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Inducement prize contest - Wikipedia

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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&amp;q=%22Inducement+prize+contest%22">"Inducement prize contest"</a>&#160;–&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&amp;q=%22Inducement+prize+contest%22+-wikipedia&amp;tbs=ar:1">news</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&amp;q=%22Inducement+prize+contest%22&amp;tbs=bkt:s&amp;tbm=bks">newspapers</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22Inducement+prize+contest%22+-wikipedia">books</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Inducement+prize+contest%22">scholar</a>&#160;<b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Inducement+prize+contest%22&amp;acc=on&amp;wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>inducement prize contest</b> (<b>IPC</b>) is a competition that awards a cash prize for the accomplishment of a feat, usually of engineering. IPCs are typically designed to extend the limits of human ability. Some of the most famous IPCs include the <a href="/wiki/Longitude_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitude prize">Longitude prize</a> (1714–1765), the <a href="/wiki/Orteig_Prize" title="Orteig Prize">Orteig Prize</a> (1919–1927) and prizes from enterprises such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://challengeworks.org/">Challenge Works</a> and the <a href="/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="X Prize Foundation">X Prize Foundation</a>. </p><p>IPCs are distinct from recognition prizes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>, in that IPCs have prospectively defined criteria for what feat is to be achieved for winning the prize, while recognition prizes may be based on the beneficial effects of the feat. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inducement_prize_contest&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout history, there have been instances where IPCs were successfully utilized to push the boundaries of what would have been considered state-of-the-art at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-wp20140521_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp20140521-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Longitude Prize was a reward offered by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> government for a simple and practical method for the precise determination of a ship's <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>. The prize, established through an Act of Parliament (the <a href="/wiki/Longitude_Act" title="Longitude Act">Longitude Act</a>) in 1714, was administered by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Longitude" title="Board of Longitude">Board of Longitude</a>. Another example happened during the first years of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. The French government offered a hefty cash award of 12,000 francs to any inventor who could devise a cheap and effective method of preserving large amounts of food. The larger armies of the period required increased, regular supplies of quality food. Limited food availability was among the factors limiting military campaigns to the summer and autumn months. In 1809, a French confectioner and brewer, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Appert" title="Nicolas Appert">Nicolas Appert</a>, observed that food cooked inside a jar did not spoil unless the seals leaked, and developed a method of sealing food in glass jars.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The reason for lack of spoilage was unknown at the time, since it would be another 50 years before <a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> demonstrated the role of microbes in food spoilage. Yet another example is the Orteig Prize which was a $25,000 reward offered on May 19, 1919, by New York hotel owner <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Orteig" title="Raymond Orteig">Raymond Orteig</a> to the first allied aviator(s) to fly non-stop from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> or vice versa. On offer for five years, it attracted no competitors. Orteig renewed the offer for another five years in 1924 when the state of aviation technology had advanced to the point that numerous competitors vied for the prize. Several famous aviators made unsuccessful attempts at the New York–Paris flight before relatively unknown American <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> won the prize in 1927 in his <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">aircraft</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis" title="Spirit of St. Louis">Spirit of St. Louis</a></i>. </p><p>One of the leading organizations for IPCs is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://challengeworks.org/">Challenge Works</a>. This social enterprise, originating from <a href="/wiki/Nesta_(charity)" title="Nesta (charity)">Nesta (charity)</a>, uses IPCs, or 'Challenge Prizes', to catalyse innovative solutions to the world's largest problems. Their work includes the continuation of <a href="/wiki/Longitude_rewards" title="Longitude rewards">Longitude rewards</a>, for example, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dementia.longitudeprize.org/">Longitude Prize on Dementia</a>, which seeks to use <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a> and other emerging technologies to help those with dementia to manage their symptoms and live independently. Their work in social innovations revolves around 4 key pillars; Climate Response, <a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a>, Resilient Society and Technology Frontiers. They run a number of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://challengeworks.org/about-challenge-prizes/our-challenge-prizes/">inducement prizes</a> and continue to conduct research into <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://challengeworks.org/about-challenge-prizes/new-prize-ideas/">areas</a> where further innovations can