CINXE.COM
Polymers | An Open Access Journal from MDPI
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:fb="https://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta content="mdpi" name="sso-service" /> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" /> <title>Polymers | An Open Access Journal from MDPI</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/font-awesome.min.css?eb190a3a77e5e1ee?1732706938"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery.multiselect.css?f56c135cbf4d1483?1732706938"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/chosen.min.css?d7ca5ca9441ef9e1?1732706938"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/main2.css?69b39374e6b554b7?1732706938"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/mask-icon-128.svg?c1c7eca266cd7013?1732706938" color="#4f5671"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png?1732706938"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png?1732706938"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png?1732706938"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png?1732706938"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png?1732706938"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png?1732706938"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png?1732706938"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732706938"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732706938"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/icon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png?1732706938"> <link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="application-name" content=" "/> <link rel="apple-touch-startup-image" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo-sq.png?8600e93ff98dbf14"> <meta name="title" content="Polymers"> <meta name="description" content="Polymers, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Polymers" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Polymers, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo-social.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" /> <style> h2, #abstract .related_suggestion_title { } .batch_articles a { color: #000; } a, .batch_articles .authors a, a:focus, a:hover, a:active, .batch_articles a:focus, .batch_articles a:hover, li.side-menu-li a { } span.label a { color: #fff; } #main-content a.title-link:hover, #main-content a.title-link:focus, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content div.generic-item a.title-link:focus { } #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:hover, #main-content #middle-column .generic-item.article-item a.title-link:focus { } .art-authors a.toEncode { color: #333; font-weight: 700; } #main-content #middle-column ul li::before { } .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title, .accordion-navigation.active a.accordion__title::after { } .accordion-navigation li:hover::before, .accordion-navigation li:hover a, .accordion-navigation li:focus a { } .relative-size-container .relative-size-image .relative-size { } .middle-column__help__fixed a:hover i, } input[type="checkbox"]:checked:after { } input[type="checkbox"]:not(:disabled):hover:before { } #main-content .bolded-text { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container { } #main-content .hypothesis-count-container:before { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper { } .full-size-menu ul li.menu-item > a.open::after { } #title-story .title-story-orbit .orbit-caption { #background: url('/img/design/000000_background.png') !important; background: url('/img/design/ffffff_background.png') !important; color: rgb(51, 51, 51) !important; } #main-content .content__container__orbit { background-color: #000 !important; } #main-content .content__container__journal { color: #fff; } .html-article-menu .row span { } .html-article-menu .row span.active { } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active::before, .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li.active a { color: rgba(58,20,91,0.75) !important; font-weight: 700; } .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover::before , .accordion-navigation__journal .side-menu-li:hover a { color: rgba(58,20,91,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a, .side-menu-ul li.active, .side-menu-ul li.active::before { color: rgba(58,20,91,0.75) !important; } .side-menu-ul li.active a { } .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:hover, .result-selected, .active-result.highlighted, .active-result:focus { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme { } nav.tab-bar .open-small-search.active:after { } .search-container.search-container__default-scheme .custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link::after { color: #fff; } @media only screen and (max-width: 50em) { #main-content .content__container.journal-info { color: #fff; } #main-content .content__container.journal-info a { color: #fff; } } .button.button--color { } .button.button--color:hover, .button.button--color:focus { } .button.button--color-journal { position: relative; background-color: rgba(58,20,91,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color-journal:hover::before { content: ''; position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; height: 100%; width: 100%; background-color: #ffffff; opacity: 0.2; } .button.button--color-journal:visited, .button.button--color-journal:hover, .button.button--color-journal:focus { background-color: rgba(58,20,91,0.75); border-color: #fff; color: #fff !important; } .button.button--color path { } .button.button--color:hover path { fill: #fff; } #main-content #search-refinements .ui-slider-horizontal .ui-slider-range { } .breadcrumb__element:last-of-type a { } #main-header { } #full-size-menu .top-bar, #full-size-menu li.menu-item span.user-email { } .top-bar-section li:not(.has-form) a:not(.button) { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item .dropdown-wrapper li a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a:hover, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:focus, nav.tab-bar a:hover { } #full-size-menu li.menu.item a:active, #full-size-menu li.menu.item a.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item a.open-mega-menu.active, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu, a.open-mega-menu.active { } #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu li, #full-size-menu li.menu-item div.mega-menu a { border-color: #9a9a9a; } div.type-section h2 { font-size: 20px; line-height: 26px; font-weight: 300; } div.type-section h3 { margin-left: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; font-weight: 300; } .journal-tabs .tab-title.active a { } </style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Latest articles" href="https://www.mdpi.com/rss"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="MDPI Publishing - Polymers - Latest Articles" href="/rss/journal/polymers"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="PxTlsg7z2S00aHroktQd57fxygEjMiNHydKn3txhvwY"> <meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="mcoq8dtq6sb2hf7z29j8w515jjoof7" /> <script id="Cookiebot" data-cfasync="false" src="https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js" data-cbid="51491ddd-fe7a-4425-ab39-69c78c55829f" type="text/javascript" async></script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script>var browserIe8 = true;</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/ie8foundationfix.css?50273beac949cbf0?1732706938"> <script src="//html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.6.2/html5shiv.js"></script> <script src="//s3.amazonaws.com/nwapi/nwmatcher/nwmatcher-1.2.5-min.js"></script> <script src="//html5base.googlecode.com/svn-history/r38/trunk/js/selectivizr-1.0.3b.js"></script> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/respond.js/1.1.0/respond.min.js"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ie8/ie8patch.js?9e1d3c689a0471df?1732706938"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ie8/rem.min.js?94b62787dcd6d2f2?1732706938"></script> <![endif]--> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WPK7SW5'); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics"> _linkedin_partner_id = "2846186"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="statistics" data-cfasync="false" src="//script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0116/4951.js" async="async" ></script> </head> <body> <div id="menuModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-menu" aria-hidden="true" data-reveal role="dialog"> <div class="menu-container"> <div class="UI_NavMenu"> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Journals</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about/journals">Active Journals</a> <a href="/about/journalfinder">Find a Journal</a> <a href="/about/journals/proposal">Journal Proposal</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/topics"> <h2>Topics</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Information</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 200px; float: left;"> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </div> <div style="width: 100%; max-width: 250px; float: left;"> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a href="/authors/english"> <h2>Editing Services</h2> </a> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>Initiatives</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sciforum</a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDPI Books</a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Preprints.org</a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Scilit</a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">SciProfiles</a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Encyclopedia</a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">JAMS</a> <a href="/about/proceedings">Proceedings Series</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container " > <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link " > <h2>About</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="menu-container__links"> <div style="width: 100%; float: left;"> <a href="/about">Overview</a> <a href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Careers</a> <a href="/about/announcements">News</a> <a href="/about/press">Press</a> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Blog</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="menu-container__buttons"> <a class="button UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="captchaModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-label="Captcha" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"></div> <div id="actionDisabledModal" class="reveal-modal" data-reveal aria-labelledby="actionDisableModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog" style="width: 300px;"> <h2 id="actionDisableModalTitle">Notice</h2> <form action="/email/captcha" method="post" id="emailCaptchaForm"> <div class="row"> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-text" class="small-12 columns"> </div> <div id="js-action-disabled-modal-submit" class="small-12 columns" style="margin-top: 10px; display: none;"> You can make submissions to other journals <a href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload">here</a>. </div> </div> </form> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="rssNotificationModal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="rssNotificationModalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="rssNotificationModalTitle">Notice</h2> <p> You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader. </p> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <a class="button button--color js-rss-notification-confirm">Continue</a> <a class="button button--grey" onclick="$(this).closest('.reveal-modal').find('.close-reveal-modal').click(); return false;">Cancel</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-openaccess" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess</a>. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-feature" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications. </p> <p> Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers. </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-choice" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal. <div style="margin-top: -10px;"> <div id="drop-article-label-choice-journal-link" style="display: none; margin-top: -10px; padding-top: 10px;"> </div> </div> </p> </div> <div id="drop-article-label-resubmission" class="f-dropdown medium" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <p> Original Submission Date Received: <span id="drop-article-label-resubmission-date"></span>. </p> </div> <div id="container"> <noscript> <div id="no-javascript"> You seem to have javascript disabled. Please note that many of the page functionalities won't work as expected without javascript enabled. </div> </noscript> <div class="fixed"> <nav class="tab-bar show-for-medium-down"> <div class="row full-width collapse"> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732706938" style="width: 64px;" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="medium-3 small-4 columns right-aligned"> <div class="show-for-medium-down"> <a href="#" style="display: none;"> <i class="material-icons" onclick="$('#menuModal').foundation('reveal', 'close'); return false;">clear</i> </a> <a class="js-toggle-desktop-layout-link" title="Toggle desktop layout" style="display: none;" href="/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"> <i class="material-icons">zoom_out_map</i> </a> <a href="#" class="js-open-small-search open-small-search"> <i class="material-icons show-for-small only">search</i> </a> <a title="MDPI main page" class="js-open-menu" data-reveal-id="menuModal" href="#"> <i class="material-icons">menu</i> </a> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <section class="main-section"> <header> <div class="full-size-menu show-for-large-up"> <div class="row full-width"> <div class="large-1 columns"> <a href="/"> <img class="full-size-menu__mdpi-logo" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-black-small1.svg?da3a8dcae975a41c?1732706938" title="MDPI Open Access Journals"> </a> </div> <div class="large-8 columns text-right UI_NavMenu"> <ul> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/journals" data-dropdown="journals-dropdown" aria-controls="journals-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Journals</a> <ul id="journals-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/journals"> Active Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journalfinder"> Find a Journal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/journals/proposal"> Journal Proposal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/topics">Topics</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors" data-dropdown="information-dropdown" aria-controls="information-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover:true; hover_timeout:200">Information</a> <ul id="information-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-5 columns right-border"> <ul> <li> <a href="/authors">For Authors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/reviewers">For Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editors">For Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/librarians">For Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/publishing_services">For Publishers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/societies">For Societies</a> </li> <li> <a href="/conference_organizers">For Conference Organizers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="small-7 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/openaccess">Open Access Policy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ioap">Institutional Open Access Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/special_issues_guidelines">Special Issues Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/editorial_process">Editorial Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="/ethics">Research and Publication Ethics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/apc">Article Processing Charges</a> </li> <li> <a href="/awards">Awards</a> </li> <li> <a href="/testimonials">Testimonials</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/authors/english">Editing Services</a> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about/initiatives" data-dropdown="initiatives-dropdown" aria-controls="initiatives-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">Initiatives</a> <ul id="initiatives-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item"> <a href="/about" data-dropdown="about-dropdown" aria-controls="about-dropdown" aria-expanded="false" data-options="is_hover: true; hover_timeout: 200">About</a> <ul id="about-dropdown" class="f-dropdown dropdown-wrapper dropdown-wrapper__small" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> <li> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <ul> <li> <a href="/about"> Overview </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Careers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/announcements"> News </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/press"> Press </a> </li> <li> <a href="http://blog.mdpi.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Blog </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="large-3 columns text-right full-size-menu__buttons"> <div> <a class="button button--default-inversed UA_SignInUpButton" href="/user/login">Sign In / Sign Up</a> <a class="button button--default js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_NavSubmitButton" href=" https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=polymers " data-disabledmessage="new submissions are not possible.">Submit</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="search-container hide-for-small-down row search-container__homepage-scheme"> <form id="basic_search" style="background-color: inherit !important;" class="large-12 medium-12 columns " action="/search" method="get"> <div class="row search-container__main-elements"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns text-right1 small-only-text-left"> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> </div> <span class="search-container__title">Search<span class="hide-for-medium"> for Articles</span><span class="hide-for-small">:</span></span> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Title / Keyword</div> </div> <input type="text" placeholder="Title / Keyword" id="q" tabindex="1" name="q" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Author / Affiliation / Email</div> </div> <input type="text" id="authors" placeholder="Author / Affiliation / Email" tabindex="2" name="authors" value="" /> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Journal</div> </div> <select id="journal" tabindex="3" name="journal" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Journals</option> <option value="acoustics" > Acoustics </option> <option value="amh" > Acta Microbiologica Hellenica (AMH) </option> <option value="actuators" > Actuators </option> <option value="admsci" > Administrative Sciences </option> <option value="adolescents" > Adolescents </option> <option value="arm" > Advances in Respiratory Medicine (ARM) </option> <option value="aerobiology" > Aerobiology </option> <option value="aerospace" > Aerospace </option> <option value="agriculture" > Agriculture </option> <option value="agriengineering" > AgriEngineering </option> <option value="agrochemicals" > Agrochemicals </option> <option value="agronomy" > Agronomy </option> <option value="ai" > AI </option> <option value="air" > Air </option> <option value="algorithms" > Algorithms </option> <option value="allergies" > Allergies </option> <option value="alloys" > Alloys </option> <option value="analytica" > Analytica </option> <option value="analytics" > Analytics </option> <option value="anatomia" > Anatomia </option> <option value="anesthres" > Anesthesia Research </option> <option value="animals" > Animals </option> <option value="antibiotics" > Antibiotics </option> <option value="antibodies" > Antibodies </option> <option value="antioxidants" > Antioxidants </option> <option value="applbiosci" > Applied Biosciences </option> <option value="applmech" > Applied Mechanics </option> <option value="applmicrobiol" > Applied Microbiology </option> <option value="applnano" > Applied Nano </option> <option value="applsci" > Applied Sciences </option> <option value="asi" > Applied System Innovation (ASI) </option> <option value="appliedchem" > AppliedChem </option> <option value="appliedmath" > AppliedMath </option> <option value="aquacj" > Aquaculture Journal </option> <option value="architecture" > Architecture </option> <option value="arthropoda" > Arthropoda </option> <option value="arts" > Arts </option> <option value="astronomy" > Astronomy </option> <option value="atmosphere" > Atmosphere </option> <option value="atoms" > Atoms </option> <option value="audiolres" > Audiology Research </option> <option value="automation" > Automation </option> <option value="axioms" > Axioms </option> <option value="bacteria" > Bacteria </option> <option value="batteries" > Batteries </option> <option value="behavsci" > Behavioral Sciences </option> <option value="beverages" > Beverages </option> <option value="BDCC" > Big Data and Cognitive Computing (BDCC) </option> <option value="biochem" > BioChem </option> <option value="bioengineering" > Bioengineering </option> <option value="biologics" > Biologics </option> <option value="biology" > Biology </option> <option value="blsf" > Biology and Life Sciences Forum </option> <option value="biomass" > Biomass </option> <option value="biomechanics" > Biomechanics </option> <option value="biomed" > BioMed </option> <option value="biomedicines" > Biomedicines </option> <option value="biomedinformatics" > BioMedInformatics </option> <option value="biomimetics" > Biomimetics </option> <option value="biomolecules" > Biomolecules </option> <option value="biophysica" > Biophysica </option> <option value="biosensors" > Biosensors </option> <option value="biotech" > BioTech </option> <option value="birds" > Birds </option> <option value="blockchains" > Blockchains </option> <option value="brainsci" > Brain Sciences </option> <option value="buildings" > Buildings </option> <option value="businesses" > Businesses </option> <option value="carbon" > C </option> <option value="cancers" > Cancers </option> <option value="cardiogenetics" > Cardiogenetics </option> <option value="catalysts" > Catalysts </option> <option value="cells" > Cells </option> <option value="ceramics" > Ceramics </option> <option value="challenges" > Challenges </option> <option value="ChemEngineering" > ChemEngineering </option> <option value="chemistry" > Chemistry </option> <option value="chemproc" > Chemistry Proceedings </option> <option value="chemosensors" > Chemosensors </option> <option value="children" > Children </option> <option value="chips" > Chips </option> <option value="civileng" > CivilEng </option> <option value="cleantechnol" > Clean Technologies (Clean Technol.) </option> <option value="climate" > Climate </option> <option value="ctn" > Clinical and Translational Neuroscience (CTN) </option> <option value="clinbioenerg" > Clinical Bioenergetics </option> <option value="clinpract" > Clinics and Practice </option> <option value="clockssleep" > Clocks & Sleep </option> <option value="coasts" > Coasts </option> <option value="coatings" > Coatings </option> <option value="colloids" > Colloids and Interfaces </option> <option value="colorants" > Colorants </option> <option value="commodities" > Commodities </option> <option value="complications" > Complications </option> <option value="compounds" > Compounds </option> <option value="computation" > Computation </option> <option value="csmf" > Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum </option> <option value="computers" > Computers </option> <option value="condensedmatter" > Condensed Matter </option> <option value="conservation" > Conservation </option> <option value="constrmater" > Construction Materials </option> <option value="cmd" > Corrosion and Materials Degradation (CMD) </option> <option value="cosmetics" > Cosmetics </option> <option value="covid" > COVID </option> <option value="crops" > Crops </option> <option value="cryo" > Cryo </option> <option value="cryptography" > Cryptography </option> <option value="crystals" > Crystals </option> <option value="cimb" > Current Issues in Molecular Biology (CIMB) </option> <option value="curroncol" > Current Oncology </option> <option value="dairy" > Dairy </option> <option value="data" > Data </option> <option value="dentistry" > Dentistry Journal </option> <option value="dermato" > Dermato </option> <option value="dermatopathology" > Dermatopathology </option> <option value="designs" > Designs </option> <option value="diabetology" > Diabetology </option> <option value="diagnostics" > Diagnostics </option> <option value="dietetics" > Dietetics </option> <option value="digital" > Digital </option> <option value="disabilities" > Disabilities </option> <option value="diseases" > Diseases </option> <option value="diversity" > Diversity </option> <option value="dna" > DNA </option> <option value="drones" > Drones </option> <option value="ddc" > Drugs and Drug Candidates (DDC) </option> <option value="dynamics" > Dynamics </option> <option value="earth" > Earth </option> <option value="ecologies" > Ecologies </option> <option value="econometrics" > Econometrics </option> <option value="economies" > Economies </option> <option value="education" > Education Sciences </option> <option value="electricity" > Electricity </option> <option value="electrochem" > Electrochem </option> <option value="electronicmat" > Electronic Materials </option> <option value="electronics" > Electronics </option> <option value="ecm" > Emergency Care and Medicine </option> <option value="encyclopedia" > Encyclopedia </option> <option value="endocrines" > Endocrines </option> <option value="energies" > Energies </option> <option value="esa" > Energy Storage and Applications (ESA) </option> <option value="eng" > Eng </option> <option value="engproc" > Engineering Proceedings </option> <option value="entropy" > Entropy </option> <option value="environsciproc" > Environmental Sciences Proceedings </option> <option value="environments" > Environments </option> <option value="epidemiologia" > Epidemiologia </option> <option value="epigenomes" > Epigenomes </option> <option value="ebj" > European Burn Journal (EBJ) </option> <option value="ejihpe" > European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education (EJIHPE) </option> <option value="fermentation" > Fermentation </option> <option value="fibers" > Fibers </option> <option value="fintech" > FinTech </option> <option value="fire" > Fire </option> <option value="fishes" > Fishes </option> <option value="fluids" > Fluids </option> <option value="foods" > Foods </option> <option value="forecasting" > Forecasting </option> <option value="forensicsci" > Forensic Sciences </option> <option value="forests" > Forests </option> <option value="fossstud" > Fossil Studies </option> <option value="foundations" > Foundations </option> <option value="fractalfract" > Fractal and Fractional (Fractal Fract) </option> <option value="fuels" > Fuels </option> <option value="future" > Future </option> <option value="futureinternet" > Future Internet </option> <option value="futurepharmacol" > Future Pharmacology </option> <option value="futuretransp" > Future Transportation </option> <option value="galaxies" > Galaxies </option> <option value="games" > Games </option> <option value="gases" > Gases </option> <option value="gastroent" > Gastroenterology Insights </option> <option value="gastrointestdisord" > Gastrointestinal Disorders </option> <option value="gastronomy" > Gastronomy </option> <option value="gels" > Gels </option> <option value="genealogy" > Genealogy </option> <option value="genes" > Genes </option> <option value="geographies" > Geographies </option> <option value="geohazards" > GeoHazards </option> <option value="geomatics" > Geomatics </option> <option value="geometry" > Geometry </option> <option value="geosciences" > Geosciences </option> <option value="geotechnics" > Geotechnics </option> <option value="geriatrics" > Geriatrics </option> <option value="glacies" > Glacies </option> <option value="gucdd" > Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease (GUCDD) </option> <option value="grasses" > Grasses </option> <option value="hardware" > Hardware </option> <option value="healthcare" > Healthcare </option> <option value="hearts" > Hearts </option> <option value="hemato" > Hemato </option> <option value="hematolrep" > Hematology Reports </option> <option value="heritage" > Heritage </option> <option value="histories" > Histories </option> <option value="horticulturae" > Horticulturae </option> <option value="hospitals" > Hospitals </option> <option value="humanities" > Humanities </option> <option value="humans" > Humans </option> <option value="hydrobiology" > Hydrobiology </option> <option value="hydrogen" > Hydrogen </option> <option value="hydrology" > Hydrology </option> <option value="hygiene" > Hygiene </option> <option value="immuno" > Immuno </option> <option value="idr" > Infectious Disease Reports </option> <option value="informatics" > Informatics </option> <option value="information" > Information </option> <option value="infrastructures" > Infrastructures </option> <option value="inorganics" > Inorganics </option> <option value="insects" > Insects </option> <option value="instruments" > Instruments </option> <option value="iic" > Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction </option> <option value="ijerph" > International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) </option> <option value="ijfs" > International Journal of Financial Studies (IJFS) </option> <option value="ijms" > International Journal of Molecular Sciences (IJMS) </option> <option value="IJNS" > International Journal of Neonatal Screening (IJNS) </option> <option value="ijpb" > International Journal of Plant Biology (IJPB) </option> <option value="ijt" > International Journal of Topology </option> <option value="ijtm" > International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM) </option> <option value="ijtpp" > International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power (IJTPP) </option> <option value="ime" > International Medical Education (IME) </option> <option value="inventions" > Inventions </option> <option value="IoT" > IoT </option> <option value="ijgi" > ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information (IJGI) </option> <option value="J" > J </option> <option value="jal" > Journal of Ageing and Longevity (JAL) </option> <option value="jcdd" > Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease (JCDD) </option> <option value="jcto" > Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology (JCTO) </option> <option value="jcm" > Journal of Clinical Medicine (JCM) </option> <option value="jcs" > Journal of Composites Science (J. Compos. Sci.) </option> <option value="jcp" > Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy (JCP) </option> <option value="jdad" > Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease (JDAD) </option> <option value="jdb" > Journal of Developmental Biology (JDB) </option> <option value="jeta" > Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses (JETA) </option> <option value="jfb" > Journal of Functional Biomaterials (JFB) </option> <option value="jfmk" > Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK) </option> <option value="jof" > Journal of Fungi (JoF) </option> <option value="jimaging" > Journal of Imaging (J. Imaging) </option> <option value="jintelligence" > Journal of Intelligence (J. Intell.) </option> <option value="jlpea" > Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications (JLPEA) </option> <option value="jmmp" > Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing (JMMP) </option> <option value="jmse" > Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (JMSE) </option> <option value="jmahp" > Journal of Market Access & Health Policy (JMAHP) </option> <option value="jmp" > Journal of Molecular Pathology (JMP) </option> <option value="jnt" > Journal of Nanotheranostics (JNT) </option> <option value="jne" > Journal of Nuclear Engineering (JNE) </option> <option value="ohbm" > Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine (JOHBM) </option> <option value="jop" > Journal of Parks </option> <option value="jpm" > Journal of Personalized Medicine (JPM) </option> <option value="jpbi" > Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry (JPBI) </option> <option value="jor" > Journal of Respiration (JoR) </option> <option value="jrfm" > Journal of Risk and Financial Management (JRFM) </option> <option value="jsan" > Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks (JSAN) </option> <option value="joma" > Journal of the Oman Medical Association (JOMA) </option> <option value="jtaer" > Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research (JTAER) </option> <option value="jvd" > Journal of Vascular Diseases (JVD) </option> <option value="jox" > Journal of Xenobiotics (JoX) </option> <option value="jzbg" > Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens (JZBG) </option> <option value="journalmedia" > Journalism and Media </option> <option value="kidneydial" > Kidney and Dialysis </option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases" > Kinases and Phosphatases </option> <option value="knowledge" > Knowledge </option> <option value="labmed" > LabMed </option> <option value="laboratories" > Laboratories </option> <option value="land" > Land </option> <option value="languages" > Languages </option> <option value="laws" > Laws </option> <option value="life" > Life </option> <option value="limnolrev" > Limnological Review </option> <option value="lipidology" > Lipidology </option> <option value="liquids" > Liquids </option> <option value="literature" > Literature </option> <option value="livers" > Livers </option> <option value="logics" > Logics </option> <option value="logistics" > Logistics </option> <option value="lubricants" > Lubricants </option> <option value="lymphatics" > Lymphatics </option> <option value="make" > Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction (MAKE) </option> <option value="machines" > Machines </option> <option value="macromol" > Macromol </option> <option value="magnetism" > Magnetism </option> <option value="magnetochemistry" > Magnetochemistry </option> <option value="marinedrugs" > Marine Drugs </option> <option value="materials" > Materials </option> <option value="materproc" > Materials Proceedings </option> <option value="mca" > Mathematical and Computational Applications (MCA) </option> <option value="mathematics" > Mathematics </option> <option value="medsci" > Medical Sciences </option> <option value="msf" > Medical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="medicina" > Medicina </option> <option value="medicines" > Medicines </option> <option value="membranes" > Membranes </option> <option value="merits" > Merits </option> <option value="metabolites" > Metabolites </option> <option value="metals" > Metals </option> <option value="meteorology" > Meteorology </option> <option value="methane" > Methane </option> <option value="mps" > Methods and Protocols (MPs) </option> <option value="metrics" > Metrics </option> <option value="metrology" > Metrology </option> <option value="micro" > Micro </option> <option value="microbiolres" > Microbiology Research </option> <option value="micromachines" > Micromachines </option> <option value="microorganisms" > Microorganisms </option> <option value="microplastics" > Microplastics </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > Non-Coding RNA (ncRNA) </option> <option value="nursrep" > Nursing Reports </option> <option value="nutraceuticals" > Nutraceuticals </option> <option value="nutrients" > Nutrients </option> <option value="obesities" > Obesities </option> <option value="oceans" > Oceans </option> <option value="onco" > Onco </option> <option value="optics" > Optics </option> <option value="oral" > Oral </option> <option value="organics" > Organics </option> <option value="organoids" > Organoids </option> <option value="osteology" > Osteology </option> <option value="oxygen" > Oxygen </option> <option value="parasitologia" > Parasitologia </option> <option value="particles" > Particles </option> <option value="pathogens" > Pathogens </option> <option value="pathophysiology" > Pathophysiology </option> <option value="pediatrrep" > Pediatric Reports </option> <option value="pets" > Pets </option> <option value="pharmaceuticals" > Pharmaceuticals </option> <option value="pharmaceutics" > Pharmaceutics </option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology" > Pharmacoepidemiology </option> <option value="pharmacy" > Pharmacy </option> <option value="philosophies" > Philosophies </option> <option value="photochem" > Photochem </option> <option value="photonics" > Photonics </option> <option value="phycology" > Phycology </option> <option value="physchem" > Physchem </option> <option value="psf" > Physical Sciences Forum </option> <option value="physics" > Physics </option> <option value="physiologia" > Physiologia </option> <option value="plants" > Plants </option> <option value="plasma" > Plasma </option> <option value="platforms" > Platforms </option> <option value="pollutants" > Pollutants </option> <option value="polymers" selected='selected'> Polymers </option> <option value="polysaccharides" > Polysaccharides </option> <option value="populations" > Populations </option> <option value="poultry" > Poultry </option> <option value="powders" > Powders </option> <option value="proceedings" > Proceedings </option> <option value="processes" > Processes </option> <option value="prosthesis" > Prosthesis </option> <option value="proteomes" > Proteomes </option> <option value="psychiatryint" > Psychiatry International </option> <option value="psychoactives" > Psychoactives </option> <option value="psycholint" > Psychology International </option> <option value="publications" > Publications </option> <option value="qubs" > Quantum Beam Science (QuBS) </option> <option value="quantumrep" > Quantum Reports </option> <option value="quaternary" > Quaternary </option> <option value="radiation" > Radiation </option> <option value="reactions" > Reactions </option> <option value="realestate" > Real Estate </option> <option value="receptors" > Receptors </option> <option value="recycling" > Recycling </option> <option value="rsee" > Regional Science and Environmental Economics (RSEE) </option> <option value="religions" > Religions </option> <option value="remotesensing" > Remote Sensing </option> <option value="reports" > Reports </option> <option value="reprodmed" > Reproductive Medicine (Reprod. Med.) </option> <option value="resources" > Resources </option> <option value="rheumato" > Rheumato </option> <option value="risks" > Risks </option> <option value="robotics" > Robotics </option> <option value="ruminants" > Ruminants </option> <option value="safety" > Safety </option> <option value="sci" > Sci </option> <option value="scipharm" > Scientia Pharmaceutica (Sci. Pharm.) </option> <option value="sclerosis" > Sclerosis </option> <option value="seeds" > Seeds </option> <option value="sensors" > Sensors </option> <option value="separations" > Separations </option> <option value="sexes" > Sexes </option> <option value="signals" > Signals </option> <option value="sinusitis" > Sinusitis </option> <option value="smartcities" > Smart Cities </option> <option value="socsci" > Social Sciences </option> <option value="siuj" > Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal (SIUJ) </option> <option value="societies" > Societies </option> <option value="software" > Software </option> <option value="soilsystems" > Soil Systems </option> <option value="solar" > Solar </option> <option value="solids" > Solids </option> <option value="spectroscj" > Spectroscopy Journal </option> <option value="sports" > Sports </option> <option value="standards" > Standards </option> <option value="stats" > Stats </option> <option value="stresses" > Stresses </option> <option value="surfaces" > Surfaces </option> <option value="surgeries" > Surgeries </option> <option value="std" > Surgical Techniques Development </option> <option value="sustainability" > Sustainability </option> <option value="suschem" > Sustainable Chemistry </option> <option value="symmetry" > Symmetry </option> <option value="synbio" > SynBio </option> <option value="systems" > Systems </option> <option value="targets" > Targets </option> <option value="taxonomy" > Taxonomy </option> <option value="technologies" > Technologies </option> <option value="telecom" > Telecom </option> <option value="textiles" > Textiles </option> <option value="thalassrep" > Thalassemia Reports </option> <option value="therapeutics" > Therapeutics </option> <option value="thermo" > Thermo </option> <option value="timespace" > Time and Space </option> <option value="tomography" > Tomography </option> <option value="tourismhosp" > Tourism and Hospitality </option> <option value="toxics" > Toxics </option> <option value="toxins" > Toxins </option> <option value="transplantology" > Transplantology </option> <option value="traumacare" > Trauma Care </option> <option value="higheredu" > Trends in Higher Education </option> <option value="tropicalmed" > Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (TropicalMed) </option> <option value="universe" > Universe </option> <option value="urbansci" > Urban Science </option> <option value="uro" > Uro </option> <option value="vaccines" > Vaccines </option> <option value="vehicles" > Vehicles </option> <option value="venereology" > Venereology </option> <option value="vetsci" > Veterinary Sciences </option> <option value="vibration" > Vibration </option> <option value="virtualworlds" > Virtual Worlds </option> <option value="viruses" > Viruses </option> <option value="vision" > Vision </option> <option value="waste" > Waste </option> <option value="water" > Water </option> <option value="wild" > Wild </option> <option value="wind" > Wind </option> <option value="women" > Women </option> <option value="world" > World </option> <option value="wevj" > World Electric Vehicle Journal (WEVJ) </option> <option value="youth" > Youth </option> <option value="zoonoticdis" > Zoonotic Diseases </option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Article Type</div> </div> <select id="article_type" tabindex="4" name="article_type" class="chosen-select"> <option value="">All Article Types</option> <option value="research-article">Article</option> <option value="review-article">Review</option> <option value="rapid-communication">Communication</option> <option value="editorial">Editorial</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="book-review">Book Review</option> <option value="brief-communication">Brief Communication</option> <option value="brief-report">Brief Report</option> <option value="case-report">Case Report</option> <option value="clinicopathological-challenge">Clinicopathological Challenge</option> <option value="article-commentary">Comment</option> <option value="commentary">Commentary</option> <option value="concept-paper">Concept Paper</option> <option value="conference-report">Conference Report</option> <option value="correction">Correction</option> <option value="creative">Creative</option> <option value="data-descriptor">Data Descriptor</option> <option value="discussion">Discussion</option> <option value="Entry">Entry</option> <option value="essay">Essay</option> <option value="expression-of-concern">Expression of Concern</option> <option value="extended-abstract">Extended Abstract</option> <option value="field-guide">Field Guide</option> <option value="guidelines">Guidelines</option> <option value="hypothesis">Hypothesis</option> <option value="interesting-image">Interesting Images</option> <option value="letter">Letter</option> <option value="books-received">New Book Received</option> <option value="obituary">Obituary</option> <option value="opinion">Opinion</option> <option value="perspective">Perspective</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceeding Paper</option> <option value="project-report">Project Report</option> <option value="protocol">Protocol</option> <option value="registered-report">Registered Report</option> <option value="reply">Reply</option> <option value="retraction">Retraction</option> <option value="note">Short Note</option> <option value="study-protocol">Study Protocol</option> <option value="systematic_review">Systematic Review</option> <option value="technical-note">Technical Note</option> <option value="tutorial">Tutorial</option> <option value="viewpoint">Viewpoint</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns small-push-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-button-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input type="submit" id="search" value="Search" class="button button--dark button--full-width searchButton1 US_SearchButton" tabindex="12"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-collapsed-link-container"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <a class="main-search-clear search-container__link" href="#" onclick="openAdvanced(''); return false;">Advanced<span class="show-for-small-only"> Search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-container__advanced" style="margin-top: 0; padding-top: 0px; background-color: inherit; color: inherit;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Section</div> </div> <select id="section" tabindex="5" name="section" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 columns "> <div class=""> <div class="search-input-label">Special Issue</div> </div> <select id="special_issue" tabindex="6" name="special_issue" class="chosen-select"> <option value=""></option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Volume</div> <input type="text" id="volume" tabindex="7" name="volume" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Issue</div> <input type="text" id="issue" tabindex="8" name="issue" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Number</div> <input type="text" id="number" tabindex="9" name="number" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns "> <div class="search-input-label">Page</div> <input type="text" id="page" tabindex="10" name="page" placeholder="..." value="" /> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns small-push-6 medium-reset order large-reset-order medium-reset-order js-search-expanded-button-container"></div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 columns large-text-left small-only-text-center small-pull-6 medium-reset-order large-reset-order js-search-expanded-link-container"></div> </div> </div> </form> <form id="advanced-search" class="large-12 medium-12 columns"> <div class="search-container__advanced"> <div id="advanced-search-template" class="row advanced-search-row"> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-12 columns show-for-medium-up"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-3 columns connector-div"> <div class="search-input-label"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Logical Operator</span><span class="show-for-small">Operator</span></div> <select class="connector"> <option value="and">AND</option> <option value="or">OR</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-3 medium-3 small-6 columns search-text-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Text</div> <input type="text" class="search-text" placeholder="Search text"> </div> <div class="large-2 medium-2 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 columns search-field-div"> <div class="search-input-label">Search Type</div> <select class="search-field"> <option value="all">All fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="keywords">Keywords</option> <option value="authors">Authors</option> <option value="affiliations">Affiliations</option> <option value="doi">Doi</option> <option value="full_text">Full Text</option> <option value="references">References</option> </select> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-3 columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-plus"> <i class="material-icons">add_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> <div class="search-action-div"> <div class="search-minus"> <i class="material-icons">remove_circle_outline</i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 large-offset-0 medium-offset-0 small-offset-3 end columns"> <div class="search-input-label"> </div> <input class="advanced-search-button button button--dark search-submit" type="submit" value="Search"> </div> <div class="large-1 medium-1 small-6 end columns show-for-medium-up"></div> </div> </div> </form> </div> <div class="header-divider"> </div> <div class="breadcrumb row full-row"> <div style="position: absolute; right: 40px; z-index: 10; top: 5px;"> <div class="iflogo1"> <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/54222" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="text-decoration: none;"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/CS_no_number.svg?62107aae53c39662?1732706938" class="iflogo2"> <div class="iflogo1__citescore-number">8.0</div> </a> </div> <div class="iflogo1" style="/*z-index:30;*/"> <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=2073-4360" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/PM.svg?d6a69b922515dcf5?1732706938" class="iflogo2"> </a> </div> <div class="iflogo1"> <a href="/journal/polymers/stats" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" style="text-decoration: none;"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journal_indexing_logos/IF_no_number.svg?af8a884fb765d812?1732706938" class="iflogo2"> <div class="iflogo1__if-number">4.7</div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="/about/journals">Journals</a> </div> <div class="breadcrumb__element"> <a href="#">Polymers</a> </div> </div> </header> <div id="main-content" class=""> <div class="row full-width" data-equalizer="three-columns"> <div id="middle-column" class="content__column large-6 large-push-3 medium-6 medium-push-3 small-12 columns end middle-bordered"> <div id="js-small-main-top-container"> </div> <div class="content__container content__container__orbit "> <div id="title-story" class=""> <ul class="title-story-orbit" data-orbit> <li > <a href="/2073-4360/16/19/2810"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_1729565637815.jpg?1732706938" alt="Robust Strain Sensor with High Sensitivity Based on Polymer-Encapsulated Microfiber Mach&ndash;Zehnder Interferometer" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Robust Strain Sensor with High Sensitivity Based on Polymer-Encapsulated Microfiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2073-4360/16/16/2342"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17284626566172.jpg?1732706938" alt="Furanoate Blends for Sustainable and Flexible Packaging" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Furanoate Blends for Sustainable and Flexible Packaging </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2073-4360/16/16/2291"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17284625973664.jpg?1732706938" alt="Sandwich-Structured Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composite (CFRC) for Electric Vehicle Battery Casings" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Sandwich-Structured Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composite (CFRC) for Electric Vehicle Battery Casings </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2073-4360/16/16/2359"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17284625297173.jpg?1732706938" alt="Flexural Behavior of Thermoformed 3D-Printed Wrist Orthoses: Material, Infill, and Wear Condition Impacts" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Flexural Behavior of Thermoformed 3D-Printed Wrist Orthoses: Material, Infill, and Wear Condition Impacts </div> </a> </li> <li class="hidden"> <a href="/2073-4360/16/18/2630"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/title_story/title_story_17284624458334.jpg?1732706938" alt="Fatigue Behaviour of High-Performance Green Epoxy Biocomposite Laminates Reinforced by Optimized Long Sisal Fibers" /> <div class="orbit-caption"> Fatigue Behaviour of High-Performance Green Epoxy Biocomposite Laminates Reinforced by Optimized Long Sisal Fibers </div> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link show-for-small-only"> <h2 class="no-padding-left no-margin">Journal Description</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="journal__description"> <h1> <em>Polymers</em> </h1> <div class="journal__description__content"> <em>Polymers</em> is an international, <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process">peer-reviewed</a>, open access journal of polymer science published semimonthly online by MDPI. <a href="http://www.belgianpolymergroup.be/">Belgian Polymer Group (BPG)</a>, <a href="http://www.ecis-web.eu/">European Colloid & Interface Society (ECIS)</a>, <a href="https://www.instm.it/en/instm.aspx">National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM)</a> and <a href="https://www.natasinfo.org/site_home.cfm" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">North American Thermal Analysis Society (NATAS)</a> are affiliated with <em>Polymers</em> and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges. <ul> <li style="text-align: left;"><strong><span class="label openaccess"><a title="Open Access" href="https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess">Open Access</a></span></strong>— free for readers, with <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers/apc">article processing charges (APC)</a> paid by authors or their institutions.</li> <li style="text-align: left;"><strong>High Visibility:</strong> indexed within <a href="https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/54222">Scopus</a>, <a href="https://mjl.clarivate.com/search-results?issn=2073-4360&hide_exact_match_fl=true&utm_source=mjl&utm_medium=share-by-link&utm_campaign=search-results-share-this-journal">SCIE (Web of Science)</a>, <a href="https://www.engineeringvillage.com/home.url">Ei Compendex</a>, <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=%22Polymers+%28Basel%29%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=pubdate">PubMed</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/journals/3589/">PMC</a>, <a href="https://www.ifis.org/fsta">FSTA</a>, <a href="https://sso.cas.org/as/authorization.oauth2?response_type=code&client_id=scifinder-n&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fscifinder-n.cas.org%2Fpa%2Foidc%2Fcb&state=eyJ6aXAiOiJERUYiLCJhbGciOiJkaXIiLCJlbmMiOiJBMTI4Q0JDLUhTMjU2Iiwia2lkIjoianMiLCJzdWZmaXgiOiJUYWozcGUu">CAPlus / SciFinder</a>, <a href="https://inspec-direct-app.theiet.org/">Inspec</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers/indexing">other databases</a>.</li> <li><strong><strong>Journal Rank: </strong></strong>JCR - Q1 (Polymer Science) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Chemistry )</li> <li style="text-align: left;"><strong>Rapid Publication:</strong> manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.5 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2024).</li> <li style="text-align: left;"><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in MDPI journals, in appreciation of the work.</li> <li style="text-align: left;"><strong>Testimonials: </strong><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/testimonials?type=all&journal_id=29&page_count=20">See what our authors and editors say about <em>Polymers</em></a>.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> <strong>Impact Factor:</strong> 4.7 (2023); 5-Year Impact Factor: 4.9 (2023) </div> <div> <a href="/journal/polymers/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a> <a href="/journal/polymers/polymers_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a> <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a> <strong> ISSN: 2073-4360 </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 33 pages, 14113 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3326/pdf?version=1732713188" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Formulation of Epoxy Prepregs, Synthesization Parameters, and Resin Impregnation Approaches—A Comprehensive Review" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3326">Formulation of Epoxy Prepregs, Synthesization Parameters, and Resin Impregnation Approaches—A Comprehensive Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yashoda Somarathna</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Madhubhashitha Herath</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jayantha Epaarachchi</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Md Mainul Islam</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3326; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233326 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Prepregs are resin-impregnated, expensive composites mainly limited to high-end applications within the aeronautical, defense, automotive, and energy sectors. Prepreg technology is mainly protected by trade secrets, resulting in limited studies on prepreg resin matrix development and recent advancements. Three key parameters for epoxy <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3326/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Prepregs are resin-impregnated, expensive composites mainly limited to high-end applications within the aeronautical, defense, automotive, and energy sectors. Prepreg technology is mainly protected by trade secrets, resulting in limited studies on prepreg resin matrix development and recent advancements. Three key parameters for epoxy resin matrix development including B-staging, viscosity, and tackiness, and their control strategies are discussed in detail. The B-stage is defined as the partially cured stage of epoxy prepregs and is extremely important for prepreg layup, pot life, and final performances. The three key parameters are interrelated and accurately controlled, and, hence, resin development plays a huge role in the prepreg development process. This review also discusses the measuring techniques of the parameters in detail. Based on the resin impregnation techniques and B-stage control, two approaches are proposed to develop the prepreg resin formulations: conventional resin impregnation and viscosity-controlled resin impregnation. The approaches would be extremely useful, especially for advancing beyond the existing prepreg applications and developing smart materials and functional composites through advanced resin modification strategies. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3326">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/polymer_composites_nanocomposites">Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3326/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1531029"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1531029"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1531029" data-cycle-prev="#prev1531029" data-cycle-progressive="#images1531029" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g001-550.jpg?1732713336" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1531029" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g002-550.jpg?1732713337'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g003-550.jpg?1732713339'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g004-550.jpg?1732713340'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g005-550.jpg?1732713343'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g006-550.jpg?1732713344'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g007-550.jpg?1732713344'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g008-550.jpg?1732713345'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g009-550.jpg?1732713345'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g010-550.jpg?1732713346'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g011-550.jpg?1732713347'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g012-550.jpg?1732713348'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g013-550.jpg?1732713349'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g014-550.jpg?1732713350'><p>Figure 14</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g015-550.jpg?1732713351'><p>Figure 15</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='15' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g016-550.jpg?1732713354'><p>Figure 16</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='16' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g017-550.jpg?1732713354'><p>Figure 17</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='17' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g018-550.jpg?1732713355'><p>Figure 18</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='18' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g019-550.jpg?1732713356'><p>Figure 19</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='19' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g020-550.jpg?1732713357'><p>Figure 20</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='20' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g021-550.jpg?1732713358'><p>Figure 21</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='21' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g022-550.jpg?1732713359'><p>Figure 22</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='22' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g023-550.jpg?1732713360'><p>Figure 23</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='23' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g024-550.jpg?1732713362'><p>Figure 24</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='24' data-target='article-1531029-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g025-550.jpg?1732713362'><p>Figure 25</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1531029-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g001-550.jpg?1732713336" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Overview of the review.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g002-550.jpg?1732713337" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Overview of prepreg applications.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g003-550.jpg?1732713339" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Schematic illustration of the preparation of piezoelectric GFRP for smart sensor applications. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B47-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">47</a>]. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g004-550.jpg?1732713340" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Shape recovery steps of cubic-shaped deployable structures made from shape memory polymer prepregs (from <b>a</b>–<b>g</b>). Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B52-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">52</a>]. Copyright © 2019 The Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g005-550.jpg?1732713343" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Market overview showing (<b>a</b>) CFRP production by process (in kilo-tons) and (<b>b</b>) main prepreg manufacturers in the world. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B1-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">1</a>]. Copyright © 2023 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g006-550.jpg?1732713344" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of different stages in a thermoset resin based on the number of crosslinks.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g007-550.jpg?1732713344" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Level of cure vs complex viscosity of the prepreg. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B65-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">65</a>]. Copyright © 2004 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g008-550.jpg?1732713345" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The viscosity of epoxy resin mixture with different resin ratios (EA and EB denote the solid and liquid resins, respectively). Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B74-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">74</a>]. Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g009-550.jpg?1732713345" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>A typical curve showing the change in viscosity and degree of cure with respect to time and temperature in a multi-step cure cycle of a prepreg. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B83-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">83</a>]. Copyright © 2018 Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g010-550.jpg?1732713346" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Effect of temperature on viscosity and wrinkle severity. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B84-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">84</a>]. Copyright © 2018 The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g011-550.jpg?1732713347" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Complex viscosity of resin matrix under isothermal conditions. Edited and reproduced with permission [<a href="#B74-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">74</a>]. Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g012-550.jpg?1732713348" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Friction coefficient at different viscosities. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B87-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">87</a>]. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g013-550.jpg?1732713349" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Probe test device (Shenzhen Wance single-column mechanical testing machine) and (<b>b</b>) model. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B99-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">99</a>]. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g014-550.jpg?1732713350" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Complex viscosities of epoxy resins with different curing agent (DICY) loadings Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B74-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">74</a>]. Copyright © 2021 American Chemical Society.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g015-550.jpg?1732713351" title=" <strong>Figure 15</strong><br/> <p>Concept of co-curing and joining of B-stage components using resin tack. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B104-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">104</a>]. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g016-550.jpg?1732713354" title=" <strong>Figure 16</strong><br/> <p>The effect of (<b>a</b>) prepolymer, (<b>b</b>) B-staging, and (<b>c</b>) toughener content on prepreg tack. Edited and reproduced with permission [<a href="#B69-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">69</a>]. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g017-550.jpg?1732713354" title=" <strong>Figure 17</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of probe tack test and the outcome. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B66-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">66</a>]. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g018-550.jpg?1732713355" title=" <strong>Figure 18</strong><br/> <p>The measurement of tack of a dual-curable prepreg over a period. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B66-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">66</a>]. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g019-550.jpg?1732713356" title=" <strong>Figure 19</strong><br/> <p>Effect of (<b>a</b>) holding time, (<b>b</b>) probe pressure, and (<b>c</b>) probe temperature on the separation energy. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B99-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">99</a>]. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g020-550.jpg?1732713357" title=" <strong>Figure 20</strong><br/> <p>Peel test output showing stiffness and tack. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B98-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">98</a>]. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g021-550.jpg?1732713358" title=" <strong>Figure 21</strong><br/> <p>Peel test results under different (<b>a</b>) laying rates, (<b>b</b>) laying pressure, and (<b>c</b>) laying temperature. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B99-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">99</a>]. Copyright © 2022 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g022-550.jpg?1732713359" title=" <strong>Figure 22</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram showing two methods of continuous application-and-peel test mentioned under ASTM D8336 [<a href="#B107-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">107</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g023-550.jpg?1732713360" title=" <strong>Figure 23</strong><br/> <p>Prepreg sample holder used for tack test in the rotation rheometer. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B73-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">73</a>]. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g024-550.jpg?1732713362" title=" <strong>Figure 24</strong><br/> <p>Process flow diagram showing the differences between conventional and viscosity-controlled resin systems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03326/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03326-g025-550.jpg?1732713362" title=" <strong>Figure 25</strong><br/> <p>DSC diagram of before and after B-staging of prepreg with dual-curable resin system. Reproduced with permission [<a href="#B66-polymers-16-03326" class="html-bibr">66</a>]. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3326'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1530985" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1530985" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1530985" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3325/s1?version=1732710679"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 299 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 5877 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3325/pdf?version=1732711624" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Silver-Catalyzed Aqueous Electrochemical Valorization of Soda Lignin into Aliphatics and Phenolics" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3325">Silver-Catalyzed Aqueous Electrochemical Valorization of Soda Lignin into Aliphatics and Phenolics</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lucie Lindenbeck</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Silas Brand</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Franka Stallmann</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vanessa Barra</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marcella Frauscher</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Björn B. Beele</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adam Slabon</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bruno V. Manzolli Rodrigues</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3325; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233325 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Transitioning from crude oil to renewable sources of carbon-based chemicals is critical for advancing sustainable development. Lignin, a wood-derived biomacromolecule, holds great potential as a renewable feedstock, but efficient depolymerization and dearomatization methods are required to fully unlock its potential. In this investigation, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3325/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Transitioning from crude oil to renewable sources of carbon-based chemicals is critical for advancing sustainable development. Lignin, a wood-derived biomacromolecule, holds great potential as a renewable feedstock, but efficient depolymerization and dearomatization methods are required to fully unlock its potential. In this investigation, we present a silver-catalyzed aqueous electrocatalytic method for the selective depolymerization and partial dearomatization of soda lignin under mild, ambient conditions. Utilizing a water/sodium carbonate solvent system and a silver electrode to mediate the electrochemical reduction, we achieved significant lignin depolymerization over reaction times ranging from 5 to 20 h. Analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) revealed sodium levulinate, sodium acetate, and sodium formate as the main aliphatic products, alongside various aromatic species in the depolymerized lignin products (DL). This selective conversion of lignin into both valuable aromatic compounds and reactive aliphatic intermediates offers promising opportunities for further synthesis of a wide range of organic chemicals, contributing to the development of a more sustainable and circular economy. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3325">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/03MG6D73QF ">Electrochemical Depolymerization of Polymers</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3325/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530985"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530985"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530985" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530985" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530985" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530985-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-g001-550.jpg?1732711798" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530985" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530985-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-g002-550.jpg?1732711800'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530985-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-g003-550.jpg?1732711801'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530985-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-g004-550.jpg?1732711803'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530985-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-g005-550.jpg?1732711804'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530985-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-sch001-550.jpg?1732711808'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530985-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-g001-550.jpg?1732711798" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The color of the solution changes during the depolymerization process in a time-dependent manner, becoming clearer as the reaction progresses. This observation serves as an indirect indicator of the extent of depolymerization.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3325'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-g002-550.jpg?1732711800" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p><sup>1</sup>H NMR spectra (D<sub>2</sub>O, 600.13 MHz) of DL for different reaction times: 0 h, 5 h, 15 h, and 20 h. Levulinate (yellow), formate (green), and acetate (purple) could be identified as main aliphatic products.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3325'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-g003-550.jpg?1732711801" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra of DL for different reaction durations (0 h, 5 h, 10 h, 15 h, and 20 h).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3325'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-g004-550.jpg?1732711803" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra of DL for different reaction durations zoomed in in the region between 1800 and 400 cm<sup>−1</sup> (0 h, 5 h, 10 h, 15 h, and 20 h).