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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_domain_by_medium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_domain_by_medium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Public domain by medium</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Public_domain_by_medium-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Public domain by medium subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Public_domain_by_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_derivative_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_derivative_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relationship with derivative works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_derivative_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with derivative works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_derivative_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rights_in_public_domain_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights_in_public_domain_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Rights in public domain reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights_in_public_domain_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perpetual_copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perpetual_copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Perpetual copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perpetual_copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_domain_mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_domain_mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Public domain mark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_domain_mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_to_copyrightable_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_to_copyrightable_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Application to copyrightable works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Application_to_copyrightable_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Application to copyrightable works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Application_to_copyrightable_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_not_covered_by_copyright_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_not_covered_by_copyright_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Works not covered by copyright law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_not_covered_by_copyright_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expiration_of_copyright" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expiration_of_copyright"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Expiration of copyright</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expiration_of_copyright-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Government works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedicating_works_to_the_public_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedicating_works_to_the_public_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Dedicating works to the public domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedicating_works_to_the_public_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Release_without_copyright_notice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Release_without_copyright_notice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Release without copyright notice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_without_copyright_notice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public-domain-like_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public-domain-like_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.2</span> <span>Public-domain-like licenses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public-domain-like_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trademarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trademarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Trademarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_Domain_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_Domain_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Public Domain Day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_Domain_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Public domain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publieke_domein" title="Publieke domein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Publieke domein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinfreiheit" title="Gemeinfreiheit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gemeinfreiheit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ملكية عامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ملكية عامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="ৰাজহুৱা ক্ষেত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাজহুৱা ক্ষেত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominiu_p%C3%BAblicu" title="Dominiu públicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dominiu públicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ctimai_m%C3%BClkiyy%C9%99t" title="İctimai mülkiyyət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İctimai mülkiyyət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="পাবলিক ডোমেইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাবলিক ডোমেইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Грамадскі набытак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Грамадскі набытак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Грамадзкі набытак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Грамадзкі набытак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Обществено достояние – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обществено достояние" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmoafreiheit" title="Gmoafreiheit – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gmoafreiheit" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javno_vlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Javno vlasništvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Javno vlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domini_p%C3%BAblic" title="Domini públic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Domini públic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominyong_publiko" title="Dominyong publiko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dominyong publiko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voln%C3%A9_d%C3%ADlo" title="Volné dílo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volné dílo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parth_cyhoeddus" title="Parth cyhoeddus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Parth cyhoeddus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentligt_dom%C3%A6ne" title="Offentligt domæne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Offentligt domæne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinfreiheit" title="Gemeinfreiheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeinfreiheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalik_omand" title="Avalik omand – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Avalik omand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κοινό κτήμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινό κτήμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_p%C3%BAblico" title="Dominio público – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominio público" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_hava%C4%B5o" title="Publika havaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Publika havaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabari_publiko" title="Jabari publiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jabari publiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="مالکیت عمومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مالکیت عمومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almenn_ogn" title="Almenn ogn – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Almenn ogn" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_public_(propri%C3%A9t%C3%A9_intellectuelle)" title="Domaine public (propriété intellectuelle) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Domaine public (propriété intellectuelle)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_fearann_poibl%C3%AD" title="An fearann poiblí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An fearann poiblí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_p%C3%BAblico" title="Dominio público – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dominio público" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95_%E0%AA%A1%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8" title="પબ્લિક ડોમેન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પબ્લિક ડોમેન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8D%BC%EB%B8%94%EB%A6%AD_%EB%8F%84%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B8" title="퍼블릭 도메인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퍼블릭 도메인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հանրության սեփականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանրության սեփականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सार्वजनिक डोमेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सार्वजनिक डोमेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javno_vlasni%C5%A1tvo" title="Javno vlasništvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Javno vlasništvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publika_domeno" title="Publika domeno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Publika domeno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Public domain" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_a_publiko" title="Dominio a publiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dominio a publiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_publik" title="Domain publik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Domain publik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_public" title="Dominio public – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dominio public" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almenningur_(hugverk)" title="Almenningur (hugverk) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Almenningur (hugverk)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pubblico_dominio" title="Pubblico dominio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pubblico dominio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8" title="רשות הציבור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשות הציבור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhomain_publik" title="Dhomain publik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhomain publik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A7%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="საყოველთაო საკუთრება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საყოველთაო საკუთრება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkiyeta_gi%C5%9Ft%C3%AE" title="Milkiyeta giştî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Milkiyeta giştî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ສາທາລະນະສົມບັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສາທາລະນະສົມບັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neaizsarg%C4%81jams_darbs" title="Neaizsargājams darbs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neaizsargājams darbs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_public" title="Domaine public – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Domaine public" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vie%C5%A1o_naudojimo_k%C5%ABrinys" title="Viešo naudojimo kūrinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Viešo naudojimo kūrinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publiek_domein" title="Publiek domein – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Publiek domein" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zkincs" title="Közkincs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közkincs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Јавна сопственост – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јавна сопственост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പൊതുസഞ്ചയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൊതുസഞ്ചയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="सार्वजनिक