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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-緣起" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#緣起"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>緣起</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-緣起-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>應用</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-應用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关應用子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-相剋說" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相剋說"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>相剋說</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相剋說-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相生說" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相生說"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>相生說</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相生說-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>發展</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-發展-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关發展子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-發展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-金元以後" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a 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class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" 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vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>五德終始說</b>是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="中國戰國時期">中國戰國時期</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽家">陰陽家</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%92%E8%A1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鄒衍">鄒衍</a>所主張之歷史觀念，與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%8B" title="天下">天下</a>的空間觀念構成中國文化重要成分。「五德」是指<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="木">木</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB" title="火">火</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="土">土</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>所代表的五種<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7" title="德">德</a>性。「終始」指「五德」週而復始之循環運轉。甚至其後中國的一切信仰和方技，都多少受這種學說的影響<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="緣起"><span id=".E7.B7.A3.E8.B5.B7"></span>緣起</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：緣起"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>五德終始說起源於鄒衍以前<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a>之五行說<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:101</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%88%B0%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="中國戰國時代">戰國時期</a>後期，<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="齊國">齊國</a>思想家<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%92%E8%A1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鄒衍">鄒衍</a>鼓吹按<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>運行規律解釋王朝更替<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:206</sup>。五行是構成萬物之五種原素，即金、木、水、火、土<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:101</sup>。其要點為某王朝因得天授五行中一德，「受命」於天而成為天子。而當其德衰微，無法繼續統治時，便會有王朝具五行中排序下一德取代，「<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="革命">革命</a>」於天而重新受命<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:206</sup>。當時儒者認為一年之中，五行勢力輪流當盛，例如春時「盛德在木」，夏時「盛德在火」等<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:101-102</sup>。後來，自明太祖<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%83%E7%92%8B" title="朱元璋">朱元璋</a>始的皇朝最高統治者常常自稱「奉天承運皇帝」，當中所謂「承運」就是意味五德終始說之「德」運。 </p><p>鄒衍說：「五德從所不勝，<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%9C" title="舜">虞</a>土、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E6%9C%9D" title="夏朝">夏</a>木、<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">殷</a>金、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝">周</a>火。」木剋土、金剋木、火剋金、水剋火、土剋水。由於黑色屬於水，所以<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦朝</a>崇尚黑色。人事應與五行之運轉相配合，因此為君主者，於一年中之某個季節便有應做與不應做之事，例如仲春應行慶施惠，不應出兵等<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。按照鄒衍的說法，五行代表的五種德性以相剋關係傳遞，後世也有人提出五行相生的說法來解釋五德終始。五行論是誰創，不得而知；<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%80%E5%AD%90" title="荀子">荀子</a>認為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E6%80%9D" title="子思">子思</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a>所造作，大概不確<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。另有一說，若是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E8%AE%93" class="mw-redirect" title="禪讓">禪讓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%A1%E4%BD%8D" title="篡位">逼禪</a>等和平傳位則是舊生新，<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="戰爭">戰爭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%89%E4%BA%8B" title="舉事">造反</a>、自立而成則是新剋舊<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>。鄒衍又把五行論加以推廣，認為自天地剖判以來，人類歷史便為五行勢力（即五德）所輪流支配<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。 </p><p>在甲德輪值之時，人事上便有代表甲德之甲朝興起，服色、制度以及政治精神必須和甲德相配，例如周為火德，色尚赤等<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。到甲德既衰，乙德繼之而盛；人事上則有乙朝興起，取甲朝而代之<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。在兩德相交之際，照例要有祥徵出現<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。戰國末年，五德終始說已成為當時思潮主流，並且作當時列國諸王代周而興統一天下之理論根據<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。