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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Domestic policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Domestic policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oprichnina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oprichnina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><span><i>Oprichnina</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oprichnina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sack_of_Novgorod" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sack_of_Novgorod"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sack of Novgorod</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sack_of_Novgorod-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appointment_of_Simeon_Bekbulatovich" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_of_Simeon_Bekbulatovich"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Appointment of Simeon Bekbulatovich</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_of_Simeon_Bekbulatovich-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Foreign policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diplomacy_and_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomacy_and_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diplomacy and trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomacy_and_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Kazan_and_Astrakhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Kazan_and_Astrakhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Kazan_and_Astrakhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russo-Turkish_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russo-Turkish_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Russo-Turkish War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russo-Turkish_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livonian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livonian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Livonian War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livonian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crimean_raids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_raids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Crimean raids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_raids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Siberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Siberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Conquest of Siberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Siberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confirmed_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confirmed_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Confirmed marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confirmed_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unconfirmed_marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unconfirmed_marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Unconfirmed marriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unconfirmed_marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Posthumous reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancestry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patrilineal_descent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patrilineal_descent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Patrilineal descent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patrilineal_descent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ivan the Terrible</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 102 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_die_Verskriklike" title="Iwan die Verskriklike – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iwan die Verskriklike" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_se_Egesiga" title="Iohannes se Egesiga – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iohannes se Egesiga" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="إيفان الرهيب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيفان الرهيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_de_Rusia" title="Ivan IV de Rusia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ivan IV de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_IV_de_Rusia" title="Iván IV de Rusia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Iván IV de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_%C4%B0van_Qrozn%C4%B1" title="IV İvan Qroznı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="IV İvan Qroznı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="دؤردونجو ایوان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دؤردونجو ایوان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="চতুর্থ ইভান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চতুর্থ ইভান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Иван Грозный – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иван Грозный" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_IV_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Іван IV Грозны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іван IV Грозны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Іван Жахлівы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іван Жахлівы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_IV" title="Иван IV – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иван IV" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_Grozni" title="Ivan IV Grozni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ivan IV Grozni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Spontus" title="Ivan Spontus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ivan Spontus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Ivan IV de Rússia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ivan IV de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80_%D0%99%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хаяр Йăван – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хаяр Йăван" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV._Hrozn%C3%BD" title="Ivan IV. Hrozný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ivan IV. Hrozný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifan_IV,_tsar_Rwsia" title="Ifan IV, tsar Rwsia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ifan IV, tsar Rwsia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_4._af_Rusland" title="Ivan 4. af Rusland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ivan 4. af Rusland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV" title="Ivan IV – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ivan IV" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_IV._(Russland)" title="Iwan IV. (Russland) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iwan IV. (Russland)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Julm" title="Ivan Julm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ivan Julm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%84_%CE%BF_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιβάν Δ΄ ο Τρομερός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιβάν Δ΄ ο Τρομερός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_IV_de_Rusia" title="Iván IV de Rusia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iván IV de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivano_la_Terura" title="Ivano la Terura – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ivano la Terura" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV.a_Errusiakoa" title="Ivan IV.a Errusiakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ivan IV.a Errusiakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%81" title="ایوان مخوف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایوان مخوف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_le_Terrible" title="Ivan le Terrible – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ivan le Terrible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_fan_Rusl%C3%A2n" title="Ivan IV fan Ruslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ivan IV fan Ruslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_Vasilyevich" title="Ivan IV Vasilyevich – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ivan IV Vasilyevich" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A1n_IV_de_Rusia" title="Iván IV de Rusia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iván IV de Rusia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%98_4%EC%84%B8" title="이반 4세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이반 4세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6_IV_%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2" title="Իվան IV Ահեղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իվան IV Ահեղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95" title="ईवान भयानक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईवान भयानक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV.,_ruski_car" title="Ivan IV., ruski car – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ivan IV., ruski car" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_la_4ma_di_Rusia" title="Ivan la 4ma di Rusia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ivan la 4ma di Rusia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_Vasilyevich" title="Ivan IV Vasilyevich – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ivan IV Vasilyevich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%B3" title="Иван Тызмæг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иван Тызмæг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dvan_grimmi" title="Ívan grimmi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ívan grimmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_di_Russia" title="Ivan IV di Russia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ivan IV di Russia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%99" title="איוואן הרביעי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איוואן הרביעי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="ივანე მრისხანე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ივანე მრისხანე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="IV Иван – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="IV Иван" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Иван Грозный – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иван Грозный" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Костан Иван – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Костан Иван" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_l_Spavent%C3%ABus" title="Ivan l Spaventëus – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ivan l Spaventëus" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_IV_(tzar_Russiae)" title="Ioannes IV (tzar Russiae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes IV (tzar Russiae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivans_IV" title="Ivans IV – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ivans IV" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_IV._vu_Russland" title="Iwan IV. vu Russland – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Iwan IV. vu Russland" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Иван Грозный – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Иван Грозный" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanas_R%C5%ABstusis" title="Ivanas Rūstusis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ivanas Rūstusis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_de_Russia" title="Ivan IV de Russia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ivan IV de Russia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._Iv%C3%A1n_orosz_c%C3%A1r" title="IV. Iván orosz cár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="IV. Iván orosz cár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_IV_(%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Иван IV (Русија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иван IV (Русија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Grozny" title="Ivan Grozny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ivan Grozny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഇവാൻ നാലാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇവാൻ നാലാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiwene_te_kino" title="Aiwene te kino – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Aiwene te kino" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2" title="इव्हान द टेरिबल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इव्हान द टेरिबल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_IV" title="ივანე IV – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ივანე IV" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="ايفان الرهيب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايفان الرهيب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_dari_Rusia" title="Ivan IV dari Rusia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ivan IV dari Rusia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib%C3%A1n_IV_de_R%C3%BAssia" title="Ibán IV de Rússia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ibán IV de Rússia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="IV Иван – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="IV Иван" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_van_Rusland" title="Ivan IV van Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ivan IV van Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B34%E4%B8%96" title="イヴァン4世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イヴァン4世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Буьрса Иван – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Буьрса Иван" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_av_Russland" title="Ivan IV av Russland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ivan IV av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_av_Russland" title="Ivan IV av Russland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ivan IV av Russland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%99%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шучко Йыван – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шучко Йыван" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Grozniy" title="Ivan Grozniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ivan Grozniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0" title="ਇਵਾਨ ਭਿਅੰਕਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਵਾਨ ਭਿਅੰਕਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ایوان گروزنی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایوان گروزنی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%85%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="څلورم ایوان (وېروونکی ایوان) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="څلورم ایوان (وېروونکی ایوان)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwan_IV_Gro%C5%BAny" title="Iwan IV Groźny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iwan IV Groźny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iv%C3%A3_IV_da_R%C3%BAssia" title="Ivã IV da Rússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ivã IV da Rússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_al_IV-lea_al_Rusiei" title="Ivan al IV-lea al Rusiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ivan al IV-lea al Rusiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Иван Грозный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иван Грозный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%A3%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уордаах Уйбаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Уордаах Уйбаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ivan the Terrible" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_lu_Tirribbili" title="Ivan lu Tirribbili – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ivan lu Tirribbili" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ivan the Terrible" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV." title="Ivan IV. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ivan IV." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV._Vasiljevi%C4%8D_Grozni" title="Ivan IV. Vasiljevič Grozni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ivan IV. Vasiljevič Grozni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%85" title="ئیڤانی چوارەم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیڤانی چوارەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_IV_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Иван IV Грозни – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иван IV Грозни" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_Grozni" title="Ivan IV Grozni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ivan IV Grozni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iivana_Julma" title="Iivana Julma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iivana Julma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_av_Ryssland" title="Ivan IV av Ryssland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ivan IV av Ryssland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_ng_Rusya" title="Ivan IV ng Rusya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ivan IV ng Rusya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="உருசியாவின் நான்காம் இவான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உருசியாவின் நான்காம் இவான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_IV" title="Иван IV – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иван IV" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_4_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ซาร์อีวานที่ 4 แห่งรัสเซีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซาร์อีวานที่ 4 แห่งรัสเซีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IV._%C4%B0van" title="IV. İvan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="IV. İvan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Іван Грозний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іван Грозний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="آئیون چہارم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آئیون چہارم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86_IV" title="ئىۋان IV – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىۋان IV" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_c%E1%BB%A7a_Nga" title="Ivan IV của Nga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ivan IV của Nga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_di_R%C3%BBsseye" title="Ivan IV di Rûsseye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ivan IV di Rûsseye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_han_Rusya" title="Ivan IV han Rusya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ivan IV han Rusya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%87%A1%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="伊凡四世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊凡四世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%87%A1%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="伊凡四世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊凡四世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tsar of Russia from 1547 to 1584</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ivan the Terrible (disambiguation)">Ivan the Terrible (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>"Ivan IV" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ivan_IV_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ivan IV (disambiguation)">Ivan IV (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Ivan Grozny" redirects here. For the volcano, see <a href="/wiki/Grozny_Group" title="Grozny Group">Grozny Group</a>.