386, who revealed the <i><a href="/wiki/Bardo_Thodol" title="Bardo Thodol">bar-do thos-grol</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Rigdzin_G%C3%B6dem" title="Rigdzin Gödem">Rigdzin Gödem</a> (1337–1409), <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a> (1730–1798), who revealed the influential <i><a href="/wiki/Longchen_Nyingthig" title="Longchen Nyingthig">Longchen Nyingthig</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a> (1835–1904).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052548_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052548-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_concepts">Etymology and concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology and concepts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Dzogchen</i> is composed of two terms:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2011b_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2011b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>rdzogs</i> – perfection, completion</li> <li><i>chen</i> – great</li></ul> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">fourteenth Dalai Lama</a>, the term <i>dzogchen</i> may be a rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term <i>mahāsandhi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama2004208_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama2004208-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term initially referred to the "highest perfection" of Vajrayāna <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">deity yoga</a>. Specifically, it refers to the stage after the deity visualisation has been dissolved and one rests in the natural state of the innately <a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">luminous and pure mind</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sam_van_Schaik" title="Sam van Schaik">Sam van Schaik</a>, in the 8th-century tantra <i>Sarvabuddhasamāyoga,</i> the term refers to "a realization of the nature of reality" which arises through the practice of tantric <a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">anuyoga</a> practices which produce bliss.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2011b_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2011b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 10th and 11th centuries, when <i>Dzogchen</i> emerged as a separate vehicle to liberation in the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2011b_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2011b-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term was used synonymously with the Sanskrit term <i>ati yoga</i> (primordial yoga).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200324_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200324-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rigpa_(knowledge)_and_ma_rigpa_(delusion)"><span id="Rigpa_.28knowledge.29_and_ma_rigpa_.28delusion.29"></span><i>Rigpa</i> (knowledge) and <i>ma rigpa</i> (delusion)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rigpa (knowledge) and ma rigpa (delusion)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_behind_the_dark_clouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sun_behind_the_dark_clouds.jpg/220px-Sun_behind_the_dark_clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sun_behind_the_dark_clouds.jpg/330px-Sun_behind_the_dark_clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sun_behind_the_dark_clouds.jpg/440px-Sun_behind_the_dark_clouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>A widespread simile for ignorance is the obscuration of the sun by clouds</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">Rigpa</a></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">Rigpa</a></i> (Sanskrit: <i>vidyā</i>, "knowledge") is a central concept in Dzogchen. According to Ācārya Malcolm Smith: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A text from the <i>Heart Essence of Vimalamitra</i> called the <i>Lamp Summarizing Vidyā</i> (<i>Rig pa bsdus pa’i sgronma</i>) defines vidyā in the following way: "...vidyā is knowing, clear, and unchanging" In Sanskrit, the term vidyā and all its cognates imply consciousness, knowing, knowledge, science, intelligence, and so on. Simply put, vidyā means unconfused knowledge of the basis that is its own state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201612_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201612-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><i>Ma rigpa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)"><i>avidyā</i></a>) is the opposite of <i>rigpa</i> or knowledge. <i>Ma rigpa</i> is ignorance, delusion, or unawareness, the failure to recognize the nature of the basis. An important theme in Dzogchen texts is explaining how ignorance arises from the basis or <a href="/wiki/Dharmata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmata">dharmatā</a>, which is associated with <i>ye shes</i> or pristine consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201614_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201614-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automatically arising unawareness (<i>lhan skyes ma rig pa</i>) exists because the basis has a natural cognitive potentiality which gives rise to appearances. This is the ground for <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">saṁsāra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvāṇa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201615–16_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201615–16-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_exegesis">Traditional exegesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditional exegesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_the_Heart_of_Vajrasattva" title="The Mirror of the Heart of Vajrasattva">The Mirror of the Heart of Vajrasattva</a></i> (<i>Dorje Sempa Nyinggi Melong</i>, <i>rdo rje sems dpa' snying gi me long</i>), a major <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_tantras" title="Seventeen tantras">Dzogchen tantra</a>, explains the term <i>Dzog</i> (Perfection) as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Because <i><a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">rigpa</a></i> is perfect wisdom in the realm beyond effort, it is perfection. Because meditation is perfect stainless wisdom in the realm beyond concepts, it is perfection. Because behavior is perfect universal wisdom in the realm beyond correction, it is perfection. Because view is perfect non-conceptual wisdom in the realm beyond achievement, it is perfection. Because fruit is the perfect twenty-five wisdoms in the realm beyond frame of reference, it is perfection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValby201649_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValby201649-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i>The Mirror of the Heart of Vajrasattva</i> explains that Dzogchen is "great" because:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValby201650_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValby201650-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>It is the pinnacle of all vehicles, views, meditations, behaviors, goals.</li> <li>It is "never moving from the natural state."</li> <li>It functions "without obstacles in the realm beyond change."</li> <li>It manifests "beyond concepts in the realm beyond attachment."</li> <li>It manifests "without attachment in the realm beyond desire"</li> <li>It manifests "in great bliss in the realm beyond speech."</li> <li>It is "the source that pervades pure enlightenment."</li> <li>It is "non-substantial <i>rigpa</i> beyond action and effort."</li> <li>It remains "in equality without moving from the realm of total bliss" and "without moving from the essential meaning."</li> <li>It exists "everywhere without being a dimension of grasping."</li> <li>It is "the essence of everything without being established with words and syllables."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three_series">Three series</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Three series"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Three Series of Dzogchen (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">རྫོགས་ཆེན་སྡེ་གསུམ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rdzogs chen sde gsum</i>) are a traditional <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> classification which divides the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> school's Dzogchen tradition into three series, divisions or sections. These three are: the <i><a href="/wiki/Semde" title="Semde">Semde</a></i> ('Mind Series'), the <i><a href="/wiki/Longd%C3%A9" title="Longdé">Longdé</a></i> ('Space Series') and the <i><a href="/wiki/Menngagde" title="Menngagde">Menngagde</a></i> ('Instruction Series'). Traditional accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> school attribute this schema to the Indian master <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%ABmitra" title="Mañjuśrīmitra">Mañjuśrīmitra</a> (c. 8th century).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche1991vol._1,_pp._493–498_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche1991vol._1,_pp._493–498-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to modern <a href="/wiki/Tibetology" title="Tibetology">Tibetologists</a>, this <a href="/wiki/Doxography" title="Doxography">doxographic</a> schema actually developed in the literature of the Instruction Series (c. 11th century onwards) as a way to distinguish and categorize the various Dzogchen teachings at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b8_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Instruction Series texts, the Mind Series is based on understanding that one's own mind is the basis of all appearances and that this basis, called mind itself, is empty and luminous. The Space series meanwhile is focused on <a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">emptiness</a> (Skt. <i>śūnyatā,</i> T. <i>stong-pa nyid</i>). Finally, the Instruction Series itself is seen as the most direct kind of realization, without the need to meditate on emptiness or mind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b8_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the Instruction Series came to dominate the Dzogchen tradition and it remains the series that is most widely practiced and taught while the other two series are rarely practiced today (with the exception of a few masters like <a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b8_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b8-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a>, the three series are three modes of presenting and introducing the state of Dzogchen. Norbu states that Mennagde is a more direct form of introduction, Longde is closely associated with symbolic forms of introducing Dzogchen and Semde is more focused on oral forms of introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu200043–44_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu200043–44-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germano writes that the Mind Series serves as a classification for the earlier texts and forms of Dzogchen "prior to the development of the Seminal Heart movements" which focused on meditations based on tantric understandings of <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a> (<i>byang chub kyi sems</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994288_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994288-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This referred to the ultimate nature of the mind, which is empty (<i>stong pa</i>), luminous ('<i>od gsal ba</i>), and pure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Germano, the Space and Instruction Series are associated with later (historical) developments of Dzogchen "which increasingly experimented with re-incorporating <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">tantric contemplative techniques</a> centered on the body and vision, as well as the consequent philosophical shifts his became interwoven with."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994288_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994288-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Base,_Path,_and_Fruit"><span id="Base.2C_Path.2C_and_Fruit"></span>Base, Path, and Fruit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Base, Path, and Fruit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Taeguk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sam_Taeguk.jpg/180px-Sam_Taeguk.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Sam_Taeguk.jpg/270px-Sam_Taeguk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Sam_Taeguk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gankyil" title="Gankyil">gankyil</a>, a Tibetan symbol which can symbolize various triple part ideas, such as the ground, path and fruit</figcaption></figure> <p>In Dzogchen, there are three central aspects: the <i>Base</i>, the <i>Path</i> and the <i>Fruit</i>. The <i>Base</i> represents the original, unchanging state of existence, characterized by emptiness, clarity, and compassionate energy. </p><p>The <i>Path</i> comprises three key elements: view, practice, and conduct. The view focuses on gaining a direct understanding of the pure nature of the mind. Practice involves meditation techniques and specific Dzogchen methods. Conduct means integrating these practices into daily life. </p><p>The <i>Fruit</i> represents the ultimate goal – realizing one's true nature and achieving Buddhahood. This involves discovering the inherent state of the base and integrating all experiences with one's awareness of it. Ultimately, it leads to complete non-dual awareness, transcending egoic limitations, and dissolving dualities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Base_or_Ground">The Base or Ground</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Base or Ground"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samantabhadra_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Samantabhadra_04.jpg/170px-Samantabhadra_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Samantabhadra_04.jpg/255px-Samantabhadra_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Samantabhadra_04.jpg/340px-Samantabhadra_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>An image of the Primordial Buddha <a href="/wiki/Adi-Buddha" title="Adi-Buddha">Samantabhadra</a> with his consort Samantabhadri. These images are said to symbolize the union of space (emptiness, the female aspect) and clarity - awareness (male).