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href="#List_of_awardees_by_amount"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>List of awardees by amount</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_awardees_by_amount-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_submissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_submissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Other submissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_submissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Harrison's_contested_reward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Harrison's_contested_reward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>John Harrison's contested reward</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Harrison's_contested_reward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the inducement prize contest established in 2014, see <a href="/wiki/Longitude_Prize" title="Longitude Prize">Longitude Prize</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Longitude_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Longitude_%28PSF%29.png/220px-Longitude_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Longitude_%28PSF%29.png/330px-Longitude_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Longitude_%28PSF%29.png/440px-Longitude_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Longitude lines on the globe</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>longitude rewards</b> were the system of <a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">inducement prizes</a> offered by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> government for a simple and practical method for the precise determination of a ship's <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> at sea. The prizes, established through an Act of Parliament (the <a href="/wiki/Longitude_Act" title="Longitude Act">Longitude Act</a>) in 1714, were administered by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Longitude" title="Board of Longitude">Board of Longitude</a>. </p><p>This was by no means the first reward to be offered to solve this problem. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> offered one in 1567, <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a> in 1598 offered 6,000 ducats and a pension,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands" title="States General of the Netherlands">States General of the Netherlands</a> offered 10,000 florins shortly after.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1675 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> wanted to apply for a £1,000 reward in England for his invention of a spring-regulated watch.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these large sums were never won, though several people were awarded smaller amounts for significant achievements. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background:_the_longitude_problem">Background: the longitude problem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background: the longitude problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_longitude" title="History of longitude">History of longitude</a></div> <p>The measurement of longitude was a problem that came into sharp focus as people began making transoceanic voyages. Determining <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> was relatively easy in that it could be found from the altitude of the sun at noon with the aid of a table giving the sun's <a href="/wiki/Declination#Sun" title="Declination">declination</a> for the day.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For longitude, early ocean navigators had to rely on <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead reckoning</a>, based on calculations of the vessel's heading and speed for a given time (much of which was based on intuition on the part of the master and/or navigator). This was inaccurate on long voyages out of sight of land, and these voyages sometimes ended in tragedy. An accurate determination of longitude was also necessary to determine the proper "<a href="/wiki/Magnetic_declination" title="Magnetic declination">magnetic declination</a>", that is, the difference between indicated magnetic north and true north, which can differ by up to 10 degrees in the important trade latitudes of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Finding an adequate solution to determining longitude at sea was therefore of paramount importance. </p><p>The Longitude Act only addressed the determination of longitude at sea. Determining longitude reasonably accurately on land was possible, from the 17th century onwards, <a href="/wiki/History_of_longitude#Satellites_of_Jupiter" title="History of longitude">using the Galilean moons of Jupiter</a> as an astronomical 'clock'. The moons were easily observable on land, but numerous attempts to reliably observe them from the deck of a ship resulted in failure. </p><p>The need for better navigational accuracy for increasingly longer oceanic voyages had been an issue explored by many European nations for centuries before the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Longitude_Act" title="Longitude Act">Longitude Act</a> in England in 1714. Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands offered financial incentives for solutions to the problem of <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a> as early as 1598.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrewes_1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrewes_1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Addressing the problem of longitude fell, primarily, into three categories: terrestrial, celestial, and mechanical.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrewes_1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrewes_1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This included detailed atlases, lunar charts, and timekeeping mechanisms at sea. It is postulated by scholars that the economic gains and political power to be had in oceanic exploration, and not scientific and technological curiosity, is what resulted in the swift passing of the <a href="/wiki/Longitude_Act" title="Longitude Act">Longitude Act</a> of 1714 and the largest and most famous reward, the Longitude Prize being offered.<sup id="cite_ref-Knowles_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowles-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishing_the_prizes">Establishing the prizes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishing the prizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1700s, a series of maritime disasters occurred, including the wrecking of a squadron of naval vessels on the <a href="/wiki/Scilly_naval_disaster_of_1707" title="Scilly naval disaster of 1707">Isles of Scilly in 1707</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stimson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stimson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, mathematician Thomas Axe decreed in his will that a £1,000 prize be awarded for promising research into finding "true longitude" and that annual sums be paid to scholars involved in making corrected world maps.