make a positive difference. </p><p>Another organization which develops and manages IPCs is the X PRIZE Foundation. Its mission is to bring about "radical breakthroughs for the benefit of humanity" through incentivized competition. It fosters high-profile competitions that motivate individuals, companies and organizations across all disciplines to develop innovative ideas and technologies that help solve the grand challenges that restrict humanity's progress. The most high-profile X PRIZE to date was the <a href="/wiki/Ansari_X_PRIZE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansari X PRIZE">Ansari X PRIZE</a> relating to spacecraft development awarded in 2004. This prize was intended to inspire research and development into technology for space exploration. Indeed, the X Prize has inspired other "letter" named inducement prize competitions such as the <a href="/wiki/H-Prize" title="H-Prize">H-Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/N-Prize" title="N-Prize">N-Prize</a>, and so forth. In 2006, there was much interest in prizes for automotive achievement, such as the 250 <a href="/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_automobiles" title="Fuel economy in automobiles">mpg</a> car.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p><p>In Europe there has been a re-emergence of challenge prizes that following in the tradition of the Longitude Prize for solutions which impact on social problems. Nesta Challenges, based in London, is an example of this running prizes for innovations that for example reduce social isolation or make renewable energy generators accessible to off the grid refugees and returnees.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inducement_prize_contest&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some literature on the subject, it has been stated that well-designed IPCs can garner economic activity on the order of 10 to 20 times the amount of the prize face value.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_Policy">Public Policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inducement_prize_contest&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Public Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inducement prizes have a long history as a policy tool for promoting innovation and solving various technical and societal challenges. These prizes offer a compensation reward, which can be in the form of monetary or non-monetary benefits, and aim to engage diverse groups of actors to develop solutions with low barriers to entry.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The primary objectives of inducement prizes are to direct research efforts and incentivize the creation of desired technologies. </p><p>In recent years, national and regional policymakers have increasingly utilized inducement prizes to stimulate innovation. These prizes can be implemented at various territorial levels, such as supranational with H2020 prizes, national with the challenge.gov platform, or local with Tampere hackathons. Inducement prizes provide policy flexibility and a non-prescriptive approach that allows regional policymakers to also address specific societal challenges and concerns related to directionality, legitimacy, and responsibility<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>.Overall, inducement prizes can be an effective policy tool with a challenge-oriented approach for addressing diverse societal challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_IPCs">List of IPCs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inducement_prize_contest&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: List of IPCs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://challengeworks.org/challenge-prizes/afri-plastics-challenge-accelerating-growth/">Afri-Plastics Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_X_PRIZE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansari X PRIZE">Ansari X PRIZE</a> for Suborbital Spaceflight, won in 2004 by Scaled Composites <a href="/wiki/SpaceShipOne" title="SpaceShipOne">SpaceShipOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_X_PRIZE" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive X PRIZE">Automotive X PRIZE</a></li> <li>Alkali Prize for a process to turn salt into soda ash, won by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Leblanc" title="Nicolas Leblanc">Nicolas Leblanc</a> posthumously in the early 19th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_Preservation_Foundation#Prize" title="Brain Preservation Foundation">Brain Preservation Technology Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Prize">Brexit Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-BrexitPrize_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrexitPrize-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> – prize for British exit from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li>NASA's <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Challenges" title="Centennial Challenges">Centennial Challenges</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Clay_Mathematics_Institute" title="Clay Mathematics Institute">Clay Mathematics Institute</a> <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems" title="Millennium Prize Problems">Millennium Prize</a> will award to anyone who provides a solution to one of seven important mathematics problems, one was solved in 2003.</li> <li>Cornell Cup USA, presented by Intel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge" title="DARPA Grand Challenge">DARPA Grand Challenge</a></li> <li>Egg-Tech Prize by the Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research (FFAR); FFAR and the <a href="/wiki/Open_Philanthropy_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Philanthropy Project">Open Philanthropy Project</a> are offering $6 million in prizes to improve early detection of a chick’s sex during the egg production process<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Foresight_Institute_Feynman_Prize_in_Nanotechnology#Feynman_Grand_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Foresight Institute Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology">Feynman Grand Prize</a> offers $250,000 for a nano-scale robotic arm and computing device that demonstrate the feasibility of a nanotechnology assembler.