</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Vasilyevich</i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ivan the Terrible<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Иван IV</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg/220px-Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg/330px-Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg/440px-Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait of Ivan IV in the Tsarsky titulyarnik, 1672</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsar of all Russia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1547 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">28 March 1584</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Russian_monarch" title="Coronation of the Russian monarch">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1547<sup id="cite_ref-note_2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Grand Prince of all Russia</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs#Tsars_of_Russia" title="List of Russian monarchs">Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1533 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">26 January 1547</span><sup id="cite_ref-note_3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-note_3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself as <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsar of all Russia</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regent</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Glinskaya" title="Elena Glinskaya">Elena Glinskaya</a> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(1533–1538)</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">25 August [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 15 August] 1530<br /><a href="/wiki/Kolomenskoye" title="Kolomenskoye">Kolomenskoye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 March] 1584 (aged 53)<br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Archangel" title="Cathedral of the Archangel">Cathedral of the Archangel</a>, Moscow</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Romanovna" title="Anastasia Romanovna">Anastasia Romanovna</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1547; died 1560)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Temryukovna" title="Maria Temryukovna">Maria Temryukovna</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1561; died 1569)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marfa_Sobakina" title="Marfa Sobakina">Marfa Sobakina</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1571; died 1571)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Koltovskaya" title="Anna Koltovskaya">Anna Koltovskaya</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1572; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1572)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vasilchikova" title="Anna Vasilchikova">Anna Vasilchikova</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1575; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1576)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nagaya" title="Maria Nagaya">Maria Nagaya</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1580)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Marriages_and_children">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(1552%E2%80%931553)" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (1552–1553)">Dmitry Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(born_1582)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (born 1582)">Dmitry Ivanovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Ivan Vasilyevich</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rurik_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik Dynasty">Rurik</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III of Russia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elena_Glinskaya" title="Elena Glinskaya">Elena Glinskaya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ivan IV Vasilyevich</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Иван IV Васильевич</span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 25 August 1530 – 28 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 March] 1584), commonly known as <b>Ivan the Terrible</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs#Grand_princes_of_Moscow" title="List of Russian monarchs">Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia</a> from 1533 to 1547, and the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs#Tsars_of_Russia" title="List of Russian monarchs">Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia</a> from 1547 until his death in 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan's reign was characterised by Russia's transformation from a medieval state to a fledgling empire, but at an immense cost to its people and long-term economy. </p><p>Ivan IV was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III</a> by his second wife <a href="/wiki/Elena_Glinskaya" title="Elena Glinskaya">Elena Glinskaya</a>, and a grandson of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a>. He succeeded his father after his death, when he was three years old. A group of reformers united around the young Ivan, crowning him as <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> in 1547 at the age of 16. In the early years of his reign, Ivan ruled with the group of reformers known as the Chosen Council and established the <i><a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a></i>, a new assembly convened by the tsar. He also revised the <a href="/wiki/Sudebnik_of_1550" title="Sudebnik of 1550">legal code</a> and introduced reforms, including elements of local self-government, as well as establishing the first Russian standing army, the <i><a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">streltsy</a></i>. Ivan conquered the khanates of <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Kazan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Astrakhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanate of Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, and significantly expanded the territory of Russia. </p><p>After he had consolidated his power, Ivan rid himself of the advisers from the Chosen Council and triggered the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> of 1558 to 1583, which ravaged Russia and resulted in failure to take control over <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> and the loss of <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a>, but allowed him to establish greater autocratic control over the <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russian nobility</a>, which he violently purged using Russia's first political police, the <i><a href="/wiki/Oprichnik" title="Oprichnik">oprichniki</a></i>. The later years of Ivan's reign were marked by the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Novgorod" title="Massacre of Novgorod">massacre of Novgorod</a> by the <i>oprichniki</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1571)" title="Fire of Moscow (1571)">burning of Moscow</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>. Ivan also pursued cultural improvements, such as importing the first printing press to Russia, and began several processes that would continue for centuries, including deepening connections with other European states, particularly <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, fighting <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">wars</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">conquest of Siberia</a>. </p><p>Contemporary sources present disparate accounts of Ivan's complex personality. He was described as intelligent and devout, but also prone to paranoia, rage, and episodic outbreaks of mental instability that worsened with age.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians generally believe that in a fit of anger, he murdered his eldest son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Ivan Ivanovich</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014192_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014192-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he might also have caused the miscarriage of the latter's unborn child. This left his younger son, the politically ineffectual <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor Ivanovich</a>, to inherit the throne, a man whose rule and subsequent childless death led to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurik dynasty</a> and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nickname">Nickname</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nickname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>terrible</i> is usually used to translate the Russian word <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">grozny</i></span> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">грозный</span></span>) in Ivan's epithet, but this is a somewhat archaic translation. The Russian word <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">grozny</i></span> reflects the older English usage of <i>terrible</i> as in "inspiring fear or terror; dangerous; powerful" (i.e., similar to modern English <i>terrifying</i> or <i>formidable</i>). It does not convey the more modern connotations of English <i>terrible</i> such as "defective" or "evil".<sup id="cite_ref-rbth_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbth-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Keenan" title="Edward L. Keenan">Edward L. Keenan</a>, Ivan the Terrible's image in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a> came from politicised <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> travel literature of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anti-Russian propaganda during the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> portrayed Ivan as a sadistic and oriental despot.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dal" title="Vladimir Dal">Vladimir Dal</a> defines <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">grozny</i></span> specifically in archaic usage and as an epithet for tsars: "courageous, magnificent, magisterial and keeping enemies in fear, but people in obedience".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other translations have also been suggested by modern scholars, including <i>formidable</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <i>awe-inspiring</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxford_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Ivan_IV_sits_on_the_grand_throne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Young_Ivan_IV_sits_on_the_grand_throne.png/200px-Young_Ivan_IV_sits_on_the_grand_throne.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Young_Ivan_IV_sits_on_the_grand_throne.png/300px-Young_Ivan_IV_sits_on_the_grand_throne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Young_Ivan_IV_sits_on_the_grand_throne.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Ivan sits on the throne, miniature from the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Chronicle_of_Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible">Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4.png/200px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4.png/300px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4.png/400px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="1137" /></a><figcaption>Ivan crowned tsar</figcaption></figure> <p>Ivan Vasilyevich was the first son of <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III</a> by his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Elena_Glinskaya" title="Elena Glinskaya">Elena Glinskaya</a>. Vasili's mother, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Palaiologina" title="Sophia Palaiologina">Sophia Palaiologina</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> princess of the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologos" title="Palaiologos">Palaiologos family</a>. She was a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas Palaiologos</a>, the younger brother of the last Byzantine emperor, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1449–1453</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elena's <a href="/wiki/Ana_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ana Jakšić">mother</a> was a Serbian princess and her father's family, the Tatar<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glinski clan (nobles based in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>), claimed descent both from Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobles" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian nobles">Hungarian nobles</a> and the Mongol ruler <a href="/wiki/Mamai" title="Mamai">Mamai</a> (1335–1380).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga200661_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga200661-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born on 25 August, he received the name Ivan in honor of St. <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, the day of whose <a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_John_the_Baptist" title="Beheading of John the Baptist">beheading</a> falls on 29 August.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some texts of that era, it is also occasionally mentioned with the names Titus and Smaragd, in accordance with the tradition of polyonymy among the <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurikids</a>. He was baptized in the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius" title="Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius">Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius</a> by Abbot Joasaph (Skripitsyn) and two elders of the <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Volokolamsk_Monastery" title="Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery">Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery</a> were elected as recipients—the monk Cassian Bossoy and the hegumen Daniel. Tradition says that in honor of the birth of Ivan, the Church of the Ascension was built in <a href="/wiki/Kolomenskoye" title="Kolomenskoye">Kolomenskoye</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Ivan was three years old, his father died from an abscess and inflammation on his leg that developed into <a href="/wiki/Blood_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood poisoning">blood poisoning</a>. The closest contenders to the throne, except for the young Ivan, were the younger brothers of Vasily. Of the six sons of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a>, only two remained: <a href="/wiki/Andrey_of_Staritsa" title="Andrey of Staritsa">Andrey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yury_Ivanovich" title="Yury Ivanovich">Yuri</a>. Ivan was proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Grand_prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand prince of Moscow">grand prince</a> at the request of his father. His mother Elena Glinskaya initially acted as regent, but died in 1538,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007368_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007368-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Ivan was eight years old; many believe that she was poisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007368_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007368-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regency then alternated between several feuding <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyar</a> families that fought for control. According to his own letters, Ivan, along with his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Vasilevich_(son_of_Vasili_IIl)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Vasilevich (son of Vasili IIl)">Yuri</a>, often felt neglected and offended by the mighty boyars from the <a href="/wiki/Shuisky" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuisky">Shuisky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belsky_family_(Gediminid)" title="Belsky family (Gediminid)">Belsky</a> families. In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kurbsky" title="Andrey Kurbsky">Andrey Kurbsky</a>, Ivan remembered, "My brother Iurii, of blessed memory, and me they brought up like vagrants and children of the poorest. What have I suffered for want of garments and food!"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That account has been challenged by the historian Edward Keenan, who doubts the authenticity of the source in which the quotations are found.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 January 1547, at the age of 16, Ivan was crowned at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Dormition" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of the Dormition">Cathedral of the Dormition</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_of_Moscow_and_all_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan of Moscow and all Russia">metropolitan</a> placed on Ivan the signs of royal dignity: the <a href="/wiki/True_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="True cross">Cross of the Life-Giving Tree</a>, barmas, and the <a href="/wiki/Monomakh%27s_Cap" title="Monomakh's Cap">cap of Monomakh</a>; Ivan Vasilyevich was anointed with <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>, and then the metropolitan <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">blessed</a> the tsar. He was the first Russian monarch to be crowned the <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">tsar of all Russia</a>, partly imitating his grandfather, Ivan III. Until then, the rulers of Moscow were crowned as grand princes, but Ivan III assumed the title of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_of_all_Russia" title="Sovereign of all Russia">sovereign of all Russia</a> and used the title of <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">tsar</a> in his correspondence with other monarchs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two weeks after his coronation, Ivan married his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Romanovna" title="Anastasia Romanovna">Anastasia Romanovna</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov family">Romanov family</a>, who became the first Russian <a href="/wiki/Tsaritsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaritsa">tsaritsa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.22,_p._43_-_Birth_of_Ivan_Ivanovich.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.22%2C_p._43_-_Birth_of_Ivan_Ivanovich.gif/220px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.22%2C_p._43_-_Birth_of_Ivan_Ivanovich.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.22%2C_p._43_-_Birth_of_Ivan_Ivanovich.gif/330px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.22%2C_p._43_-_Birth_of_Ivan_Ivanovich.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.22%2C_p._43_-_Birth_of_Ivan_Ivanovich.gif/440px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.22%2C_p._43_-_Birth_of_Ivan_Ivanovich.gif 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1431" /></a><figcaption>Birth of <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Ivan Ivanovich</a>, the son of Ivan IV and <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Romanovna" title="Anastasia Romanovna">Anastasia Romanovna</a>, miniature from the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Chronicle_of_Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible">Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By being crowned tsar, Ivan was sending a message to the world and to Russia that he was now the only supreme ruler of the country, and his will was not to be questioned. According to historian Janet Martin, the new title "symbolized an assumption of powers equivalent and parallel to those held by the former Byzantine caesar and the Tatar khan, both known in Russian sources as tsar. The political effect was to elevate Ivan's position".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007377_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007377-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new title not only secured the throne but also granted Ivan a new dimension of power that was intimately tied to religion. He was now a "divine" leader appointed to enact God's will, as "church texts described Old Testament kings as 'Tsars' and Christ as the Heavenly Tsar".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly appointed title was then passed on from generation to generation, and "succeeding Muscovite rulers... benefited from the divine nature of the power of the Russian monarch... crystallized during Ivan's reign".<sup id="cite_ref-Bogatyrev,_Sergei_1584_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogatyrev,_Sergei_1584-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a> and other monarchs in Europe, the first Russian tsars adopted mythological genealogies that connected them to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_the_Princes_of_Vladimir" title="The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir">The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir</a></i>, their lineage is traced to <a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>, the first prince of <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> in northern Russia, while a certain Prus, an alleged brother of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> who ruled what would become <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, is mentioned as a direct ancestor of Rurik.<sup id="cite_ref-Wortman_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wortman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan IV often mentioned his apparent kinship with Augustus, claiming not to be a "Russe" and highlighting his "German" descent from Rurik.<sup id="cite_ref-Wortman_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wortman-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such genealogies served to elevate the position of the Russian monarch in the eyes of his subjects and other European powers, who were also creating mythological ancestors for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga200632–34_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga200632–34-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite calamities triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1547)" title="Fire of Moscow (1547)">Great Fire of 1547</a>, the early part of Ivan's reign was one of peaceful reforms and modernization. Ivan revised the law code, creating the <a href="/wiki/Sudebnik_of_1550" title="Sudebnik of 1550">Sudebnik of 1550</a>, founded a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a> (the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">streltsy</a></i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a></i></span> (the first Russian parliament of feudal estates) and the council of the nobles (known as the Chosen Council) and confirmed the position of the Church with the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Hundred_Chapters" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of the Hundred Chapters">Council of the Hundred Chapters</a> (Stoglavy Synod), which unified the rituals and ecclesiastical regulations of the whole country. He introduced local self-government to rural regions, mainly in northeastern Russia, populated by the state peasantry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1553 Ivan suffered a near-fatal illness and was thought not able to recover. While on his presumed deathbed Ivan had asked the boyars to swear an oath of allegiance to his eldest son, an infant at the time. Many boyars refused since they deemed the tsar's health too hopeless for him to survive. This angered Ivan and added to his distrust of the boyars. There followed brutal reprisals and assassinations, including those of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Philip">Metropolitan Philip</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorbatyi-Shuisky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky">Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivan ordered in 1553 the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Print_Yard" title="Moscow Print Yard">Moscow Print Yard</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> was introduced to Russia. Several religious books in Russian were printed during the 1550s and 1560s. The new technology provoked discontent among traditional scribes, which led to the Print Yard being burned in an arson attack. The first Russian printers, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fedorov_(printer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Fedorov (printer)">Ivan Fedorov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Mstislavets" title="Pyotr Mstislavets">Pyotr Mstislavets</a>, were forced to flee from Moscow to the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. Nevertheless, the printing of books resumed from 1568 onwards, with Andronik Timofeevich Nevezha and his son Ivan now heading the Print Yard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_IV_the_Terrible_portrait_by_Weigel_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ivan_IV_the_Terrible_portrait_by_Weigel_1882.jpg/220px-Ivan_IV_the_Terrible_portrait_by_Weigel_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ivan_IV_the_Terrible_portrait_by_Weigel_1882.jpg/330px-Ivan_IV_the_Terrible_portrait_by_Weigel_1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Ivan_IV_the_Terrible_portrait_by_Weigel_1882.jpg/440px-Ivan_IV_the_Terrible_portrait_by_Weigel_1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>16th century portrait of Ivan by Hans Weigel</figcaption></figure> <p>Ivan had <a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Basil's Cathedral">Saint Basil's Cathedral</a> constructed in Moscow to commemorate the seizure of <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>. There is a legend that he was so impressed with the structure that he had the architect, <a href="/wiki/Postnik_Yakovlev" title="Postnik Yakovlev">Postnik Yakovlev</a>, blinded so that he could never design anything as beautiful again. However, in reality Postnik Yakovlev went on to design more churches for Ivan and the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Kremlin" title="Kazan Kremlin">Kazan Kremlin</a> in the early 1560s as well as the chapel over Saint Basil's grave, which was added to Saint Basil's Cathedral in 1588, several years after Ivan's death. Although more than one architect was associated with that name, it is believed that the principal architect is the same person.