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id="toc-Forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polygyny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygyny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Polygyny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygyny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Incidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_polygyny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_polygyny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Types of polygyny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_polygyny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Household_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Household_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Household organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Household_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyandry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyandry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Polyandry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyandry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incidence_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incidence_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Incidence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incidence_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serial_monogamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serial_monogamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Serial monogamy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serial_monogamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Group marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_and_prehistorical_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_and_prehistorical_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Scientific and prehistorical perspectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_and_prehistorical_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_attitudes_towards_polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_attitudes_towards_polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religious attitudes towards polygamy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_attitudes_towards_polygamy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious attitudes towards polygamy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_attitudes_towards_polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Celtic traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Roman Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Lutheran Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican_Communion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_Communion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Anglican Communion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican_Communion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latter_Day_Saint_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Latter Day Saint movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latter_Day_Saint_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(LDS_Church)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(LDS_Church)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4.1 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(LDS_Church)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mormon_fundamentalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mormon_fundamentalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4.2 Mormon fundamentalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mormon_fundamentalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4.3 Community of Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Zoroastrianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legal status </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal status subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 International law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_plans_for_post-war_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_plans_for_post-war_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nazi plans for post-war Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_plans_for_post-war_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Polygamy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamie" title="Poligamie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Poligamie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="زواج تعددي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زواج تعددي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamia" title="Poligamia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Poligamia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="বহুবিবাহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বহুবিবাহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamia" title="Poligamia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Poligamia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliqamiya" title="Poliqamiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Poliqamiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95)" title="বহুগামিতা (বৈবাহিক) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহুগামিতা (বৈবাহিক)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полигамия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Полигамия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палігамія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палігамія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Палігамія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палігамія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamiya" title="Poligamiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Poligamiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полигамия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полигамия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamija" title="Poligamija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poligamija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liespriediezh" title="Liespriediezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Liespriediezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polig%C3%A0mia" title="Poligàmia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Poligàmia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamie" title="Polygamie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polygamie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygami" title="Polygami – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polygami" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielehe" title="Vielehe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vielehe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCgaamia" title="Polügaamia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polügaamia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολυγαμία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυγαμία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamia" title="Poligamia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poligamia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamio" title="Poligamio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Poligamio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamia" title="Poligamia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Poligamia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="چندهمسری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چندهمسری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamie" title="Polygamie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polygamie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Polygamy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polagamas" title="Polagamas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Polagamas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamia" title="Poligamia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Poligamia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%ED%98%BC" title="복혼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="복혼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auren_mata_da_yawa" title="Auren mata da yawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Auren mata da yawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պոլիգամիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլիգամիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="बहुविवाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहुविवाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamija" title="Poligamija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poligamija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligami" title="Poligami – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Poligami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isithembu" title="Isithembu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isithembu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamia" title="Poligamia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Poligamia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="פוליגמיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליגמיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligami" title="Poligami – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Poligami" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლიგამია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლიგამია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полигамия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Полигамия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitara" title="Mitara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mitara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полигамия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Полигамия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamia" title="Polygamia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polygamia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polig%C4%81mija" title="Poligāmija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Poligāmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamija" title="Poligamija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Poligamija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Полигамија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полигамија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fampirafesana" title="Fampirafesana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fampirafesana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="बहुपत्नीकत्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बहुपत्नीकत्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="بوليجاميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوليجاميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="پولیگامی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پولیگامی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligami" title="Poligami – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Poligami" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamie" title="Polygamie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polygamie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%A9%9A" title="複婚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="複婚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygami" title="Polygami – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polygami" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygami" title="Polygami – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polygami" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamiya" title="Poligamiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Poligamiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%81-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B9" title="ਬਹੁ-ਵਿਆਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਹੁ-ਵਿਆਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%85%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="څو ودونه کول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="څو ودونه کول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamia" title="Poligamia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poligamia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamia" title="Poligamia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poligamia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamie" title="Poligamie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Poligamie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полигамия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Полигамия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Полигамия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Полигамия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polygamy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitsembu" title="Sitsembu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Sitsembu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamia" title="Polygamia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Polygamia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فرەھاوسەری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرەھاوسەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Полигамија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Полигамија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamija" title="Poligamija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poligamija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamia" title="Polygamia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polygamia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygami" title="Polygami – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polygami" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamiya" title="Poligamiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Poligamiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பலதுணை மணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பலதுணை மணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D2%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Чандҳамсарӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чандҳамсарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ok_e%C5%9Flilik" title="Çok eşlilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çok eşlilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Полігамія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полігамія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="تعدد ازدواج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تعدد ازدواج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90a_phu_th%C3%AA" title="Đa phu thê – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đa phu thê" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamya" title="Poligamya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Poligamya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%85%8D%E5%81%B6%E5%88%B6" title="多配偶制 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="多配偶制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%85%8D%E5%81%B6%E5%88%B6" title="多配偶制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="多配偶制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poligamiye" title="Poligamiye – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Poligamiye" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%85%8D%E5%81%B6%E5%88%B6" title="多配偶制 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="多配偶制" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polysexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysexuality">Polysexuality</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For polygamy in non-human animals, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour#Polygamy" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behaviour § Polygamy</a>. For polygamy in plants, see <a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Plant reproductive morphology</a>. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_(horse)" title="Polygamy (horse)">Polygamy (horse)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Polygamy" title="Special:EditPage/Polygamy">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Polygamy" title="Talk:Polygamy">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is missing information about polygamy in history. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Polygamy" title="Talk:Polygamy">talk page</a>. (December 2015)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is missing information about polygamy in the Eastern (Orthodox, Coptic, Assyrian) churches. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Polygamy" title="Talk:Polygamy">talk page</a>. (July 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist template-anthropology-of-kinship"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Kinship_and_descent" title="Category:Kinship and descent">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Anthropology of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Eg-filiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/120px-Eg-filiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Eg-filiation.svg/250px-Eg-filiation.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="302" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Basic concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(anthropology)" title="Lineage (anthropology)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">Affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">Consanguinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest_taboo" title="Incest taboo">Incest taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiety_(kinship)" title="Moiety (kinship)">Moiety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">Bride price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_service" title="Bride service">Bride service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">Dowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_and_cross_cousins" title="Parallel and cross cousins">Parallel / cross cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joking_relationship" title="Joking relationship">Joking relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">Clan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">Cohabitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_kinship" title="Fictive kinship">Fictive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Milk_kinship" title="Milk kinship">Milk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nurture_kinship" title="Nurture kinship">Nurture kinship</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Descent</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognatic_kinship" title="Cognatic kinship">Cognatic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_descent" title="Bilateral descent">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilateral" title="Matrilateral">Matrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineal_descendant" title="Lineal descendant">Lineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_(kinship)" title="Collateral (kinship)">Collateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_society" title="House society">House society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate" title="Avunculate">Avunculate</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Linealities</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambilineality" title="Ambilineality">Ambilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineality" title="Unilineality">Unilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Household forms and residence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">Matrifocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">Matrilocal</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Neolocal_residence" title="Neolocal residence">Neolocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrilocal_residence" title="Patrilocal residence">Patrilocal</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Terminology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_kinship" title="Classificatory kinship">Classificatory terminologies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By group</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_kinship" title="Iroquois kinship">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_kinship" title="Crow kinship">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha_kinship" title="Omaha kinship">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo_kinship" title="Eskimo kinship">Eskimo (Inuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_kinship" title="Hawaiian kinship">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_kinship" title="Sudanese kinship">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology#Dravidian" title="Kinship terminology">Dravidian (debated)</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case studies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kinship" title="Burmese kinship">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_kinship" title="Chinese kinship">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">in India</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Feminist</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chambri_people#Marriage_within_the_Chambri" title="Chambri people">Chambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosuo_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo women">Mosuo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Sexuality</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_in_Samoa" title="Coming of Age in Samoa">Coming of Age in Samoa</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major theorists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Bell_(anthropologist)" title="Diane Bell (anthropologist)">Diane Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Boellstorff" title="Tom Boellstorff">Tom Boellstorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Herdt" title="Gilbert Herdt">Gilbert Herdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Kulick" title="Don Kulick">Don Kulick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancaster" title="Roger Lancaster">Roger Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Lamphere" title="Louise Lamphere">Louise Lamphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Eleanor Leacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski" title="Bronisław Malinowski">Bronisław Malinowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Moore" title="Henrietta Moore">Henrietta Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis H. Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rosaldo" title="Michelle Rosaldo">Michelle Rosaldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_Rubin" title="Gayle Rubin">Gayle Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Schneider" title="David M. Schneider">David M. Schneider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schurtz" title="Heinrich Schurtz">Heinrich Schurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Strathern" title="Marilyn Strathern">Marilyn Strathern</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_theory" title="Alliance theory">Alliance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">Matrilineal / matrilocal societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist anthropology</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_Repression_in_Savage_Society" title="Sex and Repression in Savage Society">Sex and Repression in Savage Society</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Bonding_and_Nurture_Kinship" title="Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship">Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship</a></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/The_Traffic_in_Women:_Notes_on_the_Political_Economy_of_Sex" title="The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex">"The Traffic in Women"</a></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">Social anthropology</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Template talk:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology_of_kinship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anthropology of kinship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Polygamy (from <a href="/wiki/Late_Greek" title="Late Greek">Late Greek</a> πολυγαμία polygamía, "state of marriage to many spouses")<a href="#cite_note-Harper-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> is the practice of <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marrying</a> multiple <a href="/wiki/Spouse" title="Spouse">spouses</a>. When a <a href="/wiki/Man" title="Man">man</a> is married to more than one wife at the same time, it is called <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">polygyny</a>. When a <a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">woman</a> is married to more than one husband at the same time, it is called <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">sociobiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, researchers use polygamy in a broad sense to mean any form of multiple <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a>. In contrast to polygamy, <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> is marriage consisting of only two parties. Like "monogamy", the term "polygamy" is often used in a <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> sense, applied regardless of whether a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> recognizes the relationship.<a href="#cite_note-5">[note 1]</a> In many countries, the law only recognises monogamous marriages (a person can only have one spouse, and <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a> is illegal), but <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> is not illegal, leading to a situation of de facto polygamy being allowed without legal recognition for non-official "spouses". Worldwide, different societies variously encourage, accept or outlaw polygamy. In societies which allow or tolerate polygamy, polygyny is the accepted form in the vast majority of cases. According to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Relations_Area_Files" title="Human Relations Area Files">Ethnographic Atlas Codebook</a>, of 1,231 societies noted between from 1960 to 1980, 588 had frequent polygyny, 453 had occasional polygyny, 186 were monogamous, and 4 had polyandry<a href="#cite_note-Atlas-6">[5]</a> – although more recent research found some form of polyandry in 53 communities, which is more common than previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-Starkweather2012-7">[6]</a> In cultures which practice polygamy, its prevalence among that population often correlates with <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> and socioeconomic status.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Polygamy (taking the form of polygyny) is most common in a region known as the "polygamy belt" in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a>, with the countries estimated to have the highest polygamy prevalence in the world being <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_and_social_distinctions">Biological and social distinctions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biological and social distinctions">edit</a>]</div> The term "polygamy" may be referring to one of various relational types, depending upon context. Four overlapping definitions can be adapted from the work of Ulrich Reichard and others:<a href="#cite_note-Reichard,_2003-10">[9]</a> <ul><li>Marital polygamy occurs when an individual is married to more than one person. The other spouses may or may not be married to one another.</li> <li>Social polygamy occurs when an individual has multiple partners that they live with, have sex with, and cooperate with in acquiring basic resources (such as shelter, food and money).</li> <li>Sexual polygamy refers to individuals who have more than one sexual partner or who have sex partners outside of a primary relationship.</li> <li>Genetic polygamy refers to sexual relationships that result in children who have genetic evidence of different <a href="/wiki/Paternity_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paternity (law)">paternity</a>.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">Biologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological anthropologist">biological anthropologists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral ecologist">behavioral ecologists</a> often use polygamy in the sense of a lack of sexual or genetic (reproductive) exclusivity.<a href="#cite_note-Low,_2003-11">[10]</a> When cultural or social <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Social_scientists" class="mw-redirect" title="Social scientists">social scientists</a> use the term polygamy, the meaning is social or marital polygamy.<a href="#cite_note-Low,_2003-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reichard,_2003-10">[9]</a> In contrast, marital monogamy may be distinguished between: <ol><li>classical monogamy, "a single relationship between people who marry as <a href="/wiki/Virginity" title="Virginity">virgins</a>, remain sexually exclusive their entire lives, and become <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibate</a> upon the death of the partner"<a href="#cite_note-Sheff-12">[11]</a></li> <li><a href="#Serial_monogamy">serial monogamy</a>, marriage with only one other person at a time, in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a> or polygamy<a href="#cite_note-BRIT-13">[12]</a> Some definitions of serial monogamy consider it to be polygamy, as it can result in evidence of genetic polygamy. It can also be considered polygamy for anthropological reasons.</li></ol> Outside of the legal sphere, defining polygamy can be difficult because of differences in cultural assumptions regarding monogamy. Some societies believe that monogamy requires limiting sexual activity to a single partner for life.<a href="#cite_note-Sheff-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Others accept or endorse pre-marital sex prior to marriage.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Some societies consider sex outside of marriage<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> or "spouse swapping"<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> to be socially acceptable. Some consider a relationship monogamous even if partners separate and move to a new monogamous relationship through death, divorce, or simple dissolution of the relationship, regardless of the length of the relationship (serial monogamy).