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyoshul_Khenpo2016_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyoshul_Khenpo2016-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ground_(Dzogchen)" title="Ground (Dzogchen)">Ground (Dzogchen)</a></div> <p>A key concept in Dzogchen is the "base", "ground", or "primordial state" (Tibetan: <i>gzhi</i>, Sanskrit: <i>āśraya</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche1991354_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche1991354-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also called the general ground (<i>spyi gzhi</i>) or the original ground (<i>gdod ma'i gzhi</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b52_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b52-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basis is the original state "before realization produced <i>buddha</i>s and nonrealization produced sentient beings". It is atemporal and unchanging and yet it is "noetically potent", giving rise to mind (<i>sems,</i> Skt. <i><a href="/wiki/Citta" class="mw-redirect" title="Citta">citta</a></i>), consciousness (<i>shes pa,</i> Skt. <i><a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">vijñāna</a></i>), delusion (<i>ma rig pa,</i> Skt. <i><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">avidyā</a></i>) and knowledge (<i><a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">rigpa</a></i>, Skt. <i>vidyā</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201612–13_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201612–13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Hatchell notes that the Dzogchen tradition portrays ultimate reality as something which is "beyond the concepts of one and many."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatchell201456_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatchell201456-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Three_qualities">Three qualities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Three qualities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Dzogchen-teachings, the <i>Ground</i> or <a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a> has three qualities:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche200144_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche200144-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettit199978-79_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettit199978-79-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>ngo bo</i>, "essence", oneness or emptiness (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>ngo bo stong pa</i>),</li> <li><i>rang bzhin</i>, "nature", luminosity, lucidity or clarity (as in the <a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">luminous mind</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Pure_Lights" title="Five Pure Lights">Five Pure Lights</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rang bzhin gsal ba</i>),</li> <li><i>thugs rje</i>, "power", universal <a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">compassionate energy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>thugs rje kun khyab</i>), unobstructed (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>ma 'gags pa</i>).</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Herbert_V._Guenther" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert V. Guenther">Herbert V. Guenther</a> points out that this <i>Ground</i> is both a static potential and a dynamic unfolding. They give a <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process-orientated</a> translation, to avoid any essentialist associations, since </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>ngo-bo</i> (facticity) has nothing to do with nor can even be reduced to the (essentialist) categories of substance and quality; [...] <i>rang-bzhin</i> (actuality) remains open-dimensional, rather than being or turning into a rigid essence despite its being what it is; and that <i>thugs-rje</i> (resonance) is an atemporal sensitivity and response, rather than a distinct and narrowly circumscribed operation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodmanDavidson199214_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodmanDavidson199214-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 19th–20th-century Tibetan Buddhist scholar, Shechen Gyaltsap Gyurme Pema Namgyal, sees the Buddha-nature as ultimate truth,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabjam200721_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabjam200721-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nirvana, which is constituted of profundity, primordial peace and radiance: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Buddha-nature is immaculate. It is profound, serene, unfabricated suchness, an uncompounded expanse of luminosity; nonarising, unceasing, primordial peace, spontaneously present nirvana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabjam20074_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabjam20074-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_introduction">Direct introduction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Direct introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Esoteric transmission</a></div> <p>Direct introduction is called the "Empowerment of Awareness" (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>rig pa'i rtsal dbang</i>, pronounced "rigpay sall wahng"), a technical term employed within the Dzogchen lineages for a particular lineage of empowerment propagated by <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a>. This empowerment consists of the direct introduction of the student to the intrinsic nature of their own mind-essence, <a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">rigpa</a>, by their empowering master.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pointing-out_instruction">Pointing-out instruction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pointing-out instruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></div> <p>In Dzogchen tradition, pointing-out instruction (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">ངོ་སྤྲོད་ཀྱི་གདམས་པ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>ngo sprod kyi gdams pa</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>ngo-trö kyi dam-pa</i>) is also referred to as "pointing out the nature of mind" (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སེམས་ཀྱི་ངོ་སྤྲོད་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>sems kyi ngo sprod</i>, <a href="/wiki/THL_Simplified_Phonetic_Transcription" title="THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription">THL</a>: <i>sem kyi ngo-trö</i>), "pointing out transmission", or "introduction to the nature of mind".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward2008106_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward2008106-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pointing-out instruction (<i>ngo sprod</i>) is an introduction to the <a href="/wiki/Rigpa" title="Rigpa">nature of mind</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Path">The Path</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Path"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three major divisions of the Dzogchen path, known as the "Three Dharmas of the Path."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2012_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2012-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are <i>tawa</i>, <i>gompa</i>, and <i>chöpa</i>. Namkhai Norbu translates these three terms as 'view,' 'practice,' and 'conduct.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000ch._7,_pp._109-148_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000ch._7,_pp._109-148-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Garab_Dorje's_three_statements"><span id="Garab_Dorje.27s_three_statements"></span>Garab Dorje's three statements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Garab Dorje's three statements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garab_Dorje.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Garab_Dorje.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Garab_Dorje" title="Garab Dorje">Garab Dorje</a> (c. 665), an Indian sage purportedly from <a href="/wiki/Oddiyana" title="Oddiyana">Oddiyana</a>. He is traditionally held to be the first human teacher of Dzogchen.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Garab_Dorje" title="Garab Dorje">Garab Dorje</a> (c. 665) epitomized the Dzogchen teaching in three principles, known as "Striking the Vital Point in Three Statements" (<i>Tsik Sum Né Dek</i>), said to be his last words. They give in short the development a student has to undergo:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2009_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2009-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrul_Rinpoche2008_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrul_Rinpoche2008-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garab Dorje's three statements were integrated into the <i>Nyingthig</i> traditions, the most popular of which in the <i><a href="/wiki/Longchen_Nyingthig" title="Longchen Nyingthig">Longchen Nyingthig</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a> (1730–1798).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statements are: </p> <ol><li><b>Introducing directly the face of rigpa itself</b> (<i>ngo rang tok tu tré</i>). Dudjom Rinpoche states this refers to: "Introducing directly the face of the naked mind as the rigpa itself, the innate primordial wisdom."</li> <li><b>Deciding upon one thing and one thing only</b> (<i>tak chik tok tu ché</i>). Dudjom states: "Because all phenomena, whatever manifests, whether saṃsāra or nirvāṇa, are none other than the rigpa’s own play, there is complete and direct decision that there is nothing other than the abiding of the continual flow of rigpa."</li> <li><b>Confidence directly in the liberation of rising thoughts</b> (<i>deng drol tok tu cha</i>). Dudjom comments: "In the recognition of <i>namtok</i> [arising thoughts], whatever arises, whether gross or subtle, there is direct confidence in the simultaneity of the arising and dissolution in the expanse of dharmakāya, which is the unity of rigpa and <i>śūnyatā</i>."</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="View">View</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: View"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/View_(Dzogchen)" title="View (Dzogchen)">View (Dzogchen)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Appearance_of_sky_for_weather_forecast,_Dhaka,_Bangladesh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Appearance_of_sky_for_weather_forecast%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.JPG/220px-Appearance_of_sky_for_weather_forecast%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Appearance_of_sky_for_weather_forecast%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.JPG/330px-Appearance_of_sky_for_weather_forecast%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Appearance_of_sky_for_weather_forecast%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.JPG/440px-Appearance_of_sky_for_weather_forecast%2C_Dhaka%2C_Bangladesh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>The metaphors of sky and spaciousness are often used to describe the nature of mind in Dzogchen.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> Dzogchen texts use unique terminology to describe the Dzogchen view (Tib. <i>tawa</i>). Some of these terms deal with the different elements and features of the mind and are drawn from classic Buddhist thought. The generic term for consciousness is <i>shes pa</i> (<i>Skt. <a href="/wiki/Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Vijñāna">vijñāna</a></i>), and includes the six sense consciousnesses. <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Worldly</a>, impure and dualistic forms of consciousness are generally referred to with terms such as <i>sems</i> (<i>citta,</i> mind), <i>yid</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Manas-vijnana" title="Manas-vijnana">mānas</a></i>) and <i>blo</i> (<i>buddhi</i>). On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Nirvana_(Buddhism)" title="Nirvana (Buddhism)">nirvanic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vimutti" class="mw-redirect" title="Vimutti">liberated</a> forms of consciousness are described with terms such as <i>ye shes</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81na" title="Jñāna">jñāna</a></i>, 'pristine consciousness') and <i>shes rab</i> (<a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)"><i>prajñā</i></a>, wisdom).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201612-14_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201612-14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Sam_van_Schaik" title="Sam van Schaik">Sam van Schaik</a>, two significant terms used in Dzogchen literature is the ground (<i>gzhi</i>) and gnosis (<i>rig pa</i>), which represent the "<a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnoseological</a> aspects of the nirvanic state" respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b52_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b52-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nyingma Dzogchen literature also describes nirvana as the "expanse" or "space" (<i>klong</i> or <i>dbyings</i>) or the "expanse of Dharma" (<i>chos dbyings</i>, Sanskrit: <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmadhatu" title="Dharmadhatu">Dharmadhatu</a></i>). The term <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmakaya">Dharmakaya</a></i> (Dharma body) is also often associated with these terms in Dzogchen,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as explained by <a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulku Urgyen">Tulku Urgyen</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Dharmakaya is like space. You cannot say there is any limit to space in any direction. No matter how far you go, you never reach a point where space stops and that is the end of space. Space is infinite in all directions; so is dharmakaya. Dharmakaya is all-pervasive and totally infinite, beyond any confines or limitations. This is so for the dharmakaya of all buddhas. There is no individual dharmakaya for each buddha, as there is no individual space for each country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunsang20123_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunsang20123-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The Dzogchen <a href="/wiki/View_(Dzogchen)" title="View (Dzogchen)">View</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Secret_instruction_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret instruction series">secret instruction series</a> (<i>man ngag sde</i>) is classically explained through the <a href="/wiki/Eleven_vajra_topics" title="Eleven vajra topics">eleven vajra topics</a>. These can be found in the <i>String of Pearls Tantra</i> (<i>Mu tig phreng ba</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20169_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20169-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>Great Commentary by Vimalamitra</i> as well as in <a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a>'s <i>Treasury of Word and Meaning</i> (<i>Tsik Dön Dzö).