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1713, when the longitude proposal of <a href="/wiki/William_Whiston" title="William Whiston">William Whiston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Ditton" class="mw-redirect" title="Humphrey Ditton">Humphrey Ditton</a> was presented at the opening of the session of Parliament, a general understanding of the longitude problem prompted the formation of a parliamentary committee and the swift passing of the Longitude Act on July 8, 1714.<sup id="cite_ref-Turner_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turner-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this act are detailed three prizes based on levels of accuracy, which are the same accuracy requirements used for the Axe prize, set by Whiston and Ditton in their petition, and recommended by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Isaac_Newton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Isaac Newton">Sir Isaac Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Halley">Edmund Halley</a> to the parliamentary committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel_1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel_1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>£10,000 (equivalent to £1.83 million in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for a method that could determine longitude within 1 <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree of arc">degree</a> (equivalent to 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) at the equator).</li> <li>£15,000 (equivalent to £2.74 million in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for a method that could determine longitude within 40 <a href="/wiki/Minutes_of_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Minutes of arc">minutes</a>.</li> <li>£20,000 (equivalent to £3.65 million in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for a method that could determine longitude within 30 minutes.</li></ul> <p>In addition, rewards were on offer for those who could produce a method that worked within 80 geographical miles of the coast (where ships would be in most danger), and for those with promising ideas who needed financial help to bring them to trial. </p><p>Proposed methods would be tested by sailing through the ocean, from Britain to any port in West Indies (about six weeks) without losing its longitude beyond the limits listed above. Also, the contender would be required to demonstrate the accuracy of their method by determining the longitude of a specific land-based feature whose longitude was already accurately known. The parliamentary committee also established the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Longitude" title="Board of Longitude">Board of Longitude</a>. This panel of adjudicators would review proposed solutions and were also given authority to grant up to £2,000 in advances for promising projects that did not entirely fulfill the terms of the prize levels, but that were still found worthy of encouragement.<sup id="cite_ref-Stimson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stimson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exact terms of the requirements for the prizes would later be contended by several recipients, including John Harrison. Ultimately, the £20,000 reward was not awarded to anyone in a lump sum, although <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a> did receive a series of payments totaling £23,065.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrewes_2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrewes_2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Longitude" title="Board of Longitude">Board of Longitude</a> remained in existence for more than 100 years. When it was officially disbanded in 1828, an excess of £100,000 had been disbursed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel_1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel_1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_recipients">Notable recipients</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable recipients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Longitude Act offered a very large incentive for solutions to the longitude problem. Some later recipients of rewards, such as Euler and Mayer, made clear publicly that the money was not the incentive, but instead the important improvements to navigation and cartography. Other recipients, such as Kendall and Harrison had to appeal to the Board of Longitude and other governmental officials for adequate compensation for their work. Still others submitted radical and impractical theories, some of which can be seen in a collection at Harvard’s <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Library" title="Houghton Library">Houghton Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gingerich_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gingerich-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schemes and ideas for improvements to instruments and astronomy, both practical and impractical, can be seen among the digitised archives of the Board of Longitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Papers_of_the_Board_of_Longitude_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papers_of_the_Board_of_Longitude-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Board of Longitude did not award £20,000 at one time, they did offer sums to various individuals in recognition of their work for improvements in instrumentation or in published atlases and star charts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_awardees_by_amount">List of awardees by amount</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: List of awardees by amount"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a> – £23,065 awarded overall after <a href="#John_Harrison's_contested_reward">many years of contention with the Board</a> ending in 1773.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mudge_(horologist)" title="Thomas Mudge (horologist)">Thomas Mudge</a> – £500 advance in 1777 for developing his <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine timekeeper</a> and a £3,000 award approved by a special committee in 1793 in recognition for his accomplishments.<sup id="cite_ref-Betts_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Mayer" title="Tobias Mayer">Tobias Mayer</a> – £3,000 awarded to his widow for <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">lunar distance tables</a>, which were published in The National Almanac in 1766 and used by <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in his voyages.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruyns_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruyns-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Earnshaw" title="Thomas Earnshaw">Thomas Earnshaw</a> – £3,000 awarded for years of design and improvements made to chronometers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel_2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel_2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mason" title="Charles Mason">Charles Mason</a> – £1,317 awarded for various contributions and improvements on Mayer’s lunar tables.