<a href="#cite_note-Schacht-18">[17]</a> Anthropologists characterize human beings as “mildly polygynous” or “monogamous with polygynous tendencies.”<a href="#cite_note-pmid19403194-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frost-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Low-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scheidel-22">[21]</a> The average pre-historic man with modern descendants appears to have had children with between 1.5 women (70,000 years ago) to 3.3 women (45,000 years ago), except in East Asia.<a href="#cite_note-pmid25254093-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> While the forms of non-monogamy in prehistorical times is unknown, these rates could be consistent with a society that practices serial monogamy. Anthropological observations indicate that even when polygyny is accepted in the community, the majority of relationships in the society are monogamous in practice – while couples remain in the relationship, which may not be lifelong.<a href="#cite_note-Schacht-18">[17]</a> Thus, in many historical communities, serial monogamy may have been the accepted practice rather than a lifelong monogamous bond.<a href="#cite_note-Schacht-18">[17]</a> The genetic record indicates that monogamy increased within the last 5,000-10,000 years,<a href="#cite_note-pmid12962309-25">[24]</a> a period associated with the development of human agriculture, non-communal land ownership, and inheritance.<a href="#cite_note-Goody-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forms">edit</a>]</div> Polygamy exists in three specific forms: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a>, where a man has multiple simultaneous wives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a>, where a woman has multiple simultaneous husbands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a>, where the family unit consists of multiple husbands and multiple wives of legal age</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polygyny">Polygyny</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Polygyny">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Polygyny_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Polygyny_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/220px-Polygyny_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Polygyny_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/330px-Polygyny_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Polygyny_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/440px-Polygyny_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incidence">Incidence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Incidence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of polygamy">Legal status of polygamy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Manga_Bell_and_favorite_wives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Postcard photo of Prince Manga Bell seated for portrait with four women nearby, possibly late-19th century style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Prince_Manga_Bell_and_favorite_wives.jpg/190px-Prince_Manga_Bell_and_favorite_wives.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Prince_Manga_Bell_and_favorite_wives.jpg/285px-Prince_Manga_Bell_and_favorite_wives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Prince_Manga_Bell_and_favorite_wives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Prince <a href="/wiki/Manga_Ndumbe_Bell" title="Manga Ndumbe Bell">Manga Ndumbe Bell</a> and favorite wives</figcaption></figure> Polygyny, the practice wherein a man has more than one wife at the same time, is by far the most common form of polygamy. Many[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Muslim-majority_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim-majority countries">Muslim-majority countries</a> and some countries with sizable Muslim minorities <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">accept polygyny</a> to varying extents both legally and culturally. In several countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_India" title="Polygyny in India">India</a>, the law only recognizes polygamous marriages for the Muslim population. <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> or sharia is a <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious law</a> forming part of the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> tradition which allows polygyny.<a href="#cite_note-oxforddic-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[27]</a> It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, the term sharīʿah refers to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>'s (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: الله <a href="/wiki/All%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Allāh">Allāh</a>) immutable <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">divine law</a> and is contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>, which refers to its human scholarly interpretations.<a href="#cite_note-ODI-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Polygyny is more widespread in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> than on any other continent,<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> especially in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, and some scholars see the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave Trade">slave trade</a>'s impact on the male-to-female sex ratio as a key factor in the emergence and fortification of polygynous practices in regions of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> In the region of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, polygyny is common and deeply rooted in the culture, with 11% of the population of sub-Saharan Africa living in such marriages (25% of the Muslim population and 3% of the Christian population, as of 2019).<a href="#cite_note-auto-35">[34]</a> According to Pew, polygamy is widespread in a cluster of countries in West and Central Africa, including Burkina Faso, (36%), Mali (34%) and Nigeria (28%).<a href="#cite_note-auto-35">[34]</a> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Goody" title="Jack Goody">Jack Goody</a>'s comparative study of marriage around the world utilizing the <a href="/wiki/Human_Relations_Area_Files" title="Human Relations Area Files">Ethnographic Atlas</a> demonstrated a historical correlation between the practice of extensive <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shifting horticulture</a> and polygamy in the majority of sub-Saharan African societies.<a href="#cite_note-Goody-26">[25]</a> Drawing on the work of <a href="/wiki/Ester_Boserup" title="Ester Boserup">Ester Boserup</a>, Goody notes that the sexual division of labour varies between the male-dominated intensive <a href="/wiki/Plough_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Plough agriculture">plough-agriculture</a> common in Eurasia and the extensive shifting horticulture found in sub-Saharan Africa. In some of the sparsely-populated regions where shifting cultivation takes place in Africa, women do much of the work. This favours polygamous marriages in which men seek to monopolize the production of women "who are valued both as workers and as child bearers". Goody however, observes that the correlation is imperfect and varied, and also discusses more traditionally male-dominated though relatively extensive farming systems such as those traditionally common in much of West Africa, especially in the West African <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna</a>, where more agricultural work is done by men, and where polygyny is desired by men more for the generation of male offspring whose labor is valued.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Anthropologists Douglas R. White and Michael L. Burton discuss and support Jack Goody's observation regarding African male farming systems in "Causes of Polygyny: Ecology, Economy, Kinship, and Warfare"<a href="#cite_note-White_&_Burton_1988-37">[36]</a>: 884  where these authors note: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Goody (1973) argues against the female contributions hypothesis. He notes Dorjahn's (1959) comparison of East and West Africa, showing higher female agricultural contributions in East Africa and higher polygyny rates in West Africa, especially the West African savanna, where one finds especially high male agricultural contributions. Goody says, "The reasons behind polygyny are sexual and reproductive rather than economic and productive" (1973:189), arguing that men marry polygynously to maximize their fertility and to obtain large households containing many young dependent males.<a href="#cite_note-White_&_Burton_1988-37">[36]</a>: 873 </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children,_Cairns,_1904_(9623512597).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg/250px-Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg/330px-Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg/500px-Kwong_Sue_Duk_with_his_three_wives_and_fourteen_children%2C_Cairns%2C_1904_%289623512597%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>Chinese immigrant with his three wives and fourteen children, <a href="/wiki/Cairns" title="Cairns">Cairns</a>, 1904</figcaption></figure> An analysis by James Fenske (2012) found that child mortality and ecologically related economic shocks had a significant association with rates of polygamy in sub-Saharan Africa, rather than female agricultural contributions (which are typically relatively small in the West African savanna and sahel, where polygyny rates are higher), finding that polygyny rates decrease significantly with child mortality rates.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types_of_polygyny">Types of polygyny</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of polygyny">edit</a>]</div> Polygynous marriages fall into two types: sororal polygyny, in which the co-wives are sisters, and non-sororal, where the co-wives are not related. Polygyny offers husbands the benefit of allowing them to have more children, may provide them with a larger number of productive workers (where workers are family), and allows them to establish politically useful ties with a greater number of <a href="/wiki/Kin_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Kin group">kin groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen-39">[38]</a> Senior wives can benefit as well when the addition of junior wives to the family lightens their <a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">workload</a>. Wives', especially senior wives', status in a community can increase through the addition of other wives, who add to the family's prosperity or symbolize conspicuous consumption (much as a large house, domestic help, or expensive vacations operate in a <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western country</a>). For such reasons, senior wives sometimes work hard or contribute from their own resources to enable their husbands to accumulate the <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bride price</a> for an extra wife.<a href="#cite_note-lee-40">[39]</a> Polygyny may also result from the practice of <a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">levirate marriage</a>. In such cases, the deceased man's heir may inherit his assets and wife; or, more usually, his brothers may marry the widow. This provides support for the widow and her children (usually also members of the brothers' kin group) and maintains the tie between the husbands' and wives' kin groups. The <a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">sororate</a> resembles the levirate, in that a widower must marry the sister of his dead wife. The family of the late wife, in other words, must provide a replacement for her, thus maintaining the marriage alliance. Both levirate and sororate may result in a man having multiple wives.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen-39">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chef_de_village_et_ses_femmes_(Guin%C3%A9e).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chef_de_village_et_ses_femmes_%28Guin%C3%A9e%29.jpg/220px-Chef_de_village_et_ses_femmes_%28Guin%C3%A9e%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chef_de_village_et_ses_femmes_%28Guin%C3%A9e%29.jpg/330px-Chef_de_village_et_ses_femmes_%28Guin%C3%A9e%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Chef_de_village_et_ses_femmes_%28Guin%C3%A9e%29.jpg/440px-Chef_de_village_et_ses_femmes_%28Guin%C3%A9e%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>Village chief and his wives in Guinea, c. 1910</figcaption></figure> In monogamous societies, wealthy and powerful men may establish enduring relationships with, and established separate household for, multiple female partners, aside from their legitimate wives; a practice accepted in Imperial China up until the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912). This constitutes a form of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/de_facto#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:de facto">de facto</a> polygyny referred to as <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Household_organization">Household organization</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Household organization">edit</a>]</div> Marriage is the moment at which a new household is formed, but different arrangements may occur depending upon the type of marriage and some polygamous marriages do not result in the formation of a single household. In many polygynous marriages the husband's wives may live in separate households.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> They can thus be described as a "series of linked nuclear families with a 'father' in common".<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyandry">Polyandry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Polyandry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Polyandry_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/220px-Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/330px-Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/440px-Polyandry_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incidence_2">Incidence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Incidence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></div> Polyandry, the practice of a woman having more than one husband at one time, is much less prevalent than polygyny. It is specifically provided in the legal codes of some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Polyandry is believed to be more common in societies with scarce environmental resources, as it is believed to limit human population growth and enhance child survival.<a href="#cite_note-Stone2006-45">[44]</a> It is a rare form of marriage that exists not only among poor families, but also the elite.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> For example, in the Himalayan Mountains polyandry is related to the scarcity of land; the marriage of all brothers in a family to the same wife allows family land to remain intact and undivided.<a href="#cite_note-Starkweather2012-7">[6]</a> If every brother married separately and had children, family land would be split into unsustainable small plots. In Europe, this outcome was avoided through the social practice of <a href="/wiki/Historical_inheritance_systems" title="Historical inheritance systems">impartible inheritance</a>, under which most siblings would be disinherited.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Types">Types</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> Fraternal polyandry was traditionally practiced among <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and part of northern India, in which two or more brothers would marry the same woman. It is most common in societies marked by high male mortality. It is associated with <a href="/wiki/Partible_paternity" title="Partible paternity">partible paternity</a>, the cultural belief that a child can have more than one father.<a href="#cite_note-Starkweather2012-7">[6]</a> Non-fraternal polyandry occurs when the wives' husbands are unrelated, as among the <a href="/wiki/Velakkathala_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="Velakkathala Nair">Nayar tribe of India</a>, where girls undergo a ritual marriage before puberty,<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> and the first husband is acknowledged as the father of all her children. However, the woman may never cohabit with that man, taking multiple lovers instead; these men must acknowledge the paternity of their children (and hence demonstrate that no <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> prohibitions have been breached) by paying the <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a>. The women remain in their maternal home, living with their brothers, and property is passed <a href="/wiki/Matrilineally" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineally">matrilineally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gough-49">[48]</a> A similar form of matrilineal, de facto polyandry can be found in the institution of <a href="/wiki/Walking_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking marriage">walking marriage</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Mosuo_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosuo women">Mosuo</a> tribe of China. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serial_monogamy">Serial monogamy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Serial monogamy">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">Serial monogamy</a> refers to remarriage after divorce or death of a spouse from a monogamous marriage, i.e. multiple marriages but only one legal spouse at a time (a series of monogamous relationships).<a href="#cite_note-Helen_Fisher-50">[49]</a> According to Danish scholar Miriam K. Zeitzen, anthropologists treat <a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">serial monogamy</a>, in which divorce and remarriage occur, as a form of polygamy as it also can establish a series of households that may continue to be tied by shared paternity and shared income.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen-39">[38]</a> As such, they are similar to the household formations created through divorce and serial monogamy.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Serial monogamy creates a new kind of relative, the "ex-".<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The "ex-wife", for example, can remain an active part of her "ex-husband's" life, as they may be tied together by legally or informally mandated economic support, which can last for years, including by <a href="/wiki/Alimony" title="Alimony">alimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">child support</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joint_custody" title="Joint custody">joint custody</a>. Bob Simpson, the British social anthropologist, notes that it creates an "extended family" by tying together a number of households, including mobile children. He says that Britons may have ex‑wives or ex‑brothers‑in‑law, but not an ex‑child. According to him, these "unclear families" do not fit the mold of the monogamous nuclear family.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_marriage">Group marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Group marriage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></div> Group marriage is a <a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">non-monogamous</a> <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>-like arrangement where three or more adults live together, all considering themselves partners, sharing finances, children, and household responsibilities. <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a> is on a continuum of family-bonds that includes group marriage.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The term does not refer to <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a> as no claim to being married in formal legal terms is made.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_and_prehistorical_perspectives">Scientific and prehistorical perspectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scientific and prehistorical perspectives">edit</a>]</div> Scientific studies classify humans as "mildly polygynous" or "monogamous with polygynous tendencies."<a href="#cite_note-pmid19403194-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frost-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Low-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scheidel-22">[21]</a> As mentioned above, data from 1960 to 1980 in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Relations_Area_Files" title="Human Relations Area Files">Ethnographic Atlas Codebook</a> indicated that polygamy was common.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> A separate 1988 review examined the practices of 849 societies from before Western imperialism and colonization. The review found that 708 of the societies (83%) accepted polygyny. Only 16% were monogamous and 1% polyandrous.<a href="#cite_note-Rethinking-57">[56]</a> Subsequent evidence in 2012 found that polyandry (in which women have multiple male partners) was likely in pre-history; it also identified 53 communities studied between 1912 and 2010 with either formal or informal polyandry, indicating that polyandry was more common worldwide than previously believed. The authors found that polyandry was most common in egalitarian societies, and suspected contributors to polyandry included fewer men (due to the existence or threat of high adult male mortality or absence/travel) and higher male contributions towards food production.<a href="#cite_note-Starkweather2012-7">[6]</a> Polyandry still appears to occur in the minority of societies. Regardless of the type of polygamy, even when polygyny is accepted in the community, the majority of relationships in the society are monogamous in practice – while couples remain in the relationship, which may not be lifelong.<a href="#cite_note-Schacht-18">[17]</a> In many historical communities, serial monogamy may have been the accepted practice rather than a lifelong monogamous bond. How monogamy is defined when it comes to accepted sexual activity outside of the relationship, however, may differ by society.<a href="#cite_note-Schacht-18">[17]</a> Recent anthropological data suggest that the modern concept of life-long monogamy has been in place for only the last 1,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Genetic evidence has demonstrated that a greater proportion of men began contributing to the genetic pool between 5,000 and 10,000 years ago, which suggests that reproductive monogamy became more common at that time.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12962309-25">[24]</a> This would correspond to the Neolithic agricultural revolution. During this time, formerly nomadic societies began to claim and settle land for farming, leading to the advent of property ownership and therefore inheritance. Men would therefore seek to ensure that their land would go to direct descendants and had a vested interest in limiting the sexual activities of their reproductive partners. It is possible that the concept of marriage and permanent monogamy evolved at this time.<a href="#cite_note-Goody-26">[25]</a> Other scientific arguments for monogamy prior to 2003 were based on characteristics of reproductive physiology, such as sperm competition,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> sexual selection in primates,<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> and body size characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> A 2019 synthesis of these and other data found that the weight of the evidence supports a mating bond that may include polygyny or polyandry, but is most likely to be predominantly serial monogamy.<a href="#cite_note-Schacht-18">[17]</a> More recent genetic data has clarified that, in most regions throughout history, a smaller proportion of men contributed to human genetic history compared to women.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12962309-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid15317874-62">[61]</a> Assuming an equal number of men and women are born and survive to reproduce, this would indicate that historically, only a subset of men fathered children and did so with multiple women (and may suggest that many men either did not procreate or did not have children that survived to create modern ancestors). This circumstance could occur for several reasons, but there are three common interpretations: <ol><li>The first interpretation is a harem model, where one man will out-compete other men (presumably through acts of violence or power) for exclusive sexual access to a group of women. Groups of women could be related or unrelated. This does not seem to reflect real-world observations in more modern polygyny societies, where the majority of individuals seldom have more than one partner at a time.<a href="#cite_note-Schacht-18">[17]</a></li> <li>Second, it may suggest that some men had either more sex or more reproductive success with multiple women simultaneously; this could be caused by sexual liaisons outside of a lifelong "monogamous" relationship (which may or may not be acceptable in their society), having multiple committed partners at once (polygyny), or simply sexual reproduction with multiple partners entirely outside of committed relationships (i.e., casual sex without relationships or pair-bonding).</li> <li>Third, it may suggest that some men were more likely than other men to have a series of monogamous relationships that led to children with different women throughout the man's life (serial monogamy).<a href="#cite_note-Schacht-18">[17]</a> There are a variety of explanations for this that range from the woman's decisions (the man's perceived attractiveness or ability to produce food) to the man's (social or coercive power).</li></ol> The serial monogamy interpretation of genetic history would be congruent with other findings, such as the fact that humans form pair bonds (although not necessarily for life) and that human fathers invest in at least the early upbringing of their children.<a href="#cite_note-Schacht-18">[17]</a> Serial monogamy would also be consistent with the existence of a "honeymoon period", a period of intense interest in a single sexual partner (with less interest in other women) which may help to keep men invested in staying with the mother of their child for this period.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> When reciprocated, this "honeymoon period" lasts 18 months to three years in most cases.<a href="#cite_note-Love_and_Limerence-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> This would correspond to the period necessary to bring a child to relative independence in the traditionally small, interdependent, communal societies of pre-Neolithic humans, before they settled into agricultural communities.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12962309-25">[24]</a> While genetic evidence typically displays a bias towards a smaller number of men reproducing with more women, some regions or time periods have shown the opposite. In a 2019 investigation, Musharoff et al. applied modern techniques to the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 high-coverage Complete Genomics whole-genome dataset.<a href="#cite_note-pmid31539367-66">[65]</a> They found that the Southern Han Chinese had a male bias (45% female, indicating that women were likely to reproduce with multiple men). This region is known for its lack of a concept of paternity and for a sense of female equality or superiority.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The Musharoff study also found a male bias in Europeans (20% female) during an out-of-Africa migration event that may have increased the number of men successfully reproducing with women, perhaps by replenishing the genetic pool in Europe. The study did confirm a more typical female bias in Yorubans (63% female), Europeans (84%), Punjabis (82%), and Peruvians (56%).<a href="#cite_note-pmid20453016-68">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_attitudes_towards_polygamy">Religious attitudes towards polygamy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious attitudes towards polygamy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> does not regard marriage as a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>; it is purely a <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> affair. Normally Buddhist monks do not participate in it (though in some sects priests and monks do marry). Hence marriage receives no religious sanction.<a href="#cite_note-access_to_insight-69">[68]</a> Forms of marriage, in consequence, vary from country to country. The Parabhava <a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Sutta</a> states that "a man who is not satisfied with one woman and seeks out other women is on the path to decline". Other fragments in the Buddhist scripture seem to treat polygamy unfavorably, leading some authors to conclude that Buddhism generally does not approve of it<a href="#cite_note-ethics_of_Buddhism-70">[69]</a> or alternatively regards it as a tolerated, but subordinate, marital model.<a href="#cite_note-introduction_to_Buddhist_ethics-71">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Thailand" title="Polygamy in Thailand">Polygamy in Thailand</a> was legally recognized until 1935. <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Myanmar" title="Polygamy in Myanmar">Polygamy in Myanmar</a> was outlawed in 2015. In <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, polyandry was legal in the kingdom of Kandy, but outlawed by British after conquering the kingdom in 1815.<a href="#cite_note-access_to_insight-69">[68]</a> When the Buddhist texts were translated into Chinese, the <a href="/wiki/Concubine" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubine">concubines</a> of others were added to the list of inappropriate partners. <a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_Tibet" title="Polyandry in Tibet">Polyandry in Tibet</a> was traditionally common, as was polygyny, and having several wives or husbands was never regarded as having sex with inappropriate partners.