</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Practice">Practice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Practice_(Dzogchen)" title="Practice (Dzogchen)">Practice (Dzogchen)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lukhang_mural_3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lukhang_mural_3.png/220px-Lukhang_mural_3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lukhang_mural_3.png/330px-Lukhang_mural_3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lukhang_mural_3.png/440px-Lukhang_mural_3.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lukhang" title="Lukhang">Lukhang Temple</a> mural depicting Dzogchen <a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">anuyoga</a> practices such as <a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">tummo</a> which work with the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">subtle body</a> channels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lukhang_mural_20.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lukhang_mural_20.png/220px-Lukhang_mural_20.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lukhang_mural_20.png/330px-Lukhang_mural_20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lukhang_mural_20.png/440px-Lukhang_mural_20.png 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Yogis meditating on the letter A inside a thigle (circular rainbow), Lukhang Temple</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lukhang_mural_14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lukhang_mural_14.png/220px-Lukhang_mural_14.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lukhang_mural_14.png/330px-Lukhang_mural_14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Lukhang_mural_14.png/440px-Lukhang_mural_14.png 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="815" /></a><figcaption>Lukhang Temple mural depicting the visionary <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6gal" title="Tögal">tögal</a></i> practice of <a href="/wiki/Sky_gazing_(Dzogchen)" title="Sky gazing (Dzogchen)">sky gazing</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dzogchen practice (<i>gompa</i>) relies on the Dzogchen view which is a "direct, non-dual, non-conceptual knowledge" of the pure nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000110_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000110-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is achieved through one's relationship with a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lama</a> who introduces one to our own primordial state and provides instruction on how to practice. This "direct introduction" and transmission from a Dzogchen master is considered absolutely essential.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000112-116_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000112-116-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dzogchen tradition contains numerous systems of practices, including various forms of meditation, tantric yogas and unique Dzogchen methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547,_2548_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547,_2548-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest form of Dzogchen practice (the <i>Semde</i>, "Mind" series) generally emphasized non-symbolic "formless" practices (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">tantric deity yoga</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994225-226_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994225-226-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later developments led to the main Dzogchen practices becoming more infused with various <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" title="Ngöndro">preliminary</a> and tantric methods like deity yoga, semdzin (holding the mind), rushen (separating samsara and nirvana), and <a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā"><i>vipasyana</i></a> (<i>lhagthong</i>), which are all seen as skillful means to achieve the basic state of contemplation of the primordially pure state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000114_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000114-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAchard2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchard2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key Dzogchen meditation methods, which are unique to the tradition are <i><a href="/wiki/Trekch%C3%B6" title="Trekchö">trekchö</a></i> ("cutting tension") and <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6gal" title="Tögal">tögal</a></i>, along with unique Dzogchen teachings on awakening in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">bardo</a></i> (intermediate state between death and <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b98-99_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b98-99-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>trekchö,</i> one first identifies the innate pure awareness, and then sustains recognition of it in all activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl2009255_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl2009255-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart_MacKenzie2014_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart_MacKenzie2014-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>tögal</i> ("crossing over"), a yogi works with various gazes and postures which lead to various forms of visions (in <a href="/wiki/Dark_retreat" title="Dark retreat">dark retreat</a> or through <a href="/wiki/Sky_gazing_(Dzogchen)" title="Sky gazing (Dzogchen)">sky gazing</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201626_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201626-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b101_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b101-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most comprehensive study of sky-gazing meditation, known as <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6gal" title="Tögal">tögal</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Thod_rgal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thod rgal">thod rgal</a></i>, has been written by Flavio A. Geisshuesler. Although the term <i>thod rgal</i> is generally translated as "Direct Transcendence" or "Leap Over," Geisshuesler argues that the expression really means "Skullward Leap" as it consists of the Tibetan words <i>thod</i> ("above," "over," but also "head wrapper," "turban," "skull") and <i>rgal</i> ("to leap over").<sup id="cite_ref-Geisshuesler_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisshuesler-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> In the larger Tibetan cultural area, it is the most elevated part of the human body—the skull or, its extension in the form of a turban-like headdress—that allows the religious practitioner to gain access to the source of vitality located in the heavens. Both the head and the headdress have deep resonances with animals—particularly deer and sheep—which are central for the sky-gazing practice because of their ability to ascend and descend vertically to move in between various realms of existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Geisshuesler_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisshuesler-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conduct">Conduct</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conduct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ngagpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngagpa">Ngagpa</a></div> <p>Norbu notes that "Tantric practices may be used as secondary practices by the practitioner of Dzogchen, alongside the principal practice of contemplation." Similarly, physical yoga (Tib. <i><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">trulkhor</a></i>) may also be used as supporting practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000118-119_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000118-119-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fruit">The Fruit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Fruit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Self-liberation">Self-liberation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Self-liberation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Namkhai Norbu, in Dzogchen, "to become realized simply means to discover and manifest that which from the very beginning has been our own true condition: the Zhi (gzhi) or Base."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000149_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000149-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the basis, the path of practice and the fruit or result of practice are non-dual from the ultimate perspective, in Dzogchen understands the path as not separate from the result or fruit of the path (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a>). Once a Dzogchen practitioner has recognized their true nature (and "do not remain in doubt" regarding this), the path consists of the integration (<i>sewa</i>) of all experiences in their life with the state of rigpa. All these experiences are self-liberated through this integration or mixing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000150_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000150-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This process is often explained through three "liberations" or capacities of a Dzogchen practitioner:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000150-152_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000150-152-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Cherdrol</b> ("one observes and it liberates") - This is when an ordinary appearance occurs and one sees its true nature, which leads to its self-liberation. It is compared to how a drop of dew evaporates when the sunlight shines on it.</li> <li><b>Shardrol</b> ("as soon as it arises it liberates itself") - This occurs when any sense contact or passion arises self-liberates automatically and effortlessly. This is compared to how snow melts immediately on falling into the sea.</li> <li><b>Rangdrol</b> ("of itself it liberates itself"), according to Norbu, this is "completely non-dual and all-at-once, instantaneous self-liberation. Here the illusory separation of subject and object collapses of itself, and one's habitual vision, the limited cage, the trap of ego, opens out into the spacious vision of what is".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000152_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000152-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Simile" title="Simile">simile</a> used here is a snake effortlessly unwinding its own body.</li></ul> <p>Advanced Dzogchen practitioners are also said to sometimes manifest supranormal knowledge (Skt. <i>abhijñā,</i> Tib. <i>mngon shes</i>), such as <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000153-154_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000153-154-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rainbow_body">Rainbow body</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rainbow body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Padmasambhava_with_Rainbow_Body_-_19th_century_Tibetan_thangka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Padmasambhava_with_Rainbow_Body_-_19th_century_Tibetan_thangka.jpg/220px-Padmasambhava_with_Rainbow_Body_-_19th_century_Tibetan_thangka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Padmasambhava_with_Rainbow_Body_-_19th_century_Tibetan_thangka.jpg/330px-Padmasambhava_with_Rainbow_Body_-_19th_century_Tibetan_thangka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Padmasambhava_with_Rainbow_Body_-_19th_century_Tibetan_thangka.jpg/440px-Padmasambhava_with_Rainbow_Body_-_19th_century_Tibetan_thangka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>19th century <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">thangka</a> depicting Padmasambhava's rainbow body.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Tögal</i> practice may lead to full <a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a> and the self-liberation of the human body into a <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_body" title="Rainbow body">rainbow body</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the moment of death,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama2004204_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama2004204-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when all fixation and grasping has been exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChökyi_Nyima_Rinpoche1994233_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChökyi_Nyima_Rinpoche1994233-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tibetan Buddhism holds that the rainbow body is a nonmaterial <a href="/wiki/Body_of_light" title="Body of light">body of light</a> with the ability to exist and abide wherever and whenever as pointed by one's compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2005296_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2005296-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicard2001153_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicard2001153-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Sambhogak%C4%81ya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambhogakāya">sambhogakāya</a> and its attainment is said to be accompanied by the appearance of lights and rainbows.