अधिक्षेत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सार्वजनिक अधिक्षेत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ملكية عامة – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملكية عامة" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_awam" title="Domain awam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Domain awam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publiek_domein" title="Publiek domein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Publiek domein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pebliek_domein" title="Pebliek domein – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Pebliek domein" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="パブリックドメイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パブリックドメイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentlig_eiendom" title="Offentlig eiendom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Offentlig eiendom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offentleg_eigedom" title="Offentleg eigedom – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Offentleg eigedom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeni_public_(proprietat_intellectuala)" title="Domeni public (proprietat intellectuala) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Domeni public (proprietat intellectuala)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijtimoiy_mulk" title="Ijtimoiy mulk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ijtimoiy mulk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domena_publiczna" title="Domena publiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Domena publiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dom%C3%ADnio_p%C3%BAblico" title="Domínio público – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Domínio público" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domeniu_public" title="Domeniu public – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Domeniu public" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapsi_Chaskinancha" title="Sapsi Chaskinancha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sapsi Chaskinancha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Общественное достояние – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общественное достояние" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B8-%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Киһи-аймах бас билиитэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киһи-аймах бас билиитэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domen_publik" title="Domen publik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Domen publik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duminiu_p%C3%B9bbricu" title="Duminiu pùbbricu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Duminiu pùbbricu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8" title="පොදු වසම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පොදු වසම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Public domain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88" title="عوامي کاتو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="عوامي کاتو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Public domain" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javna_domena" title="Javna domena – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Javna domena" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پاوانی گشتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پاوانی گشتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Public domain" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampublikong_dominyo" title="Pampublikong dominyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pampublikong dominyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="பொது உரிமைப் பரப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொது உரிமைப் பரப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BF" title="ప్రజోపయోగ పరిధి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రజోపయోగ పరిధి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="สาธารณสมบัติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณสมบัติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamu_mal%C4%B1" title="Kamu malı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamu malı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80" title="Мер ваньбур – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мер ваньбур" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Суспільне надбання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суспільне надбання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="دائرہ عام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرہ عام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_vi_c%C3%B4ng_c%E1%BB%99ng" title="Phạm vi công cộng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phạm vi công cộng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominne_publik_(ouves_dizo_abondroets)" title="Dominne publik (ouves dizo abondroets) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Dominne publik (ouves dizo abondroets)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="公有领域 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="公有领域" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/150px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/225px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/300px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">Authors' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_right" title="Database right">Database right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers' rights">Farmers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_layout_design_protection" title="Integrated circuit layout design protection">Integrated circuit layout design protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">Moral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">Plant breeders' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">Plant genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Related_rights" title="Related rights">Related rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_protection_certificate" title="Supplementary protection certificate">Supplementary protection certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_model" title="Utility model">Utility model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">Artificial intelligence and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_protection" title="Brand protection">Brand protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction" title="Idea–expression distinction">Idea–expression distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">Limitations and exceptions to copyright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">Fair dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">Paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_quote" title="Right to quote">Right to quote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_intellectual_property" title="Outline of intellectual property">Outline of intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_patents" title="Outline of patents">Outline of patents</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher categories:</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property" title="Template talk:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>public domain</b> (<b>PD</b>) consists of all the <a href="/wiki/Creative_work" title="Creative work">creative work</a> to which no <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_right" title="Exclusive right">exclusive</a> <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights apply. Those rights may have expired,<sup id="cite_ref-Boyle2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyle2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> been forfeited,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expressly <a href="/wiki/Waiver" title="Waiver">waived</a>, or may be inapplicable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because no one holds the exclusive rights, anyone can legally use or reference those works without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As examples, the works of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_Zi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao Zi">Lao Zi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a> are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> existed, or by their copyright term having expired.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyle2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyle2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some works are not covered by a country's copyright laws, and are therefore in the public domain; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">Newtonian physics</a> and cooking recipes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see <a href="/wiki/Waiver" title="Waiver">waiver</a>); examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the image-processing software <a href="/wiki/ImageJ" title="ImageJ">ImageJ</a> (created by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>public domain</i> is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission". </p><p>As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain status for a work in that country. The term <i>public domain</i> may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a></i>, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".<sup id="cite_ref-Ronan_2006_103_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronan_2006_103-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Although the term <i>domain</i> did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept can be traced back to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>, "as a preset system included in the property right system".<sup id="cite_ref-Haung_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned"<sup id="cite_ref-Haung_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as <i><a href="/wiki/Res_nullius" title="Res nullius">res nullius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Res_communis" title="Res communis">res communes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">res publicae</a></i> and <i>res universitatis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>res nullius</i> was defined as things not yet appropriated.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>res communes</i> was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean."<sup id="cite_ref-Haung_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>res publicae</i> referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term <i>res universitatis</i> meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Haung_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of <i>res communes</i>, <i>res publicae</i>, and <i>res universitatis</i> in early Roman law.<sup id="cite_ref-Haung_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haung-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the first early copyright law was originally established in Britain with the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Anne" title="Statute of Anne">Statute of Anne</a> in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the 18th century. Instead of "public domain", they used terms such as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Publici_juris" title="Publici juris">publici juris</a></i></span> or <i>propriété publique</i> to describe works that were not covered by copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase "fall in the public domain" can be traced to mid-19th-century France to describe the end of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_term" title="Copyright term">copyright term</a>. The French poet <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Alfred de Vigny</a> equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling "into the sink hole of public domain"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as little more than that which is left when intellectual property rights, such as <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Patents">patents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trademarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Trademarks">trademarks</a>, expire or are abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronan_2006_103_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronan_2006_103-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a, "little coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copyright law differs by country, and the American legal scholar <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Samuelson" title="Pamela Samuelson">Pamela Samuelson</a> has described the public domain as being "different sizes at different times in different countries".