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel_2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel_2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larcum_Kendall" title="Larcum Kendall">Larcum Kendall</a> – £800 total for his copy of and improvements and simplifications of Harrison’s <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometers" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine chronometers">sea watch</a> (£500 for K1 – Kendall’s copy of Harrison’s H4, £200 for modified K2, and £100 for last modification model K3).<sup id="cite_ref-Betts_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Ramsden" title="Jesse Ramsden">Jesse Ramsden</a> – £615 awarded for his engine-divided <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a> with the requirement that he share his methods and the design with other instrument makers.<sup id="cite_ref-Stimson_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stimson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arnold_(watchmaker)" title="John Arnold (watchmaker)">John Arnold</a> – £300 awarded in increments to improve his timekeeping design and experiments, though the accuracy required for the prize was never met.<sup id="cite_ref-Betts_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Betts-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> – £300 awarded for contributions to the lunar distance method in aid of Mayer.</li> <li>Nathaniel Davies – £300 awarded for the design of a lunar telescope for Mayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel_2_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel_2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A full list of prizes made by the Commissioners and Board of Longitude was drawn up by Derek Howse, in an Appendix to his article on the finances of the Board of Longitude.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_submissions">Other submissions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other submissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only two women are known to have submitted proposals to the Longitude Commissioners, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Johnson_(pamphleteer)" title="Elizabeth Johnson (pamphleteer)">Elizabeth Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Squire" title="Jane Squire">Jane Squire</a>. Incoming submissions can be found among the correspondence of the digitised papers of the Board of Longitude.<sup id="cite_ref-Papers_of_the_Board_of_Longitude_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papers_of_the_Board_of_Longitude-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="John_Harrison's_contested_reward"><span id="John_Harrison.27s_contested_reward"></span>John Harrison's contested reward</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: John Harrison's contested reward"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The winner of the most reward money under the Longitude Act is <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison" title="John Harrison">John Harrison</a> for sea timekeepers, including his <a href="/wiki/John_Harrison#H4" title="John Harrison">H4</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">sea watch</a>. Harrison was 21 years old when the Longitude Act was passed. He spent the next 45 years perfecting the design of his timekeepers. He first received a reward from the Commissioners of Longitude in 1737 and did not receive his final payment until he was 80.<sup id="cite_ref-Quill_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quill-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harrison was first awarded £250 in 1737, in order to improve on his promising H1 sea clock, leading to the construction of H2. £2,000 was rewarded over the span of 1741–1755 for continued construction and completion of H2 and H3. From 1760 to 1765, Harrison received £2,865 for various expenses related to the construction, ocean trials, and eventual award for the performance of his sea watch H4.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobel_1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobel_1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the performance of the H4 exceeding the accuracy requirement of the highest reward possible in the original <a href="/wiki/Longitude_Act" title="Longitude Act">Longitude Act</a>, Harrison was rewarded £7,500 (that is, £10,000 minus payments he had received in 1762 and 1764) once he had revealed the method of making his device, and was told that he must show that his single machine could be replicated before the final £10,000 could be paid.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrewes_2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrewes_2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harrison made one rather than the requested two further copies of H4, and he and his family members eventually appealed to <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a> after petitions for further rewards were not answered by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Longitude" title="Board of Longitude">Board of Longitude</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quill_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quill-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reward of £8,750 was granted by Parliament in 1773 for a total payment of £23,065 spanning thirty-six years.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrewes_2_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrewes_2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Longitude_rewards" title="Special:EditPage/Longitude rewards">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_T._Gould" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupert T. Gould">Rupert T. Gould</a>'s 1923 <i>The Marine Chronometer</i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907462057" title="Special:BookSources/0907462057">0907462057</a>) is a thorough reference work on the marine chronometer. It covers the chronometer's history from the earliest attempts to measure longitude, while including detailed discussions and illustrations of the various mechanisms and their inventors.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dava_Sobel" title="Dava Sobel">Dava Sobel</a>'s 1996 bestseller <i><a href="/wiki/Longitude_(book)" title="Longitude (book)">Longitude</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-025879-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-025879-5">0-14-025879-5</a>) recounts Harrison's story. A film adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/Longitude_(TV_serial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitude (TV serial)">Longitude</a></i> was released by <a href="/wiki/Granada_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Productions">Granada Productions</a> and <a href="/wiki/A%26E_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="A&E Network">A&E</a> in 2000, starring <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gambon" title="Michael Gambon">Michael Gambon</a> as Harrison and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Irons" title="Jeremy Irons">Jeremy Irons</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Gould" title="Rupert Gould">Rupert Gould</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Island_of_the_Day_Before" title="The Island of the Day Before">The Island of the Day Before</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%E2%80%99s_Travels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulliver’s Travels">Gulliver’s Travels</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_longitude" title="History