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2001323_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2001323-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicard2001153_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicard2001153-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some exceptional practitioners are held to have realized a higher type of rainbow body without dying (these include the 24 <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bön">Bön</a> masters from the oral tradition of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhung" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Zhung">Zhang Zhung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapihritsa" title="Tapihritsa">Tapihritsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a>). Having completed the four visions before death, the individual focuses on the lights that surround the fingers. His or her physical body self-liberates into a nonmaterial body of light with the ability to exist and abide wherever and whenever as pointed by one's compassion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicard2001153_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicard2001153-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critique">Critique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Critique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simultaneous_and_gradual_practice">Simultaneous and gradual practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Simultaneous and gradual practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As noted by van Schaik, there is a tension in the <a href="/wiki/Longchen_Nyingtik" class="mw-redirect" title="Longchen Nyingtik">Longchen Nyingtik</a> tradition of Dzogchen between methods which emphasize gradual practice and attainments, and methods which emphasize primordial liberation, simultaneous enlightenment, and non-activity. This seeming contradiction is explained by authors of the tradition as being related to the different levels of ability of different practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b115_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b115-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the works of Jigme Lingpa contain criticisms of methods which rely on cause and effect as well as methods that rely on intellectual analysis. Since Buddhahood is uncaused and transcendent of the intellect, these contrived and conceptual meditations are contrasted with "effortless" and "instantaneous" approaches in the works of Jigme Lingpa, who writes that as soon as a thought arises, it is to be seen nakedly, without analysis or examination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b71-75_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b71-75-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, a common theme of Dzogchen literature is the elevation of Dzogchen above all other "lower" (<i>'og ma</i>) vehicles and a criticism of these lower vehicles which are seen as inferior (<i>dman pa</i>) approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b76-77_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b76-77-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of these critiques, Dzogchen cycles like Jigme Lingpa's <i><a href="/wiki/Longchen_Nyingthig" title="Longchen Nyingthig">Longchen Nyingthig</a></i> do contain numerous practices which are not instantaneous or effortless, such as tantric Mahayoga practice like <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Tantric_Practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Tantric Practice">deity yoga</a> and preliminary methods such as <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" title="Ngöndro">ngondro</a> (which are equated with the <a href="/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi_(Buddhism)#Five_Paths" title="Bhūmi (Buddhism)">path of accumulation</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b94-95_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b94-95-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Jigme Lingpa and Longchenpa also criticize those who teach the simultaneous method to everyone and teach them to dispense with all other methods at once.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b93-94_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b93-94-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the idea that the gradualist teachings found in the Longchen Nyingtik texts contradict the Dzogchen view of primordial liberation, Jigme Lingpa states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is not correct because <a href="/wiki/Vajradhara" title="Vajradhara">Vajradhara</a> using his skill in means, taught according to the categories of best, middling, and worst faculties, subdivided into the nine levels from sravaka to atiyoga. Although the Great Perfection is the path for those of the sharpest faculties, entrants are not composed exclusively of those types. With this in mind, having ascertained the features of the middling and inferior faculties of awareness holders, the tradition was established in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b116_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b116-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>This division of practices according to level of ability is also found in Longchenpa's <i>Tegchö Dzö.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b117_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b117-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as van Schaik notes, "the system should not be taken too literally. It is likely that all three types of instruction contained in the threefold structure of YL [<i>Yeshe Lama</i>] would be given to any one person."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b117_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b117-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, though the instructions would be given to all student types, the actual capacity of the practitioner would determine how they would attain awakening (through Dzogchen meditation, in the bardo of death, or through transference of consciousness). Jigme Lingpa also believed that students of the superior faculties were extremely rare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b117_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b117-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held that for most people, a gradual path of training is what is needed to reach realization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b122_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b122-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Teachers</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagdud_Tulku_Rinpoche" title="Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche">Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse" title="Dilgo Khyentse">Dilgo Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje_(2nd_Dudjom_Rinpoche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigdral Yeshe Dorje (2nd Dudjom Rinpoche)">Dudjom Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Rinpoche" title="Dzogchen Rinpoche">Dzogchen Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Khyentse_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Lodr%C3%B6" title="Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö">Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Phuntsok" title="Jigme Phuntsok">Jigme Phuntsok</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt> </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lop%C3%B6n_Tenzin_Namdak" title="Lopön Tenzin Namdak">Lopön Tenzin Namdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Namkhai Norbu Rinpoche">Namkhai Norbu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoshul_Khenpo_Rinpoche" title="Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche">Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharchin_Rinpoche" title="Tharchin Rinpoche">Tharchin Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche" title="Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche">Tulku Urgyen</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <dl><dt>Terms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganachakra" title="Ganachakra">Ganachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukhang" title="Lukhang">Lukhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngagpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngagpa">Ngagpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Trul khor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wylie: 'ja' lus, pronounced Jalü</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAchard2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAchard2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAchard2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAchard2015">Achard (2015)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettit19994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettit19994_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettit1999">Pettit (1999)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrons2008168-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrons2008168_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrons2008">Irons (2008)</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano2005">Germano (2005)</a>, p. 2546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b40-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b40_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b4_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994234-235-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994234-235_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano1994">Germano (1994)</a>, p. 234-235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano2005b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano2005b_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano2005b">Germano (2005b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano1994">Germano (1994)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatchell201452-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatchell201452_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatchell2014">Hatchell (2014)</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-2547-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052546-2547_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano2005">Germano (2005)</a>, p. 2546-2547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatchell20149-10-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatchell20149-10_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatchell2014">Hatchell (2014)</a>, p. 9-10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano2005">Germano (2005)</a>, p. 2547.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart_MacKenzie2014-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart_MacKenzie2014_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart_MacKenzie2014_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart_MacKenzie2014">Stewart MacKenzie (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b9-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b9_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052548-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052548_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano2005">Germano (2005)</a>, p. 2548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2011b-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2011b_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2011b_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2011b_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2011b">van Schaik (2011b)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama2004208-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama2004208_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalai_Lama2004">Dalai Lama (2004)</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200324-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeown200324_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeown2003">Keown (2003)</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201612-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201612_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2016">Smith (2016)</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201614-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201614_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2016">Smith (2016)</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201615–16-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201615–16_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2016">Smith (2016)</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValby201649-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValby201649_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValby2016">Valby (2016)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValby201650-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValby201650_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValby2016">Valby (2016)</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche1991vol._1,_pp._493–498-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche1991vol._1,_pp._493–498_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudjom_Rinpoche1991">Dudjom Rinpoche (1991)</a>, vol. 1, pp. 493–498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b8-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b8_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b8_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b8_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu200043–44-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu200043–44_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, pp. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994288-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994288_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994288_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano1994">Germano (1994)</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBuswellLopez2014">Buswell & Lopez (2014)</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyoshul_Khenpo2016-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyoshul_Khenpo2016_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNyoshul_Khenpo2016">Nyoshul Khenpo (2016)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche1991354-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche1991354_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudjom_Rinpoche1991">Dudjom Rinpoche (1991)</a>, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b52-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b52_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b52_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201612–13-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201612–13_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2016">Smith (2016)</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHatchell201456-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHatchell201456_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHatchell2014">Hatchell (2014)</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche200144-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche200144_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche2001">Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche (2001)</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPettit199978-79-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPettit199978-79_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPettit1999">Pettit (1999)</a>, p. 78-79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodmanDavidson199214-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodmanDavidson199214_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoodmanDavidson1992">Goodman & Davidson (1992)</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabjam200721-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabjam200721_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabjam2007">Rabjam (2007)</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERabjam20074-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabjam20074_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabjam2007">Rabjam (2007)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon2005-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnon2005_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnon2005">Anon (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayward2008106-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayward2008106_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHayward2008">Hayward (2008)</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2012-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2012_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2012">Norbu (2012)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000ch._7,_pp._109-148-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000ch._7,_pp._109-148_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, ch. 7, pp. 109-148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2009-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2009_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudjom_Rinpoche2009">Dudjom Rinpoche (2009)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrul_Rinpoche2008-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrul_Rinpoche2008_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche2008">Patrul Rinpoche (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201612-14-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201612-14_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2016">Smith (2016)</a>, p. 12-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKunsang20123-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKunsang20123_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKunsang2012">Kunsang (2012)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith20169-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith20169_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2016">Smith (2016)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000110-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000110_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000112-116-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000112-116_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, p. 112-116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547,_2548-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano20052547,_2548_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano2005">Germano (2005)</a>, p. 2547, 2548.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermano1994225-226-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermano1994225-226_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGermano1994">Germano (1994)</a>, p. 225-226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000114-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000114_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b98-99-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b98-99_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 98-99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl2009255-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl2009255_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahl2009">Dahl (2009)</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201626-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith201626_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2016">Smith (2016)</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReynolds2005_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReynolds2005">Reynolds (2005)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b101-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b101_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geisshuesler-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geisshuesler_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geisshuesler_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeisshuesler2024" class="citation book cs1">Geisshuesler, Flavio (2024). <i>Tibetan Sky-Gazing Meditation and the Pre-History of Great Perfection Buddhism</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-42881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-42881-2"><bdi>978-1-350-42881-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Sky-Gazing+Meditation+and+the+Pre-History+of+Great+Perfection+Buddhism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-42881-2&rft.aulast=Geisshuesler&rft.aufirst=Flavio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000118-119-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000118-119_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, p. 118-119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000149-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000149_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000150-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000150_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000150-152-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000150-152_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, p. 150-152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000152-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000152_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorbu2000153-154-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorbu2000153-154_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorbu2000">Norbu (2000)</a>, p. 153-154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama2004204-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalai_Lama2004204_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalai_Lama2004">Dalai Lama (2004)</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChökyi_Nyima_Rinpoche1994233-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChökyi_Nyima_Rinpoche1994233_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChökyi_Nyima_Rinpoche1994">Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche (1994)</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2005296-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Rinpoche2005296_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDudjom_Rinpoche2005">Dudjom Rinpoche (2005)</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicard2001153-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicard2001153_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicard2001153_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicard2001153_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRicard2001">Ricard (2001)</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2001323-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2001323_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay2001">Ray (2001)</a>, p. 323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b115-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b115_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b71-75-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b71-75_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 71-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b76-77-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b76-77_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 76-77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b94-95-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b94-95_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 94-95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b93-94-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b93-94_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 93-94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b116-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b116_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b117-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b117_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b117_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b117_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b122-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Schaik2004b122_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b">van Schaik (2004b)</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dzogchen_texts">Dzogchen texts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dzogchen texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnyen_Rinpoche2006" class="citation cs2">Anyen Rinpoche (2006), <i>The Union of Dzogchen and Bodhichitta</i> (First ed.), Snow Lion, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559392488" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559392488"><bdi>978-1559392488</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Union+of+Dzogchen+and+Bodhichitta&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Snow+Lion&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1559392488&rft.au=Anyen+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBru-sgom_Rgyal-ba-gʼyung-drung1996" class="citation cs2">Bru-sgom Rgyal-ba-gʼyung-drung (1996), <i>The Stages of A-khrid Meditation: Dzogchen Practice of the Bon Tradition</i>, translated by Per Kvaerne and Thupten K. Rikey, Library of Tibetan Works and Archives</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stages+of+A-khrid+Meditation%3A+Dzogchen+Practice+of+the+Bon+Tradition&rft.pub=Library+of+Tibetan+Works+and+Archives&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Bru-sgom+Rgyal-ba-g%CA%BCyung-drung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinWangyal2006" class="citation cs2">Klein, Anne Carolyn; Wangyal, Geshe Tenzin Rinpoche (2006), <i>Unbounded Wholeness</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unbounded+Wholeness&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Anne+Carolyn&rft.au=Wangyal%2C+Geshe+Tenzin+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinWangmo2010" class="citation cs2">Klein, Anne Carolyn; Wangmo, Jetsun Kacho (2010), <i>Heart Essence of the Vast Expanse: A Story of Transmission</i>, Snow Lion Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heart+Essence+of+the+Vast+Expanse%3A+A+Story+of+Transmission&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Anne+Carolyn&rft.au=Wangmo%2C+Jetsun+Kacho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingpa2008" class="citation cs2">Lingpa, Jigme (2008), <i>Yeshe Lama</i>, translated by Lama Chonam and Sangye Khandro, Snow Lion Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611807318" title="Special:BookSources/9781611807318"><bdi>9781611807318</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yeshe+Lama&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781611807318&rft.aulast=Lingpa&rft.aufirst=Jigme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingpa2016" class="citation cs2">Lingpa, Dudjom (2016), <i>Heart of the Great Perfection: Dudjom Lingpa's Visions of the Great Perfection (Volume I)</i>, translated by B. Alan Wallace, Simon and Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614293484" title="Special:BookSources/978-1614293484"><bdi>978-1614293484</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heart+of+the+Great+Perfection%3A+Dudjom+Lingpa%27s+Visions+of+the+Great+Perfection+%28Volume+I%29&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1614293484&rft.aulast=Lingpa&rft.aufirst=Dudjom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbu1999" class="citation cs2">Norbu, Namkhai (1999), <i>The Supreme Source: The Fundamental Tantra of Dzogchen Semde Kunjed Gyalpo</i>, Snow Lion, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559391207" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559391207"><bdi>978-1559391207</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Source%3A+The+Fundamental+Tantra+of+Dzogchen+Semde+Kunjed+Gyalpo&rft.pub=Snow+Lion&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1559391207&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Namkhai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicard2001" class="citation cs2">Ricard, Matthieu (2001), <i>The Life of Shabkar: The Autobiography of a Tibetan Yogin</i>, Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Shabkar%3A+The+Autobiography+of+a+Tibetan+Yogin&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ricard&rft.aufirst=Matthieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmasambhava1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> (1998), <i>Natural Liberation: Padmasambhava's Teachings on the Six