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other events of the period include the introduction of the first laws restricting the mobility of the peasants, which would eventually lead to <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> and were instituted during the rule of the future Tsar <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a> in 1597.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also <a href="/wiki/Serfdom_in_Russia" title="Serfdom in Russia">Serfdom in Russia</a>.) </p><p>The combination of bad harvests, devastation brought by the <i><a href="/wiki/Oprichnina" title="Oprichnina">oprichnina</a></i> and Tatar raids, the prolonged war and overpopulation caused <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Russia" title="Crisis of the late 16th century in Russia">a severe social and economic crisis</a> in the second half of Ivan's reign.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oprichnina"><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Oprichnina</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oprichnina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oprichnina" title="Oprichnina">Oprichnina</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg/200px-Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg/300px-Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg/400px-Vasnetsov_Ioann_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Ivan IV by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a>, 1897 (<a href="/wiki/Tretyakov_Gallery" title="Tretyakov Gallery">Tretyakov Gallery</a>, Moscow)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1560s brought to Russia hardships that led to a dramatic change in Ivan's policies. Russia was devastated by a combination of drought, famine, unsuccessful wars against the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Tatar invasions</a> and the sea-trading blockade carried out by the Swedes, the Poles and the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. His first wife, Anastasia Romanovna, died in 1560, which was suspected to be a poisoning. The personal tragedy deeply hurt Ivan and is thought to have affected his personality, if not his mental health. At the same time one of Ivan's advisors, Prince Andrey Kurbsky, defected to the Lithuanians, took command of the Lithuanian troops and devastated the Russian region of <a href="/wiki/Velikiye_Luki" title="Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a>. This series of treacherous acts made Ivan paranoically suspicious of nobility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 3 December 1564 Ivan left Moscow for <a href="/wiki/Aleksandrova_Sloboda" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandrova Sloboda">Aleksandrova Sloboda</a>, where he sent two letters in which he announced his <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a> because of the alleged embezzlement and treason of the aristocracy and the clergy. The boyar court was unable to rule in Ivan's absence and feared the wrath of the Muscovite citizens. A boyar envoy departed for Aleksandrova Sloboda to beg Ivan to return to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006176–178_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006176–178-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pavlov_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavlov-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan agreed to return on condition of being granted absolute power. He demanded the right to condemn and execute traitors and confiscate their estates without interference from the boyar council or church. Ivan decreed the creation of the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Oprichnina" title="Oprichnina">oprichnina</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006179–180_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006179–180-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichnina</i></span> was a separate territory within the borders of Russia, mostly in the territory of the former <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> in the north. Ivan held exclusive power over the territory. The Boyar Council ruled the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">zemshchina</i></span> ('land'), the second division of the state. Ivan also recruited a personal guard known as the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Oprichniki" class="mw-redirect" title="Oprichniki">oprichniki</a></i></span>, originally numbered 1,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Pavlov_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavlov-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006182–183_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006182–183-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichniki</i></span> were headed by <a href="/wiki/Malyuta_Skuratov" title="Malyuta Skuratov">Malyuta Skuratov</a>. One known <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichnik</i></span> was the German adventurer <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Staden_(author)" title="Heinrich von Staden (author)">Heinrich von Staden</a>. The <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichniki</i></span> enjoyed social and economic privileges under the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichnina</i></span>. They owed their allegiance and status to Ivan, not heredity or local bonds.<sup id="cite_ref-Pavlov_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pavlov-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first wave of persecutions targeted primarily the princely clans of Russia, notably the influential families of Suzdal. Ivan executed, exiled or forcibly <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a> prominent members of the boyar clans on questionable accusations of conspiracy. Among those who were executed were the Metropolitan Philip and the prominent warlord Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky. In 1566 Ivan extended the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichnina</i></span> to eight central districts. Of the 12,000 nobles, 570 became <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichniki</i></span> and the rest were expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006183_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006183-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the new political system the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichniki</i></span> were given large estates but, unlike the previous landlords, could not be held accountable for their actions. The men "took virtually all the peasants possessed, forcing them to pay 'in one year as much as [they] used to pay in ten.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007410_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007410-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This degree of oppression resulted in increasing cases of peasants fleeing, which in turn reduced overall production. The price of grain increased ten-fold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ivan was repentant after the death of his son and his actions with the <i><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichnina</i></span></i>, and afterwards, he sent out lists compiling the deaths of his Christian victims killed by the system and asked monasteries to pray for every known one.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (November 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sack_of_Novgorod">Sack of Novgorod</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sack of Novgorod"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Novgorod" title="Massacre of Novgorod">Massacre of Novgorod</a></div> <p>Conditions under the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichnina</i></span> were worsened by the 1570 epidemic, a plague that killed 10,000 people in Novgorod and 600 to 1,000 daily in Moscow. During the grim conditions of the epidemic, a famine and the ongoing Livonian War, Ivan grew suspicious that noblemen of the wealthy city of Novgorod were planning to defect and to place the city under the control of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. A Novgorod citizen, Petr Volynets, warned the tsar about the alleged conspiracy, which modern historians believe not to have been real. In 1570 Ivan ordered the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichniki</i></span> to raid the city. The <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichniki</i></span> burned and pillaged Novgorod and the surrounding villages and the city has never regained its former prominence.<sup id="cite_ref-Novgorod1911_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novgorod1911-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0NevrevNV_Oprichniki_BISH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/0NevrevNV_Oprichniki_BISH.jpg/220px-0NevrevNV_Oprichniki_BISH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/0NevrevNV_Oprichniki_BISH.jpg/330px-0NevrevNV_Oprichniki_BISH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/0NevrevNV_Oprichniki_BISH.jpg/440px-0NevrevNV_Oprichniki_BISH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><i>The Oprichniki</i> by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Nevrev" title="Nikolai Nevrev">Nikolai Nevrev</a> (1888). The painting shows the last minutes of <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">boyarin</i></span> Feodorov, who was arrested for treason. To mock his alleged ambitions on the tsar's title, the nobleman was given tsar's <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> before his execution.</figcaption></figure> <p>Casualty figures vary greatly from different sources. The First Pskov Chronicle estimates the number of victims at 60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Novgorod1911_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Novgorod1911-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PskovChronicle_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PskovChronicle-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Third Novgorod Chronicle, the massacre lasted for five weeks. The massacre of Novgorod consisted of men, women and children who were tied to sleighs and run into the freezing waters of the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov" title="Volkhov">Volkhov</a> River, which Ivan ordered on the basis of unproved accusations of treason. He then tortured its inhabitants and killed thousands in a pogrom. The archbishop was also hunted to death. Almost every day, 500 or 600 people were killed, some by drowning, but the official death toll named 1,500 of Novgorod's "big" people (nobility) and mentioned only about the same number of "smaller" people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many modern researchers estimate the number of victims to range from 2,000 to 3,000 since after the famine and epidemics of the 1560s the population of Novgorod most likely did not exceed 10,000–20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many survivors were deported.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichnina</i></span> did not live long after the sack of Novgorod. During the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_War_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Crimean War (1571)">1571–72 Russo-Crimean War</a> the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichniki</i></span> failed to prove themselves worthy against a regular army. In 1572, Ivan abolished the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichnina</i></span> and disbanded his <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichniki</i></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment_of_Simeon_Bekbulatovich">Appointment of Simeon Bekbulatovich</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Appointment of Simeon Bekbulatovich"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September or October 1575,<sup id="cite_ref-lloyd_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lloyd-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Bekbulatovich" title="Simeon Bekbulatovich">Simeon Bekbulatovich</a>, his statesman of Tatar origin, the new grand prince of all Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006301_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006301-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simeon reigned as a figurehead leader for about a year. According to the English envoy <a href="/wiki/Giles_Fletcher_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Giles Fletcher the Elder">Giles Fletcher the Elder</a>, Simeon acted on Ivan's instructions to confiscate all of the lands that belonged to monasteries, and Ivan pretended to disagree with the decision. When the throne was returned to Ivan in September 1576<sup id="cite_ref-lloyd_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lloyd-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he returned some of the confiscated land and kept the rest.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomacy_and_trade">Diplomacy and trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diplomacy and trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Litovchenko_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_Showing_Treasures_to_the_English_Ambassador_Jerome_Horsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alexander_Litovchenko_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_Showing_Treasures_to_the_English_Ambassador_Jerome_Horsey.jpg/300px-Alexander_Litovchenko_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_Showing_Treasures_to_the_English_Ambassador_Jerome_Horsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alexander_Litovchenko_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_Showing_Treasures_to_the_English_Ambassador_Jerome_Horsey.jpg/450px-Alexander_Litovchenko_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_Showing_Treasures_to_the_English_Ambassador_Jerome_Horsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alexander_Litovchenko_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_Showing_Treasures_to_the_English_Ambassador_Jerome_Horsey.jpg/600px-Alexander_Litovchenko_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_Showing_Treasures_to_the_English_Ambassador_Jerome_Horsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="7712" /></a><figcaption><i>Ivan the Terrible Showing His Treasures to <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Horsey" title="Jerome Horsey">Jerome Horsey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Litovchenko" title="Alexander Litovchenko">Alexander Litovchenko</a> (1875)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1547, Hans Schlitte, the agent of Ivan, recruited craftsmen in Germany for work in Russia. However, all of the craftsmen were arrested in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> at the request of Poland and <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>. The German merchant companies ignored the new <a href="/wiki/Ivangorod" title="Ivangorod">port built by Ivan</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Narva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Narva River">River Narva</a> in 1550 and continued to deliver goods in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> ports owned by Livonia. Russia remained isolated from sea trade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ivan established close ties with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>. Russian–English relations can be traced to 1551, when the <a href="/wiki/Muscovy_Company" title="Muscovy Company">Muscovy Company</a> was formed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Richard Chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian Cabot</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Willoughby" title="Hugh Willoughby">Hugh Willoughby</a> and several London merchants. In 1553, Chancellor sailed to the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> and continued overland to Moscow, where he visited Ivan's court. Ivan opened up the White Sea and the port of <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a> to the company and granted it privilege of trading throughout his reign without paying the standard customs fees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007403,_407_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007403,_407-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the use of English merchants, Ivan engaged in a long correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>. While the queen focused on commerce, Ivan was more interested in a military alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan even proposed to her once, and during his troubled relations with the boyars, he even asked her for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England if his rule was jeopardised.<sup id="cite_ref-muscovy_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muscovy-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elizabeth agreed on the condition that he provide for himself during his potential stay.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivan corresponded with overseas Orthodox leaders. In response to a letter of <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Joachim_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Joachim of Alexandria">Patriarch Joachim of Alexandria</a> asking him for financial assistance for the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, which had suffered by the Turks, Ivan sent in 1558 a delegation to <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a> by Archdeacon Gennady, who, however, died in Constantinople before he could reach Egypt. From then on, the embassy was headed by <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> merchant Vasily Poznyakov, whose delegation visited Alexandria, Cairo and Sinai; brought the patriarch a fur coat and an icon sent by Ivan and left an interesting account of his two-and-a-half years of travels.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivan was the first ruler to begin cooperating with the free cossacks on a large scale. Relations were handled through the Posolsky Prikaz diplomatic department; Moscow sent them money and weapons, while tolerating their freedoms, to draw them into an alliance against the Tatars. The first evidence of cooperation surfaces in 1549 when Ivan ordered the Don Cossacks to attack Crimea.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Kazan_and_Astrakhan">Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conquest of Kazan and Astrakhan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kazan_(1552)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kazan (1552)">Siege of Kazan (1552)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Special:EditPage/Ivan the Terrible">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22">"Ivan the Terrible"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChurchMilitant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ChurchMilitant.jpg/220px-ChurchMilitant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ChurchMilitant.jpg/330px-ChurchMilitant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/ChurchMilitant.jpg/440px-ChurchMilitant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Be_the_Host_of_the_King_of_Heaven" title="Blessed Be the Host of the King of Heaven">Blessed Be the Host of the King of Heaven</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Russian_icon" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian icon">Russian icon</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550–1560</span>, an allegory of the conquest of Kazan</figcaption></figure> <p>While Ivan was a child, armies of the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan Khanate">Kazan Khanate</a> repeatedly raided northeastern Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1530s, the Crimean khan formed an offensive alliance with <a href="/wiki/Safa_Giray_of_Kazan" title="Safa Giray of Kazan">Safa Giray of Kazan</a>, his relative. When Safa Giray invaded Russia in December 1540, the Russians used <a href="/wiki/Qasim_Tatars" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasim Tatars">Qasim Tatars</a> to contain him. After his advance was stalled near Murom, Safa Giray was forced to withdraw to his own borders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The reverses undermined Safa Giray's authority in Kazan. A pro-Russian party, represented by <a href="/wiki/Shahgali" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahgali">Shahgali</a>, gained enough popular support to make several attempts to take over the Kazan throne. In 1545, Ivan mounted an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/River_Volga" class="mw-redirect" title="River Volga">River Volga</a> to show his support for the pro-Russian party.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Kazan_(Pyotr_Korovin,_1890).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Siege_of_Kazan_%28Pyotr_Korovin%2C_1890%29.jpeg/220px-Siege_of_Kazan_%28Pyotr_Korovin%2C_1890%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Siege_of_Kazan_%28Pyotr_Korovin%2C_1890%29.jpeg/330px-Siege_of_Kazan_%28Pyotr_Korovin%2C_1890%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Siege_of_Kazan_%28Pyotr_Korovin%2C_1890%29.jpeg/440px-Siege_of_Kazan_%28Pyotr_Korovin%2C_1890%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i>Ivan IV under the walls of Kazan</i> by Pyotr Korovin (1890)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1551, the tsar sent his envoy to the <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a>, and they promised to maintain neutrality during the impending war. The <a href="/wiki/Ar_begs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar begs">Ar begs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a> submitted to Russian authority as well. In 1551, the wooden fort of <a href="/wiki/Sviyazhsk" title="Sviyazhsk">Sviyazhsk</a> was transported down the Volga from <a href="/wiki/Uglich" title="Uglich">Uglich</a> all the way to Kazan. It was used as the Russian <a href="/wiki/Place-of-arms" title="Place-of-arms">place-of-arms</a> during the decisive campaign of 1552.