同時談這種學說者，更混跡於儒家之中，許多方士和五行論者，竟都儒服儒冠<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="應用"><span id=".E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wuxing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wuxing.svg/220px-Wuxing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wuxing.svg/330px-Wuxing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Wuxing.svg/440px-Wuxing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>五行之颜色与生剋关系</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="相剋說"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.89.8B.E8.AA.AA"></span>相剋說</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：相剋說"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>戰國時<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A7%8B%E7%9A%87" title="秦始皇">秦始皇</a>掃滅群雄，統一天下，全面接受鄒衍說，自稱以水德君臨天下<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:206</sup>。因為按鄒衍說<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝">周</a>為火德，勝火之水能取而代之<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:206</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦朝</a>以武力統一天下，但不能僅靠武力鎮壓，必須宣揚自己是真命天子受命於天，賴以服眾<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:206</sup>。鄒衍說滿足秦始皇需要；按五行運行法，王朝受天命具備其中一德方為正統，否則再強大也非正統，不能受承認<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:206</sup>。 </p><p>正統論到漢代進一步發展，五行運行法則先是相勝說，繼而是相生說占上風<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:206</sup>。到漢朝，儒學中滲入大量的陰陽學，造成一個儒學其名陰陽學其實的學派，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="兩漢">兩漢</a>的政治社會上，大大的發揮了威力<sup id="cite_ref-傅_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-傅-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:102</sup>。相勝說認為五行彼此相尅，水尅火、火尅金、金尅木、木尅土、土尅水，如此相勝，往復循環<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:206</sup>。相勝說給人印象主張以武力推翻前王朝<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:207</sup>。漢高祖<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="劉邦">劉邦</a>時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E8%8B%8D" title="张苍">張蒼</a>認為秦國祚太短且暴虐無道、不屬於正統朝代，應該由<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a>接替周朝的火德，所以漢朝之<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%9C%94" title="正朔">正朔</a>應為水德。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢武帝">漢武帝</a>時，認為秦屬於正統朝代，改漢正朔為土德（因土剋水）。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%8E%BD" title="王莽">王莽</a>建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%9D" title="新朝">新朝</a>之前，一般採用五行相剋說。交替順序為： </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="黃帝">黃帝</a>（土）→<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="夏">夏</a>（木）→<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商</a>（金，色尚白）→<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9D" title="周朝">周</a>（火，色尚赤<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）→<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦</a>（水<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，秦代尚黑，以十月為正）→<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="汉朝">漢</a>（漢高祖時水、漢武帝時土，尚黃服）。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="相生說"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E7.94.9F.E8.AA.AA"></span>相生說</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：相生說"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>相生說認為五行彼此相生，木生火、火生土、土生金、金生水、水生木，如此相生，往復循環<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:206</sup>。相生說認為，失德者應讓位於有德者新受天命<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:207</sup>。由於相生說滿足<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E8%AE%93" class="mw-redirect" title="禪讓">禪讓</a>理論要求，因此從<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%8E%BD" title="王莽">王莽</a>利用相生說、以受讓形式實際取代<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢朝</a>起，歷次改朝換代都用相生說<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:207</sup>。王莽建立<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%9D" title="新朝">新朝</a>，採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="劉向">劉向</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%86" class="mw-redirect" title="劉歆">劉歆</a>父子相生說法，認為漢朝屬於火德。不過王莽並未正式舉行過禪讓儀式<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:207</sup>。 </p><p>王莽為了證明其政權合<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%B5%B1" title="法統">法統</a>，採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%86" class="mw-redirect" title="劉歆">劉歆</a>父子的五行相生說，並修改漢朝以前諸朝代的德性，交替順序為： </p> <dl><dd>黃帝（土）→夏（金）→商（水）→周（木）<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>→漢（火）→新（土）</dd></dl> <p>西漢末年，漢被視為「火德王朝」<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:207</sup>。因此漢朝又常稱炎漢、炎劉（因漢朝皇帝姓<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89" class="mw-redirect" title="劉">劉</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-京_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-京-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:207</sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%85%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢光武帝">漢光武帝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%AD%A6%E4%B8%AD%E8%88%88" title="光武中興">光復漢室</a>之後，正式承認此說法，從此確立漢朝正朔為火德，東漢及以後的史書如《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢書">漢書</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%BF%97" title="三國志">三國志</a>》等皆採用這種說法<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E5%B7%BE%E8%BB%8D" title="黃巾軍">黃巾軍</a>亦以土之黃色反漢。