Bardos</i>, Wisdom Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861711314" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861711314"><bdi>978-0861711314</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+Liberation%3A+Padmasambhava%27s+Teachings+on+the+Six+Bardos&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0861711314&rft.au=Padmasambhava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche1998" class="citation cs2">Patrul Rinpoche (1998), <i>The Words of My Perfect Teacher</i>, Altamira</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+Teacher&rft.pub=Altamira&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche2011" class="citation cs2">Patrul Rinpoche (2011), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kunzanlamaishelu0000orgy"><i>The Words of My Perfect Teacher</i></a></span>, First University Press Edition, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16532-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16532-6"><bdi>978-0-300-16532-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+Teacher&rft.pub=First+University+Press+Edition&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16532-6&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkunzanlamaishelu0000orgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1989" class="citation cs2">Reynolds, John Myrdhin (1989), <i>Self-Liberation through Seeing with Naked Awareness</i>, Station Hill Press, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780882680583" title="Special:BookSources/9780882680583"><bdi>9780882680583</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Liberation+through+Seeing+with+Naked+Awareness&rft.pub=Station+Hill+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780882680583&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John+Myrdhin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1996" class="citation cs2">Reynolds, John Myrdhin (1996), <i>The Golden Letters: The Tibetan Teachings of Garab Dorje, First Dzogchen Master</i>, Snow Lion Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-050-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-050-7"><bdi>978-1-55939-050-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Letters%3A+The+Tibetan+Teachings+of+Garab+Dorje%2C+First+Dzogchen+Master&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-050-7&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John+Myrdhin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2005" class="citation cs2">Reynolds, John Myrdhin (2005), <i>The Oral Tradition from Zhang-Zhung: An Introduction to the Bonpo Dzogchen Teachings of the Oral Tradition from Zhang-Zhung Known as the Zhang-zhung snyan-rgyud</i>, Vajra Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99946-644-4-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-99946-644-4-3"><bdi>978-99946-644-4-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oral+Tradition+from+Zhang-Zhung%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Bonpo+Dzogchen+Teachings+of+the+Oral+Tradition+from+Zhang-Zhung+Known+as+the+Zhang-zhung+snyan-rgyud&rft.pub=Vajra+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-99946-644-4-3&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=John+Myrdhin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValby2016" class="citation cs2">Valby, Jim (2016), <i>Ornament of the State of Samantabhadra - Commentary on the All-Creating King - Pure Perfect Presence - Great Perfection of All Phenomena. Volume One, 2nd Edition</i>, Jim Valby Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9822854-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9822854-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9822854-0-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornament+of+the+State+of+Samantabhadra+-+Commentary+on+the+All-Creating+King+-+Pure+Perfect+Presence+-+Great+Perfection+of+All+Phenomena.+Volume+One%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Jim+Valby+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-9822854-0-4&rft.aulast=Valby&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_Buddhist_sources">Contemporary Buddhist sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Contemporary Buddhist sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2005" class="citation web cs1">Anon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204233904/http://www.dharmafellowship.org/biographies/historicalsaints/pramodavajra.htm">"Biographies: Pramodavajra, Regent of the Divine"</a>. <i>Dharma Fellowship of His Holiness the Gwayala Karmapa</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dharmafellowship.org/biographies/historicalsaints/pramodavajra.htm">the original</a> on 2020-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dharma+Fellowship+of+His+Holiness+the+Gwayala+Karmapa&rft.atitle=Biographies%3A+Pramodavajra%2C+Regent+of+the+Divine&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dharmafellowship.org%2Fbiographies%2Fhistoricalsaints%2Fpramodavajra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapriles2007" class="citation cs2">Capriles, Elías (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717191240/http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/humanidades/elicap/en/uploads/Biblioteca/bdz-e.version.pdf"><i>Buddhism and Dzogchen. Part 1 – Buddhism: a Dzogchen Outlook.</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webdelprofesor.ula.ve/humanidades/elicap/en/uploads/Biblioteca/bdz-e.version.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-17</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Dzogchen.+Part+1+%E2%80%93+Buddhism%3A+a+Dzogchen+Outlook.&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Capriles&rft.aufirst=El%C3%ADas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebdelprofesor.ula.ve%2Fhumanidades%2Felicap%2Fen%2Fuploads%2FBiblioteca%2Fbdz-e.version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChökyi_Nyima_Rinpoche1994" class="citation cs2">Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche (1994), <i>Union of Mahamudra and Dzogchen</i>, Rangjung Yeshe Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+of+Mahamudra+and+Dzogchen&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Ch%C3%B6kyi+Nyima+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChökyi_Nyima_Rinpoche2004" class="citation cs2">Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche (2004), <i>The Bardo Guidebook</i>, Rangjung Yeshe Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bardo+Guidebook&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Ch%C3%B6kyi+Nyima+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl2009" class="citation cs2">Dahl, Cortland (2009), <i>Entrance to the Great Perfection: A Guide to the Dzogchen Preliminary Practices</i>, Snow Lion Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entrance+to+the+Great+Perfection%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Dzogchen+Preliminary+Practices&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Cortland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalai_Lama2004" class="citation cs2">Dalai Lama (2004), <i>Dzogchen | Heart Essence of the Great Perfection</i>, Snow Lion Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-219-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-219-8"><bdi>978-1-55939-219-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzogchen+%7C+Heart+Essence+of+the+Great+Perfection&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-219-8&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalai_Lama2012" class="citation cs2">Dalai Lama (2012), <i>Kindness, Clarity, and Insight</i>, Shambhala Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kindness%2C+Clarity%2C+and+Insight&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications.&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Dalai+Lama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudjom_Rinpoche1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje" title="Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje">Dudjom Rinpoche</a> (1991), <i>The Nyingma School of Tibetan Buddhism, Vol. 1</i>, Wisdom Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-087-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-087-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nyingma+School+of+Tibetan+Buddhism%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-087-4&rft.au=Dudjom+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudjom_Rinpoche2005" class="citation cs2">Dudjom Rinpoche (2005), <i>Wisdom Nectar: Dudjom Rinpoché's Heart Advice</i>, Ithaca: Snow Lion Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wisdom+Nectar%3A+Dudjom+Rinpoch%C3%A9%27s+Heart+Advice&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Dudjom+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremantle2001" class="citation cs2">Fremantle, Francesca (2001), <i>Luminous Emptiness: Understanding the Tibetan Book of the Dead</i>, Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57062-450-6"><bdi>978-1-57062-450-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luminous+Emptiness%3A+Understanding+the+Tibetan+Book+of+the+Dead&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57062-450-6&rft.aulast=Fremantle&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarma_ChagmeGyatrul_Rinpoche1998" class="citation cs2">Karma Chagme; Gyatrul Rinpoche (1998), <i>A Spacious Path to Freedom: Practical Instructions on the Union of Mahāmudrā and Atiyoga</i>, translated by B. Alan Wallace, United States: Snow Lion Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559390712" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559390712"><bdi>978-1559390712</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Spacious+Path+to+Freedom%3A+Practical+Instructions+on+the+Union+of+Mah%C4%81mudr%C4%81+and+Atiyoga&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1559390712&rft.au=Karma+Chagme&rft.au=Gyatrul+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhenchen_Palden_Sherab_Rinpoche2008" class="citation cs2">Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche (2008), <i>Illuminating the Path</i>, Padmasambhava Buddhist Center</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illuminating+the+Path&rft.pub=Padmasambhava+Buddhist+Center&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Khenchen+Palden+Sherab+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKongtrul2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Kongtrul, Jamgon</a> (2008), "Translator's introduction", <i>The Treasury of Knowledge: Book Eight, Part Three: The Elements of Tantric Practice</i>, Shambhala Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translator%27s+introduction&rft.btitle=The+Treasury+of+Knowledge%3A+Book+Eight%2C+Part+Three%3A+The+Elements+of+Tantric+Practice&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Jamgon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoppl2008" class="citation cs2">Koppl, Heidi (2008), <i>Introduction to "Establishing Appearances as Divine"</i>, Snow Lion Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+%22Establishing+Appearances+as+Divine%22&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Koppl&rft.aufirst=Heidi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunsang2012" class="citation cs2">Kunsang, Erik Pema (2012), <i>Wellsprings of the Great Perfection: The Lives and Insights of the Early Masters</i>, Rangjung Yeshe Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9627341819" title="Special:BookSources/978-9627341819"><bdi>978-9627341819</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wellsprings+of+the+Great+Perfection%3A+The+Lives+and+Insights+of+the+Early+Masters&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9627341819&rft.aulast=Kunsang&rft.aufirst=Erik+Pema&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamdak2006" class="citation cs2">Namdak, Tenzin (2006), <i>Bonpo Dzogchen Teachings</i>, Vajra Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bonpo+Dzogchen+Teachings&rft.pub=Vajra+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Namdak&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbu1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Norbu, Namkhai</a> (1989), "Foreword", in Reynolds, John Myrdhin (ed.), <i>Self-liberation through seeing with naked awareness</i>, Station Hill Press, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Self-liberation+through+seeing+with+naked+awareness&rft.pub=Station+Hill+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Namkhai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbu2000" class="citation cs2">Norbu, Namkhai (2000), <i>The Crystal and the Way of Light: Sutra, Tantra, and Dzogchen</i>, Snow Lion Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crystal+and+the+Way+of+Light%3A+Sutra%2C+Tantra%2C+and+Dzogchen&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Namkhai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbu2012" class="citation book cs1">Norbu, Namkhai (2012). <i>Small Glossary for the Dzogchen Community</i>. Shang Shung Edizioni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Glossary+for+the+Dzogchen+Community&rft.pub=Shang+Shung+Edizioni&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Norbu&rft.aufirst=Namkhai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyoshul_Khenpo2016" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Nyoshul_Khenpo_Rinpoche" title="Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche">Nyoshul Khenpo</a> (2016), "Chapter 6", <i>The Fearless Lion's Roar: Profound Instructions on Dzogchen, the Great Perfection</i>, Shambhala Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6&rft.btitle=The+Fearless+Lion%27s+Roar%3A+Profound+Instructions+on+Dzogchen%2C+the+Great+Perfection&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Nyoshul+Khenpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmakara_Translation_Group1994" class="citation cs2">Padmakara Translation Group (1994), "Translators' Introduction", <i>The Words of My Perfect teacher</i>, HarperCollins Publishers India</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translators%27+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+teacher&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Padmakara+Translation+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabjam2007" class="citation cs2">Rabjam, Shechen (2007), <i>The Great Medicine: Steps in Meditation on the Enlightened