of longitude">History of longitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevil_Maskelyne" title="Nevil Maskelyne">Nevil Maskelyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">Lunar distance (navigation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celatone" title="Celatone">Celatone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitude_Prize" title="Longitude Prize">Longitude Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_engineering_awards" title="List of engineering awards">List of engineering awards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson1997" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J J; Robertson, E F (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PrintHT/Longitude1.html">"Longitude and the Académie Royale"</a>. MacTutor History of Mathematics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Longitude+and+the+Acad%C3%A9mie+Royale&rft.pub=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J+J&rft.au=Robertson%2C+E+F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FPrintHT%2FLongitude1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1950" class="citation book cs1">Bell, A.E. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/christianhuygens029504mbp#page/n41"><i>The Life of Christian Huygens</i></a>. Edward Arnold, London. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Christian+Huygens&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold%2C+London&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fchristianhuygens029504mbp%23page%2Fn41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInwood2002" class="citation book cs1">Inwood, Stephen (2002). <i>The Man Who Knew Too Much</i>. Macmillan. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Knew+Too+Much&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Inwood&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latitude can also be determined in the Northern Hemisphere from the angle above the horizon of <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a>, the northern <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a>. However, since Polaris is not precisely at the pole, it can only estimate the latitude unless the precise time is known or many measurements are made over time. While many measurements can be made on land, this makes it impractical for determining latitude at sea.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrewes_1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrewes_1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrewes_1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewes1996" class="citation journal cs1">Andrewes, William J.H. (1996). "Introduction". <i>The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium</i>: 1–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quest+for+Longitude%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+Longitude+Symposium&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Andrewes&rft.aufirst=William+J.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knowles-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knowles_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1996" class="citation journal cs1">Knowles, Jeremy R (1996). "Opening Address at the Longitude Symposium". <i>The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium</i>: 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quest+for+Longitude%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+Longitude+Symposium&rft.atitle=Opening+Address+at+the+Longitude+Symposium&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=Jeremy+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stimson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stimson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stimson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stimson_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStimson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Stimson, Alan (1996). "The Longitude Problem: The Navigator's Story". <i>The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium</i>: 71–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quest+for+Longitude%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+Longitude+Symposium&rft.atitle=The+Longitude+Problem%3A+The+Navigator%27s+Story&rft.pages=71-84&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Stimson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turner-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turner_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1996" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, A. J. (1996). "In the Wake of the Act, but Mainly Before". <i>The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium</i>: 115–132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quest+for+Longitude%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+Longitude+Symposium&rft.atitle=In+the+Wake+of+the+Act%2C+but+Mainly+Before&rft.pages=115-132&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sobel_1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sobel_1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobel_1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobel_1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel1995" class="citation book cs1">Sobel, Dava (1995). <i>The Illustrated Longitude</i>. New York: Walker and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Longitude&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+and+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Dava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UK-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UK_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UK <a href="/wiki/Retail_Price_Index" title="Retail Price Index">Retail Price Index</a> inflation figures are based on data from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Gregory (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/">"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=The+Annual+RPI+and+Average+Earnings+for+Britain%2C+1209+to+Present+%28New+Series%29&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeasuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukearncpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrewes_2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrewes_2_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrewes_2_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrewes_2_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewes1996" class="citation journal cs1">Andrewes, William J. H. (1996). "Even Newton Could Be Wrong: The Story of Harrison's First Three Sea Clocks". <i>The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium</i>: 189–234.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quest+for+Longitude%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+Longitude+Symposium&rft.atitle=Even+Newton+Could+Be+Wrong%3A+The+Story+of+Harrison%27s+First+Three+Sea+Clocks&rft.pages=189-234&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Andrewes&rft.aufirst=William+J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowse1998" class="citation web cs1">Howse, Derek (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.rmg.