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發展"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95"></span>發展</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：發展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>從此歷次改朝換代皆採用相生說加秦水<sup id="cite_ref-小學_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-小學-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%98%8A" title="太昊">太昊</a>木→ 炎帝火→ 黃帝土→ 少昊金→ 顓頊水→ 帝嚳木→ 唐火→ 虞土→ 夏金→ 商水→ 周木〈相生之說〉→ <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D" title="秦朝">秦</a>水〈以周為火相勝之說〉→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="漢朝">漢</a>・<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E6%BC%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="季漢">季漢</a>〈<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E8%8B%8D" title="张苍">張蒼</a>以漢水勝周火、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E8%AA%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="賈誼">賈誼</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%99%E8%87%A3" title="公孙臣">公孫臣</a>以漢土勝秦水〉光武始正火德（火，午祖戌臘）<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E9%AD%8F" title="曹魏">曹魏</a>・<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E5%90%B3" title="孫吳">孫吳</a>（土，未祖丑臘）<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="晋朝">晉</a>（金）→ 宋（水）→ 齊（木）→ 梁（火）→ 陳（土）<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏">北魏</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F" title="西魏">西魏</a>（水，繼西晉金）→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8" title="北周">北周</a>（木）→ <a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="隋朝">隋</a>（火）→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝">唐</a>（土<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，服飾黃，旗幟赤<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，戌祖辰臘）<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81" class="mw-redirect" title="後梁">後梁</a> (金)<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90" class="mw-redirect" title="後唐">後唐</a>（土，沿用唐朝）→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%99%89" class="mw-redirect" title="後晉">後晉</a>（金）→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2" title="後漢">後漢</a>（水）→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%91%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="後周">後周</a>（木）→ <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋</a>（火，色尚紅，午祖戌臘）<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> → <a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明</a>（土）→ <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清</a>（金）</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="金元以後"><span id=".E9.87.91.E5.85.83.E4.BB.A5.E5.BE.8C"></span>金元以後</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：金元以後"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%9C%9D" title="金朝">金</a>是最後一個官方討論德運者，<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%AB%A0%E5%AE%97" title="金章宗">金章宗</a>時原認為土德，到後期<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%AE%A3%E5%AE%97" title="金宣宗">金宣宗</a>時認為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E9%BD%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="劉齊">劉齊</a>為土德，金朝為金德；元、明、清三朝官方都不曾討論其德運屬性，且都沒有制定「祖」、「臘」之祀。古時歲首氣始曰祖，歲末氣終曰臘。水、子祖辰臘；火、午祖戌臘；木、卯祖丑臘；金、酉祖丑臘；土、戌祖辰臘，周而復始，循環不絕。<sup id="cite_ref-小學_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-小學-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>另，學者陳元認為，<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="遼朝">遼</a>以水為德，臘晨日。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%9D" title="元朝">元朝</a>服色尚白，取金德，乃是承繼金朝的土德，而非宋代的火德。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>皇帝龍袍尚黃，繼宋火德而生土德<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>自元之後，又變為相剋說<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一说明代的官方德运疑为火德。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另有一说取二重相生之律，则明承自宋、元清承自金。不過由<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清</a>時期並沒史實明言，多為政治評論推斷<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-傅-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-0"><sup><b>1.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-1"><sup><b>1.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-2"><sup><b>1.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-3"><sup><b>1.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-4"><sup><b>1.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-5"><sup><b>1.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-6"><sup><b>1.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-7"><sup><b>1.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-8"><sup><b>1.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-9"><sup><b>1.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-10"><sup><b>1.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-11"><sup><b>1.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-傅_1-12"><sup><b>1.12</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E6%A8%82%E6%88%90" title="傅樂成">傅樂成</a>. 《中國通史》. 台北: 大中國圖書公司.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&rft.au=%E5%82%85%E6%A8%82%E6%88%90&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-京-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-0"><sup><b>2.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-1"><sup><b>2.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-2"><sup><b>2.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-3"><sup><b>2.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-4"><sup><b>2.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-5"><sup><b>2.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-6"><sup><b>2.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-7"><sup><b>2.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-8"><sup><b>2.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-9"><sup><b>2.09</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-10"><sup><b>2.10</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-11"><sup><b>2.11</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-12"><sup><b>2.12</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-13"><sup><b>2.13</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-京_2-14"><sup><b>2.14</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%87%E4%BA%AC" title="金文京">金文京</a>. 《三國演義的世界》. 由邱嶺、吳芳玲據<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E4%B9%A6%E5%BA%97" title="东方书店">東方書店</a>1993年<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="日文">日文</a>初版翻译. 