Mind</i>, Boston: Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Medicine%3A+Steps+in+Meditation+on+the+Enlightened+Mind&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rabjam&rft.aufirst=Shechen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ray" title="Reginald Ray">Ray, Reginald</a> (2001), <i>Secret of the Vajra World: The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet</i>, Shambhala Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781570627729" title="Special:BookSources/9781570627729"><bdi>9781570627729</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+of+the+Vajra+World%3A+The+Tantric+Buddhism+of+Tibet&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781570627729&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Reginald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingu_Tulku2007" class="citation cs2">Ringu Tulku (2007), <i>The Ri-Me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet</i>, Shambhala Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ri-Me+Philosophy+of+Jamgon+Kongtrul+the+Great%3A+A+Study+of+the+Buddhist+Lineages+of+Tibet&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Ringu+Tulku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2001" class="citation cs2">Schmidt, Erik (2001), <i>The Light of Wisdom Vol IV</i>, Kathmandu: Rangjung Yeshe Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Light+of+Wisdom+Vol+IV&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSogyal_Rinpoche1994" class="citation cs2">Sogyal Rinpoche (1994), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tibetanbookofli00sogy"><i>The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying: Revised and Updated Edition</i></a></span>, HarperOne, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250834-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-250834-8"><bdi>978-0-06-250834-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tibetan+Book+of+Living+and+Dying%3A+Revised+and+Updated+Edition&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-06-250834-8&rft.au=Sogyal+Rinpoche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftibetanbookofli00sogy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_MacKenzie2014" class="citation cs2">Stewart MacKenzie, Jampa (2014), <i>The Life of Longchenpa: The Omniscient Dharma King of the Vast Expanse</i>, Shambhala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Longchenpa%3A+The+Omniscient+Dharma+King+of+the+Vast+Expanse&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Stewart+MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=Jampa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche2000" class="citation cs2">Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche (2000), <i>Wonders of the Natural Mind: The Essence of Dzogchen in the Native Bon Tradition of Tibet</i>, Snow Lion Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wonders+of+the+Natural+Mind%3A+The+Essence+of+Dzogchen+in+the+Native+Bon+Tradition+of+Tibet&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Tenzin+Wangyal+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche2001" class="citation cs2">Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche (2001), <i>Het wonder van onze oorspronkelijke geest. Dzokchen in de bontraditie van Tibet (Dutch translation of "Wonders of the Natural Mind")</i>, Elmar BV</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+wonder+van+onze+oorspronkelijke+geest.+Dzokchen+in+de+bontraditie+van+Tibet+%28Dutch+translation+of+%22Wonders+of+the+Natural+Mind%22%29&rft.pub=Elmar+BV&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Tenzin+Wangyal+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThird_Dzogchen_Rinpoche2008" class="citation cs2">Third Dzogchen Rinpoche (2008), <i>Great Perfection. Volume II</i>, Snow Lion Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Perfection.+Volume+II&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Third+Dzogchen+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrangu2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu, Khenchen</a> (2006), <i>On Buddha Essence: A Commentary on Rangjung Dorje's Treatise</i>, Shambhala, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590302767" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590302767"><bdi>978-1590302767</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Buddha+Essence%3A+A+Commentary+on+Rangjung+Dorje%27s+Treatise&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1590302767&rft.aulast=Thrangu&rft.aufirst=Khenchen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsoknyi_Rinpoche2004" class="citation cs2">Tsoknyi Rinpoche (2004), "Introduction", in Schmidt, Marcia Binder (ed.), <i>Dzogchen Essentials: The Path That Clarifies Confusion</i>, Rangjung Yeshe Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Dzogchen+Essentials%3A+The+Path+That+Clarifies+Confusion&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Tsoknyi+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche" title="Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche">Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche</a> (2006), <i>Repeating the Words of the Buddha</i>, Rangjung Yeshe Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9627341598" title="Special:BookSources/978-9627341598"><bdi>978-9627341598</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Repeating+the+Words+of+the+Buddha&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-9627341598&rft.au=Tulku+Urgyen+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_academic_sources">Western academic sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Western academic sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchard2015" class="citation cs2">Achard, Jean-Luc (2015), "The View of spyi-ti yoga", <i>Revue d'Études Tibétaines</i>, CNRS: 1–20</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%89tudes+Tib%C3%A9taines&rft.atitle=The+View+of+spyi-ti+yoga&rft.pages=1-20&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Achard&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span> ⟨<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01244881">halshs-01244881</a>⟩</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnspal2005" class="citation cs2">Anspal, Sten (2005), "Lost in Space: Tibetan formulations of the rDzogs-chen klong-sde", <i>Acta Orientalia</i>, <b>I</b> (17): 193</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia&rft.atitle=Lost+in+Space%3A+Tibetan+formulations+of+the+rDzogs-chen+klong-sde&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=193&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Anspal&rft.aufirst=Sten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2014" class="citation cs2">Buswell, Robert; Lopez, Donald S. 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(1975), "A General Introduction to the History and Doctrines of Bon", <i>Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko</i> (33), Tokyo: 171–218</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Research+Department+of+the+Toyo+Bunko&rft.atitle=A+General+Introduction+to+the+History+and+Doctrines+of+Bon&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=171-218&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Karmay&rft.aufirst=Samten+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmay1998" class="citation cs2">Karmay, Samten Gyaltsen (1998), <i>The Great Perfection (rdzogs chen). A Philosophical and Meditative Teaching of Tibetan Buddhism</i>, Brill</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Perfection+%28rdzogs+chen%29.+A+Philosophical+and+Meditative+Teaching+of+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Karmay&rft.aufirst=Samten+Gyaltsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeown2003" class="citation cs2">Keown, Damien (2003), <i>A Dictionary of Buddhism</i>, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860560-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860560-7"><bdi>978-0-19-860560-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860560-7&rft.aulast=Keown&rft.aufirst=Damien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrasser1997" class="citation cs2">Krasser, Helmut (1997), <i>Tibetan Studies</i>, Austria: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibetan+Studies&rft.place=Austria&rft.pub=Verlag+der+%C3%96sterreichischen+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Krasser&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettit1997" class="citation journal cs1">Pettit, John (Winter 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/magazine/the-religions-tibet-practice/">"Review of <i>The Religions of Tibet in Practice</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tricycle:_The_Buddhist_Review" title="Tricycle: The Buddhist Review">Tricycle: The Buddhist Review</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tricycle%3A+The+Buddhist+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Religions+of+Tibet+in+Practice&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Pettit&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftricycle.org%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-religions-tibet-practice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPettit1999" class="citation cs2">Pettit, John Whitney (1999), <i>Mipham's beacon of certainty: illuminating the view of Dzogchen, the Great Perfection</i>, Boston: Wisdom Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-157-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-157-4"><bdi>978-0-86171-157-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mipham%27s+beacon+of+certainty%3A+illuminating+the+view+of+Dzogchen%2C+the+Great+Perfection&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-157-4&rft.aulast=Pettit&rft.aufirst=John+Whitney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefferKapsteinTuttle2013" class="citation cs2">Schaeffer, Kurtis R.; Kapstein, Matthew; Tuttle, Gray, eds. (2013), <i>Sources of Tibetan Tradition</i>, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Tibetan+Tradition&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2002" class="citation cs2">Schmidt, Marcia Binder, ed. (2002), <i>The Dzogchen Primer: Embracing The Spiritual Path According To The Great Perfection</i>, London: Shambhala Publications, Inc., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-829-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-829-7"><bdi>1-57062-829-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dzogchen+Primer%3A+Embracing+The+Spiritual+Path+According+To+The+Great+Perfection&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-57062-829-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation cs2">Smith, Malcolm (2016), <i>Buddhahood in This Life: The Great Commentary by Vimalamitra</i>, Simon and Schuster</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhahood+in+This+Life%3A+The+Great+Commentary+by+Vimalamitra&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns1999" class="citation cs2">Stearns, Cyrus (1999), <i>The Buddha from Dolpo: A Study of the Life and Thought of the Tibetan Master Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen</i>, State University of New York Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+from+Dolpo%3A+A+Study+of+the+Life+and+Thought+of+the+Tibetan+Master+Dolpopa+Sherab+Gyaltsen&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4191-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4191-1">0-7914-4191-1</a> (hc); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-4192-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-4192-X">0-7914-4192-X</a> (pbk).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiso2016" class="citation cs2">Tiso, Francis T. (2016), <i>Rainbow Body and Resurrection: Spiritual Attainment, the Dissolution of the Material Body, and the Case of Khenpo a Chö</i>, North Atlantic Books</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rainbow+Body+and+Resurrection%3A+Spiritual+Attainment%2C+the+Dissolution+of+the+Material+Body%2C+and+the+Case+of+Khenpo+a+Ch%C3%B6&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Tiso&rft.aufirst=Francis+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schaik2004a" class="citation cs2">van Schaik, Sam (2004a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlytibet.files.wordpress.com/2007/06/vanschaik_2004.pdf">"The early Days of the Great Perfection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies</i>, <b>27</b> (1): 165–206</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Association+of+Buddhist+Studies&rft.atitle=The+early+Days+of+the+Great+Perfection&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-206&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=van+Schaik&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlytibet.files.wordpress.com%2F2007%2F06%2Fvanschaik_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b" class="citation cs2">van Schaik, Sam (2004b), <i>Approaching the Great Perfection: Simultaneous and Gradual Methods of Dzogchen Practice in the Longchen Nyingtig</i>, Wisdom Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaching+the+Great+Perfection%3A+Simultaneous+and+Gradual+Methods+of+Dzogchen+Practice+in+the+Longchen+Nyingtig&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=van+Schaik&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schaik2011a" class="citation cs2">van Schaik, Sam (2011a), <i>Tibet A History</i>, Yale University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+A+History&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=van+Schaik&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Web_sources">Web sources</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Web sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzinn.d." class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/vajrayana/dzogchen-advanced/the-major-facets-of-dzogchen">"The Major Facets of Dzogchen"</a>. <i>StudyBuddhism.