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 16 June 1552, Ivan led a strong Russian army towards Kazan. The last siege of the Tatar capital commenced on 30 August. Under the supervision of Prince Alexander Gorbaty-Shuisky, the Russians used battering rams, a siege tower, undermining, and 150 cannons. The Russians also had the advantage of efficient military engineers. The city's water supply was blocked and the walls were breached. Kazan finally fell on 2 October, its fortifications were razed and much of the population massacred. Many Russian prisoners and slaves were released. Ivan celebrated his victory over Kazan by building several churches with oriental features, most famously Saint Basil's Cathedral on <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a> in Moscow. The fall of Kazan was only the beginning of a series of so-called "<a href="/wiki/Cheremis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheremis">Cheremis</a> wars". The attempts of the Moscow government to gain a foothold on the Middle Volga kept provoking uprisings of local peoples, which was suppressed only with great difficulty. In 1557, the <a href="/wiki/Kazan_rebellion_of_1552%E2%80%931556" class="mw-redirect" title="Kazan rebellion of 1552–1556">First Cheremis War</a> ended, and the <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a> accepted Ivan's authority.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_Khanate_1550.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Crimean_Khanate_1550.png/220px-Crimean_Khanate_1550.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Crimean_Khanate_1550.png/330px-Crimean_Khanate_1550.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Crimean_Khanate_1550.png/440px-Crimean_Khanate_1550.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Khanates of Crimea, Astrakhan and Kazan in 1550, before Ivan's expansion into the Volga basin</figcaption></figure> <p>In campaigns in 1554 and 1556, Russian troops conquered the <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Khanate" title="Astrakhan Khanate">Astrakhan Khanate</a> at the mouths of the Volga River, and the new <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> fortress was built in 1558 by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vyrodkov" title="Ivan Vyrodkov">Ivan Vyrodkov</a> to replace the old Tatar capital. The annexation of the Tatar khanates meant the conquest of vast territories, access to large markets and control of the entire length of the Volga River. According to Martin (2007), "the subjugation of the Muslim khanates transformed Muscovy into an empire and fundamentally altered the balance of power on the steppe."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007396_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007396-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his conquest of Kazan, Ivan is said to have ordered the crescent, a symbol of Islam, to be placed underneath the <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> on the domes of Orthodox Christian churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaudet_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaudet-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSAMES1993_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSAMES1993-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russo-Turkish_War">Russo-Turkish War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russo-Turkish War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></div> <p>In 1568, Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Sokollu_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Sokollu Mehmed Pasha">Sokollu Mehmed Pasha</a>, who was the real power in the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Sultan Selim</a>, initiated the first encounter between the Ottoman Empire and its future northern rival. The results presaged the many disasters to come. A plan to unite the Volga and Don by a canal was detailed in Constantinople. In the summer of 1569, a large force under Kasim Pasha of 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>, 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Sipahis</a> and a few thousand <a href="/wiki/Azap" class="mw-redirect" title="Azap">Azaps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ak%C4%B1nc%C4%B1s" class="mw-redirect" title="Akıncıs">Akıncıs</a> were sent to lay siege to Astrakhan and to begin the canal works while an Ottoman fleet besieged <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In early 1570, Ivan's ambassadors concluded a treaty at Constantinople that restored friendly relations between the sultan and the tsar.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The envoys were directed to tell to the sultan: "My Tsar is not an enemy of the Moslem faith. His servant Sain Bulat rules the Khanate of Kassimov; Prince Kaibula in Yuriev, Ibak in Suroshsk, and the Nogai Princes in Romanov.”<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livonian_War">Livonian War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Livonian War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Special:EditPage/Ivan the Terrible">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22">"Ivan the Terrible"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_IV_Ortelius_1574.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ivan_IV_Ortelius_1574.JPG/220px-Ivan_IV_Ortelius_1574.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Ivan_IV_Ortelius_1574.JPG/330px-Ivan_IV_Ortelius_1574.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Ivan_IV_Ortelius_1574.JPG 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><i>Ioannes Basilius Magnus Imperator Russiae, Dux Moscoviae</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a> (1574)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1558, Ivan launched the Livonian War in an attempt to gain access to the Baltic Sea and its major trade routes. The war ultimately proved unsuccessful and stretched on for 24 years, engaging the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">Kingdom of Sweden</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> of Livonia. The prolonged war had nearly destroyed the economy, and the <i><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichnina</i></span></i> had thoroughly disrupted the government. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a> had united the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> acquired an energetic leader, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a>, who was supported by Russia's southern enemy, the Ottoman Empire. Ivan's realm was being squeezed by two of the time's great powers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After rejecting peace proposals from his enemies, Ivan had found himself in a difficult position by 1579. The displaced refugees fleeing the war compounded the effects of the simultaneous drought, and the exacerbated war engendered epidemics causing much loss of life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Báthory then launched a series of offensives against Muscovy in the campaign seasons of 1579–81 to try to cut the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Livonia" title="Kingdom of Livonia">Kingdom of Livonia</a> from Muscovy. During his first offensive in 1579, he retook <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a> with 22,000 men. During the second, in 1580, he took <a href="/wiki/Velikie_Luki" class="mw-redirect" title="Velikie Luki">Velikie Luki</a> with a 29,000-strong force. Finally, he began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pskov" title="Siege of Pskov">Siege of Pskov</a> in 1581 with a 100,000-strong army. <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, was reconquered by Sweden in 1581.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unlike Sweden and Poland, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II_of_Denmark" title="Frederick II of Denmark">Frederick II of Denmark</a> had trouble continuing the fight against Muscovy. He came to an agreement with <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III of Sweden</a> in 1580 to transfer the Danish titles of Livonia to John III. Muscovy recognised Polish–Lithuanian control of Livonia only in 1582. After <a href="/wiki/Magnus_von_Lyffland" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus von Lyffland">Magnus von Lyffland</a>, the brother of Fredrick II and a former ally of Ivan, died in 1583, Poland invaded his territories in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Courland">Duchy of Courland</a>, and Frederick II decided to sell his rights of inheritance. Except for the island of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a>, Denmark had left Livonia by 1585.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimean_raids">Crimean raids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Crimean raids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe">Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivans_ivory_throne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ivans_ivory_throne.jpg/220px-Ivans_ivory_throne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ivans_ivory_throne.jpg/330px-Ivans_ivory_throne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ivans_ivory_throne.jpg/440px-Ivans_ivory_throne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>Ivan's throne (ivory, metal, wood)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the later years of Ivan's reign, the southern borders of Muscovy were disturbed by Crimean Tatars, mainly to capture slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">Slavery in the Ottoman Empire</a>.) Khan <a href="/wiki/Devlet_I_Giray" title="Devlet I Giray">Devlet I Giray</a> of Crimea repeatedly raided the Moscow region. In 1571, the 40,000-strong Crimean and Turkish army launched a large-scale raid. The ongoing Livonian War left Moscow with a garrison of only 6,000 troops, which could not even delay the Tatar approach. Unresisted, Devlet devastated unprotected towns and villages around Moscow and caused the <a href="/wiki/Fire_of_Moscow_(1571)" title="Fire of Moscow (1571)">Fire of Moscow</a>. Historians have estimated the number of casualties of the fire to be 10,000 to 80,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>To buy peace from Devlet Giray, Ivan was forced to relinquish his claims on Astrakhan for the Crimean Khanate, but the proposed transfer was only a diplomatic maneuver and was never actually completed. The defeat angered Ivan. Between 1571 and 1572, preparations were made upon his orders. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Zasechnaya_cherta" class="mw-redirect" title="Zasechnaya cherta">Zasechnaya cherta</a>, innovative fortifications were set beyond the <a href="/wiki/Oka_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka River">Oka River</a>, which defined the border.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The following year, Devlet launched another raid on Moscow, now with a numerous horde,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reinforced by Turkish <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a> equipped with firearms and cannons. The Russian army, led by Prince <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Vorotynsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Vorotynsky">Mikhail Vorotynsky</a>, was half the size but was experienced and supported by <i>streltsy</i>, equipped with modern firearms and <a href="/wiki/Gulyay-gorod" title="Gulyay-gorod">gulyay-gorods</a>. In addition, it was no longer divided into two parts (the <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">oprichnina</i></span> and <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">zemsky</i></span>), unlike during the 1571 defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015427_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015427-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 July, the horde broke through the defensive line along the Oka River and moved towards Moscow. The Russian troops did not have time to intercept it, but the regiment of Prince Khvorostinin vigorously attacked the Tatars from the rear. The Khan stopped only 30 km from Moscow and brought down his entire army back on the Russians, who managed to take up defense near the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Molodi" title="Battle of Molodi">village of Molodi</a>. After several days of heavy fighting, Mikhail Vorotynsky with the main part of the army flanked the Tatars and dealt a sudden blow on 2 August, and Khvorostinin made a <a href="/wiki/Sortie_(siege_warfare)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sortie (siege warfare)">sortie</a> from the fortifications. The Tatars were completely defeated and fled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015417–21_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015417–21-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next year, Ivan, who had sat out in distant Novgorod during the battle, killed Mikhail Vorotynsky.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015439–41_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015439–41-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Siberia">Conquest of Siberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conquest of Siberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Special:EditPage/Ivan the Terrible">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22">"Ivan the Terrible"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian conquest of Siberia</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png/270px-Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png/405px-Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png/540px-Growth_of_Russia_1547-1725.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Russia_(1500%E2%80%931800)" title="Expansion of Russia (1500–1800)">Russian expansion</a> into Siberia dates back to the 16th century, when Ivan granted the Stroganov family permission to conquer the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Sibir" title="Khanate of Sibir">Khanate of Sibir</a>. Area conquered by Ivan IV in dark green.</figcaption></figure> <p>During Ivan's reign, Russia started a large-scale exploration and colonization of <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. In 1555, shortly after the conquest of Kazan, the Siberian khan Yadegar and the <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a>, under Khan Ismail, pledged their allegiance to Ivan in the hope that he would help them against their opponents. However, Yadegar failed to gather the full sum of tribute that he proposed to the tsar and so Ivan did nothing to save his inefficient vassal. In 1563, Yadegar was overthrown and killed by <a href="/wiki/Khan_Kuchum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Kuchum">Khan Kuchum</a>, who denied any tribute to Moscow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1558, Ivan gave the <a href="/wiki/Stroganov_family" title="Stroganov family">Stroganov merchant family</a> the patent for colonising "the abundant region along the Kama River", and, in 1574, lands over the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> along the rivers <a href="/wiki/Tura_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tura River">Tura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobol" title="Tobol">Tobol</a>. The family also received permission to build forts along the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh River</a>. Around 1577, the Stroganovs engaged the Cossack leader <a href="/wiki/Yermak_Timofeyevich" title="Yermak Timofeyevich">Yermak Timofeyevich</a> to protect their lands from attacks of the Siberian <a href="/wiki/Khan_Kuchum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Kuchum">Khan Kuchum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1580, Yermak started his conquest of Siberia. With some 540 <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, he started to penetrate territories that were tributary to Kuchum. Yermak pressured and persuaded the various family-based tribes to change their loyalties and to become tributaries of Russia. Some agreed voluntarily because they were offered better terms than with Kuchum, but others were forced. He also established distant forts in the newly conquered lands. The campaign was successful, and the Cossacks managed to defeat the Siberian army in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chuvash_Cape" title="Battle of Chuvash Cape">Battle of Chuvash Cape</a>, but Yermak still needed reinforcements. He sent an envoy to Ivan the Terrible with a message that proclaimed Yermak-conquered Siberia to be part of Russia to the dismay of the Stroganovs, who had planned to keep Siberia for themselves. Ivan agreed to reinforce the Cossacks with his streltsy, but the detachment sent to Siberia died of starvation without any benefit. The Cossacks were defeated by the local peoples, Yermak died and the survivors immediately left Siberia. Only in 1586, two years after the death of Ivan, would the Russians manage to gain a foothold in Siberia by founding the city of <a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grigory_Sedov_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_admiring_Vasilisa_Melentieva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grigory_Sedov_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_admiring_Vasilisa_Melentieva.jpg/280px-Grigory_Sedov_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_admiring_Vasilisa_Melentieva.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grigory_Sedov_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_admiring_Vasilisa_Melentieva.jpg/420px-Grigory_Sedov_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_admiring_Vasilisa_Melentieva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Grigory_Sedov_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_admiring_Vasilisa_Melentieva.jpg/560px-Grigory_Sedov_-_Ivan_the_Terrible_admiring_Vasilisa_Melentieva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tsar Ivan IV admires his sixth wife <a href="/wiki/Vasilisa_Melentyeva" title="Vasilisa Melentyeva">Vasilisa Melentyeva</a>. 1875 painting by <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Sedov" title="Grigory Sedov">Grigory Sedov</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iv%C3%A1n_el_Terrible_y_su_hijo,_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iv%C3%A1n_el_Terrible_y_su_hijo%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg/280px-Iv%C3%A1n_el_Terrible_y_su_hijo%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iv%C3%A1n_el_Terrible_y_su_hijo%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg/420px-Iv%C3%A1n_el_Terrible_y_su_hijo%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Iv%C3%A1n_el_Terrible_y_su_hijo%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg/560px-Iv%C3%A1n_el_Terrible_y_su_hijo%2C_por_Ili%C3%A1_Repin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible_and_His_Son_Ivan" title="Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan">Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan</a></i>. 1885 painting by <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Ivan the Terrible had at least six (possibly eight) wives, although only four of them were recognised by the Church. Three of them were allegedly poisoned by his enemies or by rival aristocratic families who wanted to promote their daughters to be his brides.<sup id="cite_ref-rbth_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbth-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had nine children.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1580, his heir, <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Ivan Ivanovich</a>, married <a href="/wiki/Yelena_Sheremeteva" title="Yelena Sheremeteva">Yelena Sheremeteva</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sheremetev" title="Sheremetev">Sheremetev</a> noble family,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a rare instance of the daughter of a boyar marrying into the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2012158_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2012158-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 9 November] 1581, Ivan chastised Yelena for being unsuitably dressed, considering her advanced pregnancy, leading to an altercation with his son Ivan Ivanovich.<sup id="cite_ref-Crummey_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crummey-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians generally believe that Ivan killed his son in a fit of rage,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014192_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014192-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the argument ending after the elder Ivan fatally struck his son in the head with his pointed staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimin_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimin-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yelena also suffered a miscarriage within hours of the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-Crummey_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crummey-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event is depicted in the famous painting by <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible_and_His_Son_Ivan" title="Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan">Ivan the Terrible and His Son Ivan</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confirmed_marriages">Confirmed marriages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Confirmed marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Romanovna" title="Anastasia Romanovna">Anastasia Romanovna</a> (married 3 February 1547 – 7 August 1560; died):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2012160_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2012160-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Tsarevna Anna Ivanovna (10 August 1548 – 20 July 1550)</li> <li>Tsarevna Maria Ivanovna (17 March 1551 – young)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Dmitry_Ivanovich_of_Russia_(1552%E2%80%931553)" title="Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich of Russia (1552–1553)">Tsarevich Dmitri Ivanovich</a> (October 1552 – 26 June 1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarevich_Ivan_Ivanovich_of_Russia" title="Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich of Russia">Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich</a> (28 March 1554 – 19 November 1581)</li> <li>Tsarevna Eudoxia Ivanovna (26 February 1556 – June 1558)</li> <li>Tsar <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I of Russia</a> (31 May 1557 – 6 January 1598)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Temryukovna" title="Maria Temryukovna">Maria Temryukovna</a> (married 21 August 1561 – 1 September 1569; died):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2012160_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2012160-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Tsarevich Vasili Ivanovich (21 March 1563 – 3 May 1563)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marfa_Sobakina" title="Marfa Sobakina">Marfa Sobakina</a> (married 28 October 1571 – 13 November 1571; died)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2012160_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2012160-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Koltovskaya" title="Anna Koltovskaya">Anna Koltovskaya</a> (married 29 April 1572 – 31 May 1572; sent to monastery);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2012160_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2012160-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was the last of his church-authorized weddings and she was later canonized as Saint Daria.