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewtonsPrincipia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NewtonsPrincipia.jpg/220px-NewtonsPrincipia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NewtonsPrincipia.jpg/330px-NewtonsPrincipia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/NewtonsPrincipia.jpg/440px-NewtonsPrincipia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1266" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton's</a> own copy of his <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principia</a></i>, with hand-written corrections for the second edition</figcaption></figure> <p>Definitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space; that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected by copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronan_2006_104_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronan_2006_104-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/James_Boyle_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Boyle (academic)">James Boyle</a> this definition underlines common usage of the term <i>public domain</i> and equates the public domain to <a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">public property</a> and works in copyright to <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>. However, the usage of the term <i>public domain</i> can be more granular, including for example uses of works in copyright permitted by <a href="/wiki/Copyright_exceptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright exceptions">copyright exceptions</a>. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> rights and limitation on ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyle2008_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyle2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what the public domain should be: "it should be a place of sanctuary for individual creative expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection against the forces of private appropriation that threatened such expression".<sup id="cite_ref-Ronan_2006_104_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronan_2006_104-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterson and Lindberg described the public domain not as a "territory", but rather as a concept: "[T]here are certain materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, rain, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not subject to private ownership. The materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>public domain</i> may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">commons</a></i>, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".<sup id="cite_ref-Ronan_2006_103_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronan_2006_103-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_domain_by_medium">Public domain by medium</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <p>A public-domain book is a book with no copyright, a book that was created without a license, or a book where its copyrights expired<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or have been forfeited.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most countries the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright lengths">term of protection</a> of copyright expires on the first day of January, 70 years after the death of the latest living author. The longest copyright term is in Mexico, which has life plus 100 years for all deaths since July 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable exception is the United States, where every book and tale published before 1929 is in the public domain; US copyrights last for 95 years for books originally published between 1929 and 1978 if the copyright was properly registered and maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-copyright.cornell_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copyright.cornell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example: the works of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll">Lewis Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olavo_Bilac" title="Olavo Bilac">Olavo Bilac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> are in the public domain worldwide as they all died over 100 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> make tens of thousands of public domain books available online as <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">ebooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <p>People have been creating music for millennia. The first <a href="/wiki/Musical_notation" title="Musical notation">musical notation</a> system, the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music of Mesopotamia</a> system, was created 4,000 years ago. <a href="/wiki/Guido_of_Arezzo" title="Guido of Arezzo">Guido of Arezzo</a> introduced Latin musical notation in the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This laid the foundation for the preservation of global music in the public domain, a distinction formalized alongside copyright systems in the 17th century. Musicians copyrighted their publications of musical notation as literary writings, but performing copyrighted pieces and creating derivative works were not restricted by early copyright laws. Copying was widespread, in compliance with the law, but expansions of those laws intended to benefit literary works and responding to commercial music recording technology's reproducibility have led to stricter rules. Relatively recently, a normative view that copying in music is not desirable and lazy has become popular among professional musicians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (September 2023)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>US copyright laws distinguish between musical compositions and sound recordings, the former of which refers to melody, notation or lyrics created by a composer or lyricist, including sheet music, and the latter referring to a recording performed by an artist, including a CD, LP, or digital sound file.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Musical compositions fall under the same general rules as other works, and anything published before 1925 is considered public domain. Sound recordings, on the other hand, are subject to different rules and are not eligible for public domain status until 2021–2067, depending on the date and location of publishing, unless explicitly released beforehand.<sup id="cite_ref-copyright.cornell_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-copyright.cornell-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Musopen" title="Musopen">Musopen</a> project records music in the public domain for the purposes of making the music available to the general public in a high-quality audio format. Online musical archives preserve collections of classical music recorded by Musopen and offer them for download/distribution as a public service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_domain_film" title="Public domain film">Public domain film</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Night_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm/260px-seek%3D44-Night_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="195" data-durationhint="5753" data-mwtitle="Night_of_the_Living_Dead_(1968).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Night_of_the_Living_Dead_(1968).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Night_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="av1, opus"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANight_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANight_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANight_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm&lang=eu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eu" label="euskara ‪(eu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANight_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANight_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANight_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANight_of_the_Living_Dead_%281968%29.webm&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>The 1968 horror film <i><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Living_Dead" title="Night of the Living Dead">Night of the Living Dead</a></i> is public domain in the United States because its theatrical distributor failed to place a copyright indication on the prints, as would have been required to obtain a copyright at that time.</figcaption></figure> <p>A public-domain film is a film that was never under copyright, was released to public domain by its author, or whose <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> has expired. All films in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> before January 1st, 1929 have been entered in the public domain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Value">Value</h2></div> <p>Pamela Samuelson has identified eight "values" that can arise from information and works in the public domain.<sup id="cite_ref-Guibault-2006_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guibault-2006-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possible values include: </p> <ol><li>Building blocks for the creation of new knowledge, examples include data, facts, ideas, theories, and scientific principle.</li> <li>Access to cultural heritage through information resources such as ancient Greek texts and Mozart's symphonies.</li> <li>Promoting education, through the spread of information, ideas, and scientific principles.</li> <li>Enabling follow-on innovation, through for example expired patents and copyright.</li> <li>Enabling low cost access to information without the need to locate the owner or negotiate rights clearance and pay royalties, through for example expired copyrighted works or patents, and non-original data compilation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Promoting public health and safety, through information and scientific principles.</li> <li>Promoting the democratic process and values, through news, laws, regulation, and judicial opinion.</li> <li>Enabling competitive imitation, through for example expired patents and copyright, or publicly disclosed technologies that do not qualify for patent protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Guibault-2006_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guibault-2006-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_derivative_works">Relationship with derivative works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">Derivative work</a></div> <p>Derivative works include <a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">translations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_arrangements" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical arrangements">musical arrangements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(arts)" title="Adaptation (arts)">dramatizations</a> of a work, as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_to_intellectual_property_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction_to_intellectual_property-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artworks that are public domain may also be reproduced photographically or artistically or used as the basis of new, interpretive works.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Works derived from public domain works can be copyrighted.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as happened with <a href="/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett" title="Frances Hodgson Burnett">Frances Hodgson Burnett</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden" title="The Secret Garden">The Secret Garden</a></i>, which became public domain in the US in 1977 and most of the rest of the world in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 feature-length films.