<a href="#cite_note-Berzin2010-72">[71]</a> Most typically, fraternal polyandry is practiced, but sometimes father and son have a common wife, which is a unique family structure in the world. Other forms of marriage are also present, like group marriage and monogamous marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Zeitzen-39">[38]</a> Polyandry (especially fraternal polyandry) is also common in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_traditions">Celtic traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Celtic traditions">edit</a>]</div> Some pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Celtic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic paganism">Celtic pagans</a> were known to practice polygamy, although the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic peoples">Celtic peoples</a> wavered between it, <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a> depending on the time period and the area.<a href="#cite_note-Markale1986-73">[72]</a> In some areas this continued even after Christianization began, for instance the <a href="/wiki/Brehon_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Brehon Laws">Brehon Laws</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> explicitly allowed for polygamy,<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> especially amongst the noble class.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Some modern Celtic pagan religions accept the practice of polygamy to varying degrees,<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> though how widespread the practice is within these religions is unknown. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity" title="Polygamy in Christianity">Polygamy in Christianity</a></div> Although the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> describes numerous examples of polygamy among devotees to God, most Christian groups have rejected the practice of polygamy and have upheld <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> alone as normative. Nevertheless, some Christians groups in different periods have practiced, or currently do practice, polygamy.<a href="#cite_note-Nyami2018-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mamdani2008-79">[78]</a> Some Christians actively debate whether the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> or <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a> allows or forbids polygamy. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, Jesus recalled the earlier <a href="/wiki/Scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Scriptures">scriptures</a>, noting that a man and a wife "shall become one flesh".<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Paul stated in one of his letters that "For the wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. Likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does".<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[80]</a> However, some look to <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Paul</a>'s writings to the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">Corinthians</a>: "Do you not know that he who is joined to a prostitute becomes one body with her? For, as it is written, 'The two will become one flesh.'" Supporters of polygamy claim that this verse indicates that the term refers to a physical, rather than a spiritual,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] union.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Such a claim also contradicts Paul's statement regarding authority other each other's bodies.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-81">[80]</a> Some Christian theologians<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> argue that in Matthew 19:3–9 and referring to Genesis 2:24,<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> explicitly states a man should have only one wife: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female, And said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twain shall be one flesh?<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a></blockquote> 1 Timothy 3:2 states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Now a bishop must be above reproach, married only once, temperate, sensible, respectable, hospitable, an apt teacher,<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a></blockquote> See verse 12 regarding deacons having only one wife. Similar counsel is repeated in the first chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Periodically, Christian reform movements that have sought to rebuild Christian doctrine based on the Bible alone (<a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a>) have temporarily accepted polygyny as a Biblical practice. For example, during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, in a document which was simply referred to as "Der Beichtrat" (or "The Confessional Advice" ),<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> granted the <a href="/wiki/Landgrave" title="Landgrave">Landgrave</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip of Hesse">Philip of Hesse</a>, who, for many years, had been living "constantly in a state of <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Michelet1904-89">[88]</a> a dispensation to take a second wife. The double marriage was to be done in secret, however, to avoid public scandal.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Some fifteen years earlier, in a letter to the Saxon Chancellor Gregor Brück, Luther stated that he could not "forbid a person to marry several wives, for it does not contradict Scripture." ("Ego sane fateor, me non posse prohibere, si quis plures velit uxores ducere, nec repugnat sacris literis.")<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>, tensions have frequently erupted between advocates of the Christian insistence on monogamy and advocates of the traditional practice of polygamy. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Mswati_III" title="Mswati III">Mswati III</a>, the Christian <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Eswatini" title="List of monarchs of Eswatini">king of Eswatini</a>, has 15 wives. In some instances in recent times, there have been moves for accommodation; in other instances, churches have strongly resisted such moves. African Independent Churches have sometimes referred to those parts of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> that describe polygamy in defense of the practice. The illegality of polygamy in certain areas creates, according to certain Bible passages, additional arguments against it. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> writes "submit to the authorities, not only because of possible punishment but also because of conscience" (Romans 13:5), for "the authorities that exist have been established by God." (Romans 13:1) <a href="/wiki/St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter">St Peter</a> concurs when he says to "submit yourselves for the Lord's sake to every authority instituted among men: whether to the king, as the supreme authority, or to governors, who are sent by him to punish those who do wrong and to commend those who do right." (1 Peter 2:13,14) Pro-polygamists argue that, as long as polygamists currently do not obtain legal marriage licenses nor seek "common law marriage status" for additional spouses, no enforced laws are being broken any more than when monogamous couples similarly co-habitate without a marriage license.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_Catholic_Church">Roman Catholic Church</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Roman Catholic Church">edit</a>]</div> The Roman <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> condemns polygamy; the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> lists it in paragraph 2387 under the head "Other offenses against the dignity of marriage" and states that it "is not in accord with the moral law." Also in paragraph 1645 under the head "The Goods and Requirements of Conjugal Love" states "The unity of marriage, distinctly recognized by our Lord, is made clear in the equal personal dignity which must be accorded to husband and wife in mutual and unreserved affection. Polygamy is contrary to conjugal love which is undivided and exclusive."<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> Saint <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> saw a conflict with Old Testament polygamy. He refrained from judging the patriarchs, but did not deduce from their practice the ongoing acceptability of polygyny. On the contrary, he argued that the polygamy of the Fathers, which was tolerated by the Creator because of fertility, was a diversion from His original plan for human marriage. Augustine wrote: "That the good purpose of marriage, however, is better promoted by one husband with one wife, than by a husband with several wives, is shown plainly enough by the very first union of a married pair, which was made by the Divine Being Himself."<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Augustine taught that the reason patriarchs had many wives was not because of fornication, but because they wanted more children. He supported his premise by showing that their marriages, in which husband was the head, were arranged according to the rules of good management: those who are in command (quae principantur) in their society were always singular, while subordinates (subiecta) were multiple. He gave two examples of such relationships: dominus-servus – master-servant (in older translation: slave) and God-soul. The Bible often equates worshiping multiple gods, i.e. idolatry to fornication.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Augustine relates to that: "On this account there is no True God of souls, save One: but one soul by means of many false gods may commit fornication, but not be made fruitful."<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> As tribal populations grew, fertility was no longer a valid justification of polygamy: it "was lawful among the ancient fathers: whether it be lawful now also, I would not hastily pronounce (utrum et nunc fas sit, non temere dixerim). For there is not now necessity of begetting children, as there then was, when, even when wives bear children, it was allowed, in order to a more numerous posterity, to marry other wives in addition, which now is certainly not lawful."<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> Augustine saw marriage as a covenant between one man and one woman, which may not be broken. It was the Creator who established monogamy: "Therefore, the first natural bond of human society is man and wife."<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Such marriage was confirmed by the Saviour in the Gospel of Matthew (Mat 19:9) and by His presence at the wedding in Cana (John 2:2).<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In the Church—the City of God—marriage is a sacrament and may not and cannot be dissolved as long as the spouses live: "But a marriage once for all entered upon in the City of our God, where, even from the first union of the two, the man and the woman, marriage bears a certain sacramental character, can in no way be dissolved but by the death of one of them."<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> In chapter 7, Augustine pointed out that the Roman Empire forbad polygamy, even if the reason of fertility would support it: "For it is in a man's power to put away a wife that is barren, and marry one of whom to have children. And yet it is not allowed; and now indeed in our times, and after the usage of Rome (nostris quidem iam temporibus ac more Romano), neither to marry in addition, so as to have more than one wife living." Further on he notices that the Church's attitude goes much further than the secular law regarding monogamy: It forbids remarrying, considering such to be a form of fornication: "And yet, save in the City of our God, in His Holy Mount, the case is not such with the wife. But, that the laws of the Gentiles are otherwise, who is there that knows not."<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The Council of Trent condemns polygamy: "If anyone saith, that it is lawful for Christians to have several wives at the same time, and that this is not prohibited by any divine law; let him be <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a>."<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> In modern times a minority of Roman Catholic theologians have argued that polygamy, though not ideal, can be a legitimate form of Christian marriage in certain regions, in particular Africa.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The Roman Catholic Church teaches in its Catechism that: <blockquote> polygamy is not in accord with the moral law. [Conjugal] communion is radically contradicted by polygamy; this, in fact, directly negates the plan of God that was revealed from the beginning, because it is contrary to the equal personal dignity of men and women who in matrimony give themselves with a love that is total and therefore unique and exclusive.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lutheran_Church">Lutheran Church</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lutheran Church">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_World_Federation" title="Lutheran World Federation">Lutheran World Federation</a> hosted a regional conference in Africa, in which the acceptance of polygamists into full membership by the Lutheran Church in Liberia was defended as being permissible.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The Lutheran Church in Liberia, however, does not permit polygamists who have become Christians to marry more wives after they have received the sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Holy Baptism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KilbridePage2012-107">[106]</a> Evangelical Lutheran missionaries in Maasai also tolerate the practice of polygamy and in Southern Sudan, some polygamists are becoming Lutheran Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Moses2016-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anglican_Communion">Anglican Communion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anglican Communion">edit</a>]</div> The 1988 <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Conference" title="Lambeth Conference">Lambeth Conference</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a> ruled that polygamy was permissible in certain circumstances:<a href="#cite_note-Draper2003-109">[108]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The Conference upholds monogamy as God's plan, as the idea of relationship of love between husband and wife; nevertheless recommends that a polygamist who responds to the Gospel and wishes to join the Anglican Church may be baptized and confirmed with his believing wives and children on the following conditions: <ul><li>that the polygamist shall promise not to marry again as long as any of his wives at the time of his conversion are alive;</li> <li>that the receiving of such a polygamist has the consent of the local Anglican community;</li> <li>that such a polygamist shall not be compelled to put away any of his wives on account of the social deprivation they would suffer.<a href="#cite_note-Draper2003-109">[108]</a></li></ul></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Latter_Day_Saint_movement">Latter Day Saint movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Latter Day Saint movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Mormonism and polygamy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_(1_husband,_4_wives),_by_Charles.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of five caucasian Latter-day Saints, married to each other in nineteenth-century Latter-day Saint polygamy, against the backdrop of what may be a hedge. All seem to be posing; none face the camera. Leftmost is a woman, seated, her hair done in a high, braided bun, wearing a dress with buttons down the middle; in her hands are an open book. Center-left, standing furthest to the back (though still very much with the portraited group) is a woman, her hair done up but resting low, in a polka-dotted top and a scarf or ascot around her neck and a skirt. She carries a hat, held to her waist. Center is a woman, sort of kneeling or seated (perhaps there is an unseen stool she's sitting on?). She wears a white dress, her hair is done up in a high and large bun and she wears a headband. In her right arm she holds a hat, over her knees; her left arm rests on the lap of the man sitting center right. She may be leaning against his legs. Center-right is a man, wearing a suit jacket of some kind and a high-collared shirt. He is balded and bearded. His left hand is placed over the left arm of the center woman. Rightmost is a woman, her hair done up but resting low, sitting in a visibly wooden (likely handcrafted) chair. She wears a dress with buttons going down the middle. She holds a hat, which looks very like center's hat, over her knees." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png/250px-Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png/375px-Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png/500px-Photograph_of_Latter-day_Saint_plural_spouses_%281_husband%2C_4_wives%29%2C_by_Charles.png 2x" data-file-width="883" data-file-height="791" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption">A Mormon "Saint" and Wives by Charles Weitfle (c. 1878–1885)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early Mormonism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Joseph_Smith%27s_wives" title="List of Joseph Smith's wives">Wives of Joseph Smith</a> • <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_wifery" title="Spiritual wifery">Spiritual wifery</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter-day Saints</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brigham_Young%27s_wives" title="List of Brigham Young's wives">Wives of Brigham Young</a> • <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy_in_the_late-19th_century" title="Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century">Late-19th century Mormon polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mormon_colonies_in_Mexico" title="Mormon colonies in Mexico">Mormon colonies in Mexico</a> • <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reed_Smoot_hearings" title="Reed Smoot hearings">Reed Smoot hearings</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Manifesto" title="Second Manifesto">1904 Manifesto</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">AUB</a> • <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a> • <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Friends_(Woolley)" title="Council of Friends (Woolley)">Council of Friends</a> • <a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">Current state of polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS Church</a> • <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Kingston Group</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_fundamentalist_leaders" title="List of Mormon fundamentalist leaders">List of leaders</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a> • <a href="/wiki/Short_Creek_raid" title="Short Creek raid">Short Creek raid</a> • <a href="/wiki/YFZ_Ranch" title="YFZ Ranch">YFZ Ranch</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antipolygamy laws</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act" title="Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act">Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poland_Act" title="Poland Act">Poland Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmunds_Act" title="Edmunds Act">Edmunds Act</a> • <a href="/wiki/Edmunds%E2%80%93Tucker_Act" title="Edmunds–Tucker Act">Edmunds–Tucker Act</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Case law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. US</a> • <a href="/wiki/Angus_M._Cannon#Polygamy_prosecution" title="Angus M. Cannon">Cannon v. US</a> • <a href="/wiki/Clawson_v._United_States" title="Clawson v. United States">Clawson v. US</a> • <a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Beason" title="Davis v. Beason">Davis v. Beason</a> • <a href="/wiki/Late_Corp._of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints_v._United_States" title="Late Corp. of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. United States">Late Corp. of the LDS Church v. US</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_v._United_States_(1946)" title="Cleveland v. United States (1946)">Cleveland v. US</a> • <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Buhman" title="Brown v. Buhman">Brown v. Buhman</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_polygamy_court_cases" title="List of polygamy court cases">List of polygamy court cases</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Category:Mormonism and polygamy">Related articles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial marriage</a> • <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion in the US</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of polygamy">Legal status of polygamy</a> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latter_Day_Saint_practitioners_of_plural_marriage" title="List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage">List of practitioners</a>  • <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_czar" title="Polygamy czar">Polygamy czar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity" title="Polygamy in Christianity">Polygamy in Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_North_America" title="Polygamy in North America">Polygamy in North America</a> • <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_civil_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of civil marriage in the United States">Timeline of civil marriage in the United States</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/20px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/40px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LDSpolygamy" title="Template:LDSpolygamy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LDSpolygamy" title="Template talk:LDSpolygamy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LDSpolygamy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LDSpolygamy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Mormonism and polygamy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Latter_Day_Saint_practitioners_of_plural_marriage" title="List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage">List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage</a></div> In accordance with what Joseph Smith indicated was a revelation, the practice of plural marriage, the marriage of one man to two or more women, was instituted among members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the early 1840s.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Despite Smith's revelation, the 1835 edition of the 101st Section of the Doctrine and Covenants, written after the doctrine of plural marriage began to be practiced, publicly condemned polygamy. This scripture was used by <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(1808%E2%80%931887)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Taylor (1808–1887)">John Taylor</a> in 1850 to quash Mormon polygamy rumors in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool, England">Liverpool, England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> Polygamy was made illegal in the state of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> during the 1839–44 <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo</a> era when several top Mormon leaders, including Smith,<a href="#cite_note-Compton1996-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith1994-114">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heber_C._Kimball" title="Heber C. Kimball">Heber C. Kimball</a> took multiple wives. Mormon elders who publicly taught that all men were commanded to enter plural marriage were subject to harsh discipline.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> On 7 June 1844 the <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo_Expositor" title="Nauvoo Expositor">Nauvoo Expositor</a> criticized Smith for plural marriage. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_(LDS_Church)">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)">edit</a>]</div> After <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> was killed by a mob on 27 June 1844, the main body of Latter Day Saints left Nauvoo and followed Brigham Young to <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> where the practice of plural marriage continued.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> In 1852, <a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Church_(LDS_Church)" title="President of the Church (LDS Church)">president</a> of the LDS Church, publicly acknowledged the practice of plural marriage through a sermon he gave. Additional sermons by top Mormon leaders on the virtues of polygamy followed.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a>: 128  Controversy followed when polygamy became a social cause, writers began to publish works condemning polygamy. The key plank of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>'s 1856 <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">platform</a> was "to prohibit in the territories those twin relics of barbarism, polygamy and slavery".<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> In 1862, <a href="/wiki/37th_United_States_Congress" title="37th United States Congress">Congress</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Morrill_Anti-Bigamy_Act" title="Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act">Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act</a> which clarified that the practice of polygamy was illegal in all <a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territories_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territories of the United States">US territories</a>. The LDS Church believed that their religiously based practice of plural marriage was protected by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> however, the unanimous 1878 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> decision <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a> declared that polygamy was not protected by the Constitution, based on the longstanding legal principle that "laws are made for the government of actions, and while they cannot interfere with mere religious belief and opinions, they may with practices."<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> Increasingly harsh anti-polygamy legislation in the US led some Mormons to emigrate to <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. In 1890, LDS Church president <a href="/wiki/Wilford_Woodruff" title="Wilford Woodruff">Wilford Woodruff</a> issued a public declaration (the <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">Manifesto</a>) announcing that the LDS Church had discontinued new plural marriages. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormon sentiment</a> waned, as did opposition to statehood for <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Smoot_Hearings" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoot Hearings">Smoot Hearings</a> in 1904, which documented that the LDS Church was still practicing polygamy spurred the LDS Church to issue a <a href="/wiki/Second_Manifesto" title="Second Manifesto">Second Manifesto</a> again claiming that it had ceased performing new plural marriages. By 1910 the LDS Church <a href="/wiki/Excommunicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicate">excommunicated</a> those who entered into, or performed, new plural marriages. Even so, many plural husbands and wives continued to cohabit until their deaths in the 1940s and 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-UHE-Polygamy-121">[120]</a> Enforcement of the 1890 Manifesto caused various <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">splinter groups</a> to leave the LDS Church in order to continue the practice of plural marriage.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Polygamy among these groups persists today in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and neighboring states as well as in the spin-off colonies. Polygamist churches of Mormon origin are often referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalist</a>" churches even though they are not parts of the LDS Church. Such fundamentalists often use a purported <a href="/wiki/1886_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="1886 revelation">1886 revelation</a> to <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_(1808%E2%80%931887)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Taylor (1808–1887)">John Taylor</a> as the basis for their authority to continue the practice of plural marriage.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a> stated in 2005 that there were as many as 37,000 fundamentalists with less than half of them living in polygamous households.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> On 13 December 2013, US Federal Judge Clark Waddoups ruled in <a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Buhman" title="Brown v. Buhman">Brown v. Buhman</a> that the portions of Utah's anti-polygamy laws which prohibit multiple <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a> were unconstitutional, but also allowed Utah to maintain its ban on multiple marriage licenses.