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vasilchikova" title="Anna Vasilchikova">Anna Vasilchikova</a> (married between 7–30 January 1575 or September–October 1574; sent to monastery in August–September 1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nagaya" title="Maria Nagaya">Maria Nagaya</a> (6 September 1580; widow):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2012160_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2012160-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">Tsarevich Dmitri Ivanovich</a> (19 October 1582 – 15 May 1591); he was later <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a> as <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Right-Believing" title="Right-Believing">Right-Believing</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius" title="Demetrius">Demetrius</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uglich" title="Uglich">Uglich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsarevich" title="Tsarevich">tsarevich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unconfirmed_marriages">Unconfirmed marriages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unconfirmed marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Vasilisa_Melentyeva" title="Vasilisa Melentyeva">Vasilisa Melentyeva</a> (?–1579) (existence disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Dolgorukaya" title="Maria Dolgorukaya">Maria Dolgorukaya</a> (1580) (existence disputed)</li></ol> <p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Simon Sebag Montefiore</a>, Ivan also began an affair with the courtier <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Basmanov" title="Fyodor Basmanov">Fyodor Basmanov</a>. When the magnate Dmitri Oblensky Ovchinin sneered to Basmanov that "We serve the tsar in useful ways, you in your filthy sodomitical dealings,” Ivan scalded and stabbed him to death.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (November 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ivan was a poet and a composer of considerable talent. His Orthodox liturgical hymn, "Stichiron No. 1 in Honor of St. Peter", and fragments of his letters were set to music by the Soviet composer <a href="/wiki/Rodion_Shchedrin" title="Rodion Shchedrin">Rodion Shchedrin</a>. The recording, the first Soviet-produced CD, was released in 1988 to mark the millennium of Christianity in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kurbsky#Works_attributed_to_Andrey_Kurbsky" title="Andrey Kurbsky">Andrey Kurbsky § Works attributed to Andrey Kurbsky</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/D._S._Mirsky" title="D. S. Mirsky">D. S. Mirsky</a> (1958) called Ivan "a pamphleteer of genius".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exchange of letters attributed to Ivan and his former vassal <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Kurbsky" title="Andrey Kurbsky">Andrey Kurbsky</a>, who defected to Lithuania in 1564, is often said to be the only existing source on Ivan's personality that could provide crucial information on his reign, but Harvard professor Edward L. Keenan (1971) has argued that the letters are 17th-century forgeries.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That contention, however, has not been widely accepted (exceptions include <a href="/wiki/Donald_Ostrowski" title="Donald Ostrowski">Donald Ostrowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Boeck" title="Brian Boeck">Brian Boeck</a>); most other scholars, such as John Fennell and <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Skrynnikov" title="Ruslan Skrynnikov">Ruslan Skrynnikov</a>, have continued to argue for their authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski2020190–191_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski2020190–191-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most frequently cited argument by proponents of authenticity is the 1987 Morozov article on a manuscript, variously dated to 1594–95 or the 1620s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski2020198–199_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski2020198–199-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the first Kurbskii letter to Ivan,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski2020198–199_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski2020198–199-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Martin (2007) asserted "has substantially strengthened the argument for the authenticity of the correspondence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007365–366_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007365–366-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skeptics point out that Morozov later acknowledged the 1620s as the date of composition, and that he never followed-up his preliminary findings with a separate study that he called for.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstrowski2020198–199_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOstrowski2020198–199-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Bilibin_131.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ivan_Bilibin_131.jpg/220px-Ivan_Bilibin_131.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Ivan_Bilibin_131.jpg/330px-Ivan_Bilibin_131.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Ivan_Bilibin_131.jpg 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><i>Death of Ivan the Terrible</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bilibin" title="Ivan Bilibin">Ivan Bilibin</a> (1935)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ivan was a devoted follower of Orthodox Christianity but in his own specific manner. He placed the most emphasis on defending the divine right of the ruler to unlimited power under God.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars explain the sadistic and brutal deeds of Ivan the Terrible with the religious concepts of the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which included drowning and roasting people alive or torturing victims with boiling or freezing water, corresponding to the torments of hell. That was consistent with Ivan's view of being God's representative on Earth with a sacred right and duty to punish. He may also have been inspired by the model of <a href="/wiki/Archangel_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangel Michael">Archangel Michael</a> with the idea of divine punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the absolute prohibition of the Church for even the fourth marriage, Ivan had seven wives. Even while his seventh wife was alive, he was negotiating to marry <a href="/wiki/Mary_Hastings" title="Mary Hastings">Mary Hastings</a>, a distant relative of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth of England</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> was also prohibited by the Church. Still, Ivan planned to "put his wife away".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015423,_492–93_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015423,_492–93-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan freely interfered in church affairs by ousting <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Philip" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Philip">Metropolitan Philip</a> and ordering him to be killed and accusing of treason and deposing the second-oldest hierarch, <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Novgorod" title="Diocese of Novgorod">Novgorod Archbishop</a> Pimen. Many monks were tortured to death during the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Novgorod" title="Massacre of Novgorod">Massacre of Novgorod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015350,_361–64_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015350,_361–64-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the conquered Khanates of Khazan and Astrakhan, Ivan was somewhat tolerant of Islam. This was largely to avoid a conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman sultan">Ottoman sultan</a> over control of newly conquered Tatar regions. He considered these conquests to be a Christian victory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was notable for his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>. For example, after the capture of <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a>, all unconverted Jews were ordered to be drowned, despite their role in the city's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Halperin2019_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halperin2019-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ivan died from a stroke while he was playing chess with <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Belsky" title="Bogdan Belsky">Bogdan Belsky</a><sup id="cite_ref-Waliszewski_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waliszewski-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 28 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 18 March] 1584.<sup id="cite_ref-Waliszewski_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waliszewski-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon Ivan's death, the Russian throne was left to his middle son, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Zimin_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimin-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a weak-minded figure.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feodor died childless in 1598, which ushered in the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lifetime_portrait_of_Ivan_the_Terrible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lifetime_portrait_of_Ivan_the_Terrible.jpg/220px-Lifetime_portrait_of_Ivan_the_Terrible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lifetime_portrait_of_Ivan_the_Terrible.jpg/330px-Lifetime_portrait_of_Ivan_the_Terrible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lifetime_portrait_of_Ivan_the_Terrible.jpg/440px-Lifetime_portrait_of_Ivan_the_Terrible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>The only authentic lifetime portrait of Ivan IV is embossed on the binding of the first printed <a href="/wiki/Acts_and_Epistles_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts and Epistles of the Apostles">Apostle of 1564</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Little is known about Ivan's appearance, as virtually all existing portraits were made after his death and contain uncertain amounts of <a href="/wiki/Artist%27s_impression" title="Artist's impression">artist's impression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerasimov_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerasimov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1567, the ambassador Daniel Prinz von Buchau said about Ivan that: "He is very tall. His body is full of strength and quite thick, his large eyes, which constantly run around, observe everything carefully. His beard is red with a slight shade of black, quite long and thick, but like most Russians, he shaves his hair with a razor".<sup id="cite_ref-Zimin_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimin-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%91%D0%B2-%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Катырёв-Ростовский, Иван Михайлович">Ivan Katyryov-Rostovsky</a>, the son-in-law of <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael I of Russia">Michael I of Russia</a>, Ivan had an unpleasant face with a long and crooked nose. He was tall and athletically built, with broad shoulders and a narrow waist.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimin_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimin-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, the graves of Ivan and his sons were excavated and examined by Soviet scientists. Chemical and structural analysis of his remains disproved earlier suggestions that Ivan suffered from <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> or that he was poisoned by arsenic or strangled. At the time of his death, he was 178 cm tall (5 ft. 10 in.) and weighed 85–90 kg (187–198 lb.). His body was rather asymmetrical, had a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Osteophyte" title="Osteophyte">osteophytes</a> uncharacteristic of his age and contained excessive concentration of mercury. Researchers concluded that Ivan was athletically built in his youth but, in his last years, had developed various bone diseases and could barely move. They attributed the high mercury content in his body to his use of ointments to heal his joints.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerasimov_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerasimov-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ivan had the following title towards the end of his reign:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006207_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006207-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> The Great Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of all Russia, Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Sovereign of Pskov, Grand Prince of Smolensk, Tver, Yugorsk, Perm, Vyatka, Bolgar and others, Sovereign and Grand Prince of Novgorod of the Lower Land, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Beloozero, Livonia, Udoria, Obdoria, Kondia and Master of all the Siberian Lands and Northern Countries.</p></blockquote> <p>Kazan was added to Ivan's title in 1553 and Astrakhan in 1554. The titles "tsar of Kazan, tsar of Astrakhan" first appeared in 1556. The title "master of all the Siberian lands" first appeared in 1555, and from 1582, was written as "master of all the Siberian lands and northern countries".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Livonian War, Livonia first appeared in his title in 1558. Polotsk was also included following its capture in 1562. Despite Russia's defeat in the Livonian War, the title of Livonia was not abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006205–207_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006205–207-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In English, Ivan's title of tsar was often translated as "emperor" from the first visit of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chancellor" title="Richard Chancellor">Richard Chancellor</a> to Moscow in 1553. For example: "We, greatest Ivan Vassilleviche by the Grace of God Emperor of all Russia and Great Duke". However, the title was not consistently translated as "emperor", such as in 1582: "The Great Lord, King and Great Duke John the sonne of Vasili of all Russia...".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006113_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006113-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hw-ivan4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hw-ivan4.jpg/220px-Hw-ivan4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hw-ivan4.jpg/330px-Hw-ivan4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Hw-ivan4.jpg/440px-Hw-ivan4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>16th century German engraving of Ivan IV<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copecks_and_dengas_of_Ivan_the_Terrible_(Russia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Copecks_and_dengas_of_Ivan_the_Terrible_%28Russia%29.jpg/220px-Copecks_and_dengas_of_Ivan_the_Terrible_%28Russia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Copecks_and_dengas_of_Ivan_the_Terrible_%28Russia%29.jpg/330px-Copecks_and_dengas_of_Ivan_the_Terrible_%28Russia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Copecks_and_dengas_of_Ivan_the_Terrible_%28Russia%29.jpg/440px-Copecks_and_dengas_of_Ivan_the_Terrible_%28Russia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Coins of Ivan IV: <a href="/wiki/Kopeck" title="Kopeck">kopecks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denga" title="Denga">dengas</a>, in silver.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ivan completely altered Russia's governmental structure, establishing the character of modern Russian political organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan's creation of the <i>oprichnina</i>, answerable only to him, afforded him personal protection and curtailed the traditional powers and rights of the <a href="/wiki/Boyar" title="Boyar">boyars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henceforth, tsarist autocracy and despotism would lie at the heart of the Russian state.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ivan bypassed the <i><a href="/wiki/Mestnichestvo" title="Mestnichestvo">mestnichestvo</a></i> system and offered positions of power to his supporters among the minor gentry.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire's local administration combined both locally and centrally appointed officials; the system proved durable and practical and sufficiently flexible to tolerate later modification.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogatyrev,_Sergei_1584_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogatyrev,_Sergei_1584-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivan's expedition against Poland failed at a military level, but it helped extend Russia's trade, political and cultural links with other European states. <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> built on those connections in his bid to make Russia a major European power. At Ivan's death, the empire encompassed the Caspian to the southwest and Western Siberia to the east. His southern conquests ignited several conflicts with the expansionist Ottoman Empire, whose territories were thus confined to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivan's management of Russia's economy proved disastrous, both in his lifetime and afterward. He had inherited a government in debt, and in an effort to raise more revenue for his expansionist wars, he instituted a series of taxes on the peasantry and urban population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007404–405_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007404–405-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Nothing in Martin 2007 pp 404–405 suggests that the introduction of new taxes was bad for the economy, let alone "disastrous"; just that they increased the tax burden, but it was also great for the state revenues. WP:SYNTH. (January 2025)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Martin (2007) stated: "The reign of Ivan IV the Terrible was, in short, a disaster for Muscovy. (...) his subjects were impoverished, his economic resources depleted, his army weakened, and his realm militarily defeated. (...) By the time Ivan IV the Terrible died in 1584 , Muscovy (...) was on the brink of ruin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007415_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007415-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posthumous_reputation">Posthumous reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Posthumous reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible_in_Russian_folklore" title="Ivan the Terrible in Russian folklore">Ivan the Terrible in Russian folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_depictions_of_Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Category:Cultural depictions of Ivan the Terrible">Category:Cultural depictions of Ivan the Terrible</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg/220px-Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg/330px-Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg/440px-Ivan_grozny_frame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Ivan IV in the <i><a href="/wiki/Tsarsky_titulyarnik" title="Tsarsky titulyarnik">Tsarsky titulyarnik</a></i>, 1672</figcaption></figure> <p>Ivan's notorious outbursts and autocratic whims helped characterise the position of tsar as one accountable to no earthly authority but only to God.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogatyrev,_Sergei_1584_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogatyrev,_Sergei_1584-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tsarist absolutism faced few serious challenges until the 19th century. The earliest and most influential account of his reign prior to 1917 was by the historian <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Nikolay Karamzin</a>, who described Ivan as a 'tormentor' of his people, particularly from 1560, though even after that date Karamzin believed there was a mix of 'good' and 'evil' in his character. In 1922, the historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wipper" title="Robert Wipper">Robert Wipper</a> wrote a biography that reassessed Ivan as a monarch "who loved the ordinary people" and praised his agrarian reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pokrovsky" title="Mikhail Pokrovsky">Mikhail Pokrovsky</a>, who dominated the study of history in the Soviet Union, attributed the success of the <i>oprichnina</i> to their being on the side of the small state owners and townsfolk in a decades-long class struggle against the large landowners, and downgraded Ivan's role to that of the instrument of the emerging Russian bourgeoisie. But in February 1941, the poet <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> observantly remarked in a letter to his cousin that "the new cult, openly proselytized, is Ivan the Terrible, the <i>Oprichnina</i>, the brutality."