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as the launching point for transformative retellings such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Stoppard" title="Tom Stoppard">Tom Stoppard</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Troma_Entertainment" title="Troma Entertainment">Troma Entertainment</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tromeo_and_Juliet" title="Tromeo and Juliet">Tromeo and Juliet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcel Duchamp's <i><a href="/wiki/L.H.O.O.Q." title="L.H.O.O.Q.">L.H.O.O.Q.</a></i> is a derivative of Leonardo da Vinci's <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i>, one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_to_intellectual_property_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction_to_intellectual_property-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2018 film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_film)" title="A Star Is Born (2018 film)">A Star is Born</a></i> is a remake of the <a href="/wiki/A_Star_Is_Born_(1937_film)" title="A Star Is Born (1937 film)">1937 film of the same name</a>, which is in the public domain due to an unrenewed copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights_in_public_domain_reproduction">Rights in public domain reproduction</h3></div> <p>Courts in different jurisdictions have come to different conclusions as to whether the reproduction of a public domain work gains its own rights protection, or whether it to is in the public domain. In a German 2016 case, the <a href="/wiki/Reiss_Engelhorn_Museum" title="Reiss Engelhorn Museum">Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen</a>, an art museum, sued <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> over photographs uploaded to the database depicting pieces of art in the museum. The museum claimed that the photos were taken by their staff, and that photography within the museum by visitors was prohibited. Therefore, photos taken by the museum, even of material that itself had fallen into the public domain, were protected by copyright law and would need to be removed from the Wikimedia image repository. The court ruled that the photographs taken by the museum would be protected under the <a href="/wiki/German_Copyright_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="German Copyright Act">German Copyright Act</a>, stating that since the photographer needed to make practical decisions about the photograph that it was protected material.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, in the 1999 US case <i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeman_Art_Library_v._Corel_Corp." title="Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.">Bridgeman Art Library v. Corel Corp.</a></i>, the court ruled that exact photographic copies of public domain images could not be protected by copyright in the United States because the copies lack <a href="/wiki/Originality" title="Originality">originality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perpetual_copyright">Perpetual copyright</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_copyright" title="Perpetual copyright">Perpetual copyright</a></div> <p>In some countries, certain works may never fully lapse into the public domain. In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, for example, there is a perpetual <a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright" title="Crown copyright">crown copyright</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Authorized_King_James_Version" class="mw-redirect" title="Authorized King James Version">Authorized King James Version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the copyright has expired for the Peter Pan works by <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a> (the play <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan,_or_the_Boy_Who_Wouldn%27t_Grow_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up">Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up</a></i> and the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Wendy" title="Peter and Wendy">Peter and Wendy</a></i>) in the United Kingdom, it was granted a special exception under the <a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> (Schedule 6)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that requires royalties to be paid for commercial performances, publications and broadcasts of the story of Peter Pan within the UK, as long as <a href="/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital" title="Great Ormond Street Hospital">Great Ormond Street Hospital</a> (to whom Barrie gave the copyright) continues to exist. </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Paying_public_domain" title="Paying public domain">paying public domain</a> regime, works that have entered the public domain after their copyright has expired, or <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional knowledge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_cultural_expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional cultural expressions">traditional cultural expressions</a> that have never been subject to copyright, are still subject to royalties payable to the state or to an authors' association. The user does not have to seek permission to copy, present or perform the work, but does have to pay the fee. Typically the royalties are directed to support of living artists.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_domain_mark">Public domain mark</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_Domain_Mark" title="Public Domain Mark">Public Domain Mark</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cc-public_domain_mark_white.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cc-public_domain_mark_white.svg/150px-Cc-public_domain_mark_white.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cc-public_domain_mark_white.svg/225px-Cc-public_domain_mark_white.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Cc-public_domain_mark_white.svg/300px-Cc-public_domain_mark_white.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a><figcaption>Creative Commons' <a href="/wiki/Public_Domain_Mark" title="Public Domain Mark">Public Domain Mark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, The <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Public_Domain_Mark" title="Public Domain Mark">Public Domain Mark</a> (PDM) as <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbol</a> to indicate that a work is free of known <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> restrictions and therefore in the public domain.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public domain mark is a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_symbol" title="Copyright symbol">copyright symbol</a>, which acts as <a href="/wiki/Copyright_notice" title="Copyright notice">copyright notice</a>, with the international <a href="/wiki/No_symbol" title="No symbol">'no' symbol</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a> databases use it, and for instance on the <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> in February 2016 2.9 million works (~10% of all works) are listed with the mark.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_to_copyrightable_works">Application to copyrightable works</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_not_covered_by_copyright_law">Works not covered by copyright law</h3></div> <p>The underlying idea that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot be the subject of copyright law (see <a href="/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea–expression divide">idea–expression divide</a>). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain, to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For example, <a href="/wiki/The_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bible">the Bible</a> and the inventions of <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a> are in the public domain. However, translations or new formulations of these works may be copyrighted in themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expiration_of_copyright">Expiration of copyright</h3></div> <p>Determination of whether a copyright has expired depends on an examination of the copyright in its source country. </p><p>In most countries that are signatories to the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention" title="Berne Convention">Berne Convention</a>, copyright term is based on the life of the author, and extends to 50 or 70 years beyond the death of the author. (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_terms_of_countries" title="List of copyright terms of countries">List of copyright terms of countries</a>.) </p><p>In the United States, determining whether a work has entered the public domain or is still under copyright depends upon what the law or regulation was at creation, and whether new regulations have grandfathered in certain older works. Because <a href="/wiki/Copyright_term" title="Copyright term">copyright terms</a> shifted over the course of the 20th century from a fixed-term based on first publication, with <a href="/wiki/Copyright_renewal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright renewal">a possible renewal term</a>, to a term extending to 50, then 70, years after the death of the author. The claim that "pre-1929 works are in the public domain" is correct only for published works; unpublished works are under federal copyright for at least the life of the author plus 70 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Legal traditions differ on whether a work in the public domain can have its copyright restored. In the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Duration_Directive" title="Copyright Duration Directive">Copyright Duration Directive</a> was applied retroactively, restoring and extending the terms of copyright on material previously in the public domain. Term extensions by the US and Australia generally have not removed works from the public domain, but rather delayed the addition of works to it. However, the United States moved away from that tradition with the <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Round_Agreements_Act" title="Uruguay Round Agreements Act">Uruguay Round Agreements Act</a>, which removed from the public domain many foreign-sourced works that had previously not been in copyright in the US for failure to comply with US-based <a href="/wiki/Copyright_formalities" title="Copyright formalities">formalities requirements</a>. Consequently, in the US, foreign-sourced works and US-sourced works are now treated differently, with foreign-sourced works remaining under copyright regardless of compliance with formalities, while domestically sourced works may be in the public domain if they failed to comply with then-existing formalities requirements—a situation described as odd by some scholars, and unfair by some US-based rightsholders.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_works">Government works</h3></div> <p>Works of various governments around the world may be excluded from copyright law and may therefore be considered to be in the public domain in their respective countries.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also be in the public domain in other countries as well. The legal scholar Melville Nimmer has written that "it is axiomatic that material in the public domain is not protected by copyright, even when incorporated into a copyrighted work".