李均洋校. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="商務印書館">商務印書館</a>. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787100073356" title="Special:网络书源/9787100073356"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787100073356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&rft.au=%E9%87%91%E6%96%87%E4%BA%AC&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%BE%A9%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787100073356&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E5%A4%A7%E5%82%B3/%E5%8D%B73" class="extiw" title="s:尚書大傳/卷3">s:尚書大傳/卷3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《史记·秦始皇本纪》：“始皇推终始五德之传，以为周得火德，秦代周德，从所不胜。” 张守节正义：“秦以周为火德。能灭火者水也，故称从其所不胜於秦。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%92_(%E8%83%A1%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%A8)/%E5%8D%B7069" class="extiw" title="s:資治通鑒 (胡三省音注)/卷069">s:資治通鑒_(胡三省音注)/卷069</a>：秦焚書坑儒，漢興，學者始推五德生、勝，以秦爲閏位，在木火之間，霸而不王，於是正閏之論興矣。〈<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BA%B7_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B)" title="孟康 (三國)">孟康</a>曰：秦推五勝，以周爲火，用水勝之。漢儒以<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%96%E7%8A%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="庖犧">庖犧</a>繼天而王，爲百王首，德始於木。共工氏霸九域，雖有水德，在木火之間，非其序也，故霸而不王。神農氏以火承木，故爲炎帝。神農氏沒，黃帝氏作，火生土，故爲土德。少昊，黃帝之子，土生金，故爲金德。少昊之衰，顓頊受之，金生水，故爲水德。顓頊之所建，帝嚳受之，水生木，故爲木德。高辛氏衰，天下歸堯，木生火，故爲火德。堯嬗舜，火生土，故爲土德。舜嬗禹，土生金，故爲金德。湯伐桀纘禹，金生水，故爲水德。周伐商，水生木，故爲木德。漢伐秦繼周，木生火，故爲火德。共工及秦不在五德相生之正運，故曰閏位。〉</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢書">漢書</a>·律曆志》：“漢高祖皇帝著紀，代秦繼周，木生火，故為火德，天下號曰漢。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《後漢書·光武帝紀》：“壬子，起高廟，建社稷於雒陽，立郊兆于城南，始正火德，色尚赤。<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="唐代">唐代</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%A0%E6%87%B7%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="章懷太子">章懷太子</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%B3%A2" class="mw-disambig" title="李賢">李賢</a>注：“漢初土德，色尚黃，至此始明火德，幟尚赤，服色於是乃正。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-小學-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-小學_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-小學_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%87%89%E9%BA%9F" title="王應麟">王應麟</a>《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8%E7%B4%BA%E7%8F%A0_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B701#五運" class="extiw" title="s:小學紺珠 (四庫全書本)/卷01">s:小學紺珠_(四庫全書本)/卷01#五運</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%9C%9D" title="清朝">清朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%A4%A2%E4%BB%81" title="宮夢仁">宮夢仁</a> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%AE%80%E6%9B%B8%E7%B4%80%E6%95%B8%E7%95%A7_(%E5%9B%9B%E5%BA%AB%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B701#五運" class="extiw" title="s:讀書紀數畧 (四庫全書本)/卷01">s:讀書紀數畧_(四庫全書本)/卷01#五運</a>》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《杜佑‧通典》：漢氏用午祖戌臘。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《古今圖書集成》經濟彙編禮儀典／蜡臘部／彙考：魏制以未祖丑臘</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《唐玄宗明皇帝封泰山玉牒文》：天啟李氏，運興土德。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B767" class="extiw" title="s:明史/卷67">s:明史/卷67</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《小學紺珠》：五行始於祖，終於臘，唐土德，戌祖辰臘。趙大綱《測旨》：唐以大寒後辰日為臘。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《宋史: 本紀》定國運受周木德，因以火德王，色尚赤，臘用戌</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">陳元. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/29963411/陳元-臺北故宮藏宋元明帝王畫像與其隱喻的王朝正統性_Zhongguo_wenhua_中國文化_Chinese_Culture_44_2016_137-53">臺北故宮藏宋元明帝王畫像與其隱喻的王朝正統性</a>. 中國文化. 2016, (44): 137-153 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2020-09-29</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010034133/http://www.academia.edu/29963411/%E9%99%B3%E5%85%83-%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AE%E8%97%8F%E5%AE%8B%E5%85%83%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E9%9A%B1%E5%96%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%80%A7_Zhongguo_wenhua_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96_Chinese_Culture_44_2016_137-53">存档</a>于2017-10-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&rft.atitle=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AE%E8%97%8F%E5%AE%8B%E5%85%83%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E9%9A%B1%E5%96%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%80%A7&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E5%85%83&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=44&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.pages=137-153&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F29963411%2F%E9%99%B3%E5%85%83-%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E6%95%85%E5%AE%AE%E8%97%8F%E5%AE%8B%E5%85%83%E6%98%8E%E5%B8%9D%E7%8E%8B%E7%95%AB%E5%83%8F%E8%88%87%E5%85%B6%E9%9A%B1%E5%96%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E6%AD%A3%E7%B5%B1%E6%80%A7_Zhongguo_wenhua_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96_Chinese_Culture_44_2016_137-53&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yuan Chen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23276848/_Legitimation_Discourse_and_the_Theory_of_the_Five_Elements_in_Imperial_China._Journal_of_Song-Yuan_Studies_44_2014_325-364">Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China</a>. Journal of Song Yuan Studies. 