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, who had read Wipper's biography, had decided that Soviet historians should praise the role of strong leaders, such as Ivan, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a> and Peter the Great, who had strengthened and expanded Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A consequence was that the writer <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">Alexei Tolstoy</a> began work on a stage version of Ivan's life, and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> began what was to be a three-part film tribute to Ivan. Both projects were personally supervised by Stalin, at a time when the Soviet Union was engaged in a war with Nazi Germany. He read the scripts of Tolstoy's play and the first of Eisenstein's films in tandem after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> in 1943, praised Eisenstein's version but rejected Tolstoy's. It took Tolstoy until 1944 to write a version that satisfied the Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eisenstein's success with <i><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible_(1944_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan the Terrible (1944 film)">Ivan the Terrible Part 1</a></i> was not repeated with the follow-up, <i>The Boyar's Revolt</i>, which angered Stalin because it portrayed a man suffering pangs of conscience. Stalin told Eisenstein: "Ivan the Terrible was very cruel. You can show that he was cruel, but you have to show why it was essential to be cruel. One of Ivan the Terrible's mistakes was that he didn't finish off the five major families."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film was suppressed until 1958.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In post-Soviet Russia, a campaign has been run to seek the granting of <a href="/wiki/Sainthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainthood">sainthood</a> to Ivan IV,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Russian Orthodox Church opposed the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first statue of Ivan the Terrible was officially open in <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>, Russia, in 2016. Formally, the statue was unveiled in honor of the 450th anniversary of the founding of Oryol, a Russian city of about 310,000 that was established as a fortress to defend Moscow's southern borders. Informally, there was a big political subtext. The opposition thinks that Ivan the Terrible's rehabilitation echoes Stalin's era. The erection of the statue was vastly covered in international media like <i>The Guardian</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Washington Post</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Politico</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others. The Russian Orthodox Church officially supported the erection of the monument.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Ivan the Terrible</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II of Moscow</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Borovsk" title="Maria of Borovsk">Maria of Borovsk</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III of Russia</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Palaiologos">Thomas Palaiologos</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Palaiologina" title="Sophia Palaiologina">Sophia Palaiologina</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Zaccaria" title="Catherine Zaccaria">Catherine Zaccaria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Ivan IV of Russia</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. Lev Borisovich Glinsky</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. Vasili Lvovich Glinsky</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. ? Esmanovna</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Elena_Glinskaya" title="Elena Glinskaya">Elena Glinskaya</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. Stefan Jakšić</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Ana_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ana Jakšić">Ana Jakšić</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. Milica Belmužević</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patrilineal_descent">Patrilineal descent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Patrilineal descent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Special:EditPage/Ivan the Terrible">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22">"Ivan the Terrible"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ivan+the+Terrible%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Patrilineal descent </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left"> <p><a href="/wiki/Patrilineal_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal descent">Patrilineal descent</a> is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations – which means that if Ivan IV were to choose a historically accurate house name, it would be Rurikid, as all his male-line ancestors have been of that house. </p><p>Ivan is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurikid dynasty</a>. Ivan's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a>, Prince of Novgorod, <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 879</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">Igor</a>, Prince of Kiev, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 877</span>–945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_I" title="Sviatoslav I">Sviatoslav I</a>, Prince of Kiev, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 943</span>–972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir</a>, Grand Prince of Kiev, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 958</span>–1015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_the_Wise" title="Yaroslav the Wise">Yaroslav</a>, Grand Prince of Kiev, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 978</span>–1054</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_I_of_Kiev" title="Vsevolod I of Kiev">Vsevolod I</a>, Grand Prince of Kiev, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1030</span>–1093</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_II_Monomakh" title="Vladimir II Monomakh">Vladimir II Monomakh</a>, Grand Prince of Kiev, 1053–1125</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Dolgorukiy" title="Yuri Dolgorukiy">Yuri Dolgorukiy</a>, Grand Prince of Kiev, 1099–1157</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_the_Big_Nest" title="Vsevolod the Big Nest">Vsevolod the Big Nest</a>, Grand Prince of Vladimir, 1154–1212</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yaroslav II of Vladimir">Yaroslav II</a>, Grand Prince of Vladimir, 1191–1246</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a>, Grand Prince of Vladimir, 1221–1263</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Moscow" title="Daniel of Moscow">Daniel</a>, Prince of Moscow, 1261–1303</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow" title="Ivan I of Moscow">Ivan I</a>, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Moscow, 1288–1341</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_II_of_Moscow" title="Ivan II of Moscow">Ivan II</a>, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Moscow, 1326–1359</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry Donskoy</a>, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Moscow, 1350–1389</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I</a>, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Moscow, 1371–1425</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II</a>, Grand Prince of Vladimir and Moscow, 1415–1462</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III</a>, Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia, 1440–1505</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasily III</a>, Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia, 1479–1533</li> <li><b>Ivan IV</b>, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, 1530–1584</li></ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Russian_monarchs" title="Family tree of Russian monarchs">Family tree of Russian monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Russia" title="Crisis of the late 16th century in Russia">Crisis of the late 16th century in Russia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-note_1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style date</a>: 16 January 1547 – 18 March 1584</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Old Style date: 16 January 1547</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-note_3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-note_3_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Old Style date: 3 December 1533 – 16 January 1547</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a>: <span lang="cu">Іѡа́ннъ Васи́лїевичъ</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Иван Грозный</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Ivan Groznyy</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɪˈvan<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡroznɨj]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2f\/Ru-Ivan_Grozny.ogg\/Ru-Ivan_Grozny.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Ivan Grozny.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2f/Ru-Ivan_Grozny.ogg/Ru-Ivan_Grozny.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Ivan_Grozny.ogg" title="File:Ru-Ivan Grozny.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></small> 'Ivan the Formidable, 'Ivan the Fearsome' or 'Ivan the Awe-Inspiring';<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oxford_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxford-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ioannes Severus</i>; <a href="/wiki/Monastic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic name">monastic name</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As the tonsure was the distinctive hairstyle of monastic orders, a forcibly tonsured boyar was effectively exiled from power by being made to enter a monastic life.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "country" should be understood as <a href="/wiki/Norrbotten_County" title="Norrbotten County">Norrbotten</a>, which was added as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War</a> of 1554–1557.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">May 1582. Instructions of the Emb-ra of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_i/ivan4ru_inst.php">"Иван Васильевич Грозный"</a>. <i>www.hrono.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hrono.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Fbiograf%2Fbio_i%2Fivan4ru_inst.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://godliteratury.ru/articles/2017/12/07/ivan-groznyy-pervyy-russkiy-modern">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Иван Грозный — первый русский модернист"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Год Литературы</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.atitle=%22%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%E2%80%94+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgodliteratury.ru%2Farticles%2F2017%2F12%2F07%2Fivan-groznyy-pervyy-russkiy-modern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalperin2014" class="citation web cs1">Halperin, Charles J. (13 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0099.xml">"Ivan IV the Terrible, Tsar of Russia"</a>. <i>Renaissance and Reformation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195399301-0099">10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0099</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539930-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539930-1"><bdi>978-0-19-539930-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+and+Reformation&rft.atitle=Ivan+IV+the+Terrible%2C+Tsar+of+Russia&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOBO%2F9780195399301-0099&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539930-1&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195399301%2Fobo-9780195399301-0099.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shvidkovskiĭ, Dmitriĭ Olegovich (2007) <i>Russian Architecture and the West</i>. Yale University Press. p. 147. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300109121" title="Special:BookSources/0300109121">0300109121</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Yanov">Yanov</a>, p. 208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Del Testa, David W. (2001) <i>Government Leaders, Military Rulers and Political Activists</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1573561533" title="Special:BookSources/1573561533">1573561533</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014192-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014192_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerriePavlov2014192_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerriePavlov2014">Perrie & Pavlov 2014</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbth-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rbth_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbth_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManaev,_G.2019" class="citation news cs1">Manaev, G. (7 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/history/329825-madness-of-3-russian-tsars">"The madness of 3 Russian tsars, and the truth behind it"</a>. <i>Russia Beyond</i>. Russia Beyond the Headlines<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=The+madness+of+3+Russian+tsars%2C+and+the+truth+behind+it&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft.au=Manaev%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fhistory%2F329825-madness-of-3-russian-tsars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenan2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Keenan" title="Edward L. Keenan">Keenan, Edward L.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036979">"How Ivan Became "Terrible"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Ukrainian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Ukrainian Studies">Harvard Ukrainian Studies</a></i>. <b>28</b> (1/4): <span class="nowrap">521–</span>542. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0363-5570">0363-5570</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41036979">41036979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=How+Ivan+Became+%22Terrible%22&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E521-%3C%2Fspan%3E542&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036979%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0363-5570&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41036979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dal, Vladimir, <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_Dictionary_of_the_Live_Great_Russian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language">Explanatory Dictionary of the Live Great Russian language</a>, article <i>ГРОЗИТЬ</i>. Available in many editions as well as online, for example at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slovardalja.net/">slovardalja.net</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen,_C.G.1993" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobsen, C.G. (1993). "Myths, Politics and the Not-so-New World Order". <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>30</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343393030003001">10.1177/0022343393030003001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/424804">424804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146782336">146782336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Myths%2C+Politics+and+the+Not-so-New+World+Order&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146782336%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F424804%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343393030003001&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+C.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoth,_Ernst_Erich1941" class="citation journal cs1">Noth, Ernst Erich (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fRsMAAAAIAAJ">"Books Abroad: An International Literary Quarterly"</a>. <i>Books Abroad</i>. <b>15</b>. University of Oklahoma Press: 343. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-7431">0006-7431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Books+Abroad&rft.atitle=Books+Abroad%3A+An+International+Literary+Quarterly&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=343&rft.date=1941&rft.issn=0006-7431&rft.au=Noth%2C+Ernst+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfRsMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McConnell, Frank D. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storytellingmyth0000mcco"><i>Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-502572-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-502572-5">0-19-502572-5</a>; p. 78: "But Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible, or as the Russian has it, Ivan groznyi, 'Ivan the Magnificent' or 'Ivan the Great' is precisely a man who has become a legend".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODB-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODB_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alice-Mary_Talbot" title="Alice-Mary Talbot">Talbot, Alice-Mary</a> (1991). "Sophia Palaiologina". 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Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1928. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8"><bdi>0-19-504652-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sophia+Palaiologina&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pages=1928&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-19-504652-8&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=Alice-Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaureen_Perrie,_Andrei_Pavlov2014" class="citation book cs1">Maureen Perrie, Andrei Pavlov (2014). <i>Ivan the Terrible</i>. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Maureen+Perrie%2C+Andrei+Pavlov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga200661-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga200661_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadariaga2006">Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francis Carr, <i>Ivan the Terrible</i>, David & Charles Publishers (1981), p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter G. Moss, <i>A History of Russia : To 1917, Volume 1</i>, Anthem Press (2003), p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛитвинаУспенский2006" class="citation book cs1">Литвина, А. Ф.; Успенский, Ф. Б. (2006). <i>Выбор имени у русских князей в X–XVI вв.: Династическая история сквозь призму антропонимики. М</i>. Индрик. p. 218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B2+X%E2%80%93XVI+%D0%B2%D0%B2.%3A+%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.+%D0%9C.&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.+%D0%A4.&rft.au=%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%2C+%D0%A4.+%D0%91.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007368-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007368_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007368_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 368.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pushkareva, N. (1997) <i>Women in Russian History</i>. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 65–67. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0765632705" title="Special:BookSources/0765632705">0765632705</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kurbsky, Andrey, Ivan IV, <i>The Correspondence Between Prince A.M. Kurbsky and Tsar Ivan IV, of Russia, 1564–1579</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1955, 275 pp., <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000X81MHO">B000X81MHO</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674181724"><i>The Kurbskii-Groznyi Apocrypha – Edward L. Keenan | Harvard University Press</i></a>. Russian Research Center Studies. Harvard University Press. January 1971. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674181724" title="Special:BookSources/9780674181724"><bdi>9780674181724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurbskii-Groznyi+Apocrypha+%E2%80%93+Edward+L.+Keenan+%26%23124%3B+Harvard+University+Press&rft.series=Russian+Research+Center+Studies&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1971-01&rft.isbn=9780674181724&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hup.harvard.edu%2Fcatalog.php%3Fisbn%3D9780674181724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovsky2005" class="citation book cs1">Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (29 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6Qb2vqUa9YC"><i>Russian Identities: A Historical Survey</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534814-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534814-9"><bdi>978-0-19-534814-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Identities%3A+A+Historical+Survey&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534814-9&rft.aulast=Riasanovsky&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6Qb2vqUa9YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007377-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007377_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bogatyrev">Bogatyrev</a>, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogatyrev,_Sergei_1584-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogatyrev,_Sergei_1584_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogatyrev,_Sergei_1584_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogatyrev,_Sergei_1584_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Bogatyrev">Bogatyrev</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wortman-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wortman_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wortman_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortman2013" class="citation book cs1">Wortman, Richard S. (31 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ykaVAQAAQBAJ"><i>Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy from Peter the Great to the Abdication of Nicholas II - New Abridged One-Volume Edition</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4969-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4969-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-4969-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scenarios+of+Power%3A+Myth+and+Ceremony+in+Russian+Monarchy+from+Peter+the+Great+to+the+Abdication+of+Nicholas+II+-+New+Abridged+One-Volume+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013-10-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4969-7&rft.aulast=Wortman&rft.aufirst=Richard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DykaVAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga200632–34-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga200632–34_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadariaga2006">Madariaga 2006</a>, pp. 32–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2004" class="citation journal cs1">Paul, Michael C. (2004). "The Military Revolution in Russia 1550–1682". <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. <b>68</b> (1): 9–45 [esp. pp. 20–22]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2003.0401">10.1353/jmh.2003.0401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159954818">159954818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=The+Military+Revolution+in+Russia+1550%E2%80%931682&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-45+esp.