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedicating_works_to_the_public_domain">Dedicating works to the public domain</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Release_without_copyright_notice">Release without copyright notice</h4></div> <p>Before 1 March 1989, in the US, works could be easily given into the public domain by just releasing it without an explicit <a href="/wiki/Copyright_notice" title="Copyright notice">copyright notice</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Berne_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Literary_and_Artistic_Works" class="mw-redirect" title="Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works">Berne Convention</a> Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>, which went into effect in 1978), all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into public domain by a <a href="/wiki/Waiver" title="Waiver">waiver</a> statement/<a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">anti-copyright can call notice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all legal systems have processes for reliably donating works to the public domain, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">continental Europe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This may even "effectively prohibit any attempt by copyright owners to surrender rights automatically conferred by law, particularly <a href="/wiki/Moral_rights_(copyright_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral rights (copyright law)">moral rights</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public-domain-like_licenses">Public-domain-like licenses</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public-domain-equivalent_license" title="Public-domain-equivalent license">Public-domain-equivalent license</a></div> <p>An alternative is for copyright holders to issue a license which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the general public. Real public domain makes <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">licenses</a> unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ("<a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a>"). There are multiple licenses which aim to release works into the public domain. In 2000 the <a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a> was released as a public domain like <a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">software license</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creative Commons (created in 2002 by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Eldred" title="Eric Eldred">Eric Eldred</a>) has introduced several public-domain-like licenses, called <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons licenses</a>. These give authors of works (that would qualify for copyright) the ability to decide which protections they would like to place on their material. As copyright is the default license for new material, Creative Commons licenses offer authors a variety of options to designate their work under whichever license they wish, as long as this does not violate standing copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a CC BY license allows for re-users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon material, while also agreeing to provide attribution to the author in any of these cases.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license#Zero_/_public_domain" title="Creative Commons license">CC0</a>, which was created for <a href="/wiki/License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">compatibility</a> with law domains which have no concept of <i>dedicating into public domain</i>. This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fallback all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike in the US, where author's moral rights are generally not specifically regulated, in some countries where moral rights are protected separately in law it is not possible to waive those rights, but only the rights related to the exploitation of the work. A solution to this issue (as found in the Creative Commons Zero dedication) is to interpret the license by setting "three different layers of action. First, the right holder waives any copyright and related rights that can be waived in accordance with the applicable law. Secondly, if there are rights that the right holder cannot waive under applicable law, they are licensed in a way that mirrors as closely as possible the legal effect of a waiver. And finally, if there are any rights that the right holders cannot waive or license, they affirm that they will not exercise them and they will not assert any claim with respect to the use of the work, once again within the limits of applicable law. (...) In countries where moral rights exist but where they can be waived or not asserted, they are waived if asserted (e.g. the UK). In countries where they cannot be waived they will remain into full effect in accordance to the applicable law (think of France, Spain or Italy where moral rights cannot be waived)."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same occurs in Switzerland. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a>, published around 2010, has a focus on an <a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-copyright">anti-copyright</a> message. The Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fallback public domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another option is the <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses#0-clause" title="BSD licenses">Zero Clause BSD license</a>, released in 2006 and aimed at software.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Open_Knowledge_Foundation" title="Open Knowledge Foundation">Open Knowledge Foundation</a> recommends the Creative Commons <a href="/wiki/CC0" class="mw-redirect" title="CC0">CC0</a> license to dedicate content to the public domain,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) for data.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Term_of_patent" title="Term of patent">Term of patent</a></div> <p>In most countries, the term of rights for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes part of the public domain. In the United States, the contents of patents are considered valid and enforceable for 20 years from the date of filing within the United States or 20 years from the earliest date of filing if under 35 USC 120, 121, or 365(c).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <i>text</i> and any <i>illustration</i> within a patent, provided the illustrations are essentially line drawings and do not in any substantive way reflect the "personality" of the person drawing them, are not subject to copyright protection.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is separate from the <i>patent</i> rights just mentioned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trademarks">Trademarks</h2></div> <p>A trademark registration may remain in force indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its age. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must continue to use it. In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage by the public without regard for its intended use, it could become <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">generic</a>, and therefore part of the public domain. </p><p>Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a mark, while others may have determined that it is generic and not allowable as a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug acetylsalicylic acid (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is better known as <i><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a></i> in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however, <i>Aspirin</i>, with an uppercase A, is still a trademark of the German company <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a>, while aspirin, with a lowercase "a", is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. So many copycat products entered the marketplace during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Informal uses of trademarks are not covered by trademark protection. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hormel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormel">Hormel</a>, producer of the canned meat product <a href="/wiki/Spam_(food)" title="Spam (food)">Spam</a>, does not object to informal use of the word "spam" in reference to unsolicited commercial email.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it has fought attempts by other companies to register names including the word 'spam' as a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> in relation to computer products, despite that Hormel's trademark is only registered in reference to food products (a trademark claim is made within a particular field). Such defences have failed in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_Domain_Day">Public Domain Day</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_Domain_Day" title="Public Domain Day">Public Domain Day</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_PDD_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Logo_PDD_2024.svg/220px-Logo_PDD_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Logo_PDD_2024.svg/330px-Logo_PDD_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Logo_PDD_2024.svg/440px-Logo_PDD_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>An English logo of the 2023/2024 Public Domain Day</figcaption></figure> <p>Public Domain Day is an observance of when <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted works</a> expire and works enter into the public domain.<sup id="cite_ref-telcouk_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telcouk-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year on 1 January based on the individual <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries%27_copyright_lengths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries' copyright lengths">copyright laws of each country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-telcouk_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telcouk-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mona_Lisa_Public_Domain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mona_Lisa_Public_Domain.jpg/220px-Mona_Lisa_Public_Domain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mona_Lisa_Public_Domain.jpg/330px-Mona_Lisa_Public_Domain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mona_Lisa_Public_Domain.jpg/440px-Mona_Lisa_Public_Domain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1612" /></a><figcaption>Visual created for Public Domain Day. Features <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa" title="Mona Lisa">Mona Lisa</a></i>, as it is famously part of the public domain</figcaption></figure> <p>The observance of a "Public Domain Day" was initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist),<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with support for the idea echoed by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1 January 2010,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_domain&action=edit">[update]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is as Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are entering the public domain. There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day, this can help people around the world celebrate works written a while ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_records" title="Public records">Public records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_the_Public_Domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for the Study of the Public Domain">Center for the Study of the Public Domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyfraud" title="Copyfraud">Copyfraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Term_Extension_Act" title="Copyright Term Extension Act">Copyright Term Extension Act</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">Fair dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">Freedom of panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">Limitations and exceptions to copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_copyright_terms_of_countries" title="List of copyright terms of countries">List of copyright terms of countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_in_the_public_domain_in_the_United_States" title="List of films in the public domain in the United States">List of films in the public domain in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Millar_v_Taylor" title="Millar v Taylor">Millar v Taylor</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphan works">Orphan works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paying_public_domain" title="Paying public domain">Paying public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Classics" title="Protection of Classics">Protection of Classics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Domain_Enhancement_Act" title="Public Domain Enhancement Act">Public Domain Enhancement Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Public_domain_image_resources" title="Wikipedia:Public domain image resources">Public domain image resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain_in_the_United_States" title="Public domain in the United States">Public domain in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Public domain software">Public domain software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_the_shorter_term" title="Rule of the shorter term">Rule of the shorter term</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Boyle2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boyle2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyle2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boyle2008_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2008" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn1Pl9Gv_EMC&q=public+domain"><i>The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind</i></a>. CSPD. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13740-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13740-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150214065428/http://www.google.com/books?id=Fn1Pl9Gv_EMC&dq=public+domain&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Domain%3A+Enclosing+the+Commons+of+the+Mind&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=CSPD&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13740-8&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFn1Pl9Gv_EMC%26q%3Dpublic%2Bdomain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraberNenova2008" class="citation book cs1">Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220043810/http://www.google.com/books?id=gK6OI0hrANsC&dq=%22public+domain%22+intellectual+property&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-921-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-921-4"><bdi>978-1-84720-921-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gK6OI0hrANsC&q=%22public+domain%22+intellectual+property">the original</a> on 20 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+and+Traditional+Cultural+Expressions+in+a+Digital+Environment&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84720-921-4&rft.aulast=Graber&rft.aufirst=Christoph+B.&rft.au=Nenova%2C+Mira+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgK6OI0hrANsC%26q%3D%2522public%2Bdomain%2522%2Bintellectual%2Bproperty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302173206/http://www.bitlaw.com/copyright/unprotected.html">"Works Unprotected by Copyright Law"</a>. <i>bitlaw.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitlaw.com/copyright/unprotected.html">the original</a> on 2 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bitlaw.com&rft.atitle=Works+Unprotected+by+Copyright+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitlaw.com%2Fcopyright%2Funprotected.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditor2023" class="citation web cs1">Editor, Copyrightlaws com (7 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyrightlaws.com/what-is-the-public-domain/">"What Is the Public Domain?"</a>. <i>Copyrightlaws.com: Copyright courses and education in plain English</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Copyrightlaws.com%3A+Copyright+courses+and+education+in+plain+English&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Public+Domain%3F&rft.date=2023-03-07&rft.aulast=Editor&rft.aufirst=Copyrightlaws+com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyrightlaws.com%2Fwhat-is-the-public-domain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405033421/http://copyright.gov/circs/circ34.pdf">"Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>copyright.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov/circs/circ34.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 April 2016. <q>Listings of ingredients, as in recipes, labels, or formulas. When a recipe or formula is accompanied by an explanation or directions, the text directions may be copyrightable, but the recipe or formula itself remains uncopyrightable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=copyright.gov&rft.atitle=Copyright+Protection+Not+Available+for+Names%2C+Titles%2C+or+Short+Phrases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcopyright.gov%2Fcircs%2Fcirc34.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113104543/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/serpent.html">"SERPENT - A Candidate Block Cipher for the Advanced Encryption Standard"</a>. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~rja14/serpent.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2013. <q>Serpent is now completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its use. This was announced on 21 August at the First AES Candidate Conference.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SERPENT+-+A+Candidate+Block+Cipher+for+the+Advanced+Encryption+Standard&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cl.cam.ac.uk%2F~rja14%2Fserpent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305040905/http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/disclaimer.html">"ImageJ Disclaimer"</a>. <i>rsb.info.nih.gov</i>. 28 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/disclaimer.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsb.info.nih.gov&rft.atitle=ImageJ+Disclaimer&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frsb.info.nih.gov%2Fij%2Fdisclaimer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronan_2006_103-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ronan_2006_103_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronan_2006_103_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronan_2006_103_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonan2006" class="citation book cs1">Ronan, Deazley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&q=statute+of+anne+copyright"><i>Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-282-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-282-0"><bdi>978-1-84542-282-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119042246/https://www.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&dq=statute%20of%20anne%20copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+copyright%3A+history%2C+theory%2C+language&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-282-0&rft.aulast=Ronan&rft.aufirst=Deazley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdMYXq9V1JBQC%26q%3Dstatute%2Bof%2Banne%2Bcopyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haung-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haung_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haung_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haung_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haung_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haung_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2009" class="citation journal cs1">Huang, H. (2009). "On public domain in copyright law". <i>Frontiers of Law in China</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 178–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11463-009-0011-6">10.1007/s11463-009-0011-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153766621">153766621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+of+Law+in+China&rft.atitle=On+public+domain+in+copyright+law&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=178-195&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11463-009-0011-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153766621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoures-Diop2011" class="citation journal cs1">Foures-Diop, Anne-Sophie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/juro_0990-1027_2011_num_24_1_4336">"Revue juridique de l'Ouest, 2011-1: Les choses communes (Première partie)"</a>. <i>Revue Juridique de l'Ouest</i>. <b>24</b> (1). Ecole de Avocats du Grand Quest de Rennes: 59–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjuro.2011.4336">10.3406/juro.2011.4336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Juridique+de+l%27Ouest&rft.atitle=Revue+juridique+de+l%27Ouest%2C+2011-1%3A+Les+choses+communes+%28Premi%C3%A8re+partie%29&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-112&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fjuro.2011.4336&rft.aulast=Foures-Diop&rft.aufirst=Anne-Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fjuro_0990-1027_2011_num_24_1_4336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, Carol M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20059173">"Romans, Roads, and Romantic Creators: Traditions of Public Property in the Information Age"</a>. <i>Law and Contemporary Problems</i>. <b>66</b> (1/2). Duke University School of Law: 89–110. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-9186">0023-9186</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20059173">20059173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Law+and+Contemporary+Problems&rft.atitle=Romans%2C+Roads%2C+and+Romantic+Creators%3A+Traditions+of+Public+Property+in+the+Information+Age&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=89-110&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20059173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0023-9186&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Carol+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20059173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorremans2007" class="citation book cs1">Torremans, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHJBemWuPT4C&q=%22perpetual+copyright%22"><i>Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-487-9"><bdi>978-1-84542-487-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copyright+law%3A+a+handbook+of+contemporary+research&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-487-9&rft.aulast=Torremans&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHJBemWuPT4C%26q%3D%2522perpetual%2Bcopyright%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorremans2007" class="citation book cs1">Torremans, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHJBemWuPT4C&q=%22perpetual+copyright%22"><i>Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-487-9"><bdi>978-1-84542-487-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copyright+law%3A+a+handbook+of+contemporary+research&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-487-9&rft.aulast=Torremans&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHJBemWuPT4C%26q%3D%2522perpetual%2Bcopyright%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorremans2007" class="citation book cs1">Torremans, Paul (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wHJBemWuPT4C&q=%22perpetual+copyright%22"><i>Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-487-9"><bdi>978-1-84542-487-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copyright+law%3A+a+handbook+of+contemporary+research&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-487-9&rft.aulast=Torremans&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwHJBemWuPT4C%26q%3D%2522perpetual%2Bcopyright%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonan2006" class="citation book cs1">Ronan, Deazley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&q=statute+of+anne+copyright"><i>Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-282-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-282-0"><bdi>978-1-84542-282-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119042246/https://www.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&dq=statute%20of%20anne%20copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+copyright%3A+history%2C+theory%2C+language&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-282-0&rft.aulast=Ronan&rft.aufirst=Deazley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdMYXq9V1JBQC%26q%3Dstatute%2Bof%2Banne%2Bcopyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronan_2006_104-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ronan_2006_104_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ronan_2006_104_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonan2006" class="citation book cs1">Ronan, Deazley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&q=statute+of+anne+copyright"><i>Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-282-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-282-0"><bdi>978-1-84542-282-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119042246/https://www.