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2013/03/howse.pdf">"Britain's Board of Longitude: The Finances"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mariner's Mirror<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Board+of+Longitude%3A+The+Finances&rft.pub=Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Howse&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.rmg.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F5%2F2013%2F03%2Fhowse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gingerich-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gingerich_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingerich1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gingerich, Owen (1996). "Cranks and opportunists: "Nutty" solutions to the longitude problem". <i>The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium</i>: 134–148. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996long.symp..134G">1996long.symp..134G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quest+for+Longitude%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+Longitude+Symposium&rft.atitle=Cranks+and+opportunists%3A+%22Nutty%22+solutions+to+the+longitude+problem&rft.pages=134-148&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996long.symp..134G&rft.aulast=Gingerich&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papers_of_the_Board_of_Longitude-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Papers_of_the_Board_of_Longitude_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Papers_of_the_Board_of_Longitude_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/rgo14">"Papers of the Board of Longitude"</a>. <i>Cambridge Digital Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Papers+of+the+Board+of+Longitude&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcudl.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Frgo14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Betts-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Betts_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Betts_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Betts_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetts1996" class="citation journal cs1">Betts, Jonathan (1996). "Arnold and Earnshaw: The Practicable Solution". <i>The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitude Symposium</i>: 311–330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quest+for+Longitude%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+Longitude+Symposium&rft.atitle=Arnold+and+Earnshaw%3A+The+Practicable+Solution&rft.pages=311-330&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Betts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruyns-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruyns_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruyns1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bruyns, W.F.J. Morzer (1996). "Navigation". <i>The Quest for Longitude: The Proceedings of the Longitudinal Symposium</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quest+for+Longitude%3A+The+Proceedings+of+the+Longitudinal+Symposium&rft.atitle=Navigation&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bruyns&rft.aufirst=W.F.J.+Morzer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sobel_2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sobel_2_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobel_2_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sobel_2_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel1995" class="citation book cs1">Sobel, Dava (1995). <i>Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time</i>. New York: Walker and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longitude%3A+The+True+Story+of+a+Lone+Genius+Who+Solved+the+Greatest+Scientific+Problem+of+His+Time&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+and+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Dava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowse" class="citation web cs1">Howse, Derek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.rmg.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2013/03/howse.pdf">"Britain's Board of Longitude: The Finances, 1714–1828"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mariner's Mirror (1998)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Board+of+Longitude%3A+The+Finances%2C+1714%E2%80%931828&rft.pub=Mariner%27s+Mirror+%281998%29&rft.aulast=Howse&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.rmg.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F5%2F2013%2F03%2Fhowse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quill-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quill_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quill_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuill1966" class="citation book cs1">Quill, Humphrey (1966). <i>John Harrison: The Man who found Longitude</i>. London: John Baker Publishers. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1966jhmw.book.....Q">1966jhmw.book.....Q</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Harrison%3A+The+Man+who+found+Longitude&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Baker+Publishers&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1966jhmw.book.....Q&rft.aulast=Quill&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunnHiggitt2014" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Richard; Higgitt, Rebekah (2014). <i>Finding longitude: how clocks and stars helped solve the longitude problem</i>. Glasgow: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780007525867" title="Special:BookSources/9780007525867"><bdi>9780007525867</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+longitude%3A+how+clocks+and+stars+helped+solve+the+longitude+problem&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780007525867&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Higgitt%2C+Rebekah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALongitude+rewards" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/john-harrison-longitude-ch4-clock-marine-timekeeper">Royal Observatory Greenwich: <i>John Harrison and the Longitude Problem</i> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/longitude/">Nova Online: <i>Lost at Sea, the Search for Longitude</i> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/longitude">Board of Longitude Collection, Cambridge Digital Library </a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&oldid=1246253921">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Longitude_rewards&oldid=1246253921</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_navigation" title="Category:History of navigation">History of navigation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Challenge_awards" title="Category:Challenge awards">Challenge awards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horology" title="Category:Horology">Horology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1714_establishments_in_Great_Britain" title="Category:1714 establishments in Great Britain">1714 establishments in Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crowdsourcing" title="Category:Crowdsourcing">Crowdsourcing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from July 2021">Articles needing additional references from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 September 2024, at 21:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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