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StudyBuddhism.com&rft.atitle=The+Major+Facets+of+Dzogchen&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fen%2Fadvanced-studies%2Fvajrayana%2Fdzogchen-advanced%2Fthe-major-facets-of-dzogchen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudjom_Rinpoche2009" class="citation web cs1">Dudjom Rinpoche, Kyabje (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/dudjom-rinpoche/summary-hitting-essence-three-words">"Summary of Striking the Vital Point in Three Statements"</a>. <i>Lotsawa House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lotsawa+House&rft.atitle=Summary+of+Striking+the+Vital+Point+in+Three+Statements&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Dudjom+Rinpoche&rft.aufirst=Kyabje&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lotsawahouse.org%2Ftibetan-masters%2Fdudjom-rinpoche%2Fsummary-hitting-essence-three-words&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche2008" class="citation web cs1">Patrul Rinpoche (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lotsawahouse.org/tibetan-masters/patrul-rinpoche/tsik-sum-nedek-commentary">"The Special Teaching of the Wise and Glorious King"</a>. <i>Lotsawa House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lotsawa+House&rft.atitle=The+Special+Teaching+of+the+Wise+and+Glorious+King&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Patrul+Rinpoche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lotsawahouse.org%2Ftibetan-masters%2Fpatrul-rinpoche%2Ftsik-sum-nedek-commentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Malcolm (September 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atikosha.org/2012/09/a-preliminary-note-on-vimalamitras.html">"A Preliminary Note on Vimalamitra's Aural Lineage"</a>. <i>Atikosha.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atikosha.org&rft.atitle=A+Preliminary+Note+on+Vimalamitra%27s+Aural+Lineage&rft.date=2012-09-26&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atikosha.org%2F2012%2F09%2Fa-preliminary-note-on-vimalamitras.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Schaik2011b" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sam_van_Schaik" title="Sam van Schaik">van Schaik, Sam</a> (August 3, 2011b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earlytibet.com/2011/08/03/early-dzogchen-iv/">"Early Dzogchen IV: the role of Atiyoga"</a>. <i>EarlyTibet.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EarlyTibet.com&rft.atitle=Early+Dzogchen+IV%3A+the+role+of+Atiyoga&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft.aulast=van+Schaik&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearlytibet.com%2F2011%2F08%2F03%2Fearly-dzogchen-iv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dzogchen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Dudjom Lingpa (1994). <i>Buddhahood Without Meditation, A Visionary Account known as Refining Apparent Phenomena</i>. Junction City, CA: Padma Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881847-07-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-881847-07-1"><bdi>1-881847-07-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhahood+Without+Meditation%2C+A+Visionary+Account+known+as+Refining+Apparent+Phenomena&rft.place=Junction+City%2C+CA&rft.pub=Padma+Publishing&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-881847-07-1&rft.au=Dudjom+Lingpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Dudjom Rinpoche (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abuddhistlibrary.com/Buddhism/A%20-%20Tibetan%20Buddhism/Authors/Dudjom%20Rinpoche/The%20Dzogchen%20View%20of%20Tantra/Dzogchen%20View%20of%20Tantric%20Ngondro.htm">"Dzogchen View of Tantric Ngondro: A Teaching by His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche"</a>. <i>ABuddhistLibrary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABuddhistLibrary.com&rft.atitle=Dzogchen+View+of+Tantric+Ngondro%3A+A+Teaching+by+His+Holiness+Dudjom+Rinpoche&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Dudjom+Rinpoche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abuddhistlibrary.com%2FBuddhism%2FA%2520-%2520Tibetan%2520Buddhism%2FAuthors%2FDudjom%2520Rinpoche%2FThe%2520Dzogchen%2520View%2520of%2520Tantra%2FDzogchen%2520View%2520of%2520Tantric%2520Ngondro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gyatso, Janet (1999). <i>Apparitions of the Self, the Secret Autobiographies of a Tibetan Visionary</i>. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01110-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01110-9"><bdi>0-691-01110-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apparitions+of+the+Self%2C+the+Secret+Autobiographies+of+a+Tibetan+Visionary&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-691-01110-9&rft.aulast=Gyatso&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Higgins, David (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec3.12004/abstract">"An Introduction to the Tibetan Dzogchen (Great Perfection) Philosophy of Mind"</a>. <i>Religion Compass</i>. <b>6</b> (10): 441–450. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12004">10.1111/rec3.12004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Tibetan+Dzogchen+%28Great+Perfection%29+Philosophy+of+Mind&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=441-450&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12004&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12004%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchen Rabjam</a> (1996). <i>The Practice of Dzogchen</i>. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-054-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-054-9"><bdi>1-55939-054-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Dzogchen&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-55939-054-9&rft.au=Longchen+Rabjam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Longchen Rabjam (1998). <i>The Precious Treasury of the Way of Abiding</i>. Junction City, CA: Padma Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881847-09-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-881847-09-8"><bdi>1-881847-09-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Precious+Treasury+of+the+Way+of+Abiding&rft.place=Junction+City%2C+CA&rft.pub=Padma+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-881847-09-8&rft.au=Longchen+Rabjam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Longchen Rabjam (2000). <i>You Are the Eyes of the World</i>. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-140-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-140-5"><bdi>1-55939-140-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Are+the+Eyes+of+the+World&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-55939-140-5&rft.au=Longchen+Rabjam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Longchen Rabjam (2001). <i>The Precious Treasury of the Basic Space of Phenomena</i>. Junction City, CA: Padma Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881847-32-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-881847-32-2"><bdi>1-881847-32-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Precious+Treasury+of+the+Basic+Space+of+Phenomena&rft.place=Junction+City%2C+CA&rft.pub=Padma+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-881847-32-2&rft.au=Longchen+Rabjam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Longchen Rabjam (2001). <i>A Treasure Trove of Scriptural Transmission, a Commentary on The Precious Treasury of the Basic Space of Phenomena</i>. Junction City: Padma Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881847-30-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-881847-30-6"><bdi>1-881847-30-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treasure+Trove+of+Scriptural+Transmission%2C+a+Commentary+on+The+Precious+Treasury+of+the+Basic+Space+of+Phenomena&rft.place=Junction+City&rft.pub=Padma+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-881847-30-6&rft.au=Longchen+Rabjam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Manjushrimitra (2001). <i>Primordial Experience, An Introduction to Dzogchen Meditation</i>. Boston & London: Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-898-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-898-X"><bdi>1-57062-898-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primordial+Experience%2C+An+Introduction+to+Dzogchen+Meditation&rft.place=Boston+%26+London&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57062-898-X&rft.au=Manjushrimitra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nudan Dorje; Low, James (2004). <i>Being Right Here: A Dzogchen Treasure Text of Nuden Dorje entitled The Mirror of Clear Meaning</i>. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55939-208-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55939-208-8"><bdi>1-55939-208-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Being+Right+Here%3A+A+Dzogchen+Treasure+Text+of+Nuden+Dorje+entitled+The+Mirror+of+Clear+Meaning&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-55939-208-8&rft.au=Nudan+Dorje&rft.au=Low%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> (1994). <i>Advice from the Lotus-Born</i>. Hong Kong: Rangjung Yeshe Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7341-20-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-7341-20-7"><bdi>962-7341-20-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advice+from+the+Lotus-Born&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Rangjung+Yeshe+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=962-7341-20-7&rft.au=Padmasambhava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Pollock, Neal J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://a5947b7a68866658557b-3dcd537c8623ccbbbabdc4b69c0bc78e.ssl.cf5.rackcdn.com/vol2_41_62_pollock.pdf">"Practices Supporting Dzogchen – The Great Perfection Of Tibetan Buddhism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Rose+Croix Journal</i>. <b>2</b>: 41–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Rose%2BCroix+Journal&rft.atitle=Practices+Supporting+Dzogchen+%E2%80%93+The+Great+Perfection+Of+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=41-62&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Pollock&rft.aufirst=Neal+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fa5947b7a68866658557b-3dcd537c8623ccbbbabdc4b69c0bc78e.ssl.cf5.rackcdn.com%2Fvol2_41_62_pollock.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADzogchen" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhist festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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[\"CITEREFFremantle2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeisshuesler2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermano1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermano1994b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermano1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermano2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermano2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermanoGyatso2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGermanoWaldron2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodmanDavidson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGyatso2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatchell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayward2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngram1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrons2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarma_ChagmeGyatrul_Rinpoche1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarmay1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarmay1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeown2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhenchen_Palden_Sherab_Rinpoche2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinWangmo2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinWangyal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKongtrul2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoppl2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrasser1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKunsang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingpa2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLingpa2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNamdak2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorbu1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorbu1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorbu2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorbu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyoshul_Khenpo2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadmakara_Translation_Group1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPadmasambhava1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrul_Rinpoche2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettit1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPettit1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabjam2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingu_Tulku2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaefferKapsteinTuttle2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidt2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSogyal_Rinpoche1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearns1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart_MacKenzie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThird_Dzogchen_Rinpoche2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThrangu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTiso2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsoknyi_Rinpoche2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValby2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Schaik2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Schaik2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Schaik2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Schaik2011b\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 6,\n [\"Bo\"] = 14,\n [\"Bon\"] = 1,\n [\"Buddhism topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 78,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Col-begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Col-break\"] = 3,\n [\"Col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-bo\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 5,\n [\"Refend\"] = 5,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 110,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tibetan Buddhism\"] = 1,\n [\"Tibetan-Chinese-box\"] = 1,\n [\"Translit\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","29.8"],["?","240","21.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","8.8"],["\u003Cmw.language.lua:62\u003E","80","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.5"],["recursiveClone 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-16T19:38:37Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T17:13:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cb\/White-A_%28Dzogchen%29.svg","headline":"tradition of teachings in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism"}</script> </body> </html>