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&dq=statute%20of%20anne%20copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+copyright%3A+history%2C+theory%2C+language&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-282-0&rft.aulast=Ronan&rft.aufirst=Deazley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdMYXq9V1JBQC%26q%3Dstatute%2Bof%2Banne%2Bcopyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonan2006" class="citation book cs1">Ronan, Deazley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&q=statute+of+anne+copyright"><i>Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-282-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84542-282-0"><bdi>978-1-84542-282-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119042246/https://www.google.com/books?id=dMYXq9V1JBQC&dq=statute%20of%20anne%20copyright&lr=&as_brr=3&source=gbs_navlinks_s">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+copyright%3A+history%2C+theory%2C+language&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84542-282-0&rft.aulast=Ronan&rft.aufirst=Deazley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdMYXq9V1JBQC%26q%3Dstatute%2Bof%2Banne%2Bcopyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2008" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, James (1 January 2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicdomainencl0000boyl"><i>The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13740-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13740-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive. <q>public domain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Domain%3A+Enclosing+the+Commons+of+the+Mind&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13740-8&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicdomainencl0000boyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraberNenova2008" class="citation book cs1">Graber, Christoph Beat; Nenova, Mira Burri (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gK6OI0hrANsC&q=%22public%20domain%22%20intellectual%20property"><i>Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-391-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84844-391-4"><bdi>978-1-84844-391-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2016</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+and+Traditional+Cultural+Expressions+in+a+Digital+Environment&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84844-391-4&rft.aulast=Graber&rft.aufirst=Christoph+Beat&rft.au=Nenova%2C+Mira+Burri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgK6OI0hrANsC%26q%3D%2522public%2520domain%2522%2520intellectual%2520property&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopel" class="citation web cs1">Kopel, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.cornell.edu/copyright/publicdomain">"LibGuides: Copyright Services: Copyright Term and the Public Domain"</a>. <i>guides.library.cornell.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Hormel+Spam+trademark+case+canned&rft.date=2005-01-31&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Kieren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2005%2F01%2F31%2Fspam_ruling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-telcouk-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-telcouk_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-telcouk_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2010" class="citation web cs1">Richmond, Shane (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515214612/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/shanerichmond/100004467/happy-public-domain-day-heres-to-many-more/">"Happy Public Domain Day! Here's to many more"</a>. Telegraph Blogs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/shanerichmond/100004467/happy-public-domain-day-heres-to-many-more/">the original</a> on 15 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Public+Domain+Day%21+Here%27s+to+many+more&rft.pub=Telegraph+Blogs&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fshanerichmond%2F100004467%2Fhappy-public-domain-day-heres-to-many-more%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLean2004" class="citation web cs1">McLean, Wallace J. (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603192213/http://www3.wcl.american.edu/cni/0401/35315.html">"Happy Public Domain Day!"</a>. American University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.wcl.american.edu/cni/0401/35315.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Public+Domain+Day%21&rft.pub=American+University&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Wallace+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.wcl.american.edu%2Fcni%2F0401%2F35315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLessig2004" class="citation web cs1">Lessig, Lawrence (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111107083145/http://lessig.org/blog/2004/01/public_domain_day_in_canada.html">"Public domain day - in Canada (Lessig Blog)"</a>. Lessig.org. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+domain+day+-+in+Canada+%28Lessig+Blog%29&rft.pub=Lessig.org&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.aulast=Lessig&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flessig.org%2Fblog%2F2004%2F01%2Fpublic_domain_day_in_canada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014091006/http://www.metafilter.com/87938/Public-Domain-Day-2010">"Public Domain Day 2010"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MetaFilter" title="MetaFilter">MetaFilter</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metafilter.com/87938/Public-Domain-Day-2010">the original</a> on 14 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MetaFilter&rft.atitle=Public+Domain+Day+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metafilter.com%2F87938%2FPublic-Domain-Day-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+domain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_domain_(copyright)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public domain (copyright)">Public domain (copyright)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/public_domain" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/public domain">public domain</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.law.duke.edu/cspd/">Center for the Study of the Public Domain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reform.communia-association.org/">Communia</a>, internet association on the digital public domain</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Intellectual_property_activism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Template talk:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property_activism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property activism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Intellectual_property_activism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a> activism</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_scarcity" title="Artificial scarcity">Artificial scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_copyright" title="Censorship by copyright">Censorship by copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">Copyright infringement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_site" title="Gripe site">Gripe site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects of file sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(culture)" title="Mashup (culture)">Mashup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(music)" title="Mashup (music)">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_novel" title="Mashup novel">novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(video)" title="Mashup (video)">videos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopolies_of_knowledge" title="Monopolies of knowledge">Monopolies of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">Music piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_views_on_patents" class="mw-redirect" title="Societal views on patents">Patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_patent" title="Biological patent">biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patent_debate" title="Software patent debate">software patent debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">trolling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_rights_reversed" title="All rights reversed">All rights reversed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_alternatives" title="Copyright alternatives">Alternative compensation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-copyright_notice" title="Anti-copyright notice">Anti-copyright notice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_models_for_open-source_software" title="Business models for open-source software">Business models for open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_copyleft_works" title="Commercial use of copyleft works">Commercial use of copyleft works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_sell-through" title="Electronic sell-through">Electronic sell-through</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">Free content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Free-software license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_perspectives_on_intellectual_property" title="Libertarian perspectives on intellectual property">Libertarian positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Open content">Open content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-design_movement" title="Open-design movement">Open-design movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patentleft" title="Patentleft">Open patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">Open source</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizes_as_an_alternative_to_patents" title="Prizes as an alternative to patents">Prizes instead of patents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">contests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share-alike" title="Share-alike">Share-alike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access_to_Knowledge_movement" title="Access to Knowledge movement">Access to Knowledge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Anti-copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyright</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Alliance" title="Copyright Alliance">Copyright Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pro-copyleft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Rights_Group" title="Open Rights Group">Open Rights Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piratbyr%C3%A5n" title="Piratbyrån">Piratbyrån</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">Shadow library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Free_Culture" title="Students for Free Culture">Students for Free Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Doctorow" title="Cory Doctorow">Cory Doctorow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Elbakyan" title="Alexandra Elbakyan">Alexandra Elbakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Falkvinge" title="Rick Falkvinge">Rick Falkvinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lessig" title="Lawrence Lessig">Lawrence Lessig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Suber" title="Peter Suber">Peter Suber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sunde" title="Peter Sunde">Peter Sunde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Film" title="Steal This Film">Steal This Film</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Good_Copy_Bad_Copy" title="Good Copy Bad Copy">Good Copy Bad Copy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RiP!:_A_Remix_Manifesto" title="RiP!: A Remix Manifesto">RiP!: A Remix Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TPB_AFK" title="TPB AFK">TPB AFK</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internet%27s_Own_Boy" title="The Internet's Own Boy">The Internet's Own Boy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Years_in_public_domain" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Public_Domain" title="Template:Years in Public Domain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Public_Domain" title="Template talk:Years in Public Domain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Public_Domain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Public Domain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Years_in_public_domain" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Years in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">public domain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_public_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in public domain (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_public_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in public domain (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_public_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in public domain (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_in_public_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 in public domain (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_in_public_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 