+pp.+20-22&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2003.0401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159954818%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovsky2000" class="citation book cs1">Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2000). "The Second Part of Ivan the Terrible's Rule". <i>A History of Russia</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195121791" title="Special:BookSources/0195121791"><bdi>0195121791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Second+Part+of+Ivan+the+Terrible%27s+Rule&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0195121791&rft.aulast=Riasanovsky&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slovar.cc/enc/bse/2031865.html">Постник</a>. <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecology-mef.narod.ru/arch/postnik.htm">Барма и Постник (Постник Яковлев)</a>. ecology-mef.narod.ru.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russiancity.ru/hbooks/h005.htm">Постник Барма – строитель собора Василия Блаженного в Москве и Казанского кремля</a>. russiancity.ru.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, Robert</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boris_Fedorovich_Godunov" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boris Fedorovich Godunov">Boris Fedorovich Godunov</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boris+Fedorovich+Godunov&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=254&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span> This cites: <ul><li>Platon Vasilievich Pavlov, <i>On the Historical Significance of the Reign of Boris Godunov</i> (Rus.) (Moscow, 1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Solovyov_(historian)" title="Sergey Solovyov (historian)">Sergyei Mikhailivich Solovev</a>, <i>History of Russia</i> (Rus.) (2nd ed., vols. vii–viii, St. Petersburg, 1897).</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006176–178-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006176–178_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadariaga2006">Madariaga 2006</a>, pp. 176–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pavlov-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pavlov_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pavlov_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pavlov_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pavlov, Andrei and Perrie, Maureen (2003) <i>Ivan the Terrible (Profiles in Power)</i>. Harlow, UK: Longman. pp. 112–113. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/058209948X" title="Special:BookSources/058209948X">058209948X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006179–180-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006179–180_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadariaga2006">Madariaga 2006</a>, pp. 179–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006182–183-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006182–183_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadariaga2006">Madariaga 2006</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006183-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006183_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadariaga2006">Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007410-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007410_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Great Mysteries of the Past: Experts Unravel Fact and Fallacy Behind the Headlines of History</i>. Pleasantville, New York: <a href="/wiki/Reader%27s_Digest" title="Reader's Digest">Reader's Digest</a>. April 1997. pp. <span class="nowrap">188–</span>189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-377-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89577-377-7"><bdi>978-0-89577-377-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Mysteries+of+the+Past%3A+Experts+Unravel+Fact+and+Fallacy+Behind+the+Headlines+of+History&rft.place=Pleasantville%2C+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E188-%3C%2Fspan%3E189&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Digest&rft.date=1997-04&rft.isbn=978-0-89577-377-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novgorod1911-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novgorod1911_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novgorod1911_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkinBealby1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kropotkin, Peter; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Novgorod (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Novgorod_(town)">"Novgorod" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">839–</span>840.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Novgorod&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E839-%3C%2Fspan%3E840&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Bealby%2C+John+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#IvanT">Ivan the Terrible, Russia, (r. 1533–84)</a>. Users.erols.com. Retrieved 7 December 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PskovChronicle-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PskovChronicle_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the Third Novgorod Chronicle, the massacre lasted for five weeks. Almost every day, 500 or 600 people were killed or drowned.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Having investigated the report of Maljuta Skuratov and commemoration lists (<i>sinodiki</i>), R. Skrynnikov considers that the number of victims was 2,000–3,000. (Skrynnikov R.G., "Ivan Grosny", M., AST, 2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lloyd-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lloyd_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lloyd_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Rude & barbarous kingdom: Russia in the accounts of sixteenth-century English voyagers</i>. Madison, Wis.: Univ. of Wisconsin Press. 1968. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0299047644" title="Special:BookSources/0299047644"><bdi>0299047644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rude+%26+barbarous+kingdom%3A+Russia+in+the+accounts+of+sixteenth-century+English+voyagers&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wis.&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0299047644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006301-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadariaga2006301_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadariaga2006">Madariaga 2006</a>, p. 301.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007403,_407-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007403,_407_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, pp. 403, 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDmytryshyn2000" class="citation book cs1">Dmytryshyn, Basil (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21443219"><i>Medieval Russia: A Source Book, 850–1700</i></a>. Gulf Breeze, FL: Academic International Press. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-875-69-218-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-875-69-218-4"><bdi>0-875-69-218-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21443219">21443219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%3A+A+Source+Book%2C+850%E2%80%931700&rft.place=Gulf+Breeze%2C+FL&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Academic+International+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21443219&rft.isbn=0-875-69-218-4&rft.aulast=Dmytryshyn&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F21443219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muscovy-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muscovy_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crankshaw, Edward, <i>Russia and Britain</i>, Collins, <i>The Nations and Britain</i> series.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21692934-new-generation-migr-s-has-plans-homeland-they-never-wanted-flee-government">"Russians in London: Government in exile"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 12 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Russians+in+London%3A+Government+in+exile&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F21692934-new-generation-migr-s-has-plans-homeland-they-never-wanted-flee-government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.pushkinskijdom.ru/Default.aspx?tabid=5142">ХОЖДЕНИЕ НА ВОСТОК ГОСТЯ ВАСИЛИЯ ПОЗНЯКОВА С ТОВАРИЩИ</a> (The travels to the Orient by the merchant Vasily Poznyakov and his companions) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Filjushkin2008" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Filjushkin (2008). "Chapter 1 Russian Military Forces in the Sixteenth Century: Infrastructure of the Russian Army". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dQDSAwAAQBAJ&q=cossacks"><i>Ivan the Terrible: A Military History</i></a>. Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473815599" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473815599"><bdi>978-1473815599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1+Russian+Military+Forces+in+the+Sixteenth+Century%3A+Infrastructure+of+the+Russian+Army&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible%3A+A+Military+History&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1473815599&rft.au=Alexander+Filjushkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdQDSAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcossacks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian chronicles record about 40 attacks of Kazan Khans on Russian territories (the regions of <a href="/wiki/Nizhniy_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizhniy Novgorod">Nizhniy Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murom" title="Murom">Murom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Vyatka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galich,_Russia" title="Galich, Russia">Galich</a>) in the first half of the 16th century. In 1521, the combined forces of Khan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_I_Giray" title="Mehmed I Giray">Mehmed Giray</a> and his Crimean allies attacked Russia, captured more than 150,000 slaves. <i>The Full Collection of the Russian Annals</i>, vol. 13, SPb, 1904</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007396-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007396_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaudet-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chaudet_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudet2009" class="citation journal cs1">Chaudet, Didier (2009). "When the Bear Confronts the Crescent: Russia and the Jihadist Issue". <i>China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly</i>. <b>7</b> (2). Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program: <span class="nowrap">37–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1653-4212">1653-4212</a>. <q>It would be convenient to characterize the relationship between Russia and Islam by its history of conquest and tension. After all, the emblem of the Orthodox Church is a cross on top on a crescent. It is said that this symbol was devised by Ivan the Terrible, after the conquest of the city of Kazan, as a symbol of the victory of Christianity over Islam through his soldiers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+and+Eurasia+Forum+Quarterly&rft.atitle=When+the+Bear+Confronts+the+Crescent%3A+Russia+and+the+Jihadist+Issue&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1653-4212&rft.aulast=Chaudet&rft.aufirst=Didier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSAMES1993-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JSAMES1993_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWxtAAAAMAAJ">"Russian Orthodox Church"</a>. <i>Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>17</b>: 4. 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>Finally, the Russians, under Ivan the Terrible, defeated the Tatars in 1552 and firmly established Russian rule. In celebration of this conquest, the czar built two churches in the Moscow Kremlin and on the spires of the Church installed the Orthodox Cross over an upside down crescent, the symbol of Islam.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+South+Asian+and+Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Russian+Orthodox+Church&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWxtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxworld.ru/en/hram/1/index.htm">"Church Building and Its Services"</a>. Orthodox World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>Sometimes the bottoms of the Crosses found on Russian churches will be adorned with a crescent. In 1486, Tsar Ivan IV (the Terrible) conquered the city of Kazan which had been under the rule of Moslem Tatars, and in remembrance of this, he decreed that from henceforth the Islamic crescent be placed at the bottom of the Crosses to signify the victory of the Cross (Christianity) over the Crescent (Islam).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Building+and+Its+Services&rft.pub=Orthodox+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxworld.ru%2Fen%2Fhram%2F1%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarvinHooperCox1929" class="citation book cs1">Garvin, James Louis; Hooper, Franklin Henry; Cox, Warren E. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38J1JzYsy1oC"><i>The Encyclopedia Britannica</i></a>. Encyclopedia britannica Company, Limited. p. 307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+britannica+Company%2C+Limited&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Garvin&rft.aufirst=James+Louis&rft.au=Hooper%2C+Franklin+Henry&rft.au=Cox%2C+Warren+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38J1JzYsy1oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrawdin2017" class="citation book cs1">Prawdin, Michael (29 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_m5QDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Mongol Empire: Its Rise and Legacy</i></a>. Routledge. p. 517. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-47929-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-47929-5"><bdi>978-1-351-47929-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mongol+Empire%3A+Its+Rise+and+Legacy&rft.pages=517&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-09-29&rft.isbn=978-1-351-47929-5&rft.aulast=Prawdin&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_m5QDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKizilov,_Mikhail2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kizilov" title="Mikhail Kizilov">Kizilov, Mikhail</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2971600">"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim and Jewish Sources"</a>. <i>Journal of Early Modern History</i>. <b>11</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006507780385125">10.1163/157006507780385125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Slave+Trade+in+the+Early+Modern+Crimea+From+the+Perspective+of+Christian%2C+Muslim+and+Jewish+Sources&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006507780385125&rft.au=Kizilov%2C+Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2971600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">120,000-strong, according to Russian cronicles // Новгородская вторая летопись. Год 7080(1572). ПСРЛ т. III, СПб, 1841</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015427-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015427_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkrynnikov2015">Skrynnikov 2015</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015417–21-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015417–21_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkrynnikov2015">Skrynnikov 2015</a>, pp. 417–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015439–41-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkrynnikov2015439–41_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkrynnikov2015">Skrynnikov 2015</a>, pp. 439–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushkovitch2021" class="citation book cs1">Bushkovitch, Paul (18 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pAEbEAAAQBAJ"><i>Succession to the Throne in Early Modern Russia: The Transfer of Power 1450–1725</i></a>. 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Lippincott. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ivanterrible00loydgoog/page/n398">377</a>–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=377-78&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Waliszewski&rft.aufirst=Kazimierz&rft.au=Mary+Loyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fivanterrible00loydgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fyodor-I">"Fyodor I | tsar of Russia"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Fyodor+I+%7C+tsar+of+Russia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFyodor-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerasimov-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerasimov_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerasimov_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerasimov,_M.M.1965" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Mikhaylovich_Gerasimov" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikhail Mikhaylovich Gerasimov">Gerasimov, M.M.</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100104085713/http://liberea.gerodot.ru/a_quest/gerasimov01.htm"><bdi lang="ru">Документальный портрет Ивана Грозного</bdi></a>. <i>Краткие сообщения института археологии Академии наук СССР</i> (in Russian). <b>100</b>: <span class="nowrap">139–</span>42. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liberea.gerodot.ru/a_quest/gerasimov01.htm">the original</a> on 4 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE&rft.volume=100&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Gerasimov%2C+M.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliberea.gerodot.ru%2Fa_quest%2Fgerasimov01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006207-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006207_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilyushkin2006">Filyushkin 2006</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006205–207-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006205–207_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilyushkin2006">Filyushkin 2006</a>, pp. 205–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006113-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilyushkin2006113_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFilyushkin2006">Filyushkin 2006</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstoj1875" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tolstoj, Jurij V. (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iU9mAAAAcAAJ"><i>The First Forty Years of Intercourse Between England and Russia: 1553 - 1593. Documents Collected, Copied and Edited by George Tolstoy. [A. M. D. Tit.:] Pervyja Sorok Lět Snošenij Meždu Rossieju i Anglieju. 1553 - 1593. Gramoty Sobrannyja, Perepisannyja i Izdannyja Juriem Tolstym. (Umschlagtitel: Rossija i Anglija. 1553 - 1593. England and Russia)</i></a> (in Russian). p. 190.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Forty+Years+of+Intercourse+Between+England+and+Russia%3A+1553+-+1593.+Documents+Collected%2C+Copied+and+Edited+by+George+Tolstoy.+%5BA.+M.+D.+Tit.%3A%5D+Pervyja+Sorok+L%C4%9Bt+Sno%C5%A1enij+Me%C5%BEdu+Rossieju+i+Anglieju.+1553+-+1593.+Gramoty+Sobrannyja%2C+Perepisannyja+i+Izdannyja+Juriem+Tolstym.+%28Umschlagtitel%3A+Rossija+i+Anglija.+1553+-+1593.+England+and+Russia%29&rft.pages=190&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Tolstoj&rft.aufirst=Jurij+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiU9mAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiljushkin2008" class="citation book cs1">Filjushkin, Alexander (2008). <i>Ivan the Terrible: a military history</i>. London: Frontline books. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848325043" title="Special:BookSources/9781848325043"><bdi>9781848325043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible%3A+a+military+history&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Frontline+books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781848325043&rft.aulast=Filjushkin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Yanov">Yanov</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Yanov">Yanov</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Yanov">Yanov</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Riasanovsky, Nicholas V., and Mark D. Steinberg (2011). "Russia at the Time of <b>Ivan</b> IV, 1533–1598" in <i>A History of Russia</i> 8th ed. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 151. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195341973" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195341973">978-0195341973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shrynnikov, Ruslan G. (1975) "Conclusion", p. 199 in <i>Ivan the Formidable</i>, translated by Hugh F. Graham. Moscow: Academic International.