<a href="#cite_note-yyyuhs-125">[124]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Unlawful cohabitation, where prosecutors did not need to prove that a marriage ceremony had taken place (only that a couple had lived together), had been the primary tool used to prosecute polygamy in Utah since the 1882 <a href="/wiki/Edmunds_Act" title="Edmunds Act">Edmunds Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UHE-Polygamy-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Mormon_fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mormon fundamentalism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Friends_(Woolley)" title="Council of Friends (Woolley)">Council of Friends</a> (also known as the Woolley Group and the Priesthood Council)<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> was one of the original expressions of <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a>, having its origins in the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Lorin_C._Woolley" title="Lorin C. Woolley">Lorin C. Woolley</a>, a dairy farmer excommunicated from the LDS Church in 1924. Several Mormon fundamentalist groups claim lineage through the Council of Friends, including but not limited to, the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints">Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints</a> (FLDS Church), the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_United_Brethren" title="Apostolic United Brethren">Apostolic United Brethren</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Park_group" title="Centennial Park group">Centennial Park group</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Church_of_Christ" title="Latter Day Church of Christ">Latter Day Church of Christ</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Branch_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Righteous Branch of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Community_of_Christ">Community of Christ</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Community of Christ">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a>, known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS Church) prior to 2001, has never sanctioned polygamy since its foundation in 1860. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith_III" title="Joseph Smith III">Joseph Smith III</a>, the first Prophet-President of the RLDS Church following the reorganization of the Church, was an ardent opponent of the practice of <a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">plural marriage</a> throughout his life. For most of his career, Smith denied that his father had been involved in the practice and insisted that it had originated with Brigham Young. Smith served many missions to the western United States, where he met with and interviewed associates and women claiming to be widows of his father, who attempted to present him with evidence to the contrary. Smith typically responded to such accusations by saying that he was "not positive nor sure that [his father] was innocent",<a href="#cite_note-Launius1987-131">[130]</a> and that if, indeed, the elder Smith had been involved, it was still a false practice. However, many members of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Christ" title="Community of Christ">Community of Christ</a> and some of the groups that were previously associated with it are not convinced that Joseph Smith practiced plural marriage and they believe that the evidence which indicates that he practiced it is flawed.<a href="#cite_note-Promeet2013-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Hinduism">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rigveda</a> mentions that during the <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a>, a man could have more than one wife.<a href="#cite_note-Vedic-134">[133]</a> The practice is attested in epics like the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dharmashastras" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastras">Dharmashastras</a> permit a man to marry women provided that the first wife agree to marry him.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Despite its existence, it was most usually practiced by men of higher status. Common people were only allowed a second marriage if the first wife could not bear a son or have some dispute because there is no law for divorce in Hinduism.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Smriti" title="Vishnu Smriti">Vishnu Smriti</a>, the number of wives one could have is linked to one's social class, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Now a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brāhmaṇa</a> may take many wives in the direct order of the (four) knowledge; A <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> means warrior knowledge, three; A <a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a> means business knowledge, two; A <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> means cleaning knowledge, one only<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></blockquote> This linkage of the number of permitted wives to the varna system is also supported by the <a href="/wiki/Baudhayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baudhayana">Baudhayana</a> Dharmasutra and the Paraskara Grihyasutra.<a href="#cite_note-MMS-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Apastamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Apastamba">Apastamba</a> Dharmasutra and the <a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a> allow marriage to a second wife if the first one is unable to discharge her religious duties or is unable to bear a child or have any dispute because in Hinduism there was no law for divorce.<a href="#cite_note-MMS-137">[136]</a> For a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmana</a>, only one wife could rank as the chief consort who performed the religious rites (dharma-patni) along with the husband. The chief consort had to be of an equal knowledge. If a man married several women from the same knowledgeable, then the eldest wife held the position of the chief consort.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> commonly had more than one wife and are regularly attributed four wives by the scriptures. They were: Mahisi, who was the chief consort, Parivrkti, who had no son, Vaivata, who is considered the favorite wife and the Palagali, who was the daughter of the last of the court officials.<a href="#cite_note-Vedic-134">[133]</a> Traditional Hindu law allowed polygamy if the first wife could not bear a child.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Marriage Act">Hindu Marriage Act</a> was enacted in 1955 by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Parliament">Indian Parliament</a> and made polygamy illegal for everyone in India except for Muslims. Prior to 1955, polygamy was permitted for Hindus. Marriage laws in India are dependent upon the religion of the parties in question.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Some Hindus in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> practice <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Indonesia" title="Polygamy in Indonesia">polygamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martyn-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny in Islam</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic marital jurisprudence</a>, under warranted conditions, a Muslim man may have <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">more than one wife</a> at the same time, up to a total of four. Muslim women are not permitted to have <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">more than one husband</a> at the same time under any circumstances. Based on verse 30:21 of <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> the ideal relationship is the comfort that a couple find in each other's embrace: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">And one of His signs is that He created for you spouses from among yourselves so that you may find comfort in them. And He has placed between you compassion and mercy. Surely in this are signs for people who reflect.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ar-Rum" title="Ar-Rum">Surah Ar-Rum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/30?startingVerse=21">30:21</a></cite></div></blockquote> The polygyny that is allowed in the Quran is for special situations. There are strict requirements to marrying more than one woman, as the man must treat them fairly financially and in terms of support given to each wife, according to Islamic law. However, Islam advises monogamy for a man if he fears he cannot deal justly with his wives. This is based on verse 4:3 of <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> which says: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">If you fear you might fail to give orphan women their ˹due˺ rights ˹if you were to marry them˺, then marry other women of your choice—two, three, or four. But if you are afraid you will fail to maintain justice, then ˹content yourselves with˺ one or those ˹bondwomen˺ in your possession. This way you are less likely to commit injustice.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=3">4:3</a></cite></div></blockquote> Muslim women are not allowed to marry more than one husband at once. However, in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> or their husbands' death they can remarry after the completion of <a href="/wiki/Iddah" title="Iddah">Iddah</a>, as divorce is legal in Islamic law. A non-Muslim woman who flees from her non-Muslim husband and accepts <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> has the option to remarry without divorce from her previous husband, as her marriage with non-Muslim husband is Islamically dissolved on her fleeing.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> A non-Muslim woman captured during war by Muslims, can also remarry, as her marriage with her non-Muslim husband is Islamically dissolved at capture by Muslim soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> This permission is given to such women in verse 4:24 of Quran. The verse also emphasizes on transparency, mutual agreement and financial compensation as prerequisites for matrimonial relationship as opposed to prostitution; it says: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Also ˹forbidden are˺ married women—except ˹female˺ captives in your possession. This is Allah's commandment to you. Lawful to you are all beyond these—as long as you seek them with your wealth in a legal marriage, not in fornication. Give those you have consummated marriage with their due dowries. It is permissible to be mutually gracious regarding the set dowry. Surely Allah is All-Knowing, All-Wise.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">Surah An-Nisa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/4?startingVerse=24">4:24 </a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> was monogamously married to <a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija</a>, his first wife, for 25 years, until she died. After her death, he married multiple women. Muhammad had a total of 9 wives at the same time, even though Muslim men were limited to 4 wives. His total wives are 11. One reason cited for polygyny is that it allows a man to give financial protection to multiple women, who might otherwise not have any support (e.g. widows).<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> However, some Islamic scholars say the wife can set a condition, in the <a href="/wiki/Nikah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah">marriage contract</a>, that the husband cannot marry another woman during their marriage. In such a case, the husband cannot marry another woman as long as he is married to his wife. However, other Islamic scholars state that this condition is not allowed.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> According to traditional Islamic law, each of those wives keeps their property and assets separate; and are paid <a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a> separately by their husband. Usually the wives have little to no contact with each other and lead separate, individual lives in their own houses, and sometimes in different cities, though they all share the same husband. In most Muslim-majority countries, polygyny is legal with <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> being the only one where no restrictions are imposed on it. The practice is illegal in Muslim-majority <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan </a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> Countries that allow polygyny typically also require a man to obtain permission from his previous wives before marrying another, and require the man to prove that he can financially support multiple wives. In some Muslim countries, a man must justify taking an additional wife at a court hearing before he is allowed to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Modern-152">[151]</a> In Sudan, the government encouraged polygyny in 2001 to increase the population.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">Pilegesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polygyny#Judaism" title="Polygyny">Polygyny § Judaism</a></div> Polygyny is not forbidden in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, and over 40 important figures had more than one wife, such as Jacob,<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> Solomon,<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> and possibly Moses.<a href="#cite_note-159">[a]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> contains a few specific regulations that apply to polygamy,<a href="#cite_note-Coogan2010-160">[158]</a> such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#10">Exodus 21:10</a> ("If he take another wife for himself; her food, her clothing, and her duty of marriage, shall he not diminish"),<a href="#cite_note-TJBEX2110-161">[159]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0521.htm#15">Deuteronomy 21:15–17</a> (a man must award the inheritance due to a first-born son to the son who was actually born first, even if he hates that son's mother and likes another wife more), and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0517.htm#17">Deuteronomy 17:17</a> (the king shall not have too many wives). Polygyny was still practiced well into the biblical period, and it is attested among Jews as late as the <a href="/wiki/Second_century_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="Second century CE">second century CE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karras2012-164">[162]</a> The incidence was limited, however, and it was likely largely restricted to the wealthy.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-TDONT_γυνή-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> show that several smaller <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism#Jewish_sects" title="Second Temple Judaism">Jewish sects</a> forbade polygamy before and during the first century.<a href="#cite_note-Vermès1975-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brooke2005-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murphy2002-170">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll</a> (11QT LVII 17–18) seems to prohibit polygamy.<a href="#cite_note-Brooke2005-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loader2009-171">[169]</a> The rabbinical era, beginning with the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, saw a continuation of some degree of legal acceptance for polygamy. Statements in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> include, "[If a man declares,] 'Be thou betrothed to half of me,' she is betrothed; 'Half of thee be betrothed to me,' she is not betrothed"<a href="#cite_note-BTK7a-172">[170]</a> and elsewhere, "A man may marry wives in addition to the first wife; provided only that he possesses the means to maintain them",<a href="#cite_note-BTY65a-173">[171]</a> though another opinion in the Talmud requires divorcing a first wife before taking a second.<a href="#cite_note-BTY65a-173">[171]</a> In practice, polygamy was extremely rare in Jewish society in the Talmudic period.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Later on, the Jewish codices began a process of restricting polygamy in Judaism. Most notable was the synod of <a href="/wiki/Gershom_ben_Judah" title="Gershom ben Judah">Rabbeinu Gershom</a>, whose rulings were accepted by <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. About 1000 CE he called a synod which instituted the following new laws: (1) prohibition of polygamy; (2) necessity of obtaining the consent of both parties to a divorce; (3) modification of the rules concerning those who became apostates under compulsion; (4) prohibition against opening correspondence addressed to another.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karras2012-164">[162]</a> Gershon left an exception to his ban on polygamy, called <a href="/wiki/Heter_meah_rabbanim" title="Heter meah rabbanim">heter meah rabbanim</a>, by which a man separated from his wife - but unable to officially divorce her due to certain extreme circumstances - could instead take a second wife. Rabbeinu Gershom's ban on polygamy was not adopted by Sephardic communities. Some later <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_David_Taro%C3%A7" title="Abraham David Taroç">Abraham David Taroç</a> are known to have multiple wives. Polygamy was common among Jewish communities in the Levant, possibly due to the influence of Muslim society, with 17% of divorce claims by women being due to complaints over husbands taking additional wives. According to R. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Joseph Karo</a> (16th century author of the last great codification of Jewish law, the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>), and many other rabbis from Safed, the ban of Rabbeinu Gershom had expired, and therefore even Ashkenazim could marry additional wives. Even in instances where the husband made prenuptial agreements not to marry additional wives, local rabbis found loopholes to allow them to do so anyway.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> In the modern day, polygamy is generally not condoned by Jews.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> have continued to follow <a href="/wiki/Rabbenu_Gershom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbenu Gershom">Rabbenu Gershom</a>'s ban since the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> Jewish communities (particularly <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemenite Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a>) discontinued polygyny more recently, after they immigrated to countries where it was forbidden or illegal. <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> prohibits polygamy by law,<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a>and Mizrahi Jews are not permitted to enter into new polygamous marriages in Israel, though existing marriages may be maintained. In practice, however, the law is loosely enforced, primarily to avoid interference with <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> culture, where polygyny is practiced.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> Polygamy may still occur in non-European Jewish communities that exist in countries where it is not forbidden, such as Jewish communities in Iran or Morocco. Late Sephardic chief rabbi <a href="/wiki/Ovadia_Yosef" title="Ovadia Yosef">Ovadia Yosef</a> supported the legalisation by the Israeli government of polygamy and the practice of <a href="/wiki/Pilegesh" title="Pilegesh">pilegesh</a> (the keeping of concubines).<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Tzvi Zohar, a professor from the <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a>, recently suggested that based on the opinions of leading <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">halachic</a> authorities, the concept of concubines may serve as a practical halachic justification for premarital or non-marital cohabitation.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a> has no rules against polygyny, though the practice itself in modern times is rare, and is not found at all among Karaites living in countries where polygamy is against the law. The husband, however, is only allowed to take other wives if he has the means and ability to treat them equally to the primary wife, and even then only if there was no anti-polygamy clause in their marriage contract from either party. Polyandry, on the other hand, is expressly forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Xwedodah" title="Xwedodah">Xwedodah</a></div> There is limited information about polygamy in Zoroastrian tradition. There is no passage in the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a> that favors polygamy or <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> However, tradition holds that <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> had three wives.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Polygamy appears to have been a right of spiritual dignitaries and aristocrats.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> It is mentioned in foreign writings, such as the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Tansar" title="Letter of Tansar">letter of Tansar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">For those who were the most virtuous and pious, he chose out princesses, that all might desire virtue and chastity. He was content with one or two wives for himself, and disapproved of having many children, saying: to have many children is fitting for the populace, but kings and nobles take pride in the smallness of their families<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tansar</cite></div></blockquote> It was also written about in the 4th century CE by the Roman soldier and historian <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a>, writing about Zoroastrian communities.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Each man according to his means contracts many or few marriages, whence their affection, divided as it is among various objects, grows cold.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ammianus Marcellinus</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_status">Legal status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legal status">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of polygamy">Legal status of polygamy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_polygamy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Legality_of_polygamy.svg/330px-Legality_of_polygamy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Legality_of_polygamy.svg/500px-Legality_of_polygamy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Legality_of_polygamy.svg/600px-Legality_of_polygamy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption> <div style="margin:0 0.5em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Polygamy is legal only for Muslims</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Polygamy is legal</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Polygamy is legal in some regions (Indonesia)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Polygamy is illegal, but not criminalised in practice</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Polygamy is illegal and criminalised in practice</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Legal status unknown</div> </div> <div style="margin:0.5em 0.5em 0.25em;border-top:1px solid#aaa;font-size:94%;"><ul><li style="line-height:1.3em;">In India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Singapore, polygamy is only legal for <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>.</li><li style="line-height:1.3em;">In Nigeria and South Africa, polygamous marriages under customary law and for Muslims are legally recognized.</li></ul></div> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_law">International law</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: International law">edit</a>]</div> In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Committee" title="United Nations Human Rights Committee">United Nations Human Rights Committee</a> reported that polygamy violates the <a href="/wiki/ICCPR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICCPR">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a> (ICCPR), citing concerns that the lack of "equality of treatment with regard to the right to marry" meant that polygamy, restricted to polygyny in practice, violates the dignity of women and should be outlawed.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Specifically, reports to UN Committees have noted violations of ICCPR due to these inequalities,<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> and reports to the UN General Assembly have recommended it be outlawed.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> ICCPR does not apply to countries that have not signed it, which includes many Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Malaysia, Brunei, Oman, and South Sudan.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Canada has taken a strong stand against polygamy, and the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Canada)" title="Department of Justice (Canada)">Canadian Department of Justice</a> has argued that polygyny is a violation of International Human Rights Law, as a form of gender discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> In Canada, the federal <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a> applies throughout the country. It extends the definition of polygamy to having any kind of conjugal union with more than one person at the same time. Also anyone who assists, celebrates, or is a part to a rite, ceremony, or contract that sanctions a polygamist relationship is guilty of polygamy. Polygamy is an offence punishable by up to five years in prison. In 2017, two Canadian religious leaders were found guilty of practicing polygamy by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_British_Columbia" title="Supreme Court of British Columbia">Supreme Court of British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-203">[201]</a> Both of them are former bishops of the Mormon denomination of the <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a> (FLDS).<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-203">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Polygamy in Russia</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polygamy_in_Russia&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Polygamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamous">Polygamous</a> marriages are not recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Family_Code_of_Russia" title="Family Code of Russia">Family Code of Russia</a> states that a <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> can only be contracted between a man and a woman, neither of whom is married to someone else.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Furthermore, Russia does not recognize polygamous marriages that had been contracted in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Under Russian law, de facto polygamy or multiple <a href="/wiki/Cohabitation" title="Cohabitation">cohabitation</a> in and of itself is not a crime.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Due to the imbalance between urban educated women and men in predominantly <a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongol</a>-inhabited regions of Russia, men sometimes may have multiple women as wives, one report claims.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> This sometimes results in households that are openly de facto polygamous.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> Bigamy is illegal in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> De facto polygamy (having multiple partners at the same time) is not a criminal offence, provided the person does not register more than one marriage at the same time. In the UK, adultery is not a criminal offence (it is only a <a href="/wiki/Ground_for_divorce" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground for divorce">ground for divorce</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a>). In a written answer to the House of Commons, "In Great Britain, polygamy is only recognized as valid in law in circumstances where the marriage ceremony has been performed in a country whose laws permit polygamy and the parties to the marriage were domiciled there at the time. In addition, immigration rules have generally prevented the formation of polygamous households in this country since 1988."<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> The 2010 UK government decided that Universal Credit (UC), which replaces means-tested benefits and tax credits for working-age people and will not be completely introduced until 2021, will not recognize polygamous marriages. A House of Commons briefing paper states "Treating second and subsequent partners in polygamous relationships as separate claimants could in some situations mean that polygamous households receive more under Universal Credit than they do under the current rules for means-tested benefits and tax credits. This is because, as explained above, the amounts which may be paid in respect of additional spouses are lower than those which generally apply to single claimants." There is currently no official statistics data on cohabiting polygamous couples who have arranged marriage in religious ceremonies.<a href="#cite_note-UKPOLY-211">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utah_in_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Utah_in_United_States.svg/220px-Utah_in_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Utah_in_United_States.svg/330px-Utah_in_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Utah_in_United_States.svg/440px-Utah_in_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>Polygamy in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> remains a controversial issue that has been subject to legislative battles throughout the years; it is currently an <a href="/wiki/Infraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraction">infraction</a>; and recognition of polygamy is illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Utah" title="Constitution of Utah">Constitution of Utah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_polygamy_in_the_United_States" title="Legality of polygamy in the United States">Legality of polygamy in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Mormonism and polygamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">Mormon fundamentalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement</a></div> Polygamy is illegal in all 50 states in the U.S.; in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> it currently remains a controversial issue that has been subject to legislative battles throughout the years. As of 2020 Utah is the only state where the practice is designated as an <a href="/wiki/Infraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraction">infraction</a> rather than the more serious designation as a crime. However, recognizing polygamous unions is still illegal under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Utah" title="Constitution of Utah">Constitution of Utah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Federal legislation to outlaw the practice was endorsed as constitutional in 1878 by the Supreme Court in <a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a>, despite the religious objections of <a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>'s largest denomination the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church). The LDS Church subsequently ended the practice of polygamy around the turn of the twentieth century;<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> however, several smaller <a href="/wiki/Mormon_fundamentalism" title="Mormon fundamentalism">fundamentalist Mormon</a> groups across the state (not associated with the mainstream Church) continue the practice. On 13 December 2013, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">federal judge</a>, spurred by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a> and other groups,<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> struck down the parts of Utah's bigamy law that criminalized cohabitation, while also acknowledging that the state may still enforce bans on having multiple marriage licenses.