2014, (44): 325-364 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-03-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728043608/https://www.academia.edu/23276848/_Legitimation_Discourse_and_the_Theory_of_the_Five_Elements_in_Imperial_China._Journal_of_Song-Yuan_Studies_44_2014_325-364">存档</a>于2020-07-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&rft.atitle=Legitimation+Discourse+and+the+Theory+of+the+Five+Elements+in+Imperial+China&rft.au=Yuan+Chen&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=44&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Song+Yuan+Studies&rft.pages=325-364&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23276848%2F_Legitimation_Discourse_and_the_Theory_of_the_Five_Elements_in_Imperial_China._Journal_of_Song-Yuan_Studies_44_2014_325-364&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luoow.com/dc_tw/200413624">劉浦江：“五德終始”說之終結——兼論宋代以降傳統政治文化的嬗變</a>. 微文庫. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504034746/https://www.luoow.com/dc_tw/200413624">存档</a>于2021-05-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&rft.atitle=%E5%8A%89%E6%B5%A6%E6%B1%9F%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9C%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E2%80%9D%E8%AA%AA%E4%B9%8B%E7%B5%82%E7%B5%90%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%85%BC%E8%AB%96%E5%AE%8B%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%A5%E9%99%8D%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E5%AC%97%E8%AE%8A&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luoow.com%2Fdc_tw%2F200413624&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《大明会典·大宴乐章·一奏炎精开运之曲》：<b>炎</b>精开运，篤生圣皇。大明御极，远绍虞唐。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《明太祖实录》：上生，<b>红</b>光满室，时元天历元年戊辰九月十八日子丑也。自后数夜有光，邻里遥见，惊以为<b>火</b>，皆奔散，至则无有，人或异之。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《凤阳新书》：太祖本姓朱，<b>本祝融</b>。祝融，帝颛顼之子，为<b>帝喾火正</b>，有大勋于天下，故别为祝融。太祖定鼎金陵，则祝融之故墟也。故建国号大明。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.master-insight.com/%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA%E6%8E%A2%E6%BA%90/">五德終始說探源</a>. 灼見名家. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-11-08</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515022939/https://www.master-insight.com/%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA%E6%8E%A2%E6%BA%90/">存档</a>于2021-05-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA%E6%8E%A2%E6%BA%90&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.master-insight.com%2F%25E4%25BA%2594%25E5%25BE%25B7%25E7%25B5%2582%25E5%25A7%258B%25E8%25AA%25AA%25E6%258E%25A2%25E6%25BA%2590%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%9B%E9%9B%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盛雄（页面不存在）">盛雄</a>. 《中國國運世紀大預言》. 台北: 春日出版社.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E4%BA%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%B5%82%E5%A7%8B%E8%AA%AA&rft.au=%E7%9B%9B%E9%9B%84&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E9%81%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%A4%A7%E9%A0%90%E8%A8%80%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E6%98%A5%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>}</span> </li> </ol></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BA%94%E8%89%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:五色"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="中國傳統顏色" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%A9" title="中国传统色彩">中國傳統顏色</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="陰陽">陰陽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%A1%8C" title="五行">五行</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E8%89%B2" title="五方色">五色</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D" title="方位">五方</a>、<a class="mw-selflink selflink">五德終始說</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%89%B2" title="原色">五方正色</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%89%B2" title="青色">青</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%BC%E8%89%B2" title="蒼色">蒼青</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E8%89%B2" title="红色">赤</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%B4%85%E8%89%B2" title="朱紅色">朱紅</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2" title="白色">白</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A0%E8%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="素色">素白</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2" title="黑色">黑</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2" title="黑色">玄黑</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%89%B2" title="黄色">黃</a>（正黃）</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wuxing_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wuxing_2.svg/80px-Wuxing_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Wuxing_2.svg/120px-Wuxing_2.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><div><div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B4%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="说文">說文</a>》：「紅，帛赤白色也。」<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B5%E7%8E%89%E8%A3%81" title="段玉裁">段玉裁</a>注：「按，此今人所謂粉紅、桃紅也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E%E9%9B%86%E8%A7%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%96%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論語集解義疏（页面不存在）">論語集解義疏</a>》：「紅紫不以為褻服。」<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E7%8E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="鄭玄">鄭玄</a>注：「五方正色。青赤白黒黄。五方閒色。綠爲青之閒。紅爲赤之閒。碧爲白之閒。紫爲黒之閒。緇爲黄之閒也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%BB%E7%96%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟子註疏（页面不存在）">孟子註疏</a>》：「紅紫亂朱。」案皇氏云︰「青、赤、黃、白、黑，五方正色也。不正謂五方間色，綠、紅、碧、紫、駵黃是也。」</span> </li> </ol> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=五德終始說&oldid=81835362">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=五德終始說&oldid=81835362</a>”</div></div> <div 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