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA2005_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA2005-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Security_Challenge" title="Global Security Challenge">Global Security Challenge</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://challengeworks.org/challenge-prizes/global-surgical-training-challenge/">Global Surgical Training Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Ground_Vehicle_Competition" title="Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition">Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kremer_prize" title="Kremer prize">Kremer prize</a> for man-powered aircraft, won in 1977 by the <a href="/wiki/MacCready_Gossamer_Condor" title="MacCready Gossamer Condor">MacCready Gossamer Condor</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L_Prize" title="L Prize">L Prize</a> is a US Department of Energy competition to increase efficiency of solid-state lighting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitude_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitude prize">Longitude prize</a> won in the 18th century by <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://challengeworks.org/challenge-prizes/the-longitude-prize-on-dementia/">Longitude Prize on Dementia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_Challenge" title="Lunar Lander Challenge">Lunar Lander Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah_Mouse_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Methuselah Mouse Prize">Methuselah Mouse Prize</a> or also known as the "M-Prize"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://challengeworks.org/challenge-prizes/mombasa-plastics-prize/">Mombasa Plastics Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montyon_Prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="Montyon Prizes">Montyon Prizes</a> established in 1820, a series of prizes awarded annually by the Académie française</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix_Prize" title="Netflix Prize">Netflix Prize</a> for predicting user's rankings of films significantly better than the company's method, won in 2009.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orteig_Prize" title="Orteig Prize">Orteig Prize</a> for a non-stop flight between New York and Paris, won by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> in 1927</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peugeot_Concours_Design" title="Peugeot Concours Design">Peugeot Concours Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize4Life" title="Prize4Life">Prize4Life</a> offers between $15,000 and $5 million in prize awards for medical discoveries that remove the largest barriers to finding a cure for ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricorder_X_Prize" title="Tricorder X Prize">Tricorder X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Earth_Challenge" title="Virgin Earth Challenge">Virgin Earth Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfskehl" title="Paul Wolfskehl">Wolfskehl Prize</a> for proving <a href="/wiki/Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem" title="Fermat&#39;s Last Theorem">Fermat's Last Theorem</a>, won by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> in 1997</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inducement_prize_contest&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_challenge_awards" title="List of challenge awards">List of challenge awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Challenges" title="Grand Challenges">Grand Challenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaggle" title="Kaggle">Kaggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InnoCentive" title="InnoCentive">InnoCentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="X Prize Foundation">X Prize Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes as an alternative to patents</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inducement_prize_contest&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wp20140521-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wp20140521_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWadhwa2014" class="citation news cs1">Wadhwa, Vivek (21 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/innovations/wp/2014/05/21/the-powerful-role-of-incentive-competitions-to-spur-innovation/">"The powerful role of incentive competitions to spur innovation"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&amp;rft.atitle=The+powerful+role+of+incentive+competitions+to+spur+innovation&amp;rft.date=2014-05-21&amp;rft.aulast=Wadhwa&amp;rft.aufirst=Vivek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Finnovations%2Fwp%2F2014%2F05%2F21%2Fthe-powerful-role-of-incentive-competitions-to-spur-innovation%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInducement+prize+contest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appert-aina.com">"Association Internationale Nicolas Appert"</a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Association+Internationale+Nicolas+Appert&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.appert-aina.com&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInducement+prize+contest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nesta.org.uk/areas_of_work/challengeprizes">Centre for Challenge Prizes</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Heidi (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/pam.21638">"Innovation Inducement Prizes: Connecting Research to Policy"</a>. <i>Journal of Policy Analysis and Management</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 752–776. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpam.21638">10.1002/pam.21638</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1%2F85845">1721.1/85845</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9003808">9003808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+Analysis+and+Management&amp;rft.atitle=Innovation+Inducement+Prizes%3A+Connecting+Research+to+Policy&amp;rft.volume=31&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=752-776&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1721.1%2F85845&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9003808%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpam.21638&amp;rft.aulast=Williams&amp;rft.aufirst=Heidi&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1002%2Fpam.21638&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInducement+prize+contest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorissonLiotardRevest2023" class="citation journal cs1">Morisson, Arnault; Liotard, Isabelle; Revest, Valérie (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu15043240">"Small Wins through Inducement Prizes: Introducing Challenge-Oriented Regional Prizes (CORP)"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 3240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu15043240">10.3390/su15043240</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sustainability&amp;rft.atitle=Small+Wins+through+Inducement+Prizes%3A+Introducing+Challenge-Oriented+Regional+Prizes+%28CORP%29&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=3240&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu15043240&amp;rft.aulast=Morisson&amp;rft.aufirst=Arnault&amp;rft.au=Liotard%2C+Isabelle&amp;rft.au=Revest%2C+Val%C3%A9rie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu15043240&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInducement+prize+contest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorissonLiotardRevest2023" class="citation journal cs1">Morisson, Arnault; Liotard, Isabelle; Revest, Valérie (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu15043240">"Small Wins through Inducement Prizes: Introducing Challenge-Oriented Regional Prizes (CORP)"</a>. <i>Sustainability</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 3240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu15043240">10.3390/su15043240</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Sustainability&amp;rft.atitle=Small+Wins+through+Inducement+Prizes%3A+Introducing+Challenge-Oriented+Regional+Prizes+%28CORP%29&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=3240&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu15043240&amp;rft.aulast=Morisson&amp;rft.aufirst=Arnault&amp;rft.au=Liotard%2C+Isabelle&amp;rft.au=Revest%2C+Val%C3%A9rie&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu15043240&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInducement+prize+contest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrexitPrize-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrexitPrize_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23322122">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Brexit': IEA offers prize for UK exit plan from EU"</a>. <i>British Broadcasting Corporation</i>. 15 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&amp;rft.atitle=%27Brexit%27%3A+IEA+offers+prize+for+UK+exit+plan+from+EU&amp;rft.date=2013-07-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-23322122&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInducement+prize+contest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foundationfar.org/2019/03/20/egg-tech-prize-opportunity-to-revolutionize-egg-production-improve-animal-welfare-and-save-billions/">"Egg-Tech Prize Opportunity to Revolutionize Egg Production, Improve Animal Welfare and Save Billions"</a>. <i>Foundation for Food and Agriculture Research</i>. 2019-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Food+and+Agriculture+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Egg-Tech+Prize+Opportunity+to+Revolutionize+Egg+Production%2C+Improve+Animal+Welfare+and+Save+Billions&amp;rft.date=2019-03-20&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoundationfar.org%2F2019%2F03%2F20%2Fegg-tech-prize-opportunity-to-revolutionize-egg-production-improve-animal-welfare-and-save-billions%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInducement+prize+contest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA2005-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA2005_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidian2005" class="citation journal cs1">Davidian, Ken (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519032658/http://sci.esa.int/Conferences/ILC2005/Manuscripts/DavidianK-01-DOC.pdf">"Prize Competitions and NASA's Centennial Challenges Program"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Lunar Conference</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.esa.int/Conferences/ILC2005/Manuscripts/DavidianK-01-DOC.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-05-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=International+Lunar+Conference&amp;rft.atitle=Prize+Competitions+and+NASA%27s+Centennial+Challenges+Program&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.aulast=Davidian&amp;rft.aufirst=Ken&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsci.esa.int%2FConferences%2FILC2005%2FManuscripts%2FDavidianK-01-DOC.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInducement+prize+contest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inducement_prize_contest&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Social%20Sector/Our%20Insights/And%20the%20winner%20is%20Philanthropists%20and%20governments%20make%20prizes%20count/And-the-winner-is-Philanthropists-and-governments-make-prizes-count.ashx">"And the winner is ..."