<a href="#cite_note-utahban-215">[213]</a> This decision was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit</a>, thus effectively recriminalizing polygamy as a felony.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> In 2020, Utah voted to downgrade polygamy from a felony to an infraction, but it remains a felony if force, threats or other abuses are involved.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Prosecutors in Utah have long had a policy of not pursuing polygamy in the absence of other associated crimes (e.g. fraud, abuse, marriage of underage persons, etc.).<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> There are about 30,000 people living in polygamous communities in Utah.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist feminism</a> and advocates such as <a href="/wiki/Wendy_McElroy" title="Wendy McElroy">Wendy McElroy</a> and journalist Jillian Keenan support the freedom for adults to voluntarily enter polygamous marriages.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> Authors such as Alyssa Rower and Samantha Slark argue that there is a case for legalizing polygamy on the basis of regulation and monitoring of the practice, legally protecting the polygamous partners and allowing them to join mainstream society instead of forcing them to hide from it when any public situation arises.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> In an October 2004 op-ed for <a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> law professor <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Turley" title="Jonathan Turley">Jonathan Turley</a> argued that, as a simple matter of equal treatment under the law, polygamy ought to be legal. Acknowledging that underage girls are sometimes coerced into polygamous marriages, Turley replied that "banning polygamy is no more a solution to child abuse than banning marriage would be a solution to spousal abuse".<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kurtz" title="Stanley Kurtz">Stanley Kurtz</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a>, rejects the decriminalization and legalization of polygamy. He stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Marriage, as its ultramodern critics would like to say, is indeed about choosing one's partner, and about freedom in a society that values freedom. But that's not the only thing it is about. As the Supreme Court justices who unanimously decided Reynolds in 1878 understood, marriage is also about sustaining the conditions in which freedom can thrive. Polygamy in all its forms is a recipe for social structures that inhibit and ultimately undermine social freedom and democracy. A hard-won lesson of Western history is that genuine democratic self-rule begins at the hearth of the monogamous family.<a href="#cite_note-Polygamy_vs._Democracy-226">[224]</a></blockquote> In January 2015, Pastor Neil Patrick Carrick of Detroit, Michigan, brought a case (<a href="/wiki/Carrick_v._Snyder" title="Carrick v. Snyder">Carrick v. Snyder</a>) against the State of Michigan that the state's ban of polygamy violates the <a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the U.S. Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> The case was dismissed with prejudice on 10 February 2016, for lack of standing.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> Indonesia is the most populous Muslim country. Most polygamous families in the country are of Muslim background; they may also be aristocrats, registered civil servants, Islamic students (santri), and wholesalers.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Constitutionally, Indonesia (basically) only recognizes monogamy. But, government allows polygamy in some conditions: <ul><li>The wife cannot carry out her obligations as a wife.</li> <li>The wife has a physical disability or an incurable disease.</li> <li>The wife cannot bear children.</li></ul> There are other requirements for registered civil servants.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_plans_for_post-war_Germany">Nazi plans for post-war Germany</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Nazi plans for post-war Germany">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, there was an effort by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> to introduce new legislation concerning plural marriage. The argument ran that after the war, 3 to 4 million women would have to remain unmarried due to the great number of soldiers fallen in battle. In order to make it possible for these women to have children, a procedure for application and selection for suitable men (i.e. decorated war heroes) to enter a marital relationship with an additional woman was planned. The privileged position of the first wife was to be secured by awarding her the title <a href="/wiki/Dominus_(title)" title="Dominus (title)">Domina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fest686-234">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/60px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/120px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/40px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/60px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg/120px-Christus_statue_temple_square_salt_lake_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Portal:Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_marriage_laws#Polygamy" title="Conflict of marriage laws">Conflict of marriage laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of polygamy">Legal status of polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_polygamy_court_cases" title="List of polygamy court cases">List of polygamy court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_danico" title="More danico">More danico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9nage_%C3%A0_trois" title="Ménage à trois">Ménage à trois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyday" title="Polyday">Polyday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">Serial monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn_hunting" title="Unicorn hunting">Unicorn hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_the_most_children" title="List of people with the most children">List of people with the most children</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> For the extent to which states can and do recognize potentially and actual polygamous forms as valid, see <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_marriage_laws" title="Conflict of marriage laws">Conflict of marriage laws</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harper-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Harper_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=polygamy">"polygamy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=polygamy&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dpolygamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/?term=Polygamy">"Polygamy | Etymology, origin and meaning of polygamy by etymonline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timetravel.mementoweb.org/memento/20160201154242/etymonline.com/?term=Polygamy">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polygamy+%26%23124%3B+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+polygamy+by+etymonline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3DPolygamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=polugami/a">πολυγαμία</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/search.html?lq=πολυγαμία">"πολυγαμία"</a>. Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek (in Greek). <a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Greek_Language" title="Center for the Greek Language">Center for the Greek Language</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160201152346/http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/search.html?lq=%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Standard+Modern+Greek&rft.atitle=%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-language.gr%2FgreekLang%2Fmodern_greek%2Ftools%2Flexica%2Ftriantafyllides%2Fsearch.html%3Flq%3D%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBabiniotis2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Babiniotis" title="Georgios Babiniotis">Babiniotis, Georgios</a> (2002). "s.v. πολυγαμία". <a href="/wiki/Babiniotis_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Babiniotis dictionary">Dictionary of Modern Greek</a> (in Greek). Lexicology Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=s.v.+%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Modern+Greek&rft.pub=Lexicology+Centre&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Babiniotis&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_6-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf">Ethnographic Atlas Codebook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121118232413/http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/Codebook4EthnoAtlas.pdf">Archived</a> 18 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> derived from George P. Murdock's Ethnographic Atlas recording the marital composition of 1231 societies from 1960 to 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-Starkweather2012-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starkweather2012_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starkweather2012_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starkweather2012_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starkweather2012_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStarkweatherHames2012" class="citation journal cs1">Starkweather, Katherine; Hames, Raymond (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?context=anthropologyfacpub&article=1049#page=2">"A Survey of Non‑Classical Polyandry"</a>. Human Nature. 23 (2): 149–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12110-012-9144-x">10.1007/s12110-012-9144-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1936-4776">1936-4776</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1045-6767">1045-6767</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879353439">879353439</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22688804">22688804</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2008559">2008559</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925140949/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?context=anthropologyfacpub&article=1049">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Nature&rft.atitle=A+Survey+of+Non%E2%80%91Classical+Polyandry&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2008559%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=1936-4776&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12110-012-9144-x&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879353439&rft.issn=1045-6767&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22688804&rft.aulast=Starkweather&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Hames%2C+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Fcontext%3Danthropologyfacpub%26article%3D1049%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGolomski2016" class="citation book cs1">Golomski, Casey (6 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303252577">Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Gender and Sexuality Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728085751/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303252577_Polygamy_Polygyny_and_Polyandry_Wiley_Blackwell_Encyclopedia_of_Gender_and_Sexuality_Studies_Nancy_Naples_et_al_ed_Malden_MA_John_Wiley_Sons">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2019 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wiley+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+Gender+and+Sexuality+Studies&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft.aulast=Golomski&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F303252577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer2020" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Stephanie (7 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/">"Polygamy is rare around the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407072545/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Polygamy+is+rare+around+the+world&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2020%2F12%2F07%2Fpolygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reichard,_2003-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reichard,_2003_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reichard,_2003_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReichard2003" class="citation book cs1">Reichard, Ulrich H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zIu2K6KFsXEC&pg=PA3">"Monogamy: past and present"</a>. In Reichard, Ulrich H.; Boesch, Christophe (eds.). Monogamy: Mating Strategies and Partnerships in Birds, Humans and Other Mammals. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52577-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52577-0"><bdi>978-0-521-52577-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603161358/https://books.google.com/books?id=zIu2K6KFsXEC&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Monogamy%3A+past+and+present&rft.btitle=Monogamy%3A+Mating+Strategies+and+Partnerships+in+Birds%2C+Humans+and+Other+Mammals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52577-0&rft.aulast=Reichard&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzIu2K6KFsXEC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Low,_2003-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Low,_2003_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Low,_2003_11-1">b</a> Low B.S. (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bobbi_Low/publication/237010580_Ecological_and_social_complexities_in_human_monogamy/links/0deec51ae3e528b821000000.pdf">Ecological and social complexities in human monogamy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180713201500/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Bobbi_Low/publication/237010580_Ecological_and_social_complexities_in_human_monogamy/links/0deec51ae3e528b821000000.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-07-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Monogamy: Mating Strategies and Partnerships in Birds, Humans and Other Mammals:161–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheff-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheff_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheff_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSheff,_Elisabeth2014" class="citation web cs1">Sheff, Elisabeth (22 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-polyamorists-next-door/201407/seven-forms-non-monogamy">"Seven Forms of Non-Monogamy"</a>. Psychology Today.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Seven+Forms+of+Non-Monogamy&rft.date=2014-07-22&rft.au=Sheff%2C+Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fus%2Fblog%2Fthe-polyamorists-next-door%2F201407%2Fseven-forms-non-monogamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRIT-13"><a href="#cite_ref-BRIT_13-0">^</a> Cf. "Monogamy" in Britannica World Language Dictionary, R.C. Preble (ed.), Oxford-London 1962, p. 1275:1. The practice or principle of marrying only once. opp. to digamy now rare 2. The condition, rule or custom of being married to only one <a href="/wiki/Person" title="Person">person</a> at a time (opp. to polygamy or bigamy) 1708. 3. <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zool.</a> The habit of living in pairs, or having only one mate; The same text repeats The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, W. Little, H.W. Fowler, J. Coulson (ed.), C.T. Onions (rev. & ed.,) Oxford 1969, 3rd edition, vol.1, p.1275; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/00314586">OED Online</a>. March 2010. 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Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford. pp. 1–30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/12544/csae-wps-2012-20.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 September 2017. 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Oxford: Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-220-0"><bdi>978-1-84520-220-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%3A+A+Cross-Cultural+Analysis&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-220-0&rft.aulast=Zeitzen&rft.aufirst=Miriam+Koktvedgaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lee-40"><a href="#cite_ref-lee_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee,_Gary_R.1982" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Gary R. (1982). "Structural Variety in Marriage". Family Structure and Interaction: A Comparative Analysis (2nd, revised ed.). University of Minnesota Press. pp. 92–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Structural+Variety+in+Marriage&rft.btitle=Family+Structure+and+Interaction%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.edition=2nd%2C+revised&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Lee%2C+Gary+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerlihy1984" class="citation book cs1">Herlihy, David (1984). McNetting, Robert; Will, Richard; Arnould, Eric (eds.). Households: Comparative and Historical Studies of the Domestic Group. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 393–395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Households%3A+Comparative+and+Historical+Studies+of+the+Domestic+Group&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E393-%3C%2Fspan%3E395&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Herlihy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaloyi2013" class="citation journal cs1">Baloyi, Elijah M. (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://missionalia.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/12">"Critical reflections on polygamy in the African Christian context"</a>. Missionalia. 41 (2): 164–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7832%2F41-2-12">10.7832/41-2-12</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10500%2F29386">10500/29386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0256-9507">0256-9507</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727152047/https://missionalia.journals.ac.za/pub/article/view/12">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Missionalia&rft.atitle=Critical+reflections+on+polygamy+in+the+African+Christian+context&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E164-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10500%2F29386&rft.issn=0256-9507&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7832%2F41-2-12&rft.aulast=Baloyi&rft.aufirst=Elijah+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmissionalia.journals.ac.za%2Fpub%2Farticle%2Fview%2F12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox1967" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Robin (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinshipmarriage00foxr">Kinship and Marriage</a>. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kinshipmarriage00foxr/page/39">39</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship+and+Marriage&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+UK&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkinshipmarriage00foxr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100619172233/http://genderindex.org/country/gabon">"Gender Equality and Social Institutions in Gabon"</a>. Social Institutions & Gender Index, genderindex.org. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genderindex.org/country/gabon">the original</a> on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gender+Equality+and+Social+Institutions+in+Gabon&rft.pub=Social+Institutions+%26+Gender+Index%2C+genderindex.org&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgenderindex.org%2Fcountry%2Fgabon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone2006-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Stone2006_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStone2006" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Linda (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XjRWDgAAQBAJ">Kinship and Gender</a>. Westview. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813348629" title="Special:BookSources/9780813348629"><bdi>9780813348629</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship+and+Gender&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780813348629&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXjRWDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1978" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://case.edu/affil/tibet/booksAndPapers/pahari.html">"Pahari and Tibetan Polyandry Revisited"</a>. Ethnology. 17 (3): 325–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3773200">10.2307/3773200</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773200">3773200</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826162501/https://case.edu/affil/tibet/booksAndPapers/pahari.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=Pahari+and+Tibetan+Polyandry+Revisited&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E325-%3C%2Fspan%3E337&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3773200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3773200%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Melvyn+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcase.edu%2Faffil%2Ftibet%2FbooksAndPapers%2Fpahari.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevine1998" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Nancy (1998). The Dynamics of polyandry: kinship, domesticity, and population on the Tibetan border. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dynamics+of+polyandry%3A+kinship%2C+domesticity%2C+and+population+on+the+Tibetan+border&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevineSilk1997" class="citation journal cs1">Levine, Nancy E.; Silk, Joan B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/204624">"Why Polyandry Fails: Sources of Instability in Polyandrous Marriages"</a>. Current Anthropology. 38 (3): 375–398. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F204624">10.1086/204624</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/204624">10.1086/204624</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17048791">17048791</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530062802/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/204624">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Why+Polyandry+Fails%3A+Sources+of+Instability+in+Polyandrous+Marriages&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E375-%3C%2Fspan%3E398&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=0011-3204&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17048791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F204624%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F204624&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Nancy+E.&rft.au=Silk%2C+Joan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F204624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gough-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Gough_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGough1959" class="citation journal cs1">Gough, E. Kathleen (1959). "The Nayars and the Definition of Marriage". Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 89 (1): 23–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2844434">10.2307/2844434</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844434">2844434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Royal+Anthropological+Institute+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Nayars+and+the+Definition+of+Marriage&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2844434&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2844434%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.aufirst=E.+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helen_Fisher-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Helen_Fisher_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFisher2000" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Helen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstsexnatur00fish/page/271">The First Sex</a>. Ballantine Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstsexnatur00fish/page/271">271–72, 276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-449-91260-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-449-91260-7"><bdi>978-0-449-91260-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Sex&rft.pages=271-72%2C+276&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-449-91260-7&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstsexnatur00fish%2Fpage%2F271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFALEN2009" class="citation journal cs1">FALEN, DOUGLAS J. (23 October 2009). "Polygamy: a cross-cultural analysis by Zeitzen, Miriam Koktvedgaard". Social Anthropology. 17 (4): 510–511. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8676.2009.00088_20.x">10.1111/j.1469-8676.2009.00088_20.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0964-0282">0964-0282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Polygamy%3A+a+cross-cultural+analysis+by+Zeitzen%2C+Miriam+Koktvedgaard&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E510-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.date=2009-10-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8676.2009.00088_20.x&rft.issn=0964-0282&rft.aulast=FALEN&rft.aufirst=DOUGLAS+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> For a popular press angle, see e.g. Rosie Wilby, Is Monogamy Dead?: Rethinking Relationships in the 21st Century (Cardiff: Accent Press, 2017), 107. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786154521" title="Special:BookSources/9781786154521">9781786154521</a>. For deeper, scholarly analysis, see e.g. David Silverman, "The Construction of 'Delicate' Objects in Counselling", in ed. Margaret Wetherell et al., Discourse Theory and Practice: A Reader (London: Sage, 2001), 123–27. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761971566" title="Special:BookSources/9780761971566">9780761971566</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimpson1998" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Bob (1998). Changing Families: An Ethnographic Approach to Divorce and Separation. Oxford: Berg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Families%3A+An+Ethnographic+Approach+to+Divorce+and+Separation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "Polyamory", in Robert T. Francoeur and Raymond J. Noonan, eds., The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality (London: A&C Black, 2004), 1205. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826414885" title="Special:BookSources/9780826414885">9780826414885</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstantine1974" class="citation book cs1">Constantine, Larry L. (1974). Group Marriage: A Study of Contemporary Multilateral Marriage. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230622043118/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2017/apr/01/the-kingdom-of-women-the-tibetan-tribe-where-a-man-is-never-the-boss">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+kingdom+of+women%3A+the+society+where+a+man+is+never+the+boss&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2017%2Fapr%2F01%2Fthe-kingdom-of-women-the-tibetan-tribe-where-a-man-is-never-the-boss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20453016-68"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20453016_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeinan_A,_Reich_D2010" class="citation journal cs1">Keinan A, Reich D (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2944028">"Can a sex-biased human demography account for the reduced effective population size of chromosome X in non-Africans?"</a>. Mol Biol Evol. 27 (10): 2312–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq117">10.1093/molbev/msq117</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2944028">2944028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20453016">20453016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mol+Biol+Evol&rft.atitle=Can+a+sex-biased+human+demography+account+for+the+reduced+effective+population+size+of+chromosome+X+in+non-Africans%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2312-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2944028%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20453016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsq117&rft.au=Keinan+A%2C+Reich+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2944028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-access_to_insight-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-access_to_insight_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-access_to_insight_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dewaraja/wheel280.html">"Accesstoinsight.org"</a>. Accesstoinsight.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318150918/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/dewaraja/wheel280.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accesstoinsight.org&rft.pub=Accesstoinsight.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accesstoinsight.org%2Flib%2Fauthors%2Fdewaraja%2Fwheel280.