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3325'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-g005-550.jpg?1732711804" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of DL products obtained in the current study with those from previous experiments, where soda lignin and kraft lignin were subjected to electrochemical reductive depolymerization under varying conditions [<a href="#B4-polymers-16-03325" class="html-bibr">4</a>,<a href="#B5-polymers-16-03325" class="html-bibr">5</a>]. This figure highlights the impact of using different electrocatalysts (silver, carbon, copper) and reaction parameters (current, time, and electrolyte composition) on the product distribution. The comparison illustrates how the choice of electrocatalyst significantly influences the selectivity toward aliphatic and aromatic compounds, with silver showing a broader range of products compared to previous studies using carbon and copper.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3325'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03325/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03325-sch001-550.jpg?1732711808" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the silver-catalyzed electrocatalytic depolymerization and partial dearomatization of soda lignin in an aqueous sodium carbonate medium. The process involves the application of a constant current (−175 mA), driving the electrochemical reduction of lignin at ambient temperature and pressure. The selective cleavage of lignin results in the formation of both aliphatic compounds (e.g., sodium levulinate, sodium formate, and sodium acetate) and aromatic species, which are extracted using ethanol as a solvent. The mechanism highlights the role of silver as an electrocatalyst in enhancing product distribution and selectivity compared to previous systems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3325'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1530968" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1530968" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1530968" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3324/s1?version=1732709568"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 95 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 10717 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3324/pdf?version=1732713007" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Investigation of Gamma Ray Shielding Characteristics of Binary Composites Containing Polyester Resin and Lead Oxide" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3324">Investigation of Gamma Ray Shielding Characteristics of Binary Composites Containing Polyester Resin and Lead Oxide</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hasan Özdoğan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yiğit Ali Üncü</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ferdi Akman</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hasan Polat</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mustafa Recep Kaçal</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3324; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233324 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Ionizing radiation plays an essential role across various fields but also poses significant health risks, requiring effective shielding solutions. This study focuses on the photon shielding properties of PbO-reinforced composites, specifically PbO-0, PbO-2, PbO-4, PbO-6, PbO-8, and PbO-10, through experimental measurements of photon <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3324/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Ionizing radiation plays an essential role across various fields but also poses significant health risks, requiring effective shielding solutions. This study focuses on the photon shielding properties of PbO-reinforced composites, specifically PbO-0, PbO-2, PbO-4, PbO-6, PbO-8, and PbO-10, through experimental measurements of photon energies ranging from 59.5 keV to 1408.0 keV. The measurements were taken using an HPGe detector. Experimental results were compared to theoretical calculations. Among the tested composites, PbO-10, which contains the highest concentration of lead oxide (PbO), provided the most effective radiation shielding. This sample demonstrated superior mass and linear attenuation coefficients, offering excellent protection at low photon energies. Furthermore, PbO-10 exhibited the lowest half-value layer (HVL) and tenth-value layer (TVL) values, indicating its efficiency in reducing radiation intensity with thinner material layers. It was determined that the experimental TVL results for PbO-O, PbO-2, PbO-4, PbO-6, PbO-8, and PbO-10 at 59.5 keV photon energy were 9.95, 5.98, 4.77, 3.67, 3.22, and 2.71 cm, respectively. With these outstanding attenuation capabilities, PbO-10 is deemed highly suitable for use in medical, industrial, and radiation-heavy environments. In summary, this research emphasizes the effectiveness of PbO-reinforced composites in gamma-ray shielding, with PbO-10 emerging as the top performer, demonstrating great potential for applications that require durable and efficient radiation protection. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3324">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/polymer_composites_nanocomposites">Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3324/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530968"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530968"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530968" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530968" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530968" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g001-550.jpg?1732713089" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530968" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g002-550.jpg?1732713090'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g003-550.jpg?1732713094'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g004-550.jpg?1732713096'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g005-550.jpg?1732713097'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g006-550.jpg?1732713099'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g007-550.jpg?1732713100'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g008-550.jpg?1732713103'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g009-550.jpg?1732713104'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g010-550.jpg?1732713109'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g011-550.jpg?1732713111'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g012-550.jpg?1732713113'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1530968-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g013-550.jpg?1732713114'><p>Figure 13</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530968-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g001-550.jpg?1732713089" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Polymer composite production stages.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g002-550.jpg?1732713090" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The experimental geometry used for gamma-ray shielding studies [<a href="#B28-polymers-16-03324" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g003-550.jpg?1732713094" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The variation of µ/ρ results with gamma-ray energy for PbO-reinforced composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g004-550.jpg?1732713096" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The variation of μ results with gamma-ray energy for PbO-reinforced composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g005-550.jpg?1732713097" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The variation of HVL results with gamma-ray energy for PbO-reinforced composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g006-550.jpg?1732713099" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The variation of (<b>a</b>) TVL and (<b>b</b>) MFP results with gamma-ray energy for PbO-reinforced composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g007-550.jpg?1732713100" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The variation of Zeff results with gamma-ray energy for PbO-reinforced composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g008-550.jpg?1732713103" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The variation of N<sub>eff</sub> results with gamma-ray energy for PbO-reinforced composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g009-550.jpg?1732713104" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>The variation of RPE results with gamma-ray energy for PbO-reinforced composites at 10 mm sample thickness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g010-550.jpg?1732713109" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The variation of RPE results with gamma-ray energy and sample thickness.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g011-550.jpg?1732713111" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The variation of EBF results with gamma-ray energy for PbO-reinforced composites at 1, 5, 10, and 20 mfp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g012-550.jpg?1732713113" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The variation of EABF results with gamma-ray energy for PbO-reinforced composites at 1, 5, 10, and 20 mfp.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03324/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03324-g013-550.jpg?1732713114" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>The variation of (<b>a</b>) kerma relative to air and (<b>b</b>) kerma relative to ordinary concrete results with gamma-ray energy for PbO-reinforced composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3324'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1530894" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1530894" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1530894" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3323/s1?version=1732705539"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 126 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 2244 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3323/pdf?version=1732705538" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Development of Dispersion Process to Improve Quality of Hyaluronic Acid Filler Crosslinked with 1,4-Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3323">Development of Dispersion Process to Improve Quality of Hyaluronic Acid Filler Crosslinked with 1,4-Butanediol Diglycidyl Ether</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sunglim Choi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jin Cheol Cho</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seunghwa Lee</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seong Jin Lee</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3323; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233323 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study proposes a new and simple process that improves the quality of a hyaluronic acid (HA) filler crosslinked with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) using solution dispersion at a low temperature. This process involves the solvent being dispersed among the solute naturally after <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3323/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study proposes a new and simple process that improves the quality of a hyaluronic acid (HA) filler crosslinked with 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether (BDDE) using solution dispersion at a low temperature. This process involves the solvent being dispersed among the solute naturally after the mixing process. The process used in this study involved two reactions. First, the solution was dispersed among HA molecules (Mw = ~0.7 MDa) creating a well-homogenized mixture. Second, the decomposition and synthesis of HA occurred naturally in an aqueous alkaline solution (>pH 11), the weight average molar mass (Mw) was adjusted (Mw = ~143,000), and the crosslinking surface area was expanded, allowing for a high degree of crosslinking. Therefore, the viscoelasticity and cohesion of the filler increased with the new method compared to the previous process both at the lab scale (previous process:new process, viscosity (cP) = 24M:43M, storage modulus (Pa) = 306:538, loss modulus (Pa) = 33:61, and tack (N) = 0.24:0.43) and at the factory scale (previous process:new process, complex viscosity (cP) = 19M:26M, storage modulus (Pa) = 229:314, loss modulus (Pa) = 71:107, and tack (N) = 0.35:0.43). <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3323">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Biobased_Biodegradable_Polymers">Biobased and Biodegradable Polymers</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3323/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530894"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530894"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530894" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530894" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530894" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g001-550.jpg?1732705615" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530894" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g002-550.jpg?1732705618'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g003-550.jpg?1732705621'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g004-550.jpg?1732705623'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g005-550.jpg?1732705624'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g006-550.jpg?1732705625'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g007-550.jpg?1732705626'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g008-550.jpg?1732705630'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530894-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g009-550.jpg?1732705631'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530894-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g001-550.jpg?1732705615" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Chart of the difference between the previous process and the new process (dispersion process at a low temperature).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g002-550.jpg?1732705618" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Complex viscosity (cP), (<b>b</b>) storage modulus (G′), (<b>c</b>) loss modulus (G″), (<b>d</b>) complex modulus (G*), and (<b>e</b>) tack over dispersion time at each dispersion temperature (4 °C, 10 °C, and 18 °C, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g003-550.jpg?1732705621" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Complex viscosity (cP), (<b>b</b>) storage modulus (G′), (<b>c</b>) loss modulus (G″), (<b>d</b>) complex modulus (G*), and (<b>e</b>) tack over dispersion temperature at each dispersion time (1 h, 3 h, and 24 h, <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g004-550.jpg?1732705623" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) GFC graph of 17 wt% HA in 0.25 N NaOH solution including the dispersion process (18 °C; 24 h); and (<b>b</b>) GFC graph of 17 wt% HA aqueous solution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g005-550.jpg?1732705624" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Visible transparency changes in HA in 0.25 N NaOH solution after the dispersion process (18 °C; 24 h) and then mixed with BDDE using a revolving–rotating mixer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g006-550.jpg?1732705625" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between old and new process at the 1/2 factory scale: (<b>a</b>) complex viscosity (cP), (<b>b</b>) storage modulus (G′), (<b>c</b>) loss modulus (G″), (<b>d</b>) complex modulus (G*), and (<b>e</b>) tack (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g007-550.jpg?1732705626" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The molecular structure of the BDDE-crosslinked HA dimer; (<b>b</b>) 1H NMR of the product being produced (no dispersion); (<b>c</b>) 1H NMR of the product made through a new process (18 °C and 24 h dispersion); and (<b>d</b>) graph detailing the MoD (%) of (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g008-550.jpg?1732705630" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Comparison between the old and new process at the factory scale: (<b>a</b>) complex viscosity (cP), (<b>b</b>) storage modulus (G′), (<b>c</b>) loss modulus (G″), (<b>d</b>) complex modulus (G*), and (<b>e</b>) tack.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03323/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03323-g009-550.jpg?1732705631" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Graph showing the 1H NMR of products made (with no dispersion) at the factory scale; (<b>b</b>) 1H NMR of the products made through the new process (18 °C and 24 h dispersion) at the factory scale; and (<b>c</b>) graph of the MoD (%) of (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3323'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 4361 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3322/pdf?version=1732704466" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Fabrication of Oil-Absorbing Porous Sponges via 3D Electrospinning of Recycled Expanded Polystyrene with Functional Additive" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3322">Fabrication of Oil-Absorbing Porous Sponges via 3D Electrospinning of Recycled Expanded Polystyrene with Functional Additive</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Taegyun Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seung Min Kang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kanghyun Kim</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Geon Hwee Kim</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3322; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233322 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) porous sponge capable of oil–water separation was fabricated using recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) through 3D electrospinning, by adding phosphoric acid to the electrospinning solution. The fabrication process was a rapid and efficient single-step process to produce the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3322/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) porous sponge capable of oil–water separation was fabricated using recycled expanded polystyrene (EPS) through 3D electrospinning, by adding phosphoric acid to the electrospinning solution. The fabrication process was a rapid and efficient single-step process to produce the 3D sponge. In addition, the additive’s concentration was also optimized for oil absorption. The fabricated EPS sponge was highly effective in oil–water separation due to its excellent hydrophobic and oleophilic properties. This demonstrates its potential as a sustainable and efficient absorbent to address ongoing oil pollution issues. Moreover, the performance of the recycled EPS sponge was found to be comparable to that of sponges made from virgin polystyrene, suggesting the feasibility of using recycled materials for the production of high-value products. This research presents an efficient method for fabricating 3D sponges from recycled materials, contributing to environmental protection and resource recycling. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3322">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/H3W2402LBX ">Polymers Surface Engineering with Micro/Nano Structure</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3322/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530870"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530870"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530870" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530870" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530870" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g001-550.jpg?1732704541" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530870" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g002-550.jpg?1732704543'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g003-550.jpg?1732704546'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g004-550.jpg?1732704547'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g005-550.jpg?1732704551'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g006-550.jpg?1732704554'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530870-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g007-550.jpg?1732704555'><p>Figure 7</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530870-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g001-550.jpg?1732704541" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of the fabrication process and application of the recycled EPS 3D structure. (<b>A</b>) EPS electrospinning solution composition with additives. (<b>B</b>) EPS 3D electrospinning with ring-shaped stage and moving syringe. (<b>C</b>) Application of manufactured EPS sponges as oil–water separation adsorbents.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g002-550.jpg?1732704543" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Mechanism of 3D electrospinning (<b>A</b>) near to and (<b>B</b>) far from the source.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g003-550.jpg?1732704546" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Morphology of 3D structural geometry as a function of additive concentration. (<b>A</b>) 0 μL per 10 mL of solution. (<b>B</b>) 10 μL per 10 mL of solution. (<b>C</b>) 20 μL per 10 mL of solution. (<b>D</b>) 30 μL per 10 mL of solution. (<b>A′</b>–<b>D′</b>) SEM images of the fibers composing the 3D structure. (<b>A″</b>–<b>D″</b>) Graph of fiber thickness distribution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g004-550.jpg?1732704547" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of (<b>A</b>) minor pore size. (<b>B</b>) The weight of the sponge with the additive at several concentrations. (<b>C</b>) The Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum of the 3D sponge in the presence of a phosphoric acid solution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g005-550.jpg?1732704551" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of two pure polystyrenes and EPS. Images of the fabricated 3D structure made of (<b>A</b>) polystyrene (M<sub>w</sub>~192,000), (<b>B</b>) polystyrene (M<sub>w</sub>~280,000), (<b>C</b>) EPS. (<b>A′</b>–<b>C′</b>) SEM images for pore size analysis. (<b>D</b>) Scale graph for each structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g006-550.jpg?1732704554" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) The oleophilic and hydrophobic properties of the fabricated 3D sponge. (<b>B′</b>,<b>B″</b>) The oil absorption performance of the fabricated 3D sponge. (<b>C′</b>–<b>C‴</b>) The hydrophobicity of the fabricated 3D sponge. (<b>D</b>) Oil absorption per unit. (<b>E</b>) A schematic of the water wetting mode of the hydrophobic membrane. (<b>F</b>) A schematic of the oil wetting mode of the oleophilic membrane.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03322/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03322-g007-550.jpg?1732704555" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The experimental results of oil absorption capacity and images of the experimental apparatus. (<b>A</b>) A graph of the oil absorption capacity and separation efficiency of the three polystyrenes (M<sub>w</sub>~192,000, M<sub>w</sub>~280,000, and EPS). (<b>B</b>) A graph of the oil absorption capacity and separation efficiency of the three different oils (canola oil, bean oil, and mineral oil) with the EPS sponge. (<b>C</b>) A schematic and images of the device for continuous oil–water separation. (<b>D</b>) A graph of oil absorption by the sponge and the amount of oil separated over time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3322'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 3797 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3321/pdf?version=1732702258" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Novel Synthesis of Polystyrenesulfonate@AC Based on Olive Tree Leaves Biomass for the Photo-Degradation of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3321">Novel Synthesis of Polystyrenesulfonate@AC Based on Olive Tree Leaves Biomass for the Photo-Degradation of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ibrahim Hotan Alsohaimi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3321; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233321 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Water pollution poses significant environmental challenges, particularly from dyes used in various industrial processes. Effective removal methods are essential to mitigate their impact on aquatic environments. Activated carbon (AC) is widely used for its adsorption properties, and further modifications can enhance its efficiency. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3321/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Water pollution poses significant environmental challenges, particularly from dyes used in various industrial processes. Effective removal methods are essential to mitigate their impact on aquatic environments. Activated carbon (AC) is widely used for its adsorption properties, and further modifications can enhance its efficiency. In this study, we developed polystyrene sulfonate-modified activated carbon (AC@PSS) using a facile and efficient method to improve the photo-degradation of methylene blue (MB) in aquatic environments. The modification enhanced the activated carbon’s surface features and adsorption, improving its photocatalytic activity. The photocatalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, FTIR, and TGA. Based on Tauc’s equation, the band gap value of AC@PSS was 4.0 eV. The photocatalytic efficacy of the AC@PSS catalyst was assessed by studying the degradation of MB dye under UV-rich solar irradiation. The influence of various variables on the photo-degradation of MB dye such as pH (2–12), reaction time (0–160 min), catalyst dosage (20–80 mg), and dye concentration (10–300 mg/L) was investigated. The AC@PSS catalyst demonstrated impressive degradation efficacy for MB dye of 98% in 160 min at pH 11, a temperature of 25 °C, a catalyst dose of 60 mg, and initial MB content of 10 mg/L. The superior performance of the AC@PSS catalyst could be due to the effective separation of photogenerated electron holes. Accordingly, the photo-degradation of MB is affected by the photo-produced radical <sup>•</sup>OH. Finally, we conclude that synthesizing AC@PSS is highly effective for the degradation of MB dye. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3321">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/4VE9JJ3C3H ">Sustainable Polymer Composite Adsorbents: Preparation, Characterization and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3321/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530812"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530812"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530812" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530812" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530812" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g001-550.jpg?1732702403" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530812" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g002-550.jpg?1732702405'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g003-550.jpg?1732702407'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g004-550.jpg?1732702408'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g005-550.jpg?1732702409'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g006-550.jpg?1732702411'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g007-550.jpg?1732702412'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g008-550.jpg?1732702414'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g009-550.jpg?1732702417'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g010-550.jpg?1732702418'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530812-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g011-550.jpg?1732702419'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530812-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g001-550.jpg?1732702403" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of the synthesis of the AC@PSS composite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g002-550.jpg?1732702405" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) SEM images of AC and (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) AC@PSS composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g003-550.jpg?1732702407" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>N<sub>2</sub> isotherms of AC and AC@PSS composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g004-550.jpg?1732702408" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectrum of AC and AC@PSS composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g005-550.jpg?1732702409" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) XRD patterns of AC and AC@PSS composites (the inset is the XRD pattern of PSS) and (<b>b</b>) TGA profiles of AC and AC@PSS composites.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g006-550.jpg?1732702411" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) UV–vis absorption spectra and (<b>b</b>) Tauc’s profile for the band gap assessment of the AC@PSS composite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g007-550.jpg?1732702412" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Photocatalytic efficacy (C<sub>t</sub>/C<sub>o</sub> against time) of MB irradiated by UV-rich solar light (without AC@PSS), MB adsorption without irradiation, and MB irradiated by UV-rich solar light in the presence of AC@PSS.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g008-550.jpg?1732702414" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Effect of pH and (<b>b</b>) catalyst dosage on the photo-degradation efficiency of MB dye using the AC@PSS composite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g009-550.jpg?1732702417" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The effect of time on the photo-degradation efficiency of MB dye, (<b>b</b>) the influence of initial MB concentration on photo-degradation efficiency, and (<b>c</b>) photocatalytic degradation kinetics of MB using the AC@PSS composite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g010-550.jpg?1732702418" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Photocatalytic degradation of MB by the AC@PSS composite in the presence of EDTA as a (h<sup>+</sup>) scavenger, silver nitrate as an (e<sup>–</sup>) scavenger, tert-butyl alcohol as an (<sup>•</sup>OH) scavenger, and methyl alcohol as an (<sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub>) scavenger.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03321/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03321-g011-550.jpg?1732702419" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>A possible mechanism of the photocatalytic degradation of the MB dyes onto the AC@PSS composite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3321'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 4818 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3320/pdf?version=1732701422" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Embedded 3D Printing for Microchannel Fabrication in Epoxy-Based Microfluidic Devices" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3320">Embedded 3D Printing for Microchannel Fabrication in Epoxy-Based Microfluidic Devices</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cheng Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenyu Ning</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ding Nan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiangtao Hao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Weiliang Shi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yang Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fei Duan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Wenbo Jin</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Danyang Zhao</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3320; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233320 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Microfluidic devices offer promising solutions for automating various biological and chemical procedures. Epoxy resin, known for its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and thermal stability, is widely used in high-performance microfluidic devices. However, the poor printability of epoxy has limited its application in <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3320/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Microfluidic devices offer promising solutions for automating various biological and chemical procedures. Epoxy resin, known for its excellent mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and thermal stability, is widely used in high-performance microfluidic devices. However, the poor printability of epoxy has limited its application in 3D printing technologies for fabricating epoxy-based microfluidic devices. In this study, fumed silica is introduced into epoxy resin to formulate a yield-stress fluid suspension as a support bath for embedded 3D printing (e-3DP). The study demonstrates that increasing the fumed silica concentration from 3.0% to 9.0% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) enhances the yield stress from 9.46 Pa to 56.41 Pa, the compressive modulus from 19.79 MPa to 36.34 MPa, and the fracture strength from 148.16 MPa to 168.78 MPa, while reducing the thixotropic time from 6.58 s to 1.32 s, albeit with a 61.3% decrease in the transparency ratio. The 6.0% (<i>w</i>/<i>v</i>) fumed silica–epoxy suspension is selected based on a balance between yield stress, transparency, and mechanical performance, enabling high-fidelity filament formation. Two representative microfluidic devices are successfully fabricated, demonstrating the feasibility of a fumed silica–epoxy suspension for the customizable e-3DP of epoxy-based microfluidic devices. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3320">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/2PH5NX892E ">Biopolymers for 3D Printing</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3320/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530772"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530772"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530772" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530772" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530772" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530772-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g001-550.jpg?1732701514" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530772" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530772-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g002-550.jpg?1732701515'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530772-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g003-550.jpg?1732701516'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530772-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g004-550.jpg?1732701517'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530772-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g005-550.jpg?1732701518'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530772-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g006-550.jpg?1732701519'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530772-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g007-550.jpg?1732701520'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530772-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g008-550.jpg?1732701521'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530772-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g009-550.jpg?1732701524'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530772-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g001-550.jpg?1732701514" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of the e-3DP mechanism assisted by FS–ER suspension for microfluidic device fabrication. (<b>a</b>) Printing of Pluronic F127 ink in FS–ER suspension: (<b>a-1</b>) three-dimensional network structure of fumed silica with freely moving epoxy polymer chains, (<b>a-2</b>) disordered fumed silica structure, under stress, with freely moving epoxy polymer chains, and (<b>a-3</b>) core-corona micelles structure of Pluronic F127. (<b>b</b>) Crosslinked FS–ER microfluidic device with hollow channels, formed after the removal of liquefied Pluronic F127: (<b>b-1</b>) freely moving triblock polymer chains of Pluronic F127 at 4 °C, and (<b>b-2</b>) interpenetrating network structure within the fully solidified FS–ER composite.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3320'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g002-550.jpg?1732701515" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Rheological properties of FS–ER suspensions with different fumed silica concentrations: (<b>a</b>) shear stress as a function of shear rate, and (<b>b</b>) thixotropy tests on the FS–ER suspensions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3320'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g003-550.jpg?1732701516" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Shear moduli as a function of frequency for FS–ER suspensions.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3320'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g004-550.jpg?1732701517" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Mechanical properties of crosslinked FS–ER samples: (<b>a</b>) fracture strength as a function of fumed silica concentration and (<b>b</b>) compression modulus as a function of fumed silica concentration.