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007404–405-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007404–405_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, pp. 404–405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin2007415-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin2007415_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maureen, Perrie (2001). <i>The Cult of Ivan the Formidable in Stalin's Russia</i>. New York: Palgrava. pp. 6, 12-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">McSmith, Andy (2015). <i>Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, The Russian Masters - from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein - Under Stalin</i>. New York: New Press. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-056-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59558-056-6"><bdi>978-1-59558-056-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+and+the+Muse+Kept+Watch%2C+The+Russian+Masters+-+from+Akhmatova+and+Pasternak+to+Shostakovich+and+Eisenstein+-+Under+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=New+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-59558-056-6&rft.aulast=McSmith&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrie, Maureen (1987). <i>The Image of Ivan the Formidable in Russian Folklore</i>. Cambridge, UK: Pitt Building.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith" class="citation book cs1">McSmith. <i>Fear and the Muse</i>. p. 236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+and+the+Muse&rft.pages=236&rft.au=McSmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcSmith" class="citation book cs1">McSmith. <i>Fear and the Muse</i>. p. 240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+and+the+Muse&rft.pages=240&rft.au=McSmith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021152642/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-317469.html">"Russians Laud Ivan the Not So Formidable; Loose Coalition Presses Orthodox Church to Canonize the Notorious Czar"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, 10 November 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-6258666_ITM">"Church says nyet to St. Rasputin"</a>. UPI NewsTrack. 4 October 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/14/russias-first-monument-to-ivan-the-terrible-inaugurated">"Russia's first monument to Ivan the Terrible inaugurated"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 14 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/10/14/ivan-the-terrible-a-bloodthirsty-conquerer-gets-his-first-statue-in-russia/">"Russia just gave Ivan the Terrible his first statue ever"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, 14 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/russia-falls-back-in-love-with-ivan-the-terrible-statue-monument-oryol//">"Russia falls back in love with Ivan the Terrible"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>, 14 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/aug/02/russian-orthodox-church-head-backs-ivan-the-terrible-sculpture">"Russian Orthodox church head backs Ivan the Terrible sculpture"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 2 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Russian+Orthodox+church+head+backs+Ivan+the+Terrible+sculpture&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Faug%2F02%2Frussian-orthodox-church-head-backs-ivan-the-terrible-sculpture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilyushkin2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Filyushkin, A. I. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQtoAAAAMAAJ"><i>Титулы русских государей</i></a> (in Russian). Альянс-Архео. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-98874-011-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-98874-011-7"><bdi>978-5-98874-011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81-%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-5-98874-011-7&rft.aulast=Filyushkin&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBQtoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bogatyrev" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bogatyrev, Sergei (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120917053106/http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521812276_CHOL9780521812276A011">"10. Ivan IV (1533–1584)"</a>. In Maureen Perrie (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Russia</i>. Vol. 1: From Early Rus' to 1689. Cambridge Histories Online. pp. <span class="nowrap">240–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812276.011">10.1017/CHOL9780521812276.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81227-6"><bdi>978-0-521-81227-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histories.cambridge.org/extract?id=chol9780521812276_CHOL9780521812276A011">the original</a> on 17 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+Ivan+IV+%281533%E2%80%931584%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Russia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.pub=Cambridge+Histories+Online&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521812276.011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81227-6&rft.au=Bogatyrev%2C+Sergei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistories.cambridge.org%2Fextract%3Fid%3Dchol9780521812276_CHOL9780521812276A011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadariaga2006" class="citation book cs1">Madariaga, Isabel de (25 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdFVn1v3FMUC"><i>Ivan the Terrible</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11973-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11973-2"><bdi>978-0-300-11973-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11973-2&rft.aulast=Madariaga&rft.aufirst=Isabel+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdFVn1v3FMUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_L._B._Martin" title="Janet L. B. Martin">Martin, Janet</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebooks.com/en-us/book/802816/medieval-russia-980-1584/janet-martin/"><i>Medieval Russia: 980–1584. Second Edition. E-book</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-36800-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-36800-4"><bdi>978-0-511-36800-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Russia%3A+980%E2%80%931584.+Second+Edition.+E-book&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-511-36800-4&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebooks.com%2Fen-us%2Fbook%2F802816%2Fmedieval-russia-980-1584%2Fjanet-martin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2012" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Russell E. (15 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf7-DwAAQBAJ"><i>A Bride for the Tsar: Bride-Shows and Marriage Politics in Early Modern Russia</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5665-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-5665-8"><bdi>978-1-5017-5665-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bride+for+the+Tsar%3A+Bride-Shows+and+Marriage+Politics+in+Early+Modern+Russia&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012-06-15&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-5665-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Russell+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvf7-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowski2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Ostrowski" title="Donald Ostrowski">Ostrowski, Donald</a> (2020). "Who Wrote the Works Attributed to Prince Andrei Kurbskii?". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chooser.crossref.org/?doi=10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501749704.001.0001"><i>Who Wrote That? Authorship Controversies from Moses to Sholokhov</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">189–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501749704.001.0001">10.7591/cornell/9781501749704.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4970-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-4970-4"><bdi>978-1-5017-4970-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+Wrote+the+Works+Attributed+to+Prince+Andrei+Kurbskii%3F&rft.btitle=Who+Wrote+That%3F+Authorship+Controversies+from+Moses+to+Sholokhov&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501749704.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-4970-4&rft.aulast=Ostrowski&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchooser.crossref.org%2F%3Fdoi%3D10.7591%252Fcornell%252F9781501749704.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerriePavlov2014" class="citation book cs1">Perrie, Maureen; Pavlov, Andrei (10 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mooABAAAQBAJ"><i>Ivan the Terrible</i></a>. Routledge. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89468-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89468-1"><bdi>978-1-317-89468-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ivan+the+Terrible&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-07-10&rft.isbn=978-1-317-89468-1&rft.aulast=Perrie&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft.au=Pavlov%2C+Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmooABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Yanov" class="citation book cs1">Yanov, Alexander (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_HA423-LLsv4C"><i>The Origins of Autocracy</i></a>. Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04282-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04282-7"><bdi>978-0-520-04282-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Autocracy&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04282-7&rft.au=Yanov%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_HA423-LLsv4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrynnikov2015" class="citation book cs1">Skrynnikov, Ruslan G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UP7dCgAAQBAJ"><i>Reign of Terror: Ivan IV</i></a>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">439–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30401-7"><bdi>978-90-04-30401-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reign+of+Terror%3A+Ivan+IV&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30401-7&rft.aulast=Skrynnikov&rft.aufirst=Ruslan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUP7dCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Bobrick, Benson. <i>Ivan the Terrible</i>. Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1990 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86241-288-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86241-288-9">0-86241-288-9</a>). (Also published as <i>Fearful Majesty</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Hosking, Geoffrey</a>. <i>Russia and the Russians: A History</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01114-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01114-7">0-674-01114-7</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Stephen_Robert_Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Stephen Robert Payne">Payne, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Nikita_Romanov" title="Prince Nikita Romanov">Romanoff, Nikita</a>. <i>Ivan the Terrible</i>. Lanham, Maryland: Cooper Square Press, 2002 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8154-1229-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8154-1229-0">0-8154-1229-0</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Troyat" title="Henri Troyat">Troyat, Henri</a>. <i>Ivan the Terrible</i>. New York: Buccaneer Books, 1988 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88029-207-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88029-207-5">0-88029-207-5</a>); London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1985 (hardback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-45006-119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-45006-119-6">978-0-45006-119-6</a>); London: Phoenix Press, 2001 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-419-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-419-6">1-84212-419-6</a>).</li> <li><i>Ivan IV</i>, World Book Inc, 2000. World Book Encyclopedia.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1223%E2%80%931613)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)">Bibliography of Russian history (1223–1613)</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, Robert Nisbet</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ivan"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ivan">"Ivan" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>91, see page 89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ivan&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E91%2C+see+page+89&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIvan+the+Terrible" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cherniavsky, Michael. "Ivan the Terrible as Renaissance Prince", <i><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a></i>, Vol. 27, No. 2. (Jun. 1968), pp. 195–211.</li> <li>Hunt, Priscilla. "Ivan IV's Personal Mythology of Kingship", <i><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a></i>, Vol. 52, No. 4. (Winter, 1993), pp. 769–809.</li> <li>Menken, Jules. "Ivan the Terrible." <i>History Today</i> (Mar 1953) 3#3, Vol. 3 Issue 3, pp. 167–73.</li> <li>Perrie, Maureen. <i>The Image of Ivan the Terrible in Russian Folklore</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1987; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33075-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33075-0">0-521-33075-0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-89100-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-89100-0">0-521-89100-0</a>).</li> <li>Perrie, Maureen. <i>The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia</i>. (New York: Palgrave, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-65684-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-65684-9">0-333-65684-9</a>).</li> <li>Platt, Kevin M.F.; Brandenberger, David. "Terribly Romantic, Terribly Progressive, or Terribly Tragic: Rehabilitating Ivan IV under I.V. Stalin", <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Review">Russian Review</a></i>, Vol. 58, No. 4. (Oct. 1999), pp. 635–54.</li> <li>Isolde Thyrêt, "The Royal Women of Ivan IV's Family and the Meaning of Forced Tonsure," in Anne Walthall (ed), <i>Servants of the Dynasty: Palace Women in World History</i> (Berkeley, Univ. California Press, 2008), 159–71.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_the_Terrible&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302130537/http://textplay.net/pages/0004.htm">The holy gospel of Ivan the Terrible</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awesomestories.com/biographies/ivan-terrible">Ivan the Terrible with videos, images and translations from the Russian Archives and State Museums</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ivan_the_Czar" class="extiw" title="s:Ivan the Czar">Ivan the Czar</a>., versions of a poem by <a href="/wiki/Felicia_Hemans" title="Felicia Hemans">Felicia Hemans</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Ivan the Terrible </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Rurikids" title="Rurikids">Rurik</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 3 September 1530</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 28 March 1584</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasili III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prince_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Prince of Moscow">Grand Prince of Moscow</a> </b><br />3 December 1533 – 16 January 1547 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Tsardom created </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Tsardom created </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Russia">Tsar of Russia</a> </b><br />16 January 1547 – 28 March 1584 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_I_Dolgorukiy" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri I Dolgorukiy">Yuri I Dolgorukiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Bogolyubsky" title="Andrey Bogolyubsky">Andrei I Bogolyubsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Vladimir" title="Mikhail of Vladimir">Mikhail of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_the_Big_Nest" title="Vsevolod the Big Nest">Vsevolod the Big Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_of_Rostov" title="Konstantin of Rostov">Konstantin of Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yuri II of Vladimir">Yuri II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir" title="Yaroslav II of Vladimir">Yaroslav II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_III_of_Vladimir" title="Sviatoslav III of Vladimir">Sviatoslav III of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_II_of_Vladimir" title="Andrey II of Vladimir">Andrey II of Vladimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky" title="Alexander Nevsky">Alexander Nevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_of_Tver" title="Yaroslav of Tver">Yaroslav of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_of_Kostroma" title="Vasily of Kostroma">Vasily of Kostroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Pereslavl" title="Dmitry of Pereslavl">Dmitry of Pereslavl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_of_Gorodets" title="Andrey of Gorodets">Andrey of Gorodets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_of_Tver" title="Mikhail of Tver">Mikhail of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yury_of_Moscow" title="Yury of Moscow">Yuri of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Tver" title="Dmitry of Tver">Dmitry the Terrible Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Mikhailovich_of_Tver" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Mikhailovich of Tver">Alexander of Tver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_I_of_Moscow" title="Ivan I of Moscow">Ivan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Moscow" title="Simeon of Moscow">Simeon the Proud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_II_of_Moscow" title="Ivan II of Moscow">Ivan II the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Suzdal" title="Dmitry of Suzdal">Dmitry of Suzdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Donskoy" title="Dmitry Donskoy">Dmitry of the Don</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_I_of_Moscow" title="Vasily I of Moscow">Vasily I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_II_of_Moscow" title="Vasily II of Moscow">Vasily II the Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_III_of_Russia" title="Vasili III of Russia">Vasily III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ivan IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_all_Russia" title="Tsar of all Russia">Tsars of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ivan IV the Terrible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irina_Godunova" title="Irina Godunova">Irina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_I" title="False Dmitry I">False Dmitry I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili IV</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Vladislav</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Alexis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodor_III_of_Russia" title="Feodor III of Russia">Feodor III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_V_of_Russia" title="Ivan V of Russia">Ivan V</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(co-rulers)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Russia" title="Emperor of Russia">Emperors of all Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_I_of_Russia" title="Catherine I of Russia">Catherine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_II_of_Russia" title="Peter II of Russia">Peter II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Russia" title="Anna of Russia">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_VI_of_Russia" title="Ivan VI of Russia">Ivan VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Russia" title="Elizabeth of Russia">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_III_of_Russia" title="Peter III of Russia">Peter III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Russia" title="Paul I of Russia">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7996#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3848" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7996#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3848" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7996#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122379996">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/89633898">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17252/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118556150">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ivan IV, Czar of Russia, 1530-1584"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50050805">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939214w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939214w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00737944">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ivan <zar di Russia ; 4.>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV096028">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35238105">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700784&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX896329">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070213739">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90398385">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000059806&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000739003&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000039282">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=59314">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqrx9v01p16hd">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598530605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/3078">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007263372605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058614556006706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14410351">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07831880?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/968eba57-0b3b-4812-b2da-411ff5c23632">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118556150">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/877070">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118556150.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118556150">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027325512">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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