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethics_of_Buddhism-70"><a href="#cite_ref-ethics_of_Buddhism_70-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URZNk9noWJEC&pg=PA101">The Ethics of Buddhism</a>, Shundō Tachibana, Routledge, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0230-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0230-5">978-0-7007-0230-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-introduction_to_Buddhist_ethics-71"><a href="#cite_ref-introduction_to_Buddhist_ethics_71-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URZNk9noWJEC&pg=PA101">An introduction to Buddhist ethics</a>: foundations, values, and issues, Brian Peter Harvey, Cambridge University Press, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55640-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55640-8">978-0-521-55640-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berzin2010-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Berzin2010_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerzin2010" class="citation web cs1">Berzin, Alexander (7 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130091910/http://next.berzinarchives.com/tibetan-buddhism/guidelines-for-study/relating-the-teachings-to-personal-relationships/buddhist-sexual-ethics-main-issues">"Buddhist Sexual Ethics: Main Issues"</a>. Study Buddhism. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/path-to-enlightenment/karma-rebirth/buddhist-sexual-ethics-main-issues">the original</a> on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Study+Buddhism&rft.atitle=Buddhist+Sexual+Ethics%3A+Main+Issues&rft.date=2010-10-07&rft.aulast=Berzin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstudybuddhism.com%2Fen%2Ftibetan-buddhism%2Fpath-to-enlightenment%2Fkarma-rebirth%2Fbuddhist-sexual-ethics-main-issues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markale1986-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Markale1986_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkale1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Markale" title="Jean Markale">Markale, Jean</a> (1986) [1st pub. 1972 La Femme Celte (in French)]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4UVc6up1HJUC&pg=PA36">"The Judicial Framework"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenofcelts00mark/page/36">Women of the Celts</a>. Translated by Mygind, A.; Hauch, C.; Henry, P. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenofcelts00mark/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-150-2"><bdi>978-0-89281-150-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/86-20128">86-20128</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14069840">14069840</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2726337M">2726337M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Judicial+Framework&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Celts&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vermont&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14069840&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F86-20128&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2726337M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-150-2&rft.aulast=Markale&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4UVc6up1HJUC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFries2003" class="citation book cs1">Fries, Jan (2003). Cauldron of the Gods: A manual of Celtic magick. Oxford: Mandrake. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781869928612" title="Special:BookSources/9781869928612"><bdi>9781869928612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cauldron+of+the+Gods%3A+A+manual+of+Celtic+magick&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Mandrake&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781869928612&rft.aulast=Fries&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLeod2005" class="citation book cs1">McLeod, Neil (2005). "Brehon law". In Duffy, Seán (ed.). Medieval Ireland: An encyclopedia. New York: Routledge. pp. 42–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-94052-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-94052-4"><bdi>0-415-94052-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brehon+law&rft.btitle=Medieval+Ireland%3A+An+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-94052-4&rft.aulast=McLeod&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFState2009" class="citation book cs1">State, Paul F. (2009). A brief history of Ireland. New York, NY: Checkmark Books. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816075171" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816075171"><bdi>978-0816075171</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Ireland&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Checkmark+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0816075171&rft.aulast=State&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Fox, Martin and O'Ciarrai, Breandan. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciarraide.org/sinnsreachd101.html">Céard is Sinnsreachd Ann? (What Is Sinnsreachd?)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141231001450/http://ciarraide.org/sinnsreachd101.html">Archived</a> 31 December 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Tuath na Ciarraide, 7 March 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nyami2018-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Nyami2018_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNyami2018" class="citation web cs1">Nyami, Faith (11 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nation.co.ke/news/-Christian-men-can-marry-more-than-one-wife/1056-4299848-dtv96mz/index.html">"Cleric: Christian men can marry more than one wife"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Nation" title="Daily Nation">Daily Nation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180404163551/https://www.nation.co.ke/news/-Christian-men-can-marry-more-than-one-wife/1056-4299848-dtv96mz/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cleric%3A+Christian+men+can+marry+more+than+one+wife&rft.pub=Daily+Nation&rft.date=2018-02-11&rft.aulast=Nyami&rft.aufirst=Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nation.co.ke%2Fnews%2F-Christian-men-can-marry-more-than-one-wife%2F1056-4299848-dtv96mz%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mamdani2008-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Mamdani2008_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMamdani2008" class="citation web cs1">Mamdani, Zehra (28 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2008/2/28/20073463/idaho-evangelical-christian-polygamists-use-internet-to-meet-potential-spouses">"Idaho Evangelical Christian polygamists use Internet to meet potential spouses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201225040448/https://www.deseret.com/2008/2/28/20073463/idaho-evangelical-christian-polygamists-use-internet-to-meet-potential-spouses">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Idaho+Evangelical+Christian+polygamists+use+Internet+to+meet+potential+spouses&rft.pub=Deseret+News&rft.date=2008-02-28&rft.aulast=Mamdani&rft.aufirst=Zehra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2008%2F2%2F28%2F20073463%2Fidaho-evangelical-christian-polygamists-use-internet-to-meet-potential-spouses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Genesis+2:24">Genesis 2:24</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Matthew+19:3">Matthew 19:3–6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_81-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+7:4">1 Corinthians 7:4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/1+Corinthians+6:16">1 Corinthians 6:16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilber2021" class="citation web cs1">Wilber, David (26 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davidwilber.com/articles/monogamy-gods-creational-marriage-ideal">"Monogamy: God's Creational Marriage Ideal"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129215031/https://davidwilber.com/articles/monogamy-gods-creational-marriage-ideal">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monogamy%3A+God%27s+Creational+Marriage+Ideal&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft.aulast=Wilber&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavidwilber.com%2Farticles%2Fmonogamy-gods-creational-marriage-ideal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Genesis%202:24&version=nrsv">Genesis 2:24</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2019:3–9&version=nrsv">Matthew 19:3–9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%203:2&version=nrsv">1 Timothy 3:2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> The Digital <a href="/wiki/Nestle-Aland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestle-Aland">Nestle-Aland</a> lists only one manuscript (P46) as source of the verse, while nine other manuscripts have no such verse, cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://nttranscripts.uni-muenster.de/AnaServer?NTtranscripts+0+start.anv">http://nttranscripts.uni-muenster.de/AnaServer?NTtranscripts+0+start.anv</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530215112/http://nttranscripts.uni-muenster.de/AnaServer?NTtranscripts+0+start.anv">Archived</a> 30 May 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_kqyauQISxFEC">Letter to Philip of Hesse</a>, 10 December 1539, <a href="/wiki/De_Wette" class="mw-redirect" title="De Wette">De Wette</a>-Seidemann, 6:238–244 </li> <li id="cite_note-Michelet1904-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Michelet1904_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichelet1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a>, ed. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifelutherwritt00luthgoog#page/n271">"Chapter III: 1536–1545"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelutherwritt00luthgoog">The Life of Luther Written by Himself</a>. Bohn's Standard Library. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt, William</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/George_Bell_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="George Bell and Sons">George Bell and Sons</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifelutherwritt00luthgoog/page/n271">251</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+1536%E2%80%931545&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Luther+Written+by+Himself&rft.place=London&rft.series=Bohn%27s+Standard+Library&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=George+Bell+and+Sons&rft.date=1904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flifelutherwritt00luthgoog%23page%2Fn271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Bowling_Mozley" title="James Bowling Mozley">James Bowling Mozley</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofwE7kEdx6QC&pg=PA403">Essays, Historical and Theological</a> 1:403–404 Excerpts from Der Beichtrat </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Letter to the Chancellor <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Br%C3%BCck" class="extiw" title="de:Gregor Brück">Gregor Brück</a>, 13 January 1524, <a href="/wiki/De_Wette" class="mw-redirect" title="De Wette">De Wette</a> 2:459. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalpolygamy.com/exegesis/law-of-the-land/">"Law of the Land – Exegesis – Biblical Polygamy . com"</a>. biblicalpolygamy.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050831072406/http://www.biblicalpolygamy.com/exegesis/law-of-the-land/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2005. Retrieved 8 July 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblicalpolygamy.com&rft.atitle=Law+of+the+Land+%E2%80%93+Exegesis+%E2%80%93+Biblical+Polygamy+.+com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalpolygamy.com%2Fexegesis%2Flaw-of-the-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUgwu2022" class="citation web cs1">Ugwu, Kelvin (28 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220428183734/https://penshuttle.com/understanding-the-scriptural-teaching-on-polygamy/">"Understanding The Scriptural Teaching on Polygamy"</a>. Pen Shuttle. 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"Idolatry in the New Testament". 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The Ministry of the Whole Person. Gudina Tumsa Foundation. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ministry+of+the+Whole+Person&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Gudina+Tumsa+Foundation&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Deressa&rft.aufirst=Yonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KilbridePage2012-107"><a href="#cite_ref-KilbridePage2012_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKilbridePage2012" class="citation book cs1">Kilbride, Philip Leroy; Page, Douglas R. (2012). Plural Marriage for Our Times: A Reinvented Option?. 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Smith">Smith, George D</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V34N0102_135.pdf">"Nauvoo Roots of Mormon Polygamy, 1841–46: A Preliminary Demographic Report"</a> (PDF). Dialogue. 27 (1): 1–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45228320">10.2307/45228320</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-2157">0012-2157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45228320">45228320</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/367616792">367616792</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254329894">254329894</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013041433/http://www.dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V34N0102_135.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue&rft.atitle=Nauvoo+Roots+of+Mormon+Polygamy%2C+1841%E2%80%9346%3A+A+Preliminary+Demographic+Report&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45228320%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45228320&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F367616792&rft.issn=0012-2157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254329894%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=George+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dialoguejournal.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsbi%2Farticles%2FDialogue_V34N0102_135.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centerplace.org/history/ts/v5n03.htm">Times and Seasons, vol. 5, p. 423</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807095056/http://www.centerplace.org/history/ts/v5n03.htm">Archived</a> 7 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1 February 1844 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mscbc.org/video/vid_lvp.htm">Lifting the Veil of Polygamy</a>. Main Street Church. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091223034316/http://www.mscbc.org/video/vid_lvp.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2009,</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lifting+the+Veil+of+Polygamy&rft.pub=Main+Street+Church&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mscbc.org%2Fvideo%2Fvid_lvp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> a video presentation concerning the history of Mormon polygamy and its modern manifestations. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1865" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Young, Brigham</a> (18 June 1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JournalOfDiscourses3/id/4640">"Personality of God – His Attributes – Eternal Life, etc"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Discourses" title="Journal of Discourses">Journal of Discourses</a>. 11: 119–128. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200242/http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/JournalOfDiscourses3/id/4640">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 24 October 2013. <q>Since the founding of the Roman empire monogamy has prevailed more extensively than in times previous to that. The founders of that ancient empire were robbers and women stealers, and made laws favoring monogamy in consequence of the scarcity of women among them, and hence this monogamic system which now prevails throughout Christendom, and which had been so fruitful a source of prostitution and whoredom throughout all the Christian monogamic cities of the Old and New World, until rottenness and decay are at the root of their institutions both national and religious.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Discourses&rft.atitle=Personality+of+God+%E2%80%93+His+Attributes+%E2%80%93+Eternal+Life%2C+etc.&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=1865-06-18&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Brigham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FJournalOfDiscourses3%2Fid%2F4640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushistory.org/gop/convention_1856.htm">GOP Convention of 1856 in Philadelphia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010053517/http://www.ushistory.org/gop/convention_1856.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the Independence Hall Association website </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment01/05.html">"Free Exercise Clause – First Amendment"</a>. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417163937/http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POLYGAMY.html">"Polygamy"</a>. In Powell, Allan Kent (ed.). Utah History Encyclopedia. Salt Lake City, Utah: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Utah_Press" title="University of Utah Press">University of Utah Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0874804256" title="Special:BookSources/978-0874804256"><bdi>978-0874804256</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30473917">30473917</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uen.org/utah_history_encyclopedia/p/POLYGAMY.html">the original</a> on 17 April 2017. 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A joint report from the offices of the Attorneys General of Arizona and Utah. (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110921072222/http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/NEWFILES/1886RevelationNew.htm">"An 1886 Revelation to John Taylor"</a>. Mormonfundamentalism.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mormonfundamentalism.com/NEWFILES/1886RevelationNew.htm">the original</a> on 21 September 2011. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140112161550/http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/14/justice/utah-polygamy-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2014. 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Dialogue. 20 (4): 112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F45228113">10.2307/45228113</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-2157">0012-2157</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45228113">45228113</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/365871238">365871238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254387866">254387866</a>. <q>When challenged this way he typically responded . . . 'I am not positive nor sure that he was innocent'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogue&rft.atitle=Methods+and+Motives%3A+Joseph+Smith+III%27s+Opposition+to+Polygamy%2C+1860%E2%80%9390&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=112&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45228113%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F45228113&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F365871238&rft.issn=0012-2157&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254387866%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Launius&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%252F45228113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Promeet2013-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Promeet2013_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPromeetChauhan2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Promeet, Dutta; Chauhan, Yamini (6 October 2013) [1st pub. 14 June 2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.eb.com/EBchecked/topic/498278/Community-of-Christ">"Community of Christ"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728085828/https://academic.eb.com/?target=%2Flevels%2Fcollegiate%2Farticle%2FCommunity-of-Christ%2F63220">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2016. <q>The Community of Christ . . . claims that polygamy was introduced by Brigham Young and his associates and that the revelation on polygamy, which was made public in 1852 by Young in Utah . . . was not in harmony with the original tenets of the church or with the teachings and practices of Smith.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Community+of+Christ&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=London&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft.aulast=Promeet&rft.aufirst=Dutta&rft.au=Chauhan%2C+Yamini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.eb.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F498278%2FCommunity-of-Christ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218120109/https://www.islamonline.in/2020/06/polygamy-in-islam.html">"Joseph Smith Fought Polygamy"</a>. restorationbookstore.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.restorationbookstore.org/jsfp-index.htm">the original</a> on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=restorationbookstore.org&rft.atitle=Joseph+Smith+Fought+Polygamy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.restorationbookstore.org%2Fjsfp-index.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vedic-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vedic_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vedic_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacDonellKeith1995" class="citation book cs1">MacDonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TVLlPvuMAC&pg=PA478">Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Volume 1; Volume 5</a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120813328" title="Special:BookSources/9788120813328"><bdi>9788120813328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Index+of+Names+and+Subjects%2C+Volume+1%3B+Volume+5&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788120813328&rft.aulast=MacDonell&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Anthony&rft.au=Keith%2C+Arthur+Berriedale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6TVLlPvuMAC%26pg%3DPA478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_g._Lochtefeld2001" class="citation book cs1">James g. Lochtefeld, PhD (15 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch">The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/514">514</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823931804" title="Special:BookSources/9780823931804"><bdi>9780823931804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N%E2%80%93Z&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=2001-12-15&rft.isbn=9780823931804&rft.aulast=James+g.+Lochtefeld&rft.aufirst=PhD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe07/sbe07026.htm">"XXIV"</a>. sacred-texts.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150104210715/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sbe07/sbe07026.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sacred-texts.com&rft.atitle=XXIV.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fsbe07%2Fsbe07026.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MMS-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MMS_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MMS_137-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingh1967" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Madan Mohan (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-00Ip4W1BUC&pg=PA40">Life in North-eastern India in Pre-Mauryan times</a>. pp. 39–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+North-eastern+India+in+Pre-Mauryan+times&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Madan+Mohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-00Ip4W1BUC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui2009" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqui, Moid (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqm0c02RMWYC&pg=PA301">The world wakes up to Islam!</a>. Adam Publishers & Distributors. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788174355904" title="Special:BookSources/9788174355904"><bdi>9788174355904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+wakes+up+to+Islam%21&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Adam+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788174355904&rft.aulast=Siddiqui&rft.aufirst=Moid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djqm0c02RMWYC%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1999" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Lionel D. (30 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnoREHdzxt8C&pg=PA114">Antiquities of India</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171564422" title="Special:BookSources/9788171564422"><bdi>9788171564422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+India&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1999-04-30&rft.isbn=9788171564422&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Lionel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnoREHdzxt8C%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarson2001" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Gerald James (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HGV3noHZ1QMC&pg=PA153">Religion and Personal law in secular India: A call to judgment</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253214805" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253214805"><bdi>978-0253214805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Personal+law+in+secular+India%3A+A+call+to+judgment&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0253214805&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHGV3noHZ1QMC%26pg%3DPA153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sudhirlaw.com/Marriages.html">Marriages-Divorces</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901081957/http://www.sudhirlaw.com/Marriages.html">Archived</a> 1 September 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> section at general information website on Indian laws by Sudhir Shah and Associates </li> <li id="cite_note-Martyn-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Martyn_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartyn2004" class="citation book cs1">Martyn, Elizabeth (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CQh_AgAAQBAJ&q=balinese+polygamy&pg=PA263">The Women's Movement in Postcolonial Indonesia: Gender and Nation in a New Democracy</a>. Routledge. p. 178, 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134394708" title="Special:BookSources/9781134394708"><bdi>9781134394708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Movement+in+Postcolonial+Indonesia%3A+Gender+and+Nation+in+a+New+Democracy&rft.pages=178%2C+184&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781134394708&rft.aulast=Martyn&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCQh_AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbalinese%2Bpolygamy%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÇiğdem2015" class="citation journal cs1">Çiğdem, Recep (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/37242/1/aorient.68.2015.1.4.pdf">"Interfaith marriage in comparative perspective"</a> (PDF). Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 68 (1): 59–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2FAOrient.68.2015.1.4">10.1556/AOrient.68.2015.1.4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-6446">0001-6446</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031756/http://real.mtak.hu/37242/1/aorient.68.2015.1.4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Orientalia+Academiae+Scientiarum+Hungaricae&rft.atitle=Interfaith+marriage+in+comparative+perspective&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2FAOrient.68.2015.1.4&rft.issn=0001-6446&rft.aulast=%C3%87i%C4%9Fdem&rft.aufirst=Recep&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F37242%2F1%2Faorient.68.2015.1.4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes" title="Thomas Hughes">Thomas Hughes</a> (1855), Dictionary of Islam, p.59. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Samuel_Margoliouth" title="David Samuel Margoliouth">David Samuel Margoliouth</a> (1905), Mohammed and the Rise of Islam, p.407, p.461. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamweb.net/ver2/fatwa/ShowFatwa.php?lang=A&Id=18444&Option=FatwaId">"IslamWeb"</a>. IslamWeb. 7 February 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728085755/https://www.islamweb.net/ar/fatwa/18444/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IslamWeb&rft.pub=IslamWeb&rft.date=2002-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamweb.net%2Fver2%2Ffatwa%2FShowFatwa.php%3Flang%3DA%26Id%3D18444%26Option%3DFatwaId&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214201552/http://www.ahlalhdeeth.com/vb/showthread.php?t=165257">"ahlalhdeeth"</a>. ahlalhdeeth. 12 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahlalhdeeth.com/vb/showthread.php?t=165257">the original</a> on 14 December 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ahlalhdeeth&rft.pub=ahlalhdeeth&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahlalhdeeth.com%2Fvb%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D165257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNurmila2009" class="citation book cs1">Nurmila, Nina (10 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XHF8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT230">Women, Islam and Everyday Life: Renegotiating Polygamy in Indonesia</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134033706" title="Special:BookSources/9781134033706"><bdi>9781134033706</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%2C+Islam+and+Everyday+Life%3A+Renegotiating+Polygamy+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.isbn=9781134033706&rft.aulast=Nurmila&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXHF8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaike_Voorhoeve2013" class="citation web cs1">Maike Voorhoeve (31 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150123221720/http://www.thinkafricapress.