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3320'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g005-550.jpg?1732701518" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Transparency of crosslinked FS–ER samples with different fumed silica concentrations. Scale bar: 10 mm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3320'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g006-550.jpg?1732701519" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Filament formation in FS–ER suspension: (<b>a</b>) filament diameter as a function of time at different path speeds and extrusion pressures, and (<b>b</b>) filament diameter as a function of resting time after printing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3320'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g007-550.jpg?1732701520" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Rheological properties of 40.0% (<span class="html-italic">w</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span>) Pluronic F127: (<b>a</b>) viscosity as a function of temperature and (<b>b</b>) viscosity as a function of shear rate.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3320'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g008-550.jpg?1732701521" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Shear moduli as a function of frequency for 40% <span class="html-italic">w</span>/<span class="html-italic">v</span> Pluronic F127.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3320'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03320/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03320-g009-550.jpg?1732701524" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Printed microfluidic devices: (<b>a-1</b>) 3D model of the designed cross-channel microfluidic device, (<b>a-2</b>) printed cross-channel microstructure, and (<b>a-3</b>) cross-channel microfluidic device infused with black dye after the removal of the sacrificial ink. (<b>a-4</b>,<b>a-5</b>) Cross-sectional views of the microchannels at corresponding positions in the cross-channel microfluidic device. (<b>b-1</b>) A 3D model of the designed circular-channel microfluidic device, (<b>b-2</b>) printed circular-channel microstructure, and (<b>b-3</b>) circular-channel microfluidic device infused with black dye after the removal of the sacrificial ink. (<b>b-4</b>) Cross-sectional view of the microchannel in the circular-channel microfluidic device. The scale bars in (<b>a-2</b>,<b>a-3</b>,<b>b-2</b>,<b>b-3</b>) represent 10 mm, while the scale bars in (<b>a-4</b>,<b>a-5</b>,<b>b-4</b>) represent 0.5 mm.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3320'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 7044 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3319/pdf?version=1732700562" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Analysis of Tensile Failure Behavior of Metal Fiber Laminates Under Different Temperature Environments" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3319">Analysis of Tensile Failure Behavior of Metal Fiber Laminates Under Different Temperature Environments</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongbin Lu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dongfa Sheng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuting Fang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongquan Yu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fan Yang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3319; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233319 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The tensile properties of fiber metal laminates were examined at temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 180 °C in this paper through the integration of numerical simulation techniques, experimental measurements, and digital image correlation techniques. The laminates were initially modeled using finite elements, <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3319/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The tensile properties of fiber metal laminates were examined at temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 180 °C in this paper through the integration of numerical simulation techniques, experimental measurements, and digital image correlation techniques. The laminates were initially modeled using finite elements, and the failure behavior of porous basalt-fiber-reinforced aluminum alloy plates was numerically simulated. Consequently, metal fiber laminate stress–strain responses were varied by numerous tensile experiments conducted at varying temperatures. Simultaneously, a scanning electron microscope was used to scan a porous basalt-fiber-reinforced aluminum alloy laminate at different temperatures to determine the tensile mechanical behavior and micro-damage morphology. Lastly, the laminate’s dynamic response to the tensile process was observed through digital image correlation technology. The stress distribution was determined to be concentrated around circular openings through analysis. The strain distribution graph exhibited a “band” shape as the number of perforations increased. The findings indicate that fiber metal laminates lose tensile strength as temperatures increase. The ultimate tensile strength of the laminate decreases as the number of perforations increases at the same temperature. Complex damage mechanisms, including matrix debonding, fiber withdrawal, and matrix fracture, can be captured through scanning electron microscopy at varying temperatures. The tensile behavior and damage mechanisms of laminates with hole-containing structures under thermal conditions are examined, and the results can be used to inform the design and utilization of laminate structures. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3319">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Process_Eng">Polymer Processing and Engineering</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3319/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530727"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530727"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530727" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530727" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530727" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g001-550.jpg?1732700714" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530727" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g002-550.jpg?1732700716'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g003-550.jpg?1732700719'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g004-550.jpg?1732700722'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g005-550.jpg?1732700725'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g006-550.jpg?1732700727'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g007-550.jpg?1732700728'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g008-550.jpg?1732700731'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g009-550.jpg?1732700736'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530727-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g010-550.jpg?1732700739'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530727-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g001-550.jpg?1732700714" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Diagram of the BFRL/AL forming process. (<b>a</b>) Experimental specimen production, (<b>b</b>) heat-pressing process, (<b>c</b>) hot pressure test machine. (BF: Basalt fiber; DC: Direct current).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3319'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g002-550.jpg?1732700716" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>FML specimen information in detail. (D: diameter). (<b>a</b>) Test sample, (<b>b</b>) sample side, (<b>c</b>–<b>f</b>) sample dimension, (<b>g</b>) numerical analysis model of the sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3319'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g003-550.jpg?1732700719" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Tensile test for various temperatures. (<b>a</b>) Zwick/Roell tensile test machine, (<b>b</b>) DIC test machine, (<b>c</b>) SEM test of fracture specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3319'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g004-550.jpg?1732700722" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Damage evolution of composite layers. (<b>a</b>) Comparison of interlayer damage between FML specimens, (<b>b</b>) single hole, (<b>c</b>) two holes, (<b>d</b>) four holes, (<b>e</b>) six holes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3319'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g005-550.jpg?1732700725" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of equivalent plastic strain damage in the tension of FML specimens with holes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3319'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g006-550.jpg?1732700727" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Stress–strain curves and mechanical responses of FML residual strength with various openings. (<b>a</b>) 30 °C, (<b>b</b>) 80 °C, (<b>c</b>) 130 °C (<b>d</b>) 180 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3319'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g007-550.jpg?1732700728" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of ultimate stresses. (<b>a</b>) Residual stresses of FMLs at different temperatures, (<b>b</b>) finite element and experimental residual stress comparisons.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3319'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g008-550.jpg?1732700731" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Specimens with a single-hole specimen side surface following a tensile test. (<b>a</b>) 30 °C, (<b>b</b>) 80 °C, (<b>c</b>) 130 °C, (<b>d</b>) 180 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3319'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g009-550.jpg?1732700736" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Microscopic diagram of FMLs fracture surface. (<b>a</b>) Side microscopic graph, (<b>b</b>) 30 °C, (<b>c</b>) 180 °C.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3319'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03319/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03319-g010-550.jpg?1732700739" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The DIC technique was used to derive strain fields for specimens under various openings. (<b>a</b>) single hole, (<b>b</b>) two holes, (<b>c</b>) four holes, (<b>d</b>) six holes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3319'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 3053 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3318/pdf?version=1732699480" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Carbon Based Polymeric Nanocomposite Hydrogel Bioink: A Review" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3318">Carbon Based Polymeric Nanocomposite Hydrogel Bioink: A Review</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alle Madhusudhan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tejaskumar A. Suhagia</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chhavi Sharma</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Saravana Kumar Jaganathan</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shiv Dutt Purohit</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3318; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233318 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Carbon-based polymeric nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHs) represent a groundbreaking advancement in biomedical materials by integrating nanoparticles such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots (CDs), and activated charcoal (AC) into polymeric matrices. These nanocomposites significantly enhance the mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and bioactivity of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3318/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Carbon-based polymeric nanocomposite hydrogels (NCHs) represent a groundbreaking advancement in biomedical materials by integrating nanoparticles such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon dots (CDs), and activated charcoal (AC) into polymeric matrices. These nanocomposites significantly enhance the mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and bioactivity of hydrogels, making them highly effective for drug delivery, tissue engineering (TE), bioinks for 3D Bioprinting, and wound healing applications. Graphene improves the mechanical and electrical properties of hydrogels, facilitating advanced tissue scaffolding and drug delivery systems. CNTs, with their exceptional mechanical strength and conductivity, enhance rheological properties, facilitating their use as bioinks in supporting complex 3D bioprinting tasks for neural, bone, and cardiac tissues by mimicking the natural structure of tissues. CDs offer fluorescence capabilities for theranostic applications, integrating imaging and therapeutic functions. AC enhances mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and antibacterial effectiveness, making it suitable for wound healing and electroactive scaffolds. Despite these promising features, challenges remain, such as optimizing nanoparticle concentrations, ensuring biocompatibility, achieving uniform dispersion, scaling up production, and integrating multiple functionalities. Addressing these challenges through continued research and development is crucial for advancing the clinical and industrial applications of these innovative hydrogels. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3318">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/81VE2T14FK ">Polymeric Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3318/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530685"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530685"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530685" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530685" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530685" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530685-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03318/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03318-g001-550.jpg?1732699547" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530685" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530685-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03318/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03318-g002-550.jpg?1732699550'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530685-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03318/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03318-g003-550.jpg?1732699553'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530685-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03318/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03318-g004-550.jpg?1732699555'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530685-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03318/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03318-g001-550.jpg?1732699547" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A recyclable composite formation with self-assembly of carbon dots during digital—processing 3D printing of vanillin Schiff-base resin.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3318'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03318/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03318-g002-550.jpg?1732699550" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(a) The illustration of cell-laden pNHG hydrogel preparation. (b) The white pNHG solid powder is dissolved in cell solution (around 20 °C) first, and the cell-loaded solution is transferred to a Petri plate, then the Petri plate is put in a cell incubator with 95% air and 5% CO<sub>2</sub> at 37 °C. Once the cell-laden hydrogel is formed, more cell medium is added for further cell growth. (c) Fluorescent images of hBMSCs encapsulated in pNHG2 hydrogels over days; the cells are stained with DAPI (blue) and Phalloidin-FITC (green). (d) The illustration of hBMSCs-laden pNHG2 hydrogel injected in the neck of SD rat. (e) Optical micrographs of H&amp;E, Masson, and Safranin staining slices of surrounding tissues after injection of hBMSCs-laden pNHG2 hydrogel subcutaneously over days. Adapted with permission from [<a href="#B17-polymers-16-03318" class="html-bibr">17</a>]. Copyright Elsevier 2022.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3318'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03318/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03318-g003-550.jpg?1732699553" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Morphological comparison between polymeric and CNT containing polymeric 3D printed vessel scaffolds. (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) Radial and axial views of printed vessel scaffolds, with an average diameter of 3.5 mm and wall thickness of 0.5 mm. (<b>C</b>) Multi-sized tubes with outer diameters of 3, 4, and 5 mm. (<b>D</b>,<b>E</b>) Macroscopic comparison between scaffolds incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNT) and blank (non-CNT) scaffolds. (<b>F</b>) Vessel scaffold structures produced using rotation-axis versus vertical-stacking methods. (<b>G</b>,<b>H</b>) Polarizing microscope images (10× magnification) comparing Gel-SA-1%C and Gel-SA-0.5%C scaffold groups. Adapted with permission from [<a href="#B25-polymers-16-03318" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3318'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03318/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03318-g004-550.jpg?1732699555" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Schematic of a three-layer liquid sensor: (<b>a</b>) The sensor includes a non-conductive (SI500) layer, a PEGDA hydrogel layer, and a PEGDA/MWCNT hydrogel layer. (<b>b</b>) In wet conditions, the PEGDA layer’s resistivity decreases due to water-facilitated electron transport, while the PEGDA/MWCNT layer’s resistivity increases as MWCNT spacing expands. (<b>c</b>) the conductivity of PEGDA/MWCNT composite hydrogel by swelling behavior in wetting and drying state. Adapted from [<a href="#B80-polymers-16-03318" class="html-bibr">80</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3318'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1530668" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1530668" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1530668" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3317/s1?version=1732699161"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 476 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 17 pages, 11223 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3317/pdf?version=1732699161" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Structural Similarity-Induced Inter-Component Interaction in Silicone Polymer-Based Composite Sunscreen Film for Enhanced UV Protection" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3317">Structural Similarity-Induced Inter-Component Interaction in Silicone Polymer-Based Composite Sunscreen Film for Enhanced UV Protection</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuyan Chen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hanwen Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yuhang Liu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Qiuting Fu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pingling Zhang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jie Zhou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongyu Dong</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiaodong Yan</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3317; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233317 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Film-forming agents are key ingredients in achieving long-lasting and effective sun protection by sunscreens. However, studies on the synergistic effects of film-forming agents with different properties as well as the interaction between film-forming agents and powders are scarce, restricting the development of sunscreens <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3317/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Film-forming agents are key ingredients in achieving long-lasting and effective sun protection by sunscreens. However, studies on the synergistic effects of film-forming agents with different properties as well as the interaction between film-forming agents and powders are scarce, restricting the development of sunscreens with strong ultraviolet (UV)-shielding effects. Herein, we innovatively adopt polysiloxane-15 as the soft film, trimethylsiloxysilicate as the hard film, and vinyl dimethicone/methicone silsesquioxane crosspolymer as the functional powder to construct a co-assembled sunscreen film, and we investigate the property-enhancing effects of the sunscreen film as well as the interaction between the silicone polymer-based film-forming agents and functional powder therein. The results show that structural similarity is essential to generating film-forming agent–powder interactions, which primarily enhance the Si−O bond binding energy, thereby enhancing the lasting protection effect of sunscreens. In addition, the inter-component interaction of the co-assembled sunscreen film inhibits the agglomeration of sunscreen paste to facilitate the formation of a homogeneous film, endowing the sunscreen with excellent UV protection abilities, with the sun protection factor (SPF) and protection factor of UVA (PFA) values increased by 61.58 and 43.84%, respectively. This work offers novel insights into the optimization of film-forming agent properties and the development of durable and efficient sunscreens. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3317">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/A639G5KY7R ">Application and Characterization of Polymer Composites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3317/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530668"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530668"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530668" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530668" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530668" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530668-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g001-550.jpg?1732699265" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530668" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530668-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g002-550.jpg?1732699268'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530668-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g003-550.jpg?1732699269'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530668-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g004-550.jpg?1732699272'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530668-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g005-550.jpg?1732699275'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530668-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g006-550.jpg?1732699277'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530668-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g007-550.jpg?1732699278'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530668-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g008-550.jpg?1732699281'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530668-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g009-550.jpg?1732699282'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530668-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g001-550.jpg?1732699265" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of (<b>A</b>) sample A, (<b>B</b>) sample B, (<b>C</b>) sample C, and (<b>D</b>) sample D after stretching.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3317'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g002-550.jpg?1732699268" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Film-forming conditions of sunscreen samples (<b>A</b>) CA, (<b>B</b>) BC, (<b>C</b>) NS, (<b>D</b>) NH, (<b>E</b>) NP, (<b>F</b>) RS, (<b>G</b>) RH, and (<b>H</b>) RP before and after stretching.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3317'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g003-550.jpg?1732699269" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of (<b>A</b>) VDSC and (<b>B</b>) talc. (<b>C</b>) Contact angles of pure VDSC and talc to film-forming agent solution.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3317'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g004-550.jpg?1732699272" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The migration conditions of coatings during drying of sunscreen samples (<b>A</b>) BC, (<b>B</b>) CA, and (<b>C</b>) NP. The time interval for each graph from left to right is 15 min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3317'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g005-550.jpg?1732699275" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Film-forming conditions of sunscreen samples (<b>A</b>) CA, (<b>B</b>) BC, (<b>C</b>) NS, (<b>D</b>) NH, (<b>E</b>) NP, (<b>F</b>) RS, (<b>G</b>) RH, and (<b>H</b>) RP before and after rubbing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3317'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g006-550.jpg?1732699277" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra of film-forming agent, (<b>A</b>) VDSC, and (<b>B</b>) talc before and after treatment. (<b>C</b>) Si 2p and (<b>D</b>) O 1s XPS spectra of VDSC before and after treatment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3317'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g007-550.jpg?1732699278" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) UV absorption curves and (<b>B</b>) sun protection value test results of each sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3317'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g008-550.jpg?1732699281" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Three-dimensional contour images of pig skin (<b>A</b>) before and (<b>B</b>) after application of sunscreen CA, and contour curves of (<b>C</b>) X and (<b>D</b>) Y profiles. Three-dimensional contour images of pig skin (<b>E</b>) before and (<b>F</b>) after application of sunscreen BC, and contour curves of (<b>G</b>) X and (<b>H</b>) Y profiles.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3317'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03317/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03317-g009-550.jpg?1732699282" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of initial and post-bath UV absorption curves of (<b>A</b>) CA, (<b>B</b>) BC, (<b>C</b>) NS, (<b>D</b>) NH, and (<b>E</b>) NP, and (<b>F</b>) sun protection value test results.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3317'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1530730" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1530730" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1530730" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3316/s1?version=1732700448"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 94 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 4254 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3316/pdf?version=1732700448" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Effects of Manganese Carbonate Addition on the Carbocatalytic Properties of Lignocellulosic Waste for Use in the Degradation of Acetaminophen" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3316">Effects of Manganese Carbonate Addition on the Carbocatalytic Properties of Lignocellulosic Waste for Use in the Degradation of Acetaminophen</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Camila Mosquera-Olano</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carolina Quimbaya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Vanessa Rodríguez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Angie Vanessa-Lasso</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Santiago Correa</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>E. D. C. Castrillón</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John Rojas</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yenny P. Ávila-Torres</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3316; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233316 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A carbon-based material was synthesized using potato peels (BPP) and banana pseudo-stems (BPS), both of which were modified with manganese to produce BPP-Mn and BPS-Mn, respectively. These materials were assessed for their ability to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in the presence of MnCO<sub>3</sub> <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3316/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A carbon-based material was synthesized using potato peels (BPP) and banana pseudo-stems (BPS), both of which were modified with manganese to produce BPP-Mn and BPS-Mn, respectively. These materials were assessed for their ability to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) in the presence of MnCO<sub>3</sub> to degrade acetaminophen (ACE), an emerging water contaminant. The materials underwent characterization using spectroscopic, textural, and electrochemical techniques. Manganese served a dual function: enhancing adsorption properties and facilitating the breaking of peroxide bonds. Additionally, carbonate ions played a structural role in the materials, transforming into CO<sub>2</sub> at high temperatures and thereby increasing material porosity, which improved adsorption capabilities. This presents a notable advantage for materials that have not undergone de-lignification. Among the materials tested, BPS exhibited the highest efficiency in the carbocatalytic degradation of ACE, achieving a synergy index of 1.31 within just 5 min, with 42% ACE degradation in BPS compared to BPS-Mn, which achieved 100% ACE removal through adsorption. Reactive oxygen species such as sulfate, hydroxyl, and superoxide anion radicals were identified as the primary contributors to pollutant degradation. In contrast, no degradation was observed for BPP and BPP-Mn, which is likely linked to the lower lignin content in their precursor material. This work addressed the challenge of revalorizing lignocellulosic waste by highlighting its potential as an oxidant for emerging pollutants. Furthermore, the study demonstrated the coexistence of various reactive oxygen species, confirming the capacity of carbon-based matrices to activate PMS. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3316">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/PDU3492692 ">Lignin: Modifications and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3316/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530730"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530730"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530730" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530730" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530730" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g001-550.jpg?1732700533" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530730" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g002a-550.jpg?1732700540'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g002b-550.jpg?1732700542'><p>Figure 2 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g003-550.jpg?1732700546'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g004-550.jpg?1732700548'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g005-550.jpg?1732700551'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g006a-550.jpg?1732700558'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g006b-550.jpg?1732700560'><p>Figure 6 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g007-550.jpg?1732700561'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g008-550.jpg?1732700564'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530730-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-sch001-550.jpg?1732700566'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530730-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g001-550.jpg?1732700533" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>). PP and (<b>b</b>). PP without lignin using alkali treatment.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g002a-550.jpg?1732700540" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>BET adsorption-desorption and size pore distribution for (<b>a</b>). BPP, (<b>b</b>). BPP-Mn, (<b>c</b>). BPS, (<b>d</b>). BPS-Mn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g002b-550.jpg?1732700542" title=" <strong>Figure 2 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>BET adsorption-desorption and size pore distribution for (<b>a</b>). BPP, (<b>b</b>). BPP-Mn, (<b>c</b>). BPS, (<b>d</b>). BPS-Mn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g003-550.jpg?1732700546" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>SEM- images of raw materials, carbonaceous materials, exfoliated and modified with manganese. (<b>a</b>). PP, (<b>b</b>). BPP, (<b>c</b>). BPP-Mn, (<b>d</b>) PS, (<b>e</b>). BPS, (<b>f</b>). BPS-Mn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g004-550.jpg?1732700548" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>XRD patterns for (<b>a</b>). BPS-Mn, (<b>b</b>). BPS, (<b>c</b>). BPP-Mn, (<b>d</b>). BPP. The green dotted line represents Graphitic phase.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g005-550.jpg?1732700551" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Remotion of ACE with carbonaceous material, (<b>a</b>). BPP and BPP-Mn, (<b>b</b>). BPS and BPS-Mn.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g006a-550.jpg?1732700558" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Voltammetry cycles for material activation and carbocatalytic process with and without PMS, scanning rate of 20 mV s<sup>−1</sup>, −2.0 V, and +2.0 V as support electrolyte: [Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>] = 0.1 M, (<b>a</b>). BPP + PMS, (<b>b</b>). BPP + PMS + ACE, (<b>c</b>). BPP<sup>_</sup> Mn+ PMS, (<b>d</b>). BPP<sup>_</sup> Mn + PMS + ACE, (<b>e</b>). BPS + PMS, (<b>f</b>). BPS + PMS + ACE, (<b>g</b>). BPS<sup>_</sup> Mn + PMS + ACE and (<b>h</b>). BPS <sup>_</sup>Mn + PMS + ACE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g006b-550.jpg?1732700560" title=" <strong>Figure 6 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Voltammetry cycles for material activation and carbocatalytic process with and without PMS, scanning rate of 20 mV s<sup>−1</sup>, −2.0 V, and +2.0 V as support electrolyte: [Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>] = 0.1 M, (<b>a</b>). BPP + PMS, (<b>b</b>). BPP + PMS + ACE, (<b>c</b>). BPP<sup>_</sup> Mn+ PMS, (<b>d</b>). BPP<sup>_</sup> Mn + PMS + ACE, (<b>e</b>). BPS + PMS, (<b>f</b>). BPS + PMS + ACE, (<b>g</b>). BPS<sup>_</sup> Mn + PMS + ACE and (<b>h</b>). BPS <sup>_</sup>Mn + PMS + ACE.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g007-550.jpg?1732700561" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Electronic spectra corresponding to the interaction between ACE-PMS-BPS-Mn for t = 0 min–2 min.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-g008-550.jpg?1732700564" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Mechanism elucidation for BPS material (<b>a</b>) using scavengers for hydroxyl radical, sulfate radical, and singlet oxygen, (<b>b</b>) Electrochemical impedance for BPS, (<b>c</b>) and RAMAN shift for BPS after/before treatment. The blue dotted line represents Graphitic phase. The red dotted line represents Graphitic phaseGraphitic structure Diamond structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03316/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03316-sch001-550.jpg?1732700566" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>Mechanism proposed BPS and its modification with manganese.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3316'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 20 pages, 4270 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3315/pdf?version=1732698888" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Lignin-Furanic Rigid Foams: Enhanced Methylene Blue Removal Capacity, Recyclability, and Flame Retardancy" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3315">Lignin-Furanic Rigid Foams: Enhanced Methylene Blue Removal Capacity, Recyclability, and Flame Retardancy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hugo Duarte</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>João Brás</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>El Mokhtar Saoudi Hassani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>María José Aliaño-Gonzalez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Solange Magalhães</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Luís Alves</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Artur J. M. Valente</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alireza Eivazi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Magnus Norgren</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anabela Romano</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bruno Medronho</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3315; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233315 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Worldwide, populations face issues related to water and energy consumption. Water scarcity has intensified globally, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Projections indicate that by 2030, global water demand will rise by 50%, leading to critical shortages, further intensified by the impacts of <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3315/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Worldwide, populations face issues related to water and energy consumption. Water scarcity has intensified globally, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. Projections indicate that by 2030, global water demand will rise by 50%, leading to critical shortages, further intensified by the impacts of climate change. Moreover, wastewater treatment needs further development, given the presence of persistent organic pollutants, such as dyes and pharmaceuticals. In addition, the continuous increase in energy demand and rising prices directly impact households and businesses, highlighting the importance of energy savings through effective building insulation. In this regard, tannin-furanic foams are recognized as promising sustainable foams due to their fire resistance, low thermal conductivity, and high water and chemical stability. In this study, tannin and lignin rigid foams were explored not only for their traditional applications but also as versatile materials suitable for wastewater treatment. Furthermore, a systematic approach demonstrates the complete replacement of the tannin-furan foam phenol source with two lignins that mainly differ in molecular weight and pH, as well as how these parameters affect the rigid foam structure and methylene blue (MB) removal capacity. Alkali-lignin-based foams exhibited notable MB adsorption capacity (220 mg g<sup>−1</sup>), with kinetic and equilibrium data analysis suggesting a multilayer adsorption process. The prepared foams demonstrated the ability to be recycled for at least five adsorption-desorption cycles and exhibited effective flame retardant properties. When exposed to a butane flame for 5 min, the foams did not release smoke or ignite, nor did they contribute to flame propagation, with the red glow dissipating only 20 s after flame exposure. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3315">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/1WGC728322 ">Advances in Sustainable Polymeric Materials, 3rd Edition</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3315/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530648"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530648"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530648" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530648" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530648" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g001-550.jpg?1732699012" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530648" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g002-550.jpg?1732699016'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g003-550.jpg?1732699016'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g004-550.jpg?1732699019'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g005-550.jpg?1732699020'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g006-550.jpg?1732699021'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g007-550.jpg?1732699022'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g008-550.jpg?1732699023'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g009-550.jpg?1732699024'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g010-550.jpg?1732699025'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530648-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g011-550.jpg?1732699027'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530648-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g001-550.jpg?1732699012" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Time development of a typical AF foam prepared with 0.9 g or 1.8 g of p-TSA acid; (<b>b</b>) Images of the prepared foams after unmolding, and cross section from the TF foam; (<b>c</b>) AF foam prepared using the standard procedure by adding 0.9 g of p-TSA, without the capacity to self-blow (<b>left</b>), in contrast to the same formulation when the amount of p-TSA was doubled, allowing the foam to self-blow (<b>right</b>) (KF—kraft-furan, AF—alkali-furan, and TF—tannin-furan foam).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g002-550.jpg?1732699016" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron micrographs of KF (<b>a</b>), TF (<b>b</b>), and AF (<b>c</b>) foams; (<b>d</b>) XRD patterns for KF (green), TF (orange), and AF (blue) rigid foams.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g003-550.jpg?1732699016" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) MB removal efficiency of tannin-furan foams with increasing concentration of kraft (green) and alkali (blue) lignins; (<b>b</b>) AF foam MB removal after 24 h, by adding the standard 0.9 g (black) or 1.8 g (grey) of p-TSA acid during foam preparation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g004-550.jpg?1732699019" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Scanning electron micrographs of grounded AF foam before (<b>a</b>) and after (<b>b</b>) MB adsorption; (<b>c</b>) XRD patterns of AF foam before (blue) and after (grey) MB adsorption.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g005-550.jpg?1732699020" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra for (<b>a</b>) kraft lignin (I), KF (II), and KF after MB adsorption (III); (<b>b</b>) tannin (I) and TF, before (II) and after (III) MB adsorption, (<b>c</b>) alkali lignin (I) and AF before (II) and after MB adsorption (III).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g006-550.jpg?1732699021" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Methylene blue adsorption from (<b>a</b>) KF (green), (<b>b</b>) TF (orange), and (<b>c</b>) AF (blue) foams on the course of 48 h at 20 °C (MB initial concentrations of 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg L<sup>−1</sup>, increasing from lighter to darker tones.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g007-550.jpg?1732699022" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Methylene blue adsorption for KF (green), TF (orange), and AF (blue) foams after 24 h, with the respective BET (green, orange, and blue lines) isotherm model fits, for a maximum of 250 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of MB. Here, the BET model is reduced to the Langmuir isotherm (K<sub>S</sub>~0 Lmol<sup>−1</sup>) (Equation (5)); (<b>b</b>) Langmuir (red), Freundlich (green), and BET (black) model fit were applied to an initial concentration of up to 100 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of MB for the AF foam.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g008-550.jpg?1732699023" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Point of zero charge; (<b>b</b>) influence of each rigid foam on pH variation at 50 mg L<sup>−1</sup> of MB, for TF (orange), KF (green), and AF (blue); and (<b>c</b>) MB adsorption on the AF rigid foam at pH 7 (grey) and 10 (blue).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g009-550.jpg?1732699024" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Desorption experiments during five cycles for the AF rigid foam exposed to 10 (light grey), 20 (grey), and 50 (black) mg L<sup>−1</sup> of MB in a solution of EtOH at pH 2 for 24 h.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g010-550.jpg?1732699025" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Thermogravimetric analysis of the prepared rigid foams (<b>a</b>), AF (blue), TF (orange), KF (green), and its derivative (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03315/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03315-g011-550.jpg?1732699027" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Flammability test of the AF foam under direct contact with the flame for up to 5 min (top row) and visual appearance of the foam after shutting down the gas flow (bottom row).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3315'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 22 pages, 10114 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3314/pdf?version=1732698775" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Piezoelectric Biopolymers: Advancements in Energy Harvesting and Biomedical Applications" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3314">Piezoelectric Biopolymers: Advancements in Energy Harvesting and Biomedical Applications</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Menghan Xu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yongxian Wen</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhuqun Shi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chuanxi Xiong</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fangju Zhu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Quanling Yang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3314; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233314 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Biodegradable piezoelectric polymers have emerged as a hot research focus in bioelectronics, energy-harvesting systems, and biomedical applications, as well as in sustainable future development. Biopolymers possess plenty of features which make them promising candidates for next-generation electronic technologies, including biocompatibility, degradability, and flexibility. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3314/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Biodegradable piezoelectric polymers have emerged as a hot research focus in bioelectronics, energy-harvesting systems, and biomedical applications, as well as in sustainable future development. Biopolymers possess plenty of features which make them promising candidates for next-generation electronic technologies, including biocompatibility, degradability, and flexibility. This review discusses piezoelectric biopolymers, focusing on the relationship between coupling mechanisms, material structures, and piezoelectric performance. Processing techniques such as annealing, mechanical drawing, and poling are introduced and further studied in terms of achieving high piezoelectric performance. This work reviews the strategies for enhancing piezoelectric properties via molecular engineering, nano structuring, and the incorporation of additives. Furthermore, the applications of these biopolymers in energy harvesting and biomedicine are provided, with a discussion of their potential in degradable bioelectronic devices. There are still challenges in optimizing piezoelectric performance and ensuring stability. Our research is expected to provide an understanding of these challenges and help to achieve a wider application of piezoelectric biopolymers. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3314">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/WO76279FVM ">State-of-the-Art Cellulose and Renewable Materials</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3314/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530645"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530645"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530645" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530645" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530645" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g001-550.jpg?1732698994" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530645" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g002-550.jpg?1732698995'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g003-550.jpg?1732698997'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g004-550.jpg?1732698999'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g005-550.jpg?1732699001'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g006-550.jpg?1732699003'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g007-550.jpg?1732699005'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g008-550.jpg?1732699006'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g009-550.jpg?1732699009'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g010-550.jpg?1732699012'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530645-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g011-550.jpg?1732699014'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530645-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g001-550.jpg?1732698994" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Piezoelectric materials for flexible and wearable electronics. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B10-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. Copyright 2021, ELSEVIER.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g002-550.jpg?1732698995" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Scheme of the preparation route of the TOCN/MoS<sub>2</sub> aerogel films with different MoS<sub>2</sub> contents. (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) Open-circuit voltage as a function of compression and release cycles for the porous TOCN and TOCN/MoS<sub>2</sub> aerogel film piezoelectric nanogenerators. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B36-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">36</a>]. Copyright 2022, ELSEVIER.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g003-550.jpg?1732698997" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Piezoelectricity in keratin, prestin, and lysozyme. (<b>a</b>) The hierarchical structure of hair and keratin, as well as the piezoelectricity of keratin, are caused by an α-helical structure with hydrogen bonds. (<b>b</b>) Motility behavior of prestin. (<b>c</b>) Relationship between the charge transfer per applied force and the cell length per voltage. (<b>d</b>) The magnitude of the voltage generated increases with increasing force applied from monoclinic structured lysozyme (up) and tetragonal structured lysozyme (down). Inset: optical microscopy images of monoclinic and tetragonal aggregate films (below) of lysozymes. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B41-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">41</a>]. Copyright 2020, Wiley-CH.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g004-550.jpg?1732698999" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of PLLA dipole alignment. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B28-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">28</a>]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-CH. (<b>b</b>) XRD pattern and (<b>c</b>) piezo-response comparison of PLLA films with different drawing ratios. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B21-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">21</a>]. Copyright 2018, National Academy of Sciences.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g005-550.jpg?1732699001" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic representation of polymer crystallization as a result of annealing. (<b>b</b>) Influence of polymer crystalline fraction on the piezoelectric coefficient of PLLA. (<b>c</b>) Schematic illustration of the effect of drawing on a polymer sample. The material in the drawn region exhibits a significantly higher degree of orientation. The degree of orientation increases with the draw ratio. (<b>d</b>) Influence of the draw ratio on the piezoelectric coefficient of PLLA. A maximum value of <span class="html-italic">d</span><sub>14</sub> was observed at a draw ratio of ∼5. Data reproduced with permission from reference. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B31-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">31</a>]. Copyright 2021, Taylor &amp; Francis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g006-550.jpg?1732699003" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Preparation and characterization of piezoelectric PLLA/ZA coatings: (<b>a</b>) images of the preparation process of the titanium (Ti) surface coating. A layer of PDA was modified on the Ti surface first, and then PLLA/ZA coating was spun on the PDA. (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) Force–displacement curves required for the coating to be stripped from the Ti surface with or without PDA. (<b>d</b>) Side view and (<b>e</b>) cross-section SEM images of Ti rods with PLLA/ZA coating and the mapping distribution of the elements C, N, O, P, Ti, showing that ZA is uniformly dispersed in PLLA. (<b>f</b>) Representative SEM image of PLLA/ZA coating. (<b>g</b>) Images of the accelerated degradation process of PLLA/ZA coating and mass-time curve. (<b>h</b>,<b>i</b>) Test of ZA release rate represented by the element P. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B68-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">68</a>]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-CH.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g007-550.jpg?1732699005" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Schematic of the electrospinning process. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B74-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">74</a>]. Copyright 2016, ELSEVIER. (<b>b</b>) Typical polymer nanofibers produced via electrospinning. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B76-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">76</a>]. Copyright 2019, ELSEVIER. (<b>c</b>) A schematic of the solution template wetting process used to grow PLLA nanowires: (<b>i</b>) The porous AAO template. (<b>ii</b>) A capping layer of silver is sputtered onto the uppermost surface of the template, sealing the pores from one side. (<b>iii</b>) The capped template is floated onto a droplet of 10 wt. % solution of PLLA in 1,4-dioxane. (<b>iv</b>) The infiltrated template is lifted from the droplet after 10 min. (<b>v</b>) Removing residual solvent. (<b>vi</b>) The template material is selectively etched in phosphoric acid for revealing the PLLA nanowires (<b>d</b>), (<b>e</b>) collected as a nanowire powder, and (<b>f</b>) an individual PLLA nanowire. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B78-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">78</a>]. Copyright 2017, AIP Publishing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g008-550.jpg?1732699006" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Piezoelectric electrical performance and mechanical stability of β-glycine nanocrystalline films: (<b>a</b>) schematic of the photography of a real device and piezoelectric measurement set-up. (<b>b</b>) Voltage output signals during 24,000 cycles under 1.5 MPa compressive pressure. (<b>c</b>) Image showing three LEDs lit up by an individual piezoelectric device. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B82-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">82</a>]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. Instantaneous output power corresponding to the (<b>d</b>) photograph of the TOCN/MoS<sub>2</sub> 6 PENG device mounted on a sports shoe sole, (<b>e</b>) output voltage signals, and (<b>f</b>) charging curves of the TOCN/MoS<sub>2</sub> 6 PENG device for harvesting the energy of walking and running generated by a person of about 70 kg. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B36-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">36</a>]. Copyright 2022, ELSEVIER. Time-dependent current responses during (<b>g</b>) repeated bending−releasing cycles of the wrist, (<b>h</b>) swallowing motions, (<b>i</b>) repeated coughing actions. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B86-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">86</a>]. Copyright 2017, ACS Publishing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g009-550.jpg?1732699009" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Piezoelectric glycine–PVA films: (<b>a</b>) schematic synthesis approach over a large area. Bottom images are digital photographs of a wafer-sized as-grown film (left) and largely curved film showing flexibility (right). (<b>b</b>) Schematic crystallization process. The inset shows the orientation alignment of glycine molecules at the PVA surface during nucleation, leading to long-range crystal alignment. (<b>c</b>) Piezoelectric voltage output at a 2:1 ratio measured under a 30 N impulse force. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B87-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">87</a>]. Copyright 2021, AAAS. (<b>c</b>) Optical and (<b>d</b>) SEM images demonstrate the degradation process of the sensor membrane, which is fully degraded in a cellulase solution. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B89-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">89</a>]. Copyright 2022, ACS Publishing.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g010-550.jpg?1732699012" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of (<b>a</b>) 3D printing piezoelectric materials. (<b>b</b>) A piezoelectric scaffold was implanted into the defect zones of the trochlear groove of a rabbit’s joint to modulate cartilage remodeling. (<b>c</b>–<b>h</b>) Macrophotography confirmed the piezoelectric scaffold of 0.7PHBV was well fused and connected with the adjacent tissue at 18 weeks post-operation. Compared to the control group’s histological staining, both piezo groups of PLLA and 0.7PHBV presented superior cartilage restoration. Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B100-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">100</a>]. Copyright 2024, ELSEVIER.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03314/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03314-g011-550.jpg?1732699014" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>The biocompatibility and biodegradability of PHBV/PLLA/KNN PENG: (<b>a</b>) micro-CT images of the PLA-encapsulated PHBV/PLLA/KNN PENG. (<b>b</b>) Biodegradation performance of the PCL-encapsulated PHBV/PLLA/KNN PENG at 32 weeks. Voltage outputs of the (<b>c</b>) PLA- and (<b>d</b>) PCL-encapsulated PENG measured at different times (ultrasound frequency 100 kHz, ultrasonic intensity 0.3 W/cm<sup>2</sup>). Reprinted with permission from ref. [<a href="#B101-polymers-16-03314" class="html-bibr">101</a>]. Copyright 2022, ELSEVIER.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3314'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 3165 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3313/pdf?version=1732699453" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Mixture Fraction Approach to Predict Polymer Burning" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3313">A Mixture Fraction Approach to Predict Polymer Burning</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Artem Shaklein</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexander Karpov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stanislav Trubachev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gabriela Morar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Nikita Balobanov</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ekaterina Mitriukova</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3313; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233313 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> A mixture fraction approach was applied to predict the combustion behavior of polymeric materials. In comparison to the combustion of gaseous mixtures, the presence of solid fuels complicates the description of the combustion. Accurate predictions of burning characteristics can only be achieved through <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3313/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> A mixture fraction approach was applied to predict the combustion behavior of polymeric materials. In comparison to the combustion of gaseous mixtures, the presence of solid fuels complicates the description of the combustion. Accurate predictions of burning characteristics can only be achieved through the proper resolution of heat and mass transfer between the gas-phase flame and the solid fuel. We focused on a model case of flame spread over a solid fuel surface. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as a polymeric material. An approach was proposed to account for heat loss from the gas phase to the solid material through calculations of counterflow diffusion flames with the flame positioned closely to the fuel supply. A combination of these solutions was applied to restore temperature and species mass fractions from tabulated chemistry. An analysis of the numerical results from previous studies on flame spread over PMMA, based on one-step combustion reaction and calculating the chemical source term at each time step, demonstrated a monotonic distribution of the mixture fraction in the flame region between the fuel and oxidizer streams. The shape of the flame tip was satisfactorily resolved using the proposed approach that employs a skeletal chemical mechanism for gas-phase combustion consisting of 29 species and 33 reactions. However, the heat flux from the flame to the solid fuel was overpredicted, resulting in higher flame spread rates compared to experimental data and previous calculations. Preliminary results show a promising opportunity for the mixture fraction approach to describe the combustion behavior of polymers. An analysis showed that oversimplifying the heat transfer process in the flame tip area is a main source of prediction inaccuracies. Multidimensional heat transfer has to be properly incorporated into a tabulated chemistry approach. Several potential directions for future work have been outlined. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3313">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/DV176C2GS0 ">Computational Modeling and Simulations of Polymers</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3313/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530683"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530683"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530683" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530683" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530683" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g001-550.jpg?1732699526" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530683" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g002-550.jpg?1732699526'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g003-550.jpg?1732699527'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g004-550.jpg?1732699529'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g005-550.jpg?1732699530'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g006-550.jpg?1732699532'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g007-550.jpg?1732699533'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g008-550.jpg?1732699534'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530683-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g009-550.jpg?1732699535'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530683-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g001-550.jpg?1732699526" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Scheme of a flame spread over solid combustible.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3313'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g002-550.jpg?1732699526" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The computational domain of counterflow diffusion flame.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3313'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g003-550.jpg?1732699527" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The computational domain of flame spread over solid fuel.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3313'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g004-550.jpg?1732699529" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of predicted temperature (<b>a</b>) and mixture fraction (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3313'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g005-550.jpg?1732699530" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of mixture fraction along lines drawn in <a href="#polymers-16-03313-f004" class="html-fig">Figure 4</a>; horizontal axis are attributed to the relative distance along each curve.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3313'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g006-550.jpg?1732699532" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Temperature profiles over mixture fraction (<b>a</b>) and physical coordinate (<b>b</b>); legend shows values of fuel temperatures (<b>a</b>) K and mass inflow rates (<b>b</b>) kg/(m<sup>2</sup>∙s); note that <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>Z</mi> </semantics></math> = 1 and <math display="inline"><semantics> <mi>x</mi> </semantics></math> = 0 corresponds to the fuel stream.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3313'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g007-550.jpg?1732699533" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of temperature of gas phase (<b>a</b>) and mixture fraction (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3313'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g008-550.jpg?1732699534" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of gas-phase temperature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3313'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03313/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03313-g009-550.jpg?1732699535" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Temperature profiles along the direction normal to the burning surface, measurements (exp) [<a href="#B27-polymers-16-03313" class="html-bibr">27</a>], calculations by the one-step combustion reaction (calc) [<a href="#B27-polymers-16-03313" class="html-bibr">27</a>], predictions by the mixture fraction approach (MixFr); distances (0, 1.7, 5.6 mm) are from the flame front.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3313'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 8971 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3312/pdf?version=1732699917" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Novel Frequency-Selective Surface-Enhanced Composite Honeycomb Absorber with Excellent Microwave Absorption" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3312">A Novel Frequency-Selective Surface-Enhanced Composite Honeycomb Absorber with Excellent Microwave Absorption</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yu-Xuan Xian</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jin-Shui Yang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hong-Zhou Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chang Xu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xiang-Wei Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3312; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233312 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Multifunctional structures with excellent wave-absorbing and load-bearing properties have attracted much attention in recent years. Unlike other wave-absorbing materials, honeycomb wave-absorbing materials have appealing radar absorption and mechanical properties. However, the existing honeycomb wave-absorbing materials have problems such as narrow absorption band and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3312/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Multifunctional structures with excellent wave-absorbing and load-bearing properties have attracted much attention in recent years. Unlike other wave-absorbing materials, honeycomb wave-absorbing materials have appealing radar absorption and mechanical properties. However, the existing honeycomb wave-absorbing materials have problems such as narrow absorption band and poor compression resistance. In this study, a novel frequency selective surface-enhanced composite honeycomb absorbers (FSS-CHAs) are fabricated by combining a honeycomb structure with wonderful load-bearing capacity and FSS through screen-printing and inlay-locking techniques. After reflectivity measurements, the effective absorption band (RL < −10 dB) of CHA is 6.25–17.47 GHz and a bandwidth of 11.22 GHz, the effective absorption band of the FSS-CHA is 3.96–18 GHz and a bandwidth of 14.04 GHz, 25.13% improvement compared to the CHA, the mechanism of wave absorption is explained using transmission line theory. The simulation results show that the wide bandwidth is due to the different absorption mechanisms of FSS-CHA at low and high frequencies. The compression test shows that the compression strength of FSS-CHA is 17.10 MPa. In addition, FSS-CHA has a low cost of only USD 270.7/m<sup>2</sup>. This study confirms the possibility of combining FSS with radar-absorbing honeycombs, which provides a reference for the design of future broadband wave-absorbing structures, offers a novel approach to integrating FSS with CHA, and aims to optimize their efficacy and utility in stealth technology. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3312">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/polymer_composites_nanocomposites">Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3312/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530649"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530649"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530649" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530649" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530649" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g001-550.jpg?1732700016" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530649" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g002-550.jpg?1732700017'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g003-550.jpg?1732700018'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g004-550.jpg?1732700022'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g005-550.jpg?1732700023'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g006-550.jpg?1732700026'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g007-550.jpg?1732700028'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g008-550.jpg?1732700030'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g009-550.jpg?1732700032'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530649-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g010-550.jpg?1732700034'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530649-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g001-550.jpg?1732700016" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Equivalent circuit diagram of FSS-CHA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3312'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g002-550.jpg?1732700017" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Geometric modelling of FSS-CHA. (<b>a</b>) Single FSS-CHA unit, (<b>b</b>) FSS-CHA array (180 mm × 180 mm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3312'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g003-550.jpg?1732700018" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Geometric modelling in CST (<b>a</b>) CHA, (<b>b</b>) FSS-CHA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3312'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g004-550.jpg?1732700022" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Parameter Optimization for FSS-CHA. (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">p</span>, (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">d</span>, (<b>c</b>) <span class="html-italic">h</span>, (<b>d</b>) <span class="html-italic">r<sub>f</sub></span>, (<b>e</b>) <span class="html-italic">r</span><sub>1</sub>, (<b>f</b>) <span class="html-italic">l</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3312'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g005-550.jpg?1732700023" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The process of fabricating CHA.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3312'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g006-550.jpg?1732700026" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Electromagnetic wave absorption test. (<b>a</b>) Bow frame Method Test System, and (<b>b</b>,<b>c</b>) photos of the samples tested (180 mm × 180 mm).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3312'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g007-550.jpg?1732700028" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Simulation and experimental results of CHAs and FSS-CHAs. (<b>a</b>) Simulation and experimental comparison of CHAs, (<b>b</b>) reflection loss of two FSS-CHAs, (<b>c</b>) simulation and experimental comparison of FSS-CHAs, and (<b>d</b>) comparison of reflection loss between CHAs and FSS-CHAs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3312'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g008-550.jpg?1732700030" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Power loss density distribution of FSS-CHA. (<b>a</b>) 7.2GHz, (<b>b</b>) 15.7GHz.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3312'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g009-550.jpg?1732700032" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Electric field energy density distribution of FSS-CHA. (<b>a</b>) 7.2GHz, (<b>b</b>) 15.7GHz.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3312'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03312/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03312-g010-550.jpg?1732700034" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Compression properties of FSS-CHA. (<b>a</b>) Compression specimens of FSS-CHA, and (<b>b</b>) compression stress-compression strain curves of compression specimens.