in public domain (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_in_public_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in public domain (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_public_domain" title="2006 in public domain">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_public_domain" title="2007 in public domain">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_in_public_domain" title="2008 in public domain">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_public_domain" title="2009 in public domain">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_in_public_domain" title="2010 in public domain">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_in_public_domain" title="2011 in public domain">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_public_domain" title="2012 in public domain">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_public_domain" title="2013 in public domain">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_public_domain" title="2014 in public domain">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_public_domain" title="2015 in public domain">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_public_domain" title="2016 in public domain">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_public_domain" title="2017 in public domain">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_public_domain" title="2018 in public domain">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_public_domain" title="2019 in public domain">2019</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_public_domain" title="2020 in public domain">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_public_domain" title="2021 in public domain">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_public_domain" title="2022 in public domain">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_public_domain" title="2023 in public domain">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_public_domain" title="2024 in public domain">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_public_domain" title="2025 in public domain">2025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_in_public_domain" title="2026 in public domain">2026</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2027_in_public_domain" title="2027 in public domain">2027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_in_public_domain" title="2028 in public domain">2028</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2029_in_public_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2029 in public domain (page does not exist)">2029</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Domain_Day" title="Public Domain Day">Public Domain Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Free_and_open-source_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FOSS" title="Template:FOSS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FOSS" title="Template talk:FOSS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FOSS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Free_and_open-source_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_terms_for_free_software" title="Alternative terms for free software">Alternative terms for free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_and_closed-source_software" title="Comparison of open-source and closed-source software">Comparison of open-source and closed-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_source-code-hosting_facilities" title="Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities">Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_software_project_directories" title="List of free software project directories">Free software project directories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratis_versus_libre" title="Gratis versus libre">Gratis versus libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">Long-term support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_development" title="Open-source software development">Open-source software development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_free_software" title="Outline of free software">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_packages" title="List of free and open-source software packages">Software<br />packages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_software_for_audio" title="Comparison of free software for audio">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_bioinformatics_software" title="List of open-source bioinformatics software">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_codecs" title="List of open-source codecs">Codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_configuration_management_software" title="Comparison of open-source configuration management software">Configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">Drivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_graphics_device_driver" title="Free and open-source graphics device driver">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_wireless_drivers" title="Comparison of open-source wireless drivers">Wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_software_for_mathematics" title="List of open-source software for mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_office_suites" title="List of office suites">Office suites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_open-source_operating_systems" title="Comparison of open-source operating systems">Operating systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_routing_platforms" title="List of open-source routing platforms">Routing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_television_software" title="List of free television software">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_video_games" title="List of open-source video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_web_applications" title="List of free and open-source web applications">Web applications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_shopping_cart_software" title="Comparison of shopping cart software">E-commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_Android_applications" title="List of free and open-source Android applications">Android apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_iOS_applications" title="List of free and open-source iOS applications">iOS apps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_open-source_applications_and_services" title="List of commercial open-source applications and services">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_proprietary_software" title="List of formerly proprietary software">Formerly proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_formerly_free_and_open-source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="List of formerly free and open-source software">Formerly open-source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_software_movement" title="Free software movement">Free software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source-software_movement" title="Open-source-software movement">Open-source-software movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-software_events" title="List of free-software events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_advocacy" title="Open-source software advocacy">Advocacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_and_open-source_software_organizations" title="List of free and open-source software organizations">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Movement_of_India" title="Free Software Movement of India">Free Software Movement of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free-software_license" title="Free-software license">Licenses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Free_License" title="Academic Free License">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_License" title="Apache License">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Public_Source_License" title="Apple Public Source License">APSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_License" title="Artistic License">Artistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerware" title="Beerware">Beerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">CDDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Public_License" title="Eclipse Public License">EPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU AGPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU LGPL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISC_license" title="ISC license">ISC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIT_License" title="MIT License">MIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License" title="Mozilla Public License">MPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_License" title="Python License">Python</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Python_Software_Foundation_License" title="Python Software Foundation License">Python Software Foundation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepycat_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepycat License">Sleepycat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicense" title="Unlicense">Unlicense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTFPL" title="WTFPL">WTFPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlib_License" title="Zlib License">zlib</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Types_and_standards" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and<br /> standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_free_and_open-source_software_licenses" title="Comparison of free and open-source software licenses">Comparison of licenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributor_License_Agreement" title="Contributor License Agreement">Contributor License Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works" title="Definition of Free Cultural Works">Definition of Free Cultural Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_license" title="Free license">Free license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Free_Software_Definition" title="The Free Software Definition">The Free Software Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Source_Definition" title="The Open Source Definition">The Open Source Definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_license" title="Open-source license">Open-source license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_software_license" title="Permissive software license">Permissive software license</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License_proliferation" title="License proliferation">License proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_software_rebranded_by_Debian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla software rebranded by Debian">Mozilla software rebranding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_device_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary device driver">Proprietary device drivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO%E2%80%93Linux_disputes" title="SCO–Linux disputes">SCO/Linux controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_patents_and_free_software" title="Software patents and free software">Software patents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software_security" title="Open-source software security">Software security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivoization" title="Tivoization">Tivoization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Computing" title="Trusted Computing">Trusted Computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">Forking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Open_Specification_Promise" title="Microsoft Open Specification Promise">Microsoft Open Specification Promise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-core_model" title="Open-core model">Open-core model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_hardware" title="Open-source hardware">Open-source hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Source_Initiative" title="Shared Source Initiative">Shared Source Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source-available_software" title="Source-available software">Source-available software</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar" title="The Cathedral and the Bazaar">The Cathedral and the Bazaar</a></i></li> 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