</a>(for the list of all inducement prizes above 100,000 USD, see p.94-108) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225031116/https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Industries/Social%20Sector/Our%20Insights/And%20the%20winner%20is%20Philanthropists%20and%20governments%20make%20prizes%20count/And-the-winner-is-Philanthropists-and-governments-make-prizes-count.ashx">Archived</a> 2018-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://keionline.org/content/view/157/1">Extensive list of historical inducement prizes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053847/http://keionline.org/content/view/157/1">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nesta.org.uk/news/guide-historical-challenge-prizes">A Guide to historical challenge prizes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914070355/http://www.nesta.org.uk/news/guide-historical-challenge-prizes">Archived</a> 2015-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/4/3240#B32-sustainability-15-03240">challenge-oriented regional prizes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://challenge.gov/">challenge.gov</a> - A list of current U.S. government contests</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Active_inducement_prize_contests" title="Template:Active inducement prize contests"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Active_inducement_prize_contests" title="Template talk:Active inducement prize contests"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Active_inducement_prize_contests" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Active inducement prize contests"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Active_inducement_prize_contests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Active <a class="mw-selflink selflink">inducement prize contests</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_engineering_awards" title="Category:Science and engineering awards">Science and engineering awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Challenge_awards" title="Category:Challenge awards">Challenge awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invention_awards" title="Category:Invention awards">Invention awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biology and medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-prize" class="mw-redirect" title="M-prize">M-prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize4Life" title="Prize4Life">Prize4Life</a></li></ul> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Competitions_and_prizes_in_biotechnology" title="Competitions and prizes in biotechnology">Competitions and prizes in biotechnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Challenges" title="Centennial Challenges">Centennial Challenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Prize" title="N-Prize">N-Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Robotics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi_Autonomous_Ground-robotic_International_Challenge" title="Multi Autonomous Ground-robotic International Challenge">MAGIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromouse" title="Micromouse">Micromouse Contest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboCup" title="RoboCup">RoboCup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Aerial_Robotics_Competition" title="International Aerial Robotics Competition">IARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UAV_Outback_Challenge" title="UAV Outback Challenge">UAV Outback Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Ground_Vehicle_Competition" title="Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition">IGVC challenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARPA_Grand_Challenge" title="DARPA Grand Challenge">DARPA Grand Challenge</a></li></ul> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Robot_competition" title="Robot competition">Robot competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation#2021_Gigaton_Scale_Carbon_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="X Prize Foundation">Gigaton Scale Carbon Removal X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_Institute_Feynman_Prize_in_Nanotechnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Foresight Institute Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology">Feynman Grand Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Prize_Problems" title="Millennium Prize Problems">Millennium Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erd%C5%91s_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Erdős problems">Erdős problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutter_Prize" title="Hutter Prize">Hutter Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_challenge_awards" title="List of challenge awards">List of challenge awards</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐85fc59d95f‐5vmrh Cached time: 20241114042616 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.333 seconds Real time usage: 0.413 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1089/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 44540/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1317/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 12/100 Expensive parser function count: 4/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 40071/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.227/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 5154678/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 369.672 1 -total 36.89% 136.383 1 Template:Reflist 25.16% 93.009 1 Template:Active_inducement_prize_contests 24.80% 91.684 2 Template:Navbox 23.31% 86.164 2 Template:Cite_news 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Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inducement_prize_contest&amp;oldid=1212895615">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inducement_prize_contest&amp;oldid=1212895615</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Engineering_awards" title="Category:Engineering awards">Engineering awards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Challenge_awards" title="Category:Challenge awards">Challenge awards</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2011" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2011">Articles needing additional references from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 10 March 2024, at 02:24<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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