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3312'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 1729 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3311/pdf?version=1732699230" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Investigation of Stereolithography Additively Manufactured Components for Deviations in Dimensional and Geometrical Features" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3311">Investigation of Stereolithography Additively Manufactured Components for Deviations in Dimensional and Geometrical Features</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aknur Kalilayeva</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Danial Zhumashev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dongming Wei</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Asma Perveen</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Didier Talamona</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3311; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233311 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The rapid investment casting (RIC) process requires a 3D-printed pattern to create a ceramic mold. Stereolithography (SLA) is a commonly used 3D printing method for pattern creation due to its ability to print complex shapes with smooth surfaces. The printing parameters can significantly <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3311/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The rapid investment casting (RIC) process requires a 3D-printed pattern to create a ceramic mold. Stereolithography (SLA) is a commonly used 3D printing method for pattern creation due to its ability to print complex shapes with smooth surfaces. The printing parameters can significantly affect the dimensional accuracy of the pattern. This study examines how different build orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°) affect the dimensional accuracy of parts produced using SLA. The specimens were printed using castable wax resin. They were measured to investigate the dimensional deviations using 3D scanning technology to understand the correlation between orientation and accuracy better. It was found that the orientation of the print affects the overall accuracy significantly. Parts printed at a 45° angle generally showed the smallest deviations from their nominal dimensions, except for certain features. For instance, cylindrical features showed deviations improving from −7.28% at 0° to −4.81% at 90°, while spherical features had deviations decreasing from −5.01% at 0° to −2.46% at 90°. Simple features, such as holes, exhibited minimal deviation across orientations, with the smallest error observed at 45° (1.98%). These results demonstrate different features and build orientations can affect the accuracy of the printed part differently. To ensure better accuracy, parts printed in different build orientations will require varying amounts of compensation during the design stage. By managing build orientations and controlling the inherent limitations of SLA, users can improve the print’s accuracy and meet quality standards more effectively. Research results can help industries optimize print settings and reduce dimensional errors. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3311">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/826ARJS430 ">Polymer Micro/Nanofabrication and Manufacturing II</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3311/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530671"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530671"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530671" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530671" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530671" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g001-550.jpg?1732699320" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530671" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g002-550.jpg?1732699320'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g003a-550.jpg?1732699322'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g003b-550.jpg?1732699324'><p>Figure 3 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g004-550.jpg?1732699325'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g005-550.jpg?1732699329'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g006a-550.jpg?1732699330'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g006b-550.jpg?1732699333'><p>Figure 6 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g007-550.jpg?1732699335'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530671-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g008-550.jpg?1732699338'><p>Figure 8</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530671-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g001-550.jpg?1732699320" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The designed test specimen with various geometric features used to evaluate the accuracy of non-contact optical measurement systems.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3311'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g002-550.jpg?1732699320" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Methodology workflow.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3311'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g003a-550.jpg?1732699322" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Printing at different angles: (<b>a</b>) 0 degrees, (<b>b</b>) 45 degrees, (<b>c</b>) 90 degrees.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3311'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g003b-550.jpg?1732699324" title=" <strong>Figure 3 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>Printing at different angles: (<b>a</b>) 0 degrees, (<b>b</b>) 45 degrees, (<b>c</b>) 90 degrees.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3311'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g004-550.jpg?1732699325" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Illustration of the scanning setup [<a href="#B31-polymers-16-03311" class="html-bibr">31</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3311'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g005-550.jpg?1732699329" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Deviation heat maps for different orientations: (<b>a</b>) 0, (<b>b</b>) 45, and (<b>c</b>) 90 degrees.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3311'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g006a-550.jpg?1732699330" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>The heatmaps for different orientations: (<b>a</b>) 0 degrees, (<b>b</b>) 45 degrees, (<b>c</b>) 90 degrees.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3311'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g006b-550.jpg?1732699333" title=" <strong>Figure 6 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>The heatmaps for different orientations: (<b>a</b>) 0 degrees, (<b>b</b>) 45 degrees, (<b>c</b>) 90 degrees.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3311'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g007-550.jpg?1732699335" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Percentage error analysis by feature.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3311'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03311/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03311-g008-550.jpg?1732699338" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>The point dispersion analysis.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3311'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1530584" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1530584" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1530584" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3310/s1?version=1732697290"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 149 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 6889 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3310/pdf?version=1732697289" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Quaternized and Hyperbranched Amidoxime-Modified Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Fiber for Uranium Extraction from Seawater" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3310">Quaternized and Hyperbranched Amidoxime-Modified Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Fiber for Uranium Extraction from Seawater</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lijun Hu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hongwei Han</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xuanzhi Mao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Xinxin Feng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yulong He</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jiangtao Hu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Guozhong Wu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3310; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233310 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The most promising material for uranium extraction from saltwater is generally acknowledged to be fibrous adsorbents. An irradiation-modified anti-biofouling ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE-<i>g</i>-PGAO) fibrous adsorbent with a hyperbranched structure was synthesized. It exhibited adsorption capacities of 314.8 mg-U/g-Ads in aqueous solution and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3310/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The most promising material for uranium extraction from saltwater is generally acknowledged to be fibrous adsorbents. An irradiation-modified anti-biofouling ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE-<i>g</i>-PGAO) fibrous adsorbent with a hyperbranched structure was synthesized. It exhibited adsorption capacities of 314.8 mg-U/g-Ads in aqueous solution and 4.04 mg-U/g-Ads in simulated seawater over a 28-day period. The ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber was functionalized by covalently linking hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (h-PEI) to facilitate the migration of uranyl ions within the fibers. Additionally, amidoxime and quaternary ammonium groups were immobilized on the fiber surface to enhance uranium affinity and provide defense against marine organisms. This three-dimensional design of amidoxime and h-PEI-modified UHMWPE fiber retained more than 91.0% of its maximum adsorption capacity after undergoing five adsorption-desorption cycles. The UHMWPE-<i>g</i>-PGAO adsorbent exhibits significant antibacterial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, achieving an inactivation efficiency of over 99.9%. It is proved to be an innovative fiber adsorbent for uranium extraction from seawater for its biofouling resistance, robustness, and reusability. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3310">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/polymers/special_issues/Functional_Polymer_Materials_Synthesis_Characterization_Application ">Functional Polymeric Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3310/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530584"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530584"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530584" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530584" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530584" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-ag-550.jpg?1732697413" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1530584" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g001-550.jpg?1732697394'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g002-550.jpg?1732697397'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g003-550.jpg?1732697398'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g004-550.jpg?1732697398'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g005-550.jpg?1732697399'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g006-550.jpg?1732697400'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g007-550.jpg?1732697400'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g008-550.jpg?1732697401'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g009-550.jpg?1732697403'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g010-550.jpg?1732697405'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g011-550.jpg?1732697406'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g012-550.jpg?1732697408'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g013-550.jpg?1732697410'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='14' data-target='article-1530584-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-sch001-550.jpg?1732697412'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530584-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-ag-550.jpg?1732697413" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g001-550.jpg?1732697394" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>FTIR spectra of the UHMWPE (a), UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGMA (b), UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PEI (c), UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-GTA (d), UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAN (e), and UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO (f) fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g002-550.jpg?1732697397" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>SEM images of UHMWPE, UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGMA, and UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g003-550.jpg?1732697398" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>TG (<b>a</b>) and DTG (<b>b</b>) curves of UHMWPE and UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g004-550.jpg?1732697398" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>pH effects on U(VI) adsorption of UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO fiber in aqueous solutions (C<sub>0</sub> = 8 ppm, V = 100 mL, m<sub>Ads</sub> = 10 mg, and T = 25 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g005-550.jpg?1732697399" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The dependence of adsorption capacity on time; (<b>b</b>) Model-1 and (<b>c</b>) Model-2 (pH = 5.0, C<sub>0</sub> = 8 ppm, V = 100 mL, m<sub>Ads</sub> = 10 mg, and T = 25 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g006-550.jpg?1732697400" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Adsorption isotherm; linear fitting by (<b>b</b>) Freundlich and (<b>c</b>) Langmuir isothermal adsorption models. (pH = 5.0, V = 100 mL, m<sub>Ads</sub> = 10 mg, and T = 25 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g007-550.jpg?1732697400" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>The adsorption capacities of UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO fiber for various ions in simulated seawater after 28 d of adsorption (V = 400 mL, m<sub>Ads</sub> = 10 mg, and T = 25 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g008-550.jpg?1732697401" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Varieties of uranium removal rates during the 5 adsorption-desorption cycles of UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO fiber in an aqueous solution of uranium (C = 8 ppm, pH = 5.0, m<sub>Ads</sub> = 10 mg, and T = 25 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g009-550.jpg?1732697403" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Antibacterial activity of UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGPEAO adsorbent against <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> (<b>a</b>) and <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span> (<b>b</b>); antibacterial activity of UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO against <span class="html-italic">E. coli</span> (<b>c</b>) and <span class="html-italic">S. aureus</span> (<b>d</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g010-550.jpg?1732697405" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>The pictures of UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO (<b>a</b>) and UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGPEAO (<b>b</b>) deployed in nature seawater for 28 d.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g011-550.jpg?1732697406" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>SEM image (<b>a</b>), EDS energy distribution (<b>b</b>), and ATR-FTIR (<b>c</b>) spectra of UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO after uranium collection.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g012-550.jpg?1732697408" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>The wide-scan XPS spectrum of UMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO-U and UMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO fibers (<b>a</b>); high-resolution XPS spectra of U 4f (<b>b</b>), O 1s for UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO (<b>c</b>), and UMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO-U (<b>d</b>) fibers.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-g013-550.jpg?1732697410" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) C 1s and (<b>b</b>) N 1s XPS spectrum of UHMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO and UMWPE-<span class="html-italic">g</span>-PGAO-U before and after uranium adsorption.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03310/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03310-sch001-550.jpg?1732697412" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>Preparation process of UHMWPE fibrous adsorption materials with hyperbranched structure.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3310'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1530585" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1530585" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1530585" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3309/s1?version=1732697297"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 2614 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 6054 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3309/pdf?version=1732697296" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Revealing Long-Range Order in Brush-like Graft Copolymers Through In Situ Measurements of X-Ray Scattering During Deformation" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3309">Revealing Long-Range Order in Brush-like Graft Copolymers Through In Situ Measurements of X-Ray Scattering During Deformation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Akmal Z. Umarov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Evgeniia A. Nikitina</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexey A. Piryazev</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ioannis Moutsios</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Martin Rosenthal</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andrey O. Kurbatov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yulia D. Gordievskaya</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elena Yu. Kramarenko</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Erfan Dashtimoghadam</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mitchell R. Maw</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sergei S. Sheiko</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dimitri A. Ivanov</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3309; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233309 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Brush-like graft copolymers (A-g-B), in which linear A-blocks are randomly grafted onto the backbone of a brush-like B-block, exhibit intense strain-stiffening and high mechanical strength on par with load-bearing biological tissues such as skin and blood vessels. To elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying this <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3309/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Brush-like graft copolymers (A-g-B), in which linear A-blocks are randomly grafted onto the backbone of a brush-like B-block, exhibit intense strain-stiffening and high mechanical strength on par with load-bearing biological tissues such as skin and blood vessels. To elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying this tissue-mimetic behavior, in situ synchrotron X-ray scattering was measured during uniaxial stretching of bottlebrush- and comb-like graft copolymers with varying densities of poly(dimethyl siloxane) and poly(isobutylene) side chains. In an undeformed state, these copolymers revealed a single interference peak corresponding to the average spacing between the domains of linear A-blocks arranged in a disordered, liquid-like configuration. Under uniaxial stretching, the emergence of a distinct four-spot pattern in the small-angle region indicated the development of long-range order within the material. According to the affine deformation of a cubic lattice, the four-spot pattern’s interference maxima correspond to 110 reflections upon stretching along the [111] axis of the body-centered unit cell. The experimental findings were corroborated by computer simulations of dissipative particle dynamics that confirmed the formation of a <i>bcc</i> domain structure. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3309">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Collection <a href=" /journal/polymers/topical_collections/Prog_Polym_Appl ">Progress in Polymer Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3309/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530585"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530585"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530585" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530585" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530585" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-ag-550.jpg?1732697410" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1530585" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g001-550.jpg?1732697394'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g002-550.jpg?1732697397'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g003-550.jpg?1732697397'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g004-550.jpg?1732697398'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g005-550.jpg?1732697400'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g006-550.jpg?1732697401'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g007-550.jpg?1732697402'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g008-550.jpg?1732697404'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g009-550.jpg?1732697407'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530585-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-sch001-550.jpg?1732697409'><p>Scheme 1</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530585-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-ag-550.jpg?1732697410" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g001-550.jpg?1732697394" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Representative 2D scattering patterns obtained during uniaxial stretching of sample PDMS-PMMA_3. The extension direction is parallel to the z-axis. (<b>b</b>) Corresponding 1D diffraction profiles extracted from the patterns in (<b>a</b>), along the directions parallel and perpendicular to the stretching axis. The characteristic distances, including interdomain spacing (d<sub>3</sub>), form factor of the <b>A</b>-block domains (d<sub>2</sub>), and bottlebrush peak (d<sub>1</sub>), are indicated. The λ values are specified for each profile. (<b>c</b>) Stress–elongation curve for the same sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g002-550.jpg?1732697397" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Representative 2D scattering patterns obtained during uniaxial stretching of sample PIB_PS_2. The extension direction is oriented at a 45° angle relative to the horizontal axis. (<b>b</b>) Corresponding 1D diffraction profiles extracted from the patterns in (<b>a</b>), along the directions parallel and perpendicular to the stretching axis. The λ values are specified for each profile. (<b>c</b>) Stress–elongation curve for the same sample.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g003-550.jpg?1732697397" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) Variation of the normalized values of d<sub>1</sub>, d<sub>2,</sub> and d<sub>3</sub>, respectively, as a function of λ during the stretching of sample PDMS-PMMA_3. The values of d<sub>3,‖</sub> are not measurable above λ of 1.75. The solid lines in (<b>a</b>) represent fits based on Equation (14).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g004-550.jpg?1732697398" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Variation of the normalized values of d<sub>3</sub> and d<sub>2</sub>, respectively, as a function of λ during the stretching of sample PIB_PS_2. The solid lines in (<b>a</b>) represent fits based on Equation (14).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g005-550.jpg?1732697400" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Detailed view of the small-angle region: the distinctive four-spot pattern characteristic of the deformed brush copolymers. The azimuthal angle (φ) is defined as the angle between the direction of the SAXS maxima and the axis of stretching.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g006-550.jpg?1732697401" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Variation of the azimuthal angle (φ) as a function of the drawing ratio (λ) for the analyzed comb- and brush-like copolymers. The dashed line represents the analytical prediction based on Equation (15), illustrating the angle between the [111] direction and the normal to the (110) planes of a bcc lattice under the assumption of affine deformation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g007-550.jpg?1732697402" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Schematic representation of the affine stretching of a <span class="html-italic">bcc</span> lattice along the [111] direction, illustrating the rotation of (110) planes induced by the applied deformation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g008-550.jpg?1732697404" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Snapshot of the system at <span class="html-italic">λ</span> = 1, suggesting a structural arrangement closely resembling a <span class="html-italic">bcc</span> lattice. The backbone and side chain beads are shown in 90% transparent colors. (<b>b</b>) The structure factor for various components within the bottlebrush melt, as well as the scattering intensity from the hydrophobic beads along a single direction, derived from simulation experiments.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-g009-550.jpg?1732697407" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The true stress dependence on <span class="html-italic">λ</span> = <span class="html-italic">L</span>/<span class="html-italic">L</span>_0. The black line corresponds to simulation results, and the red line corresponds to fits with Equation (9). (<b>b</b>) Scattering intensity profiles calculated for the hydrophobic beads along the stretching direction and perpendicular to it, with corresponding 2D SAXS patterns shown as insets. (<b>c</b>) Snapshots of the system at different drawing ratios <span class="html-italic">λ</span>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03309/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03309-sch001-550.jpg?1732697409" title=" <strong>Scheme 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Chemical structures of the synthesized <b>A</b>-g-<b>B</b> graft copolymers where <b>A</b> stands for poly(methyl methacrylate) or polystyrene and <b>B</b> denotes poly(dimethylsiloxane) or poly(isobutylene). (<b>b</b>) Self-assembly of the <b>A</b>-g-<b>B</b> graft copolymers in a physical network composed of nanometer-sized domains of <b>A</b> connected by the bottlebrush blocks. The variable structural parameters include the length of the bottlebrush backbone n<sub>BB</sub>, length of side chains n<sub>sc</sub>, length of the graft block n<sub>A</sub>, and distance between the grafted blocks n<sub>x</sub>. Upon self-assembly, the system forms domains of block <b>A</b> with a diameter d<sub>2</sub> separated by a distance d<sub>3</sub> and a diameter of the <b>B</b>-block equal d<sub>1</sub>.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3309'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 21 pages, 5450 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3308/pdf?version=1732697944" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Performance Optimization Approach of Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixtures with PET and PE Waste" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3308">Performance Optimization Approach of Polymer-Modified Asphalt Mixtures with PET and PE Waste</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Assel Jexembayeva</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marat Konkanov</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lyazat Aruova</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Akpan Kirgizbayev</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lailya Zhaksylykova</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3308; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233308 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Road infrastructure sustainability and pavement performance may be increased by using waste materials like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene waste (PE waste) in polymer-modified asphalt mixtures. As seen by a more pronounced rise in the softening point, which exceeds 110 °C with 8% <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3308/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Road infrastructure sustainability and pavement performance may be increased by using waste materials like polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polyethylene waste (PE waste) in polymer-modified asphalt mixtures. As seen by a more pronounced rise in the softening point, which exceeds 110 °C with 8% PE waste, PET was found to improve the tensile strength, resistance to cracking, and thermal stability of asphalt mixes. PE waste also increases ductility up to 4% PE waste, beyond which the combination becomes more brittle, and dramatically decreases penetration, strengthening the asphalt’s resistance to deformation. Additionally, bitumen treated with PE waste is more workable than asphalt without PET, even though bitumen treated with PE waste had a viscosity of up to 4500 Pa. Complex shear modules decreased as the PE waste and PET content increased. PET, on the other hand, increases the binder’s overall stiffness, elasticity, and tensile strength. Nevertheless, when PET content rises, ductility steadily decreases. Previous studies concentrated on the effects of each component separately, and this paper fills this knowledge gap by investigating the combined effects of PET and PE waste. The results indicate that the highest compressive strength (7.5 MPa) was obtained with 6% PE + 2% PET, while the highest tensile strength (1.40 MPa) was achieved with a balanced mix of 4% PE waste + 4% PET. Additionally, the viscosity of asphalt is increased by PET and PE waste, enhancing its performance at high temperatures. These findings demonstrate how combining PET and PE waste improves the mechanical and thermal characteristics of asphalt, providing a balance between stiffness and flexibility, a crucial feature for durable road materials under a variety of circumstances. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3308">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Polymer_Applications">Polymer Applications</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3308/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530511"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530511"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530511" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530511" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530511" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530511-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g001-550.jpg?1732698049" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530511" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530511-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g002-550.jpg?1732698050'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530511-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g003-550.jpg?1732698051'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530511-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g004-550.jpg?1732698054'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530511-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g005-550.jpg?1732698055'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530511-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g006-550.jpg?1732698056'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530511-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g007-550.jpg?1732698057'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530511-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g008-550.jpg?1732698058'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530511-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g009-550.jpg?1732698059'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530511-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g010-550.jpg?1732698060'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530511-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g001-550.jpg?1732698049" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The preparation of asphalt-modified polymer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g002-550.jpg?1732698050" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The FTIR of PET, PE waste, and the asphalt they modified: unmodified asphalt (1), PET (2), and PE waste (3).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g003-550.jpg?1732698051" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>X-ray diffraction of PE waste, PET, and asphalt.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g004-550.jpg?1732698054" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Test results regarding PE-modified asphalt’s physical properties (softening point (<b>a</b>); penetration (<b>b</b>); ductility (<b>c</b>)).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g005-550.jpg?1732698055" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Viscosity of asphalt-modified PET and PE waste.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g006-550.jpg?1732698056" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Complex shear modulus results of asphalt-modified polymer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g007-550.jpg?1732698057" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Compressive strength of the PE- and PET-modified asphalt.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g008-550.jpg?1732698058" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Tensile strength of the PE- and PET-modified asphalt.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g009-550.jpg?1732698059" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Tensile and compressive strength of asphalt-modified PE waste and PET.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03308/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03308-g010-550.jpg?1732698060" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Results of using PE waste and PET as modifiers with asphalt.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3308'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 3136 KiB </span> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3307/pdf?version=1732689810" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Dynamic Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Resin Composite Films" data-journal="polymers"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2073-4360/16/23/3307">Dynamic Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Resin Composite Films</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ying Wang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhouyi Li</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yan Liu</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Penghao Pei</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Polymers</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>16</em>(23), 3307; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16233307 (registering DOI) - 27 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> In this paper, we prepared carbon nanotube (CNT) epoxy composite films and conducted tensile experiments at various temperatures (−40 °C, −10 °C, 20 °C, and 50 °C) and frequencies (1 Hz, 10 Hz, and 20 Hz) using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). This study <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3307/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> In this paper, we prepared carbon nanotube (CNT) epoxy composite films and conducted tensile experiments at various temperatures (−40 °C, −10 °C, 20 °C, and 50 °C) and frequencies (1 Hz, 10 Hz, and 20 Hz) using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). This study reveals the effects of temperature and frequency on the mechanical properties of CNT films and CNT epoxy composite films. The results indicate that the energy storage modulus of the pure CNT film is approximately 13 times greater than that of the composite material at 20 °C. Additionally, the loss factor of the composite material is about 25 times that of pure epoxy resin and 7 times that of pure CNT film. These findings suggest that the presence of epoxy resin reduces the elastic deformation capacity of the CNT film while enhancing its damping properties. The mechanical properties of CNT films and CNT epoxy composites at varying temperatures and frequencies investigated in this work offer valuable insights for future applications and studies of CNT films and CNT epoxy composites in diverse environments. <a href="/2073-4360/16/23/3307">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/polymers/sections/Anal_Charact">Polymer Analysis and Characterization</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/16/23/3307/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1530404"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1530404"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1530404" data-cycle-prev="#prev1530404" data-cycle-progressive="#images1530404" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g001-550.jpg?1732689904" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1530404" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g002-550.jpg?1732689904'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g003-550.jpg?1732689906'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g004-550.jpg?1732689907'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g005-550.jpg?1732689910'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g006-550.jpg?1732689910'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g007-550.jpg?1732689911'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g008-550.jpg?1732689912'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g009-550.jpg?1732689912'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g010-550.jpg?1732689912'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1530404-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g011-550.jpg?1732689913'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1530404-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g001-550.jpg?1732689904" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>CNT film specimen.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g002-550.jpg?1732689904" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagram of CNT epoxy resin film sample preparation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g003-550.jpg?1732689906" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Microscopic morphology characterization of CNT film and CNT epoxy resin film. (<b>a</b>) Pure CNT film (<b>b</b>) CNT epoxy resin film.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g004-550.jpg?1732689907" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis test machine.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g005-550.jpg?1732689910" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>The clamp and the specimen: (<b>a</b>) Physical image of Tensile test clamp; (<b>b</b>) Physical diagram of the relationship between the heating wire and the specimen position.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g006-550.jpg?1732689910" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Different mechanical properties of CNT film under different temperatures (−40 °C, −10 °C, 20 °C, and 50 °C): (<b>a</b>) energy storage modulus, (<b>b</b>) loss factor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g007-550.jpg?1732689911" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Different mechanical properties of CNT epoxy resin film under different temperatures (−40 °C, −10 °C, 20 °C, and 50 °C): (<b>a</b>) energy storage modulus, (<b>b</b>) loss factor.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g008-550.jpg?1732689912" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Temperature dependence of the energy storage modulus of CNT film and CNT epoxy resin film at different frequencies (1 Hz, 10 Hz, and 20 Hz).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g009-550.jpg?1732689912" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Temperature dependence of the loss factor of CNT film and CNT epoxy resin film at different frequencies (1 Hz, 10 Hz, and 20 Hz).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g010-550.jpg?1732689912" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the energy storage modulus under different temperature of CNT epoxy resin film and CNT film (−40 °C, −10 °C, 20 °C, and 50 °C).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/polymers/polymers-16-03307/article_deploy/html/images/polymers-16-03307-g011-550.jpg?1732689913" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the loss factors of epoxy resin, carbon nanotube, and CNT-epoxy resin.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2073-4360/16/23/3307'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=polymers&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/polymers"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/polymers-logo.png?8600e93ff98dbf14" alt="polymers-logo" title="Polymers" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_JournalSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form[journal_id]=29" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to <i>Polymers</i> </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_JournalReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for <em>Polymers</em> </a> </div> <div class="journal-share-links"> <div class="journal-share-links-social"> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/Polymers_MDPI"> <svg width="25" height="26" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="padding: 6px;"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="black" /> </svg> </a> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing"> <svg width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-top: 1px; margin-bottom: -2px; margin-left: 1px;"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14.1193 20.3917V13.0007H16.1262L16.3921 10.4537H14.1193L14.1228 9.17886C14.1228 8.51456 14.1848 8.15862 15.1233 8.15862H16.3779V5.61133H14.3708C11.96 5.61133 11.1114 6.8469 11.1114 8.92474V10.4539H9.60864V13.0009H11.1114V20.3917H14.1193Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/polymers-mdpi"> <svg width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.43155 10.0654H6.26343V19.5981H9.43155V10.0654Z" fill="black"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.64005 7.11532C9.61949 6.18065 8.95207 5.46875 7.86827 5.46875C6.78448 5.46875 6.07593 6.18065 6.07593 7.11532C6.07593 8.03064 6.76353 8.76304 7.82715 8.76304H7.84739C8.95207 8.76304 9.64005 8.03064 9.64005 7.11532Z" fill="black"/> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M20.8571 14.1306C20.8571 11.2026 19.2942 9.83984 17.2094 9.83984C15.5274 9.83984 14.7743 10.7651 14.3538 11.4142V10.0639H11.1853C11.2271 10.9584 11.1853 19.5966 11.1853 19.5966H14.3538V14.2728C14.3538 13.9879 14.3744 13.7037 14.4581 13.4997C14.6871 12.9305 15.2084 12.3412 16.0837 12.3412C17.2306 12.3412 17.689 13.2154 17.689 14.4964V19.5964H20.857L20.8571 14.1306Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="journal-share-links-generic"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width UA_JournalShareButtons" href="#" data-reveal-id="main-share-modal"> Share </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item condensed-small UI_JournalMenu"> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Menu</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-menu show-for-small"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Menu </a> <ul class="accordion__dummy accordion__menu hide-small-down-initially" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <li class="accordion-navigation accordion-navigation__journal"> <ul> <li class="side-menu-li active "> <a href="/journal/polymers"><em>Polymers</em> Home </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/about">Aims & Scope</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/editors"> Editorial Board </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/submission_reviewers">Reviewer Board</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/topical_advisory_panel">Topical Advisory Panel</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/instructions">Instructions for Authors</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/special_issues">Special Issues</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/topics?journal=polymers">Topics</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/sections">Sections & Collections</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/apc">Article Processing Charge</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/indexing">Indexing & Archiving</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/editors_choice">Editor’s Choice Articles</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/most_cited">Most Cited & Viewed</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/stats">Journal Statistics</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/history">Journal History</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/awards">Journal Awards</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/societies">Society Collaborations</a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li "> <a href="/journal/polymers/editorial_office">Editorial Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> <h2 class="show-for-medium-up">Journal Browser</h2> <a href="#" class="bolded-text link-journal-browser show-for-small" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <span class="closed">►</span> <span class="open" style="display: none;">▼</span> Journal Browser </a> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item last-item no-border"> <form method="post" action="/journal/polymers" id="qckvi" onsubmit="return !$('#journal-browser-go').hasClass('button--grey');"> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Volume"> <select id="journal-browser-volume" name="volume" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' data-id="0">volume</option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="16"> 16 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="15"> 15 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="14"> 14 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="13"> 13 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="12"> 12 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="11"> 11 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="10"> 10 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="9"> 9 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="8"> 8 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="7"> 7 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="6"> 6 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="5"> 5 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="4"> 4 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="3"> 3 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="2"> 2 </option> <option onclick="$('#journal-browser-namesystem').val($(this).data('namesystem'));" data-namesystem="polymers" value="1"> 1 </option> </select> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 10px;" class="UI_JournalBrowser_Issue"> <select id="journal-browser-issue" name="issue" style="width: 100%; margin-bottom: 0;" class="chosen-select"> <option value='' class="volume-0">issue</option> <option value="1" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="13" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 13 </option> <option value="14" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 14 </option> <option value="15" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 15 </option> <option value="16" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 16 </option> <option value="17" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 17 </option> <option value="18" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 18 </option> <option value="19" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 19 </option> <option value="20" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 20 </option> <option value="21" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 21 </option> <option value="22" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 22 </option> <option value="23" class="volume-16" style="display: none;"> 23 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="13" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 13 </option> <option value="14" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 14 </option> <option value="15" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 15 </option> <option value="16" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 16 </option> <option value="17" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 17 </option> <option value="18" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 18 </option> <option value="19" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 19 </option> <option value="20" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 20 </option> <option value="21" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 21 </option> <option value="22" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 22 </option> <option value="23" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 23 </option> <option value="24" class="volume-15" style="display: none;"> 24 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="13" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 13 </option> <option value="14" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 14 </option> <option value="15" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 15 </option> <option value="16" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 16 </option> <option value="17" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 17 </option> <option value="18" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 18 </option> <option value="19" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 19 </option> <option value="20" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 20 </option> <option value="21" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 21 </option> <option value="22" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 22 </option> <option value="23" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 23 </option> <option value="24" class="volume-14" style="display: none;"> 24 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="13" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 13 </option> <option value="14" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 14 </option> <option value="15" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 15 </option> <option value="16" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 16 </option> <option value="17" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 17 </option> <option value="18" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 18 </option> <option value="19" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 19 </option> <option value="20" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 20 </option> <option value="21" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 21 </option> <option value="22" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 22 </option> <option value="23" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 23 </option> <option value="24" class="volume-13" style="display: none;"> 24 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-12" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-11" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-10" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-9" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-8" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-7" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="5" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 5 </option> <option value="6" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 6 </option> <option value="7" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 7 </option> <option value="8" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 8 </option> <option value="9" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 9 </option> <option value="10" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 10 </option> <option value="11" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 11 </option> <option value="12" class="volume-6" style="display: none;"> 12 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-5" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-4" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-3" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> <option value="2" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 2 </option> <option value="3" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 3 </option> <option value="4" class="volume-2" style="display: none;"> 4 </option> <option value="1" class="volume-1" style="display: none;"> 1 </option> </select> </div> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="9JoT4UlNOVL_FoLOtt5Za-o9a6siGK8_qHJYia7ztXY"> <input type="hidden" id="journal-browser-namesystem" name="namesystem" value="polymers"> <input type="hidden" name="getIssueByVI" value="1"> <input type="submit" id="journal-browser-go" value="Go" style="" class="button button--grey button--full-width UI_JournalBrowser_GoButton"> </form> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item first-item no-border"> <ul class="side-menu-ul"> <li class="side-menu-li side-menu-li__padded"> <a href="/2073-4360/16/23"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Forthcoming issue</strong> </a> <br/> <a href="/2073-4360/16/22"> <i class="material-icons arrow" style="display: inline-block"> arrow_forward_ios </i> <strong>Current issue</strong> </a> </li> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class=""> <div class="journal-browser-volumes "> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/16"> Vol. 16 (2024) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/15"> Vol. 15 (2023) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/14"> Vol. 14 (2022) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/13"> Vol. 13 (2021) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/12"> Vol. 12 (2020) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/11"> Vol. 11 (2019) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/10"> Vol. 10 (2018) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/9"> Vol. 9 (2017) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/8"> Vol. 8 (2016) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/7"> Vol. 7 (2015) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/6"> Vol. 6 (2014) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/5"> Vol. 5 (2013) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/4"> Vol. 4 (2012) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/3"> Vol. 3 (2011) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/2"> Vol. 2 (2010) </a> </li> <li class="side-menu-li"> <a href="/2073-4360/1"> Vol. 1 (2009) </a> </li> </div> </div> </div> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div class="content__container banner-container" style="padding:0px;"> <div> <div class="generic-item1"> <div id="bestAwardPaperAD" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;"> <div id="banner1" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="4" data-repeat-interval="10" style="width: 100%; padding:0px;margin:0px;"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container extending-content" data-url="/journal/ajax/most_accessed_articles/29"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Highly Accessed Articles</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="last-item generic-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=polymers&sort=articles_stats_art_view_page&page_count=50">View More...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container extending-content" data-url="/journal/ajax/latest_books/polymers"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2 class="show-for-small-only">Latest Books</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/books_logo_new.svg?76e680e5363e99ba?1732706938"> <div class="last-item generic-item"> <a class="bold" href="https://www.mdpi.com/books/search?type%5B%5D=Reprint&journal_facet%5B%5D=Polymers" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">More Books and Reprints...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-column" class="content__column large-25 medium-3 small-12 columns"> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>E-Mail Alert</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div id="journal-alerts" class="generic-item last-item no-border condensed-small"> <form method="post" action="/subscribe" id="subscribeForm" style="margin:0; padding:0;" onsubmit="return false;"> <div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Add your e-mail address to receive forthcoming issues of this journal:</div> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter Your E-Mail Address..." required="required"> <input name="journals[]" type="hidden" value="polymers"> <input type="hidden" name="_token" value="VkpkcUClEnc7Qp9UTGtyunbjvgE6_8-MLTtHSVF_l3M"> <input id="Email-Subscribe" class="button button--color button--full-width genericCaptcha UA_JournalSubscribeButton" name="email-button" value="Subscribe" type="submit"> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>News</h2> </div> <div class="target-item custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item news-item no-border"> <span class="text-information">12 November 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/polymers/announcements/9730">MDPI Thailand Author Training Session at Kasetsart University Held on 5 November 2024</a> </div> <div class="generic-item news-item "> <span class="text-information">5 November 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/polymers/announcements/9690">MDPI INSIGHTS: The CEO's Letter #17 - OA Week, Basel Open Day, Beijing Graphene Forum</a> </div> <div class="generic-item news-item "> <span class="text-information">1 November 2024</span> <br/> <a class="title-link" href="/journal/polymers/announcements/9680"><em>Polymers</em> | 2024 National Symposium on Polymer Materials Science and Engineering Conference Held on 15–19 October 2024</a> <a href="/journal/polymers/announcements/9680"><img style="margin: 5px 0; display: block; max-width: 100%; height: auto;" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/announcement/9680.jpg?1732706938" /></a> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item UI_NewsAnnounce"> <a class="bold" href="/journal/polymers/announcements">More News & Announcements...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Topics</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/topics/proposal"> Propose a Topic </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Fibers</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">J. Compos. Sci.</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">JMMP</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Materials</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/N0VZ7O2N31"> Advanced Composites Manufacturing and Plastics Processing </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Patricia Krawczak, Ludwig Cardon<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 31 December 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Coatings</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Dentistry Journal</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">JFB</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Materials</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/8L9C3IC6LY"> Surfaces in Healthcare Bridging Medicine and Dentistry with Material Science </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Luminiţa Andronic, Alina Vladescu<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 8 January 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Applied Biosciences</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Applied Sciences</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Biomolecules</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Materials</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/9I0UWJTR6J"> Proteins and Protein-Based Biomaterials from Organisms in Extreme Environments </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Hak Jun Kim, Hackwon Do<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 31 January 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topic in <span class="text-information italics times">Applied Sciences</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Clean Technol.</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Energies</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Membranes</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Sustainability</span>, <span class="text-information italics times">Water</span></span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/topics/XXPB52482E"> New Advances in Membrane Technology and Its Contribution to Sustainability </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Topic Editors: Patricia Luis Alconero, Bart Van der Bruggen<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 25 February 2025</span></div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/topics?journal=polymers" class="bold">More Topics</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-medium-up"> <div id="adBannerContent" class="content__container banner-container" style="text-align:center;"> <div id="banner2" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="2" data-repeat-interval="10" style="height: 600px; width: 160px; position: relative; margin: 0 auto;"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/loading_circle.gif?9a82694213036313?1732706938" alt="loading..." style="position: absolute;top: 50%;left: 50%;"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="show-for-small"> <div class="content__container banner-container"> <div id="adBannerContentMobile" style="margin-bottom: 15px; padding: 0px; width: 100%;"> <div id="banner3" class="adserver-banner" data-zone="7" style="width: 100%;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Conferences</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/events/add"> Announce Your Conference </a> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/journal/polymers/events" class="bold">More Conferences...</a><br/> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Special Issues</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item button-type no-border"> <a class="button button--color button--full-width submit-manuscript" href="/journalproposal/sendproposalspecialissue/polymers" data-path="/journal/polymers"> Propose a Special Issue </a> </div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/polymers/special_issues/D88BHM6E25"> Advanced Hydrogels for Biomedical Application </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Iksung Cho, Tooru Ooya<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 30 November 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/polymers/special_issues/4MNK9C4323"> Sustainable Polymers for a Circular Economy </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Mihaela Cosnita, Cristina Cazan<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 30 November 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/polymers/special_issues/O38I7Q2Z6F"> Flexible Devices Based on Functional Polymers </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editors: Bo Li, Yu Sun, Ruiyu Bai<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 30 November 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Special Issue in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/polymers/special_issues/Rheology_Processing_Polymer_Materials"> Rheology and Processing of Polymer Materials </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Guest Editor: Biwei Qiu<br/></span><span class="text-information highlight">Deadline: 30 November 2024</span></div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/journal/polymers/special_issues" class="bold">More Special Issues</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container selected-special-issues"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link"> <h2>Topical Collections</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content show-for-medium-up"> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topical Collection in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/polymers/topical_collections/Polym_Appl_Environ_Sci"> Polymer Applications in Environmental Science </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Collection Editors: Marta Otero, Ricardo N. Coimbra<br/></span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topical Collection in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/polymers/topical_collections/H06JS4QSY0"> Polyimide </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Collection Editor: Chenliang Gong<br/></span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topical Collection in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/polymers/topical_collections/Polyurethanes_TC"> Polyurethanes </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Collection Editors: Arantxa Eceiza Mendiguren, Lorena Ugarte, Tamara Calvo-Correas<br/></span></div> <div class="generic-item"><div><span class="text-information times"> Topical Collection in </span><span class="text-information italics times">Polymers</span></div><a class="title-link bold" href="/journal/polymers/topical_collections/Hydorgels_TC"> Hydrogels </a><span class="text-information color-grey-dark">Collection Editor: Marco Sangermano<br/></span></div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a href="/journal/polymers/topical_collections" class="bold">More Topical Collections</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-padding"></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div id="footer"> <div class="journal-info"> <span> <em><a class="Var_JournalInfo" href="/journal/polymers">Polymers</a></em>, EISSN 2073-4360, Published by MDPI </span> <div class="large-right"> <span> <a href="/rss/journal/polymers" class="rss-link">RSS</a> </span> <span> <a href="/journal/polymers/toc-alert">Content Alert</a> </span> </div> </div> <div class="row full-width footer-links" data-equalizer="footer" data-equalizer-mq="small"> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Further Information </h3> <a href="/apc"> Article Processing Charges </a> <a href="/about/payment"> Pay an Invoice </a> <a href="/openaccess"> Open Access Policy </a> <a href="/about/contact"> Contact MDPI </a> <a href="https://careers.mdpi.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Jobs at MDPI </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns" data-equalizer-watch="footer"> <h3> Guidelines </h3> <a href="/authors"> For Authors </a> <a href="/reviewers"> For Reviewers </a> <a href="/editors"> For Editors </a> <a href="/librarians"> For Librarians </a> <a href="/publishing_services"> For Publishers </a> <a href="/societies"> For Societies </a> <a href="/conference_organizers"> For Conference Organizers </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 columns"> <h3> MDPI Initiatives </h3> <a href="https://sciforum.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Sciforum </a> <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/books" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> MDPI Books </a> <a href="https://www.preprints.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Preprints.org </a> <a href="https://www.scilit.net" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Scilit </a> <a href="https://sciprofiles.com?utm_source=mpdi.com&utm_medium=bottom_menu&utm_campaign=initiative" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> SciProfiles </a> <a href="https://encyclopedia.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Encyclopedia </a> <a href="https://jams.pub" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> JAMS </a> <a href="/about/proceedings"> Proceedings Series </a> </div> <div class="large-2 large-push-4 medium-3 small-6 right-border-large-without columns UA_FooterFollowMDPI"> <h3> Follow MDPI </h3> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/mdpi" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> </div> <div id="footer-subscribe" class="large-4 large-pull-8 medium-12 small-12 left-border-large columns"> <div class="footer-subscribe__container"> <img class="show-for-large-up" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/design/mdpi-pub-logo-white-small.png?71d18e5f805839ab?1732706938" alt="MDPI" title="MDPI Open Access Journals" style="height: 50px; margin-bottom: 10px;"> <form id="newsletter" method="POST" action="/subscribe"> <p> Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals </p> <select multiple id="newsletter-journal" class="foundation-select" name="journals[]"> <option value="acoustics">Acoustics</option> <option value="amh">Acta Microbiologica Hellenica</option> <option value="actuators">Actuators</option> <option value="admsci">Administrative Sciences</option> <option value="adolescents">Adolescents</option> <option value="arm">Advances in Respiratory Medicine</option> <option value="aerobiology">Aerobiology</option> <option value="aerospace">Aerospace</option> <option value="agriculture">Agriculture</option> <option value="agriengineering">AgriEngineering</option> <option value="agrochemicals">Agrochemicals</option> <option value="agronomy">Agronomy</option> <option value="ai">AI</option> <option value="air">Air</option> <option value="algorithms">Algorithms</option> <option value="allergies">Allergies</option> <option value="alloys">Alloys</option> <option value="analytica">Analytica</option> <option value="analytics">Analytics</option> <option value="anatomia">Anatomia</option> <option value="anesthres">Anesthesia Research</option> <option value="animals">Animals</option> <option value="antibiotics">Antibiotics</option> <option value="antibodies">Antibodies</option> <option value="antioxidants">Antioxidants</option> <option value="applbiosci">Applied Biosciences</option> <option value="applmech">Applied Mechanics</option> <option value="applmicrobiol">Applied Microbiology</option> <option value="applnano">Applied Nano</option> <option value="applsci">Applied Sciences</option> <option value="asi">Applied System Innovation</option> <option value="appliedchem">AppliedChem</option> <option value="appliedmath">AppliedMath</option> <option value="aquacj">Aquaculture Journal</option> <option value="architecture">Architecture</option> <option value="arthropoda">Arthropoda</option> <option value="arts">Arts</option> <option value="astronomy">Astronomy</option> <option value="atmosphere">Atmosphere</option> <option value="atoms">Atoms</option> <option value="audiolres">Audiology Research</option> <option value="automation">Automation</option> <option value="axioms">Axioms</option> <option value="bacteria">Bacteria</option> <option value="batteries">Batteries</option> <option value="behavsci">Behavioral Sciences</option> <option value="beverages">Beverages</option> <option value="BDCC">Big Data and Cognitive Computing</option> <option value="biochem">BioChem</option> <option value="bioengineering">Bioengineering</option> <option value="biologics">Biologics</option> <option value="biology">Biology</option> <option value="blsf">Biology and Life Sciences Forum</option> <option value="biomass">Biomass</option> <option value="biomechanics">Biomechanics</option> <option value="biomed">BioMed</option> <option value="biomedicines">Biomedicines</option> <option value="biomedinformatics">BioMedInformatics</option> <option value="biomimetics">Biomimetics</option> <option value="biomolecules">Biomolecules</option> <option value="biophysica">Biophysica</option> <option value="biosensors">Biosensors</option> <option value="biotech">BioTech</option> <option value="birds">Birds</option> <option value="blockchains">Blockchains</option> <option value="brainsci">Brain Sciences</option> <option value="buildings">Buildings</option> <option value="businesses">Businesses</option> <option value="carbon">C</option> <option value="cancers">Cancers</option> <option value="cardiogenetics">Cardiogenetics</option> <option value="catalysts">Catalysts</option> <option value="cells">Cells</option> <option value="ceramics">Ceramics</option> <option value="challenges">Challenges</option> <option value="ChemEngineering">ChemEngineering</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry</option> <option value="chemproc">Chemistry Proceedings</option> <option value="chemosensors">Chemosensors</option> <option value="children">Children</option> <option value="chips">Chips</option> <option value="civileng">CivilEng</option> <option value="cleantechnol">Clean Technologies</option> <option value="climate">Climate</option> <option value="ctn">Clinical and Translational Neuroscience</option> <option value="clinbioenerg">Clinical Bioenergetics</option> <option value="clinpract">Clinics and Practice</option> <option value="clockssleep">Clocks & Sleep</option> <option value="coasts">Coasts</option> <option value="coatings">Coatings</option> <option value="colloids">Colloids and Interfaces</option> <option value="colorants">Colorants</option> <option value="commodities">Commodities</option> <option value="complications">Complications</option> <option value="compounds">Compounds</option> <option value="computation">Computation</option> <option value="csmf">Computer Sciences & Mathematics Forum</option> <option value="computers">Computers</option> <option value="condensedmatter">Condensed Matter</option> <option value="conservation">Conservation</option> <option value="constrmater">Construction Materials</option> <option value="cmd">Corrosion and Materials Degradation</option> <option value="cosmetics">Cosmetics</option> <option value="covid">COVID</option> <option value="crops">Crops</option> <option value="cryo">Cryo</option> <option value="cryptography">Cryptography</option> <option value="crystals">Crystals</option> <option value="cimb">Current Issues in Molecular Biology</option> <option value="curroncol">Current Oncology</option> <option value="dairy">Dairy</option> <option value="data">Data</option> <option value="dentistry">Dentistry Journal</option> <option value="dermato">Dermato</option> <option value="dermatopathology">Dermatopathology</option> <option value="designs">Designs</option> <option value="diabetology">Diabetology</option> <option value="diagnostics">Diagnostics</option> <option value="dietetics">Dietetics</option> <option value="digital">Digital</option> <option value="disabilities">Disabilities</option> <option value="diseases">Diseases</option> <option value="diversity">Diversity</option> <option value="dna">DNA</option> <option value="drones">Drones</option> <option value="ddc">Drugs and Drug Candidates</option> <option value="dynamics">Dynamics</option> <option value="earth">Earth</option> <option value="ecologies">Ecologies</option> <option value="econometrics">Econometrics</option> <option value="economies">Economies</option> <option value="education">Education Sciences</option> <option value="electricity">Electricity</option> <option value="electrochem">Electrochem</option> <option value="electronicmat">Electronic Materials</option> <option value="electronics">Electronics</option> <option value="ecm">Emergency Care and Medicine</option> <option value="encyclopedia">Encyclopedia</option> <option value="endocrines">Endocrines</option> <option value="energies">Energies</option> <option value="esa">Energy Storage and Applications</option> <option value="eng">Eng</option> <option value="engproc">Engineering Proceedings</option> <option value="entropy">Entropy</option> <option value="environsciproc">Environmental Sciences Proceedings</option> <option value="environments">Environments</option> <option value="epidemiologia">Epidemiologia</option> <option value="epigenomes">Epigenomes</option> <option value="ebj">European Burn Journal</option> <option value="ejihpe">European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education</option> <option value="fermentation">Fermentation</option> <option value="fibers">Fibers</option> <option value="fintech">FinTech</option> <option value="fire">Fire</option> <option value="fishes">Fishes</option> <option value="fluids">Fluids</option> <option value="foods">Foods</option> <option value="forecasting">Forecasting</option> <option value="forensicsci">Forensic Sciences</option> <option value="forests">Forests</option> <option value="fossstud">Fossil Studies</option> <option value="foundations">Foundations</option> <option value="fractalfract">Fractal and Fractional</option> <option value="fuels">Fuels</option> <option value="future">Future</option> <option value="futureinternet">Future Internet</option> <option value="futurepharmacol">Future Pharmacology</option> <option value="futuretransp">Future Transportation</option> <option value="galaxies">Galaxies</option> <option value="games">Games</option> <option value="gases">Gases</option> <option value="gastroent">Gastroenterology Insights</option> <option value="gastrointestdisord">Gastrointestinal Disorders</option> <option value="gastronomy">Gastronomy</option> <option value="gels">Gels</option> <option value="genealogy">Genealogy</option> <option value="genes">Genes</option> <option value="geographies">Geographies</option> <option value="geohazards">GeoHazards</option> <option value="geomatics">Geomatics</option> <option value="geometry">Geometry</option> <option value="geosciences">Geosciences</option> <option value="geotechnics">Geotechnics</option> <option value="geriatrics">Geriatrics</option> <option value="glacies">Glacies</option> <option value="gucdd">Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition Disease</option> <option value="grasses">Grasses</option> <option value="hardware">Hardware</option> <option value="healthcare">Healthcare</option> <option value="hearts">Hearts</option> <option value="hemato">Hemato</option> <option value="hematolrep">Hematology Reports</option> <option value="heritage">Heritage</option> <option value="histories">Histories</option> <option value="horticulturae">Horticulturae</option> <option value="hospitals">Hospitals</option> <option value="humanities">Humanities</option> <option value="humans">Humans</option> <option value="hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</option> <option value="hydrogen">Hydrogen</option> <option value="hydrology">Hydrology</option> <option value="hygiene">Hygiene</option> <option value="immuno">Immuno</option> <option value="idr">Infectious Disease Reports</option> <option value="informatics">Informatics</option> <option value="information">Information</option> <option value="infrastructures">Infrastructures</option> <option value="inorganics">Inorganics</option> <option value="insects">Insects</option> <option value="instruments">Instruments</option> <option value="iic">Intelligent Infrastructure and Construction</option> <option value="ijerph">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</option> <option value="ijfs">International Journal of Financial Studies</option> <option value="ijms">International Journal of Molecular Sciences</option> <option value="IJNS">International Journal of Neonatal Screening</option> <option value="ijpb">International Journal of Plant Biology</option> <option value="ijt">International Journal of Topology</option> <option value="ijtm">International Journal of Translational Medicine</option> <option value="ijtpp">International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power</option> <option value="ime">International Medical Education</option> <option value="inventions">Inventions</option> <option value="IoT">IoT</option> <option value="ijgi">ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information</option> <option value="J">J</option> <option value="jal">Journal of Ageing and Longevity</option> <option value="jcdd">Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease</option> <option value="jcto">Journal of Clinical & Translational Ophthalmology</option> <option value="jcm">Journal of Clinical Medicine</option> <option value="jcs">Journal of Composites Science</option> <option value="jcp">Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy</option> <option value="jdad">Journal of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease</option> <option value="jdb">Journal of Developmental Biology</option> <option value="jeta">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Analyses</option> <option value="jfb">Journal of Functional Biomaterials</option> <option value="jfmk">Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology</option> <option value="jof">Journal of Fungi</option> <option value="jimaging">Journal of Imaging</option> <option value="jintelligence">Journal of Intelligence</option> <option value="jlpea">Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications</option> <option value="jmmp">Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing</option> <option value="jmse">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</option> <option value="jmahp">Journal of Market Access & Health Policy</option> <option value="jmp">Journal of Molecular Pathology</option> <option value="jnt">Journal of Nanotheranostics</option> <option value="jne">Journal of Nuclear Engineering</option> <option value="ohbm">Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance Medicine</option> <option value="jop">Journal of Parks</option> <option value="jpm">Journal of Personalized Medicine</option> <option value="jpbi">Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioTech Industry</option> <option value="jor">Journal of Respiration</option> <option value="jrfm">Journal of Risk and Financial Management</option> <option value="jsan">Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks</option> <option value="joma">Journal of the Oman Medical Association</option> <option value="jtaer">Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research</option> <option value="jvd">Journal of Vascular Diseases</option> <option value="jox">Journal of Xenobiotics</option> <option value="jzbg">Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens</option> <option value="journalmedia">Journalism and Media</option> <option value="kidneydial">Kidney and Dialysis</option> <option value="kinasesphosphatases">Kinases and Phosphatases</option> <option value="knowledge">Knowledge</option> <option value="labmed">LabMed</option> <option value="laboratories">Laboratories</option> <option value="land">Land</option> <option value="languages">Languages</option> <option value="laws">Laws</option> <option value="life">Life</option> <option value="limnolrev">Limnological Review</option> <option value="lipidology">Lipidology</option> <option value="liquids">Liquids</option> <option value="literature">Literature</option> <option value="livers">Livers</option> <option value="logics">Logics</option> <option value="logistics">Logistics</option> <option value="lubricants">Lubricants</option> <option value="lymphatics">Lymphatics</option> <option value="make">Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction</option> <option value="machines">Machines</option> <option value="macromol">Macromol</option> <option value="magnetism">Magnetism</option> <option value="magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</option> <option value="marinedrugs">Marine Drugs</option> <option value="materials">Materials</option> <option value="materproc">Materials Proceedings</option> <option value="mca">Mathematical and Computational Applications</option> <option value="mathematics">Mathematics</option> <option value="medsci">Medical Sciences</option> <option value="msf">Medical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="medicina">Medicina</option> <option value="medicines">Medicines</option> <option value="membranes">Membranes</option> <option value="merits">Merits</option> <option value="metabolites">Metabolites</option> <option value="metals">Metals</option> <option value="meteorology">Meteorology</option> <option value="methane">Methane</option> <option value="mps">Methods and Protocols</option> <option value="metrics">Metrics</option> <option value="metrology">Metrology</option> <option value="micro">Micro</option> <option value="microbiolres">Microbiology Research</option> <option value="micromachines">Micromachines</option> <option value="microorganisms">Microorganisms</option> <option value="microplastics">Microplastics</option> <option value="minerals">Minerals</option> <option value="mining">Mining</option> <option value="modelling">Modelling</option> <option value="mmphys">Modern Mathematical Physics</option> <option value="molbank">Molbank</option> <option value="molecules">Molecules</option> <option value="mti">Multimodal Technologies and Interaction</option> <option value="muscles">Muscles</option> <option value="nanoenergyadv">Nanoenergy Advances</option> <option value="nanomanufacturing">Nanomanufacturing</option> <option value="nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</option> <option value="ndt">NDT</option> <option value="network">Network</option> <option value="neuroglia">Neuroglia</option> <option value="neurolint">Neurology International</option> <option value="neurosci">NeuroSci</option> <option value="nitrogen">Nitrogen</option> <option value="ncrna">Non-Coding RNA</option> <option value="nursrep">Nursing Reports</option> <option value="nutraceuticals">Nutraceuticals</option> <option value="nutrients">Nutrients</option> <option value="obesities">Obesities</option> <option value="oceans">Oceans</option> <option value="onco">Onco</option> <option value="optics">Optics</option> <option value="oral">Oral</option> <option value="organics">Organics</option> <option value="organoids">Organoids</option> <option value="osteology">Osteology</option> <option value="oxygen">Oxygen</option> <option value="parasitologia">Parasitologia</option> <option value="particles">Particles</option> <option value="pathogens">Pathogens</option> <option value="pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</option> <option value="pediatrrep">Pediatric Reports</option> <option value="pets">Pets</option> <option value="pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</option> <option value="pharmaceutics">Pharmaceutics</option> <option value="pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</option> <option value="pharmacy">Pharmacy</option> <option value="philosophies">Philosophies</option> <option value="photochem">Photochem</option> <option value="photonics">Photonics</option> <option value="phycology">Phycology</option> <option value="physchem">Physchem</option> <option value="psf">Physical Sciences Forum</option> <option value="physics">Physics</option> <option value="physiologia">Physiologia</option> <option value="plants">Plants</option> <option value="plasma">Plasma</option> <option value="platforms">Platforms</option> <option value="pollutants">Pollutants</option> <option value="polymers">Polymers</option> <option value="polysaccharides">Polysaccharides</option> <option value="populations">Populations</option> <option value="poultry">Poultry</option> <option value="powders">Powders</option> <option value="proceedings">Proceedings</option> <option value="processes">Processes</option> <option value="prosthesis">Prosthesis</option> <option value="proteomes">Proteomes</option> <option value="psychiatryint">Psychiatry International</option> <option value="psychoactives">Psychoactives</option> <option value="psycholint">Psychology International</option> <option value="publications">Publications</option> <option value="qubs">Quantum Beam Science</option> <option value="quantumrep">Quantum Reports</option> <option value="quaternary">Quaternary</option> <option value="radiation">Radiation</option> <option value="reactions">Reactions</option> <option value="realestate">Real Estate</option> <option value="receptors">Receptors</option> <option value="recycling">Recycling</option> <option value="rsee">Regional Science and Environmental Economics</option> <option value="religions">Religions</option> <option value="remotesensing">Remote Sensing</option> <option value="reports">Reports</option> <option value="reprodmed">Reproductive Medicine</option> <option value="resources">Resources</option> <option value="rheumato">Rheumato</option> <option value="risks">Risks</option> <option value="robotics">Robotics</option> <option value="ruminants">Ruminants</option> <option value="safety">Safety</option> <option value="sci">Sci</option> <option value="scipharm">Scientia Pharmaceutica</option> <option value="sclerosis">Sclerosis</option> <option value="seeds">Seeds</option> <option value="sensors">Sensors</option> <option value="separations">Separations</option> <option value="sexes">Sexes</option> <option value="signals">Signals</option> <option value="sinusitis">Sinusitis</option> <option value="smartcities">Smart Cities</option> <option value="socsci">Social Sciences</option> <option value="siuj">Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal</option> <option value="societies">Societies</option> <option value="software">Software</option> <option value="soilsystems">Soil Systems</option> <option value="solar">Solar</option> <option value="solids">Solids</option> <option value="spectroscj">Spectroscopy Journal</option> <option value="sports">Sports</option> <option value="standards">Standards</option> <option value="stats">Stats</option> <option value="stresses">Stresses</option> <option value="surfaces">Surfaces</option> <option value="surgeries">Surgeries</option> <option value="std">Surgical Techniques Development</option> <option value="sustainability">Sustainability</option> <option value="suschem">Sustainable Chemistry</option> <option value="symmetry">Symmetry</option> <option value="synbio">SynBio</option> <option value="systems">Systems</option> <option value="targets">Targets</option> <option value="taxonomy">Taxonomy</option> <option value="technologies">Technologies</option> <option value="telecom">Telecom</option> <option value="textiles">Textiles</option> <option value="thalassrep">Thalassemia Reports</option> <option value="therapeutics">Therapeutics</option> <option value="thermo">Thermo</option> <option value="timespace">Time and Space</option> <option value="tomography">Tomography</option> <option value="tourismhosp">Tourism and Hospitality</option> <option value="toxics">Toxics</option> <option value="toxins">Toxins</option> <option value="transplantology">Transplantology</option> <option value="traumacare">Trauma Care</option> <option value="higheredu">Trends in Higher Education</option> <option value="tropicalmed">Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease</option> <option value="universe">Universe</option> <option value="urbansci">Urban Science</option> <option value="uro">Uro</option> <option value="vaccines">Vaccines</option> <option value="vehicles">Vehicles</option> <option value="venereology">Venereology</option> <option value="vetsci">Veterinary Sciences</option> <option value="vibration">Vibration</option> <option value="virtualworlds">Virtual Worlds</option> <option value="viruses">Viruses</option> <option value="vision">Vision</option> <option value="waste">Waste</option> <option value="water">Water</option> <option value="wild">Wild</option> <option value="wind">Wind</option> <option value="women">Women</option> <option value="world">World</option> <option value="wevj">World Electric Vehicle Journal</option> <option value="youth">Youth</option> <option value="zoonoticdis">Zoonotic Diseases</option> </select> <input name="email" type="email" placeholder="Enter your email address..." required="required" /> <button class="genericCaptcha button button--dark UA_FooterNewsletterSubscribeButton" type="submit">Subscribe</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer-copyright"> <div class="row"> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 text-left"> © 1996-2024 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated </div> <div class="columns large-6 medium-6 small-12 small-text-left medium-text-right large-text-right"> <a data-dropdown="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-controls="drop-view-disclaimer" aria-expanded="false" data-options="align:top; is_hover:true; hover_timeout:2000;"> Disclaimer </a> <div id="drop-view-disclaimer" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide text-left" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. </div> <a href="/about/terms-and-conditions"> Terms and Conditions </a> <a href="/about/privacy"> Privacy Policy </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookie-notification" class="js-allow-cookies" style="display: none;"> <div class="columns large-10 medium-10 small-12"> We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience.<br class="show-for-medium-up"/> Read more about our cookies <a href="/about/privacy">here</a>. </div> <div class="columns large-2 medium-2 small-12 small-only-text-left text-right"> <a class="button button--default" href="/accept_cookies">Accept</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new reveal-modal-new--small" data-reveal aria-labelledby="modalTitle" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 style="margin: 0;">Share Link</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="social-media-links UA_ShareModalLinks" style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#350a135458450e4640575f5056410873475a581007057871657c1006741007051007071344405a410e135458450e575a514c085d414145460f1a1a4242421b5851455c1b565a581a5f5a40475b54591a455a594c585047461006741005741005743f3f" title="Email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=&hashtags=mdpipolymers&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fpolymers&via=Polymers_MDPI" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="Twitter" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-twitter-x-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href=" http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2Fjournal%2Fpolymers&title=%26source%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com" onclick="windowOpen(this.href,600,800); return false" title="LinkedIn" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers" title="facebook" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-facebook-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="javascript:void(0);" title="Wechat" data-reveal-id="weixin-share-modal"> <i class="fa fa-weixin-square" style="font-size: 26px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers" title="Reddit" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-reddit-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.mendeley.com/import/?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers" title="Mendeley" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-mendeley-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> <a href="http://www.citeulike.org/posturl?url=https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers" title="CiteULike" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> <i class="fa fa-citeulike-square" style="font-size: 30px;"></i> </a> </div> </div> <div class="small-9 columns"> <input id="js-clipboard-text" type="text" readonly value="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers" /> </div> <div class="small-3 columns text-left"> <a class="button button--color js-clipboard-copy" data-clipboard-target="#js-clipboard-text">Copy</a> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <div id="weixin-share-modal" class="reveal-modal reveal-modal-new" data-reveal aria-labelledby="weixin-share-modal-title" aria-hidden="true" role="dialog"> <div class="row"> <div class="small-12 columns"> <h2 id="weixin-share-modal-title" style="margin: 0;">Share</h2> </div> <div class="small-12 columns"> <div class="weixin-qr-code-section"> <?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?> <!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"> <svg width="348" height="348" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <desc>https://www.mdpi.com/journal/polymers</desc> <g id="elements" fill="black" stroke="none"> <rect x="0" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="0" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="12" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="24" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="36" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="48" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="60" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="72" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="84" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="96" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="108" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="120" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="132" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="144" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="156" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="168" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="180" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="192" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="204" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="216" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="228" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="84" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="240" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="252" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="264" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="156" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="276" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="288" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="216" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="336" y="300" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="144" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="228" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="312" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="120" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="168" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="240" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="252" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="264" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="324" y="324" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="0" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="12" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="24" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="36" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="48" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="60" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="72" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="96" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="108" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="132" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="180" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="192" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="204" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="276" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="288" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="300" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> <rect x="312" y="336" width="12" height="12" /> </g> </svg> </div> </div> </div> <a class="close-reveal-modal" aria-label="Close"> <i class="material-icons">clear</i> </a> </div> <a href="#" class="back-to-top"><span class="show-for-medium-up">Back to Top</span><span class="show-for-small">Top</span></a> <script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/modernizr-2.8.3.min.js?5227e0738f7f421d?1732706938"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-1.12.4.min.js?4f252523d4af0b47?1732706938"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.min.js?6b2ec41c18b29054?1732706938"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/foundation-5.5.3.equalizer.min.js?0f6c549b75ec554c?1732706938"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.multiselect.js?0edd3998731d1091?1732706938"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery.cycle2.min.js?63413052928f97ee?1732706938"></script> <script> // old browser fix - this way the console log rows won't throw (silent) errors in browsers not supporting console log if (!window.console) window.console = {}; if (!window.console.log) window.console.log = function () { }; var currentJournalNameSystem = "polymers"; $(document).ready(function() { $('select.foundation-select').multiselect({ search: true, minHeight: 130, maxHeight: 130, }); $(document).foundation({ orbit: { timer_speed: 4000, }, reveal: { animation: 'fadeAndPop', animation_speed: 100, } }); $(".chosen-select").each(function(element) { var maxSelected = (undefined !== $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') ? $(this).data('maxselectedoptions') : 100); $(this).on('chosen:ready', function(event, data) { var select = $(data.chosen.form_field); if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-volume') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Volume_Options'); } if (select.attr('id') === 'journal-browser-issue') { $(data.chosen.dropdown).addClass('UI_JournalBrowser_Issue_Options'); } }).chosen({ display_disabled_options: false, disable_search_threshold: 7, max_selected_options: maxSelected, width: "100%" }); }); $(".toEncode").each(function(e) { var oldHref = $(this).attr("href"); var newHref = oldHref.replace('.botdefense.please.enable.javascript.','@'); $(this).attr("href", newHref); if (!$(this).hasClass("emailCaptcha")) { $(this).html(newHref.replace('mailto:', '')); } $(this).removeClass("visibility-hidden"); }); $(document).on('opened.fndtn.reveal', '[data-reveal]', function() { $(document).foundation('equalizer', 'reflow'); }); // fix the images that have tag height / width defined // otherwise the default foundation styles overwrite the tag definitions $("img").each(function() { if ($(this).attr('width') != undefined || $(this).attr('height') != undefined) { $(this).addClass("img-fixed"); } }); $("#basic_search, #advanced_search").submit(function(e) { var searchArguments = false; $(this).find("input,select").not("#search,.search-button").each(function() { if (undefined === $(this).val() || "" === $(this).val()) { $(this).attr('name', null); } else { $(this).attr('name'); searchArguments = true; } }); if (!searchArguments) { window.location = $(this).attr('action'); return false; } }); $(".hide-show-desktop-option").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); var parentDiv = $(this).closest("div"); $.ajax({ url: $(this).attr('href'), success: function(msg) { parentDiv.removeClass().hide(); } }); }); $(".generic-toggleable-header").click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass("active"); $(this).next(".generic-toggleable-content").toggleClass("active"); }); /* * handle whole row as a link if the row contains only one visible link */ $("table.new tr").hover(function() { if ($(this).find("td:visible a").length == 1) { $(this).addClass("single-link"); } }, function() { $(this).removeClass("single-link"); }); $("table.new:not(.table-of-tables)").on("click", "tr.single-link", function(e) { var target = $(e.target); if (!e.ctrlKey && !target.is("a")) { $(this).find("td:visible a")[0].click(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link", function(e) { if ($(this).closest("#basic_search").length > 0) { if ($(".search-container__advanced").first().is(":visible")) { openAdvanced() } } if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($(this).hasClass("active")) { $(this).removeClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").addClass("show-for-medium-up"); } else { $(this).addClass("active"); $(this).next(".custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content").removeClass("show-for-medium-up"); $(document).foundation('orbit', 'reflow'); } } if (undefined !== $(this).data("callback")) { var customCallback = $(this).data("callback"); func = window[customCallback]; func(); } }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-small-search", function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).toggleClass("active").closest(".tab-bar").toggleClass("active"); $(".search-container").toggleClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(document).on("click", ".js-open-menu", function(e) { $(".search-container").addClass("hide-for-small-down"); }); $(window).on('resize', function() { recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); }); updateSearchLabelVisibilities(); recalculate_main_browser_position(); recalculate_responsive_moving_containers(); if (window.document.documentMode == 11) { $("<link/>", { rel: "stylesheet", type: "text/css", href: "https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons"}).appendTo("head"); } }); function recalculate_main_browser_position() { if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-large-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-small-main-top-container")); } } else { if ($("#js-main-top-container").parent("#js-small-main-top-container").length > 0) { $("#js-main-top-container").appendTo($("#js-large-main-top-container")); } } } function recalculate_responsive_moving_containers() { $(".responsive-moving-container.large").each(function() { var previousParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.active[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); var movingContent = previousParent.html(); if (Foundation.utils.is_small_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.small[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else if (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only()) { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.medium[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } else { var currentParent = $(".responsive-moving-container.large[data-id='"+$(this).data("id")+"']"); } if (previousParent.attr("class") !== currentParent.attr("class")) { currentParent.html(movingContent); previousParent.html(); currentParent.addClass("active"); previousParent.removeClass("active"); } }); } // cookies allowed is checked from a) local storage and b) from server separately so that the footer bar doesn't // get included in the custom page caches function checkCookiesAllowed() { var cookiesEnabled = localStorage.getItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled"); if (null === cookiesEnabled) { $.ajax({ url: "/ajax_cookie_value/mdpi_cookies_accepted", success: function(data) { if (data.value) { localStorage.setItem("mdpi_cookies_enabled", true); checkDisplaySurvey(); } else { $(".js-allow-cookies").show(); } } }); } else { checkDisplaySurvey(); } } function checkDisplaySurvey() { } window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnAccept', function (e) { var CookieDate = new Date; if (Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { CookieDate.setFullYear(CookieDate.getFullYear() + 1); document.cookie = "mdpi_layout_type_v2=mobile; path=/; expires=" + CookieDate.toUTCString() + ";"; $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").css("display", "inline-block"); } }, false); window.addEventListener('CookiebotOnDecline', function (e) { if (!Cookiebot.consent.preferences) { $(".js-toggle-desktop-layout-link").hide(); if ("" === "desktop") { window.location = "/toggle_desktop_layout_cookie"; } } }, false); var hash = $(location).attr('hash'); if ("#share" === hash) { if (1 === $("#main-share-modal").length) { $('#main-share-modal').foundation('reveal', 'open'); } } </script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/lib.js?f8d3d71b3a772f9d?1732706938"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/mdpi.js?c267ce58392b15da?1732706938"></script> <script>var banners_url = 'https://serve.mdpi.com';</script> <script type='text/javascript' src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ifvisible.min.js?c621d19ecb761212?1732706938'></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/xmltohtml/affix.js?ac4ea55275297c15?1732706938"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/clipboard.min.js?3f3688138a1b9fc4?1732706938"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var helpFunctions = $(".middle-column__help__fixed"); var leftColumnAffix = $(".left-column__fixed"); var middleColumn = $("#middle-column"); var clone = null; helpFunctions.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return middleColumn.offset().top - 8 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 30 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 74 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); if (leftColumnAffix.length > 0) { clone = leftColumnAffix.clone(); clone.addClass("left-column__fixed__affix"); clone.insertBefore(leftColumnAffix); clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); clone.affix({ offset: { top: function() { return leftColumnAffix.offset().top - 30 - (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 50 : 0); }, bottom: function() { return $("#footer").innerHeight() + 92 + (Foundation.utils.is_medium_only() ? 0 : 0); } } }); } $(window).on("resize", function() { if (clone !== null) { clone.css('width', leftColumnAffix.outerWidth() + 50); } }); new ClipboardJS('.js-clipboard-copy'); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { // create the left hand menu dynamically from the content var items = $("#middle-column h1, #middle-column h2"); if ($("#dynamic-menu").length == 1 && items.length > 1) { // menu container div var div = $("div#dynamic-menu"); div.addClass("generic-item"); // menu header var header = $("<h2></h2>"); header.text("Menu"); div.append(header); // menu list var ul = $("<ul></ul>"); ul.addClass("side-menu-ul"); div.append(ul); // menu list items (create additional anchors for page) items.each(function() { var header_title = $(this).text(); var link_title = header_title.replace(/ |-/gi, "_").toLowerCase(); var li = $("<li></li>"); li.addClass("side-menu-li"); ul.append(li); var a = $("<a></a>"); a.html(header_title); a.prop("href", "#" + link_title); li.append(a); var a = $("<a></a>"); a.prop("name", link_title); $(this).prepend(a); }); div.append(ul); div.show(); } }); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/magnific-popup.min.css?04d343e036f8eecd?1732706938"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/css/jquery-ui-1.10.4.custom.min.css?80647d88647bf347?1732706938"> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/jquery-ui-1.13.2.min.js?1e2047978946a1d2?1732706938"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/magnific-popup.min.js?2be3d9e7dc569146?1732706938"></script> <script> var mainColumn1 = "#right-column"; var extendingReady = true; $(document).ready(function() { $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--grey", "" === $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-go").toggleClass("button--color", "" !== $("#journal-browser-volume").val()); $("#journal-browser-volume").change(function(e) { $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option').not('.volume-0').hide(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('.volume-' + $(this).val()).show(); $('#journal-browser-issue').find('option:first').prop('selected', 'selected'); $("#journal-browser-issue").trigger("chosen:updated"); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--grey', '' === $(this).val()); $('#journal-browser-go').toggleClass('button--color', '' !== $(this).val()); }); // add resize event for the window (to recalculate side column elements) // TODO: is it better to use resize end or resize here? $(window).on('resize', function() { mdpi_column_height_module.calculateColumnHeights(false, mainColumn1); }); $(".link-journal-menu").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("ul").toggleClass("active"); $("#social-media-links").toggle(); $("#journal-alerts").toggle(); }); $(".link-journal-browser").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $(this).find('span').toggle(); $(this).next("div").toggleClass('show-for-medium-up'); }); }); </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ie8/ie8.js?6eef8fcbc831f5bd?1732706938"></script> <script src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/assets/js/ie8/jquery.xdomainrequest.min.js?a945caca315782b0?1732706938"></script> <![endif]--> <!-- Twitter universal website tag code --> <script type="text/plain" data-cookieconsent="marketing"> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2pip'); twq('track','PageView'); </script> <!-- End Twitter universal website tag code --> <script>(function(){function c(){var b=a.contentDocument||a.contentWindow.document;if(b){var d=b.createElement('script');d.innerHTML="window.__CF$cv$params={r:'8e928dd3dc8949b4',t:'MTczMjcxNTA3OS4wMDAwMDA='};var a=document.createElement('script');a.nonce='';a.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/jsd/main.js';document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(a);";b.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(d)}}if(document.body){var a=document.createElement('iframe');a.height=1;a.width=1;a.style.position='absolute';a.style.top=0;a.style.left=0;a.style.border='none';a.style.visibility='hidden';document.body.appendChild(a);if('loading'!==document.readyState)c();else if(window.addEventListener)document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',c);else{var e=document.onreadystatechange||function(){};document.onreadystatechange=function(b){e(b);'loading'!==document.readyState&&(document.onreadystatechange=e,c())}}}})();</script></body> </html>