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkafricapress.com%2Ftunisia%2Ffuture-state-feminism#2848">"Tunisia: Protecting Ben Ali's Feminist Legacy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Think_Africa_Press" title="Think Africa Press">Think Africa Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkafricapress.com/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkafricapress.com%2Ftunisia%2Ffuture-state-feminism#2848">the original</a> on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tunisia%3A+Protecting+Ben+Ali%27s+Feminist+Legacy&rft.pub=Think+Africa+Press&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft.au=Maike+Voorhoeve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkafricapress.com%2F%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fthinkafricapress.com%252Ftunisia%252Ffuture-state-feminism%232848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKudatPeabodyKeyder2017" class="citation book cs1">Kudat, Ay?e; Peabody, Stan; Keyder, Ça?lar (29 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njPYSxcBV-EC&pg=PA272">Social Assessment and Agricultural Reform in Central Asia and Turkey</a>. World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821346785" title="Special:BookSources/9780821346785"><bdi>9780821346785</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Assessment+and+Agricultural+Reform+in+Central+Asia+and+Turkey&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft.isbn=9780821346785&rft.aulast=Kudat&rft.aufirst=Ay%3Fe&rft.au=Peabody%2C+Stan&rft.au=Keyder%2C+%C3%87a%3Flar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjPYSxcBV-EC%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/press/fr/2007/FEM1625.doc.htm">"LES EXPERTS DU CEDAW S'INQUIÈTENT DE LA PERSISTANCE DE STÉRÉOTYPES SEXISTES ET DE LA SITUATION DES MINORITÉS EN SERBIE"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 16 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624231342/http://www.un.org/press/fr/2007/FEM1625.doc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LES+EXPERTS+DU+CEDAW+S%27INQUI%C3%88TENT+DE+LA+PERSISTANCE+DE+ST%C3%89R%C3%89OTYPES+SEXISTES+ET+DE+LA+SITUATION+DES+MINORIT%C3%89S+EN+SERBIE&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2007-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fpress%2Ffr%2F2007%2FFEM1625.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Modern_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference2010" class="citation book cs1">Reference, Marshall Cavendish (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4Eye4ilLVkC&pg=PA35">Modern Muslim societies</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7927-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7927-7"><bdi>978-0-7614-7927-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Muslim+societies&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7927-7&rft.aulast=Reference&rft.aufirst=Marshall+Cavendish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4Eye4ilLVkC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1493309.stm">"Omar Hassan al-Bashir, has urged Sudanese men to take more than one wife, claiming that this would the population"</a>. BBC News. 15 August 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215083609/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1493309.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Omar+Hassan+al-Bashir%2C+has+urged+Sudanese+men+to+take+more+than+one+wife%2C+claiming+that+this+would+the+population&rft.date=2001-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F1493309.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0131.htm#17">Genesis 31:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09a11.htm#1">1 Kings 11:1–3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOgden_Bellis2000" class="citation book cs1">Ogden Bellis, Alice (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6txrDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT381">"Cushite Woman, Wife of Moses"</a>. In Meyers, Carol; Craven, Toni; Kraemer, Ross S. (eds.). Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books and the New Testament. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 381. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34558-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-34558-1"><bdi>978-0-547-34558-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cushite+Woman%2C+Wife+of+Moses&rft.btitle=Women+in+Scripture%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Named+and+Unnamed+Women+in+the+Hebrew+Bible%2C+the+Apocryphal%2FDeuterocanonical+Books+and+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-547-34558-1&rft.aulast=Ogden+Bellis&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6txrDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaird_Harris2015" class="citation book cs1">Laird Harris, R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jgxCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">"Aaron"</a>. In Brand, Chad; Mitchell, Eric; Holman Reference Editorial Staff (eds.). Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. B&H Publishing Group. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9935-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-9935-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-9935-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aaron&rft.btitle=Holman+Illustrated+Bible+Dictionary&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=B%26H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-9935-3&rft.aulast=Laird+Harris&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjgxCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKugel2009" class="citation book cs1">Kugel, James L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8AjDrIkBG4C&pg=PA532">Traditions of the Bible: A Guide to the Bible As It Was at the Start of the Common Era</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 532. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03976-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03976-6"><bdi>978-0-674-03976-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+of+the+Bible%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Bible+As+It+Was+at+the+Start+of+the+Common+Era&rft.pages=532&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03976-6&rft.aulast=Kugel&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8AjDrIkBG4C%26pg%3DPA532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coogan2010-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Coogan2010_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/79">God and Sex: What the Bible Really Says</a> (1st ed.). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/79">79</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9"><bdi>978-0-446-54525-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/505927356">505927356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Sex%3A+What+the+Bible+Really+Says&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston&rft.pages=79&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Twelve.+Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F505927356&rft.isbn=978-0-446-54525-9&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsexwhatbi00coog%2Fpage%2F79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TJBEX2110-161"><a href="#cite_ref-TJBEX2110_161-0">^</a> The Jerusalem Bible: The Holy Scriptures. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Harold_Fisch" title="Harold Fisch">Harold Fisch</a>. Trans. Fisch. Jerusalem: Koren Publishers Jerusalem, 1980. </li> <li id="cite_note-coogan-162"><a href="#cite_ref-coogan_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/78">God and Sex: What the Bible Really Says</a> (1st ed.). New York, Boston: Twelve. Hachette Book Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godsexwhatbi00coog/page/78">78</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-54525-9"><bdi>978-0-446-54525-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+Sex%3A+What+the+Bible+Really+Says&rft.place=New+York%2C+Boston&rft.pages=78&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Twelve.+Hachette+Book+Group&rft.date=2010-10&rft.isbn=978-0-446-54525-9&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodsexwhatbi00coog%2Fpage%2F78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerCoogan2001" class="citation book cs1">Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D., eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&pg=PA339">The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514917-3"><bdi>978-0-19-514917-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404083836/https://books.google.com/books?id=aml3tEWoOVEC&pg=PA339">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023. <q>polygamy was accepted and practiced throughout Israel's history, although to what extent we cannot be sure, since the sources for the most part are derived from and describe the elite ruling and upper classes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Ideas+%26+Issues+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514917-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daml3tEWoOVEC%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karras2012-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karras2012_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karras2012_164-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarras2012" class="citation book cs1">Karras, Ruth Mazo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MZQZh9r2yU0C&pg=PA14">Unmarriages: Women, Men, and Sexual Unions in the Middle Ages</a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0641-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0641-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-0641-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405032706/https://books.google.com/books?id=MZQZh9r2yU0C&pg=PA14">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023. <q>In the Second Temple period in Palestine, plural marriage seems to have become less common than earlier, although it was not formally outlawed and was more common in Babylonia. It still appeared in the Talmud and was practiced occasionally in early medieval Europe. Gershom Me'or ha-Golah (the Light of the Exile), an eleventh- century German rabbi, possibly under Christian influence, eventually forbade it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmarriages%3A+Women%2C+Men%2C+and+Sexual+Unions+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0641-8&rft.aulast=Karras&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Mazo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMZQZh9r2yU0C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> du Plessis, I. (1998). "The social and economic life of the Jewish people in Palestine in the time of the New Testament", In A. du Toit (ed.). Vol. 2: The New Testament Milieu (A. du Toit, ed.). Guide to the New Testament. Halfway House: Orion Publishers. </li> <li id="cite_note-TDONT_γυνή-166"><a href="#cite_ref-TDONT_γυνή_166-0">^</a> Theological dictionary of the New Testament. 1964– (G. Kittel, G. W. Bromiley & G. Friedrich, ed.) (electronic ed.). Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. Entry on γυνή </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Gene McAfee <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t120.e0669">"Sex"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728085805/http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t120.e0669">Archived</a> 28 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Oxford Companion to the Bible. Bruce M. Metzger and Michael D. Coogan, eds. Oxford University Press 1993. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. 19 March 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vermès1975-168"><a href="#cite_ref-Vermès1975_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVermès1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Verm%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Géza Vermès">Vermès, Géza</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BcYUAAAAIAAJ">Post-Biblical Jewish Studies</a>. Brill. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-04160-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-04160-5"><bdi>90-04-04160-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Biblical+Jewish+Studies&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=90-04-04160-5&rft.aulast=Verm%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9za&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBcYUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brooke2005-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke2005_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brooke2005_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooke2005" class="citation book cs1">Brooke, George J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t7TSr36vVkEC">The Dead Sea Scrolls and the New Testament</a>. Fortress Press. pp. 4, 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0844-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0844-7"><bdi>978-1-4514-0844-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=4%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0844-7&rft.aulast=Brooke&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt7TSr36vVkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy2002-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy2002_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2002" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Catherine M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUPIG-TEKR8C&pg=PA380">Wealth in the Dead Sea Scrolls and in the Qumran Community</a>. Brill. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11934-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11934-5"><bdi>90-04-11934-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wealth+in+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+and+in+the+Qumran+Community&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-04-11934-5&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Catherine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUPIG-TEKR8C%26pg%3DPA380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loader2009-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Loader2009_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoader2009" class="citation book cs1">Loader, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gVjAdUx-cIC&pg=PA45">The Dead Sea Scrolls on Sexuality: Attitudes Towards Sexuality in Sectarian and Related Literature at Qumran</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6391-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6391-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-6391-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dead+Sea+Scrolls+on+Sexuality%3A+Attitudes+Towards+Sexuality+in+Sectarian+and+Related+Literature+at+Qumran&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6391-1&rft.aulast=Loader&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gVjAdUx-cIC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTK7a-172"><a href="#cite_ref-BTK7a_172-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Kiddushin.7a.11">Kiddushin 7a</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTY65a-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BTY65a_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTY65a_173-1">b</a> Babylonian Talmud, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Yevamot.65a.7">Yevamot 65a</a>; compare to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0221.htm#10">Exodus 21:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Grossman" title="Avraham Grossman">Avraham Grossman</a>, Hasidot umordot: Nashim yehudiyot be-europa biymey habeinayim, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBell2019" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Dean Phillip (2019). The Routledge Companion to Jewish History and Historiography. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-45892-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-45892-7"><bdi>978-0-429-45892-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1055160815">1055160815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Jewish+History+and+Historiography&rft.place=Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1055160815&rft.isbn=978-0-429-45892-7&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Dean+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLapidoth1975" class="citation journal cs1">Lapidoth, Ruth (July 1975). "Israel Yearbook on Human Rights. Edited by Yoram Dinstein and Nitza Shapiro-Libai. [Published under the auspices of the Faculty of Law, Tel Aviv University, vol. I (1971), 464 pp. and vol. II (1972), 391 pp.]". Israel Law Review. 10 (3): 408–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021223700005355">10.1017/s0021223700005355</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-2237">0021-2237</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150208678">150208678</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Israel+Yearbook+on+Human+Rights.+Edited+by+Yoram+Dinstein+and+Nitza+Shapiro-Libai.+%5BPublished+under+the+auspices+of+the+Faculty+of+Law%2C+Tel+Aviv+University%2C+vol.+I+%281971%29%2C+464+pp.+and+vol.+II+%281972%29%2C+391+pp.%5D.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E408-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=1975-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150208678%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0021-2237&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021223700005355&rft.aulast=Lapidoth&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamdan" class="citation web cs1">Lamdan, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/levant-women-in-jewish-communities-after-ottoman-conquest-of-1517">"Levant: Women in the Jewish Communities after the Ottoman Conquest of 1517"</a>. Jewish Women's Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515120849/https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/levant-women-in-jewish-communities-after-ottoman-conquest-of-1517">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Women%27s+Archive&rft.atitle=Levant%3A+Women+in+the+Jewish+Communities+after+the+Ottoman+Conquest+of+1517&rft.aulast=Lamdan&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Flevant-women-in-jewish-communities-after-ottoman-conquest-of-1517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamdān2000" class="citation book cs1">Lamdān, Rût (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlYce7f8iAC&pg=PA139">A Separate People: Jewish Women in Palestine, Syria, and Egypt in the Sixteenth Century</a>. BRILL. pp. 139–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11747-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11747-1"><bdi>978-90-04-11747-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404115524/https://books.google.com/books?id=OKlYce7f8iAC&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Separate+People%3A+Jewish+Women+in+Palestine%2C+Syria%2C+and+Egypt+in+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11747-1&rft.aulast=Lamd%C4%81n&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BBt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOKlYce7f8iAC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/">"Polygamy is rare around the world and mostly confined to a few regions"</a>. Pew Research Center. 7 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407072545/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/12/07/polygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Polygamy+is+rare+around+the+world+and+mostly+confined+to+a+few+regions&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2020%2F12%2F07%2Fpolygamy-is-rare-around-the-world-and-mostly-confined-to-a-few-regions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSedley2016" class="citation news cs1">Sedley, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-defiance-of-israeli-law-polygamy-sanctioned-by-top-rabbis/">"In defiance of Israeli law, polygamy sanctioned by top rabbis"</a>. timesofisrael.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906072425/https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-defiance-of-israeli-law-polygamy-sanctioned-by-top-rabbis/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=In+defiance+of+Israeli+law%2C+polygamy+sanctioned+by+top+rabbis&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Sedley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fin-defiance-of-israeli-law-polygamy-sanctioned-by-top-rabbis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2016" class="citation news cs1">Rosenberg, David (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/221373">"Polygamous cult uncovered"</a>. Israel National News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906072429/https://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/221373">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+National+News&rft.atitle=Polygamous+cult+uncovered&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F221373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMandel2011" class="citation news cs1">Mandel, Jonah (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-news/new-jewish-group-wants-to-restore-polygamy">"New Jewish group wants to restore polygamy"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210906072431/https://www.jpost.com/jewish-world/jewish-news/new-jewish-group-wants-to-restore-polygamy">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 6 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=New+Jewish+group+wants+to+restore+polygamy&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Jonah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fjewish-world%2Fjewish-news%2Fnew-jewish-group-wants-to-restore-polygamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/04-Observance/section-55.html">Judaism and Polygamy:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512023008/http://www.faqs.org/faqs/judaism/FAQ/04-Observance/section-55.html">Archived</a> 12 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Originally, Gershom's ban was limited in time to the year 1260", and a man "could marry more than one wife if he obtained the special permission of 100 rabbis in 3 countries". From faqs.org </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Penal Law Amendment (Bigamy) Law, 5719-1959.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShifman1978" class="citation journal cs1">Shifman, P. (29 December 1978). "The English Law of Bigamy in a Multi-Confessional Society: The Israel Experience". The American Journal of Comparative Law. 26 (1): 79–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F839776">10.2307/839776</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/839776">839776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=The+English+Law+of+Bigamy+in+a+Multi-Confessional+Society%3A+The+Israel+Experience&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1978-12-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F839776&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F839776%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shifman&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEglash2008" class="citation web cs1">Eglash, Ruth (30 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Israel-2008-State-of-Polygamy">"Israel 2008: State of Polygamy"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727152222/https://www.jpost.com/Israel/Israel-2008-State-of-Polygamy">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Israel+2008%3A+State+of+Polygamy&rft.date=2008-10-30&rft.aulast=Eglash&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael%2FIsrael-2008-State-of-Polygamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAburabia" class="citation web cs1">Aburabia, Sarab. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705051731/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1027756.html">"Victims of polygamy"</a>. Haaretz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1027756.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Victims+of+polygamy&rft.aulast=Aburabia&rft.aufirst=Sarab&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F1027756.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1027756.html">"Victims of polygamy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705051731/https://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1027756.html">Archived</a> 5 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128083319/https://www.haaretz.com/2008-10-10/ty-article/victims-of-polygamy/0000017f-dbad-df62-a9ff-dfff08da0000">archived</a>, Haaretz </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080414212442/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=13900&sec=40&con=35">"Polygamy's Practice Stirs Debate in Israel"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=13900&sec=40&con=35">the original</a> on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polygamy%27s+Practice+Stirs+Debate+in+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwrn.org%2Farticle.php%3Fidd%3D13900%26sec%3D40%26con%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNavon2006" class="citation web cs1">Navon, Emmanuel (16 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=16328">"Kosher Sex Without Marriage, a Jerusalem Post article that discusses Jacob Emden's and Tzvi Zohar's views"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804232538/http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=16328">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Kosher+Sex+Without+Marriage%2C+a+Jerusalem+Post+article+that+discusses+Jacob+Emden%27s+and+Tzvi+Zohar%27s+views&rft.date=2006-03-16&rft.aulast=Navon&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FJewishWorld%2FJewishFeatures%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D16328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pilegeshpersonals.com/Pilegesh%20Tzvi%20Zohar.pdf">"Tzvi Zohar's comprehensive academic research on the subject, Akdamot Journal for Jewish Thought 17, 2003, Beit Morasha Press (in Hebrew)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824122329/http://pilegeshpersonals.com/Pilegesh%20Tzvi%20Zohar.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tzvi+Zohar%27s+comprehensive+academic+research+on+the+subject%2C+Akdamot+Journal+for+Jewish+Thought+17%2C+2003%2C+Beit+Morasha+Press+%28in+Hebrew%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpilegeshpersonals.com%2FPilegesh%2520Tzvi%2520Zohar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlszowy-Schlanger" class="citation web cs1">Olszowy-Schlanger, Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/karaite-women">"Karaite Women"</a>. Retrieved 7 February 2024. <q>While the marriage of a woman to more than one man at a time is forbidden, a Karaite man could in principle have more than one wife provided he could fulfill all his duties towards both women. However, the right of the husband to take a second wife could be restricted through the inclusion of a special anti-polygamy clause in the betrothal or marriage contract.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karaite+Women&rft.aulast=Olszowy-Schlanger&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fkaraite-women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanjana1982" class="citation book cs1">Sanjana, Darab Datsur Peshotan (1982). The Position of Zoroastrian Women in Remote Antiquity. Bombay. pp. 40–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Position+of+Zoroastrian+Women+in+Remote+Antiquity&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Sanjana&rft.aufirst=Darab+Datsur+Peshotan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWest2010" class="citation book cs1">West, M. L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/816830360">The Hymns of Zoroaster: a New Translation of the Most Ancient Sacred Texts of Iran</a>. With Introduction and Commentary by M.L. West. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-505-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-505-2"><bdi>978-1-84885-505-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/816830360">816830360</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415020553/https://www.worldcat.org/title/hymns-of-zoroaster-a-new-translation-of-the-most-ancient-sacred-texts-of-iran/oclc/816830360">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hymns+of+Zoroaster%3A+a+New+Translation+of+the+Most+Ancient+Sacred+Texts+of+Iran.&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F816830360&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-505-2&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F816830360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyce,_Mary.1996" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33664728">A history of Zoroastrianism</a> (3rd impression, with corrections ed.). Leiden: E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10474-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10474-7"><bdi>90-04-10474-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33664728">33664728</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210205220523/https://www.worldcat.org/title/history-of-zoroastrianism/oclc/33664728">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Zoroastrianism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=3rd+impression%2C+with+corrections&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33664728&rft.isbn=90-04-10474-7&rft.au=Boyce%2C+Mary.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F33664728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/family-law#i">"Family Law"</a>. iranicaonline.org. 24 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130053945/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/family-law#i">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Family+Law&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Ffamily-law%23i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyce" class="citation book cs1">Boyce, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheLetterOfTansarTranslatedByMaryBoyce">The Letter of Tansar</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letter+of+Tansar&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheLetterOfTansarTranslatedByMaryBoyce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/23*.html">"Ammianus Marcellinus"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu. 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Retrieved 22 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equality+of+Rights+Between+Men+and+Women&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Human+Rights+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.umn.edu%2Fhumanrts%2Fgencomm%2Fhrcom28.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngos/IHRLS_Chad_95.pdf">"OHCHR report"</a> (PDF). Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307093134/https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngos/IHRLS_Chad_95.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 22 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OHCHR+report&rft.pub=Office+of+the+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ohchr.org%2Fenglish%2Fbodies%2Fhrc%2Fdocs%2Fngos%2FIHRLS_Chad_95.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccprcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/A_63_40_Vol.I_E.pdf">"Report of the Human Rights Committee"</a> (PDF). United Nations General Assembly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102072335/https://www.ccprcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/A_63_40_Vol.I_E.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Human+Rights+Committee&rft.pub=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccprcentre.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2FA_63_40_Vol.I_E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130630225551/http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/13b02776122d4838802568b900360e80">"GENERAL COMMENTS ADOPTED BY THE HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE UNDER ARTICLE 40, PARAGRAPH 4, OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS"</a>. United Nations Human Rights Website. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en">the original</a> on 8 April 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DIND%26mtdsg_no%3DIV-4%26chapter%3D4%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/poly/chap3.html">"POLYGYNY AS A VIOLATION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW"</a>. Department of Justice, Government of Canada. 11 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513231102/http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/other-autre/poly/chap3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 22 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POLYGYNY+AS+A+VIOLATION+OF+INTERNATIONAL+HUMAN+RIGHTS+LAW&rft.pub=Department+of+Justice%2C+Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2006-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gc.ca%2Feng%2Frp-pr%2Fother-autre%2Fpoly%2Fchap3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_203-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40709250">"Canadian polygamists found guilty"</a>. BBC News. 25 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041237/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40709250">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canadian+polygamists+found+guilty&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-40709250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultant.ru/popular/family/20_4.html">"Family Code of the Russian Federation, Articles 12 & 14"</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 6 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family+Code+of+the+Russian+Federation%2C+Articles+12+%26+14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultant.ru%2Fpopular%2Ffamily%2F20_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultant.ru/popular/family/20_29.html">"Family Code of the Russian Federation, Article 158"</a> (in Russian). Retrieved 6 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Family+Code+of+the+Russian+Federation%2C+Article+158&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultant.ru%2Fpopular%2Ffamily%2F20_29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Neither bigamy, nor polygamy, nor cohabitation is listed as a crime or offence in the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal Code of Russia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Offences_Code_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Offences Code of Russia">Offences Code of Russia</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMira_Katbamna2009" class="citation news cs1">Mira Katbamna (26 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/oct/27/polygamy-study-russia-central-asia">"Half a good man is better than none at all"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 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Retrieved 15 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polygamous+marriage+not+legal+in+UK&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft.aulast=reporter&rft.aufirst=Daily+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2F336403%2FPolygamous-marriage-not-legal-in-UK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/divorce/overview">"Get a divorce – GOV.UK"</a>. gov.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905010115/https://www.gov.uk/divorce/overview">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Get+a+divorce+%E2%80%93+GOV.UK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fdivorce%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_Plaskitt2008" class="citation book cs1">James Plaskitt (20 February 2008). <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. 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Retrieved 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polygamy+is+essentially+decriminalized+in+Utah+under+a+bill+signed+into+law&rft.date=2020-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fox13now.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fpolygamy-is-essentially-decriminalized-in-utah-under-a-bill-signed-into-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/od/1?lang=eng">"Official Declaration 1"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115012641/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/od/1?lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Official+Declaration+1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fdc-testament%2Fod%2F1%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/religion/frb/16163prs19990716.html">ACLU of Utah to Join Polygamists in Bigamy Fight</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091018195924/http://www.aclu.org/religion/frb/16163prs19990716.html">Archived</a> 18 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 16 July 1999 press release. </li> <li id="cite_note-utahban-215"><a href="#cite_ref-utahban_215-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/56894145-78/utah-waddoups-brown-family.html.csp">"Federal judge declared Utah polygamy law unconstitutional"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a>. 13 December 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0746-3502">0746-3502</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170304200624/http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/news/56894145-78/utah-waddoups-brown-family.html.csp">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=Federal+judge+declared+Utah+polygamy+law+unconstitutional&rft.date=2013-12-13&rft.issn=0746-3502&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Fsltrib%2Fnews%2F56894145-78%2Futah-waddoups-brown-family.html.csp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-utah-polygamy-sisterwives-idUSKCN0X82AJ">"Appeals court restores Utah's polygamy law in 'Sister Wives' case"</a>. Reuters. 11 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127181657/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-utah-polygamy-sisterwives-idUSKCN0X82AJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Appeals+court+restores+Utah%27s+polygamy+law+in+%27Sister+Wives%27+case&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-utah-polygamy-sisterwives-idUSKCN0X82AJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/us/utah-bigamy-law.html">"Utah Lowers Penalty for Polygamy, No Longer a Felony"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 13 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121191930/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/us/utah-bigamy-law.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Utah+Lowers+Penalty+for+Polygamy%2C+No+Longer+a+Felony&rft.date=2020-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F05%2F13%2Fus%2Futah-bigamy-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca10/14-4117/14-4117-2016-04-11.html">"Brown v. Buhman, No. 14-4117 (10th Cir. 2016)"</a>. 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Retrieved 27 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Brown+v.+Buhman%2C+No.+14-4117+%2810th+Cir.+2016%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fappellate-courts%2Fca10%2F14-4117%2F14-4117-2016-04-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2011/7/12/20203261/sister-wives-family-to-challenge-utah-bigamy-law">"'Sister Wives' family to challenge Utah bigamy law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>. 12 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127165712/https://www.deseret.com/2011/7/12/20203261/sister-wives-family-to-challenge-utah-bigamy-law">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 14 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=%27Sister+Wives%27+family+to+challenge+Utah+bigamy+law&rft.date=2011-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F2011%2F7%2F12%2F20203261%2Fsister-wives-family-to-challenge-utah-bigamy-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/polygamists-face-jail-time-utah-bill-68893806">"Polygamists may not face jail time under new Utah bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127170132/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/polygamists-face-jail-time-utah-bill-68893806">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Polygamists+may+not+face+jail+time+under+new+Utah+bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FEntertainment%2FwireStory%2Fpolygamists-face-jail-time-utah-bill-68893806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorol2009" class="citation journal cs1">Korol, Bruce (2009). "Polygamy is a (al)right". 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No. I am not kidding"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510163110/http://www.slate.com/articles/double_x/doublex/2013/04/legalize_polygamy_marriage_equality_for_all.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 15 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Legalize+Polygamy%21+No.+I+am+not+kidding&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.aulast=Keenan&rft.aufirst=Jillian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fdouble_x%2Fdoublex%2F2013%2F04%2Flegalize_polygamy_marriage_equality_for_all.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFROWER2017" class="citation journal cs1">ROWER, ALYSSA (29 December 2017). "The Legality of Polygamy: Using the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment". Family Law Quarterly. 38 (3): 711–731. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25740483">25740483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Family+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Legality+of+Polygamy%3A+Using+the+Due+Process+Clause+of+the+Fourteenth+Amendment&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E711-%3C%2Fspan%3E731&rft.date=2017-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25740483%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=ROWER&rft.aufirst=ALYSSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlark2004" class="citation journal cs1">Slark, Samantha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jlfst6&div=36&id=&page=">"Are Anti-Polgygamy Laws an Unconstitutional Infringement on the Liberty Interests of Consenting Adults?"</a>. Journal of Law and Family Studies. 6: 451–460. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511125157/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jlfst6&div=36&id=&page=">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Law+and+Family+Studies&rft.atitle=Are+Anti-Polgygamy+Laws+an+Unconstitutional+Infringement+on+the+Liberty+Interests+of+Consenting+Adults%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E451-%3C%2Fspan%3E460&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Slark&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjlfst6%26div%3D36%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/2004-10-03-turley_x.htm">"Polygamy laws expose our own hypocrisy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210623223258/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/2004-10-03-turley_x.htm">Archived</a> 23 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Jonathan Turley, USA Today (3 March 2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-Polygamy_vs._Democracy-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Polygamy_vs._Democracy_226-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/266jhfgd.asp?nopager=1">"Polygamy vs. Democracy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150917015638/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/012/266jhfgd.asp?nopager=1">Archived</a> 17 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Weekly Standard. Published: 5 June 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miedce/5:2015cv10108/297820">"Carrick v. Snyder et al"</a>. Justia Dockets & Filings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510192718/https://dockets.justia.com/docket/michigan/miedce/5:2015cv10108/297820">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Dockets+%26+Filings&rft.atitle=Carrick+v.+Snyder+et+al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdockets.justia.com%2Fdocket%2Fmichigan%2Fmiedce%2F5%3A2015cv10108%2F297820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOralandar_Brand-Williams,_The_Detroit_News2015" class="citation web cs1">Oralandar Brand-Williams, The Detroit News (13 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/wayne-county/2015/01/13/minister-sues-mich-right-marry-sex-couples/21718645/">"Minister sues Mich. for right to marry same-sex couples"</a>. The Detroit News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190510194220/https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/wayne-county/2015/01/13/minister-sues-mich-right-marry-sex-couples/21718645/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2019. Retrieved 17 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=Minister+sues+Mich.+for+right+to+marry+same-sex+couples&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft.au=Oralandar+Brand-Williams%2C+The+Detroit+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroitnews.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fwayne-county%2F2015%2F01%2F13%2Fminister-sues-mich-right-marry-sex-couples%2F21718645%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJudge" class="citation web cs1">Judge, JUDITH E. LEVY, District. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20160211c62">"CARRICK v. SNYDER | Case No. 15-cv-10108. | By... | 20160211c62| Leagle.com"</a>. Leagle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916093234/https://www.leagle.com/decision/infdco20160211c62">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leagle&rft.atitle=CARRICK+v.+SNYDER+%7C+Case+No.+15-cv-10108.+%7C+By...+%7C+20160211c62%7C+Leagle.com&rft.aulast=Judge&rft.aufirst=JUDITH+E.+LEVY%2C+District&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leagle.com%2Fdecision%2Finfdco20160211c62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historia.id/kultur/articles/angka-poligami-dari-masa-ke-masa-vgXwV">"Angka Poligami dari Masa ke Masa"</a>. 25 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124075645/https://historia.id/kultur/articles/angka-poligami-dari-masa-ke-masa-vgXwV">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angka+Poligami+dari+Masa+ke+Masa&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.id%2Fkultur%2Farticles%2Fangka-poligami-dari-masa-ke-masa-vgXwV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124075646/https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/3140/poligami-tak-sesuai-syariat-berpotensi-rugikan-perempuan">"Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan Dan Perlindungan Anak"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kemenpppa.go.id/index.php/page/read/29/3140/poligami-tak-sesuai-syariat-berpotensi-rugikan-perempuan">the original</a> on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kementerian+Pemberdayaan+Perempuan+Dan+Perlindungan+Anak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kemenpppa.go.id%2Findex.php%2Fpage%2Fread%2F29%2F3140%2Fpoligami-tak-sesuai-syariat-berpotensi-rugikan-perempuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msscounsel.com/2021/11/15/poligami-dalam-sistem-hukum-republik-indonesia/">"Poligami Dalam Sistem Hukum Republik Indonesia"</a>. 15 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124075645/http://msscounsel.com/2021/11/15/poligami-dalam-sistem-hukum-republik-indonesia/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poligami+Dalam+Sistem+Hukum+Republik+Indonesia&rft.date=2021-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsscounsel.com%2F2021%2F11%2F15%2Fpoligami-dalam-sistem-hukum-republik-indonesia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hukum-poligami-dan-prosedurnya-yang-sah-di-indonesia-lt5136cbfaaeef9">"Hukum Poligami dan Prosedurnya yang Sah di Indonesia - Klinik Hukumonline"</a>. 7 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124075654/https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/hukum-poligami-dan-prosedurnya-yang-sah-di-indonesia-lt5136cbfaaeef9">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hukum+Poligami+dan+Prosedurnya+yang+Sah+di+Indonesia+-+Klinik+Hukumonline&rft.date=2018-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hukumonline.com%2Fklinik%2Fa%2Fhukum-poligami-dan-prosedurnya-yang-sah-di-indonesia-lt5136cbfaaeef9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fest686-234"><a href="#cite_ref-fest686_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFest1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Fest, Joachim C.</a> (1973). Hitler. Verlag Ulstein. p. 686. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-602754-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-602754-2"><bdi>0-15-602754-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler&rft.pages=686&rft.pub=Verlag+Ulstein&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-15-602754-2&rft.aulast=Fest&rft.aufirst=Joachim+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0202.htm#21">Exodus 2:21</a> Moses married Zipporah, while in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0412.htm#1">Numbers 12:1</a> he was married to the "Cushite" or "Ethiopian" woman, who may have been a different woman, though some commentators assert that the Cushite woman was Zipporah.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoserup1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ester_Boserup" title="Ester Boserup">Boserup, Ester</a> (1997). "The economics of polygamy". In Grinker, Roy Richard; Steiner, Christopher B. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonaf00royr/page/506">Perspectives on Africa: a reader in culture, history, and representation</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perspectivesonaf00royr/page/506">506–517</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557866868" title="Special:BookSources/9781557866868"><bdi>9781557866868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+economics+of+polygamy&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Africa%3A+a+reader+in+culture%2C+history%2C+and+representation&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=506-517&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781557866868&rft.aulast=Boserup&rft.aufirst=Ester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperspectivesonaf00royr%2Fpage%2F506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCairncross,_John1974" class="citation book cs1">Cairncross, John (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patriarchpublishinghouse.com/3345.htm">After Polygamy Was Made a Sin: The Social History of Christian Polygamy</a>. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Polygamy+Was+Made+a+Sin%3A+The+Social+History+of+Christian+Polygamy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1974&rft.au=Cairncross%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patriarchpublishinghouse.com%2F3345.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChapman,_Samuel_A.2001" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Samuel A. (2001). Polygamy, Bigamy and Human Rights Law. Xlibris Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4010-1244-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4010-1244-1"><bdi>978-1-4010-1244-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy%2C+Bigamy+and+Human+Rights+Law&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corp&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-4010-1244-1&rft.au=Chapman%2C+Samuel+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillman,_Eugene1975" class="citation book cs1">Hillman, Eugene (1975). Polygamy Reconsidered: African Plural Marriage and the Christian Churches. New York: Orbis Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88344-391-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88344-391-0"><bdi>978-0-88344-391-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polygamy+Reconsidered%3A+African+Plural+Marriage+and+the+Christian+Churches&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-88344-391-0&rft.au=Hillman%2C+Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorotayev2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Korotayev" title="Andrey Korotayev">Korotayev, Andrey</a> (2004). World Religions and Social Evolution of the Old World Oikumene Civilizations: A Cross-cultural Perspective (First ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-6310-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7734-6310-3"><bdi>978-0-7734-6310-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Religions+and+Social+Evolution+of+the+Old+World+Oikumene+Civilizations%3A+A+Cross-cultural+Perspective&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7734-6310-3&rft.aulast=Korotayev&rft.aufirst=Andrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_Wagoner,_Richard_S.1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Van_Wagoner" title="Richard S. Van Wagoner">Van Wagoner, Richard S.</a> (1992). Mormon Polygamy: A History (2nd ed.). Utah: Signature Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941214-79-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941214-79-7"><bdi>978-0-941214-79-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mormon+Polygamy%3A+A+History&rft.place=Utah&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Signature+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-941214-79-7&rft.au=Van+Wagoner%2C+Richard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">Wilson, E. O.</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology:_The_New_Synthesis" title="Sociobiology: The New Synthesis">Sociobiology: The New Synthesis</a>. Harvard Univ Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00235-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00235-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00235-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociobiology%3A+The+New+Synthesis&rft.pub=Harvard+Univ+Pr&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00235-7&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=E.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolygamy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Polygamy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Should_polygamy_be_legal%3F" class="extiw" title="v:Should polygamy be legal?">Should polygamy be legal?</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001201253/http://shamash.org/lists/scj-faq/HTML/faq/08-06.html">History of Polygamy in Judaism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111118073048/http://www.life.com/gallery/49551/rare-life-with-polygamists-1944#index/0">"LIFE with Polygamists", 1944</a>—slideshow by <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cracked.com/personal-experiences-1224-5-things-i-learned-as-mormon-polygamist-wife.html">5 Things I Learned as a Mormon Polygamous Wife</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Polygamous_marriage_by_country641" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Polygamous_marriage" title="Template:Polygamous marriage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Polygamous_marriage" title="Template talk:Polygamous marriage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Polygamous_marriage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Polygamous marriage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Polygamous_marriage_by_country641" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polygamous marriage</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performed legally</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Afghanistan" title="Polygamy in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Algeria" title="Polygamy in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Bahrain" title="Polygamy in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Bangladesh" title="Polygamy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Bhutan" title="Polygamy in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li>Brunei</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Cameroon" title="Polygamy in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Chad" title="Polygamy in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Polygamy in the Central African Republic">CAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy in Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Polygamy in the Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Djibouti" title="Polygamy in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Egypt" title="Polygamy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Gabon" title="Polygamy in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_Gambia" title="Polygamy in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_India" title="Polygyny in India">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_India" title="Polyandry in India">Polyandry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Indonesia" title="Polygamy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li>Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Kenya" title="Polygamy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Kuwait" title="Polygamy in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Libya" title="Polygamy in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_Maldives" title="Polygamy in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mauritania" title="Polygamy in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Morocco" title="Polygamy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy in Burma">Myanmar</a></li> <li>Oman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Pakistan" title="Polygamy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li>Qatar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Polygamy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li>Senegal</li> <li>Singapore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Somalia" title="Polygamy in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Sudan" title="Polygamy in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_South_Sudan" title="Polygamy in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li>Tanzania</li> <li>Togo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Uganda" title="Polygamy in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Yemen" title="Polygamy in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Zambia" title="Polygamy in Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statewide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Iraq1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Nigeria" title="Polygamy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy in the Palestinian territories">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Syria" title="Polygamy in Syria">Syria</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized if performed legally abroad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Australia" title="Polygamy in Australia">Australia</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_New_Zealand" title="Polygamy in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Polygamy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (2008; welfare only)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognized under customary law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Botswana" title="Polygamy in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li>Burkina Faso</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Polygamy in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Guinea-Bissau</li> <li>Hong Kong (performed until 1971)</li> <li>Jordan</li> <li>Lebanon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Lesotho" title="Polygamy in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Liberia" title="Polygamy in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Malawi" title="Polygamy in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mali" title="Polygamy in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li>Malaysia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mozambique" title="Polygamy in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Namibia" title="Polygamy in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Niger" title="Polygamy in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Nigeria" title="Polygamy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Polygamy in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_South_Africa" title="Polygamy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy in Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Zimbabwe" title="Polygamy in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries and regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Angola" title="Polygamy in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Benin" title="Polygamy in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Burundi" title="Polygamy in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_North_America#Canada" title="Polygamy in North America">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Polygamy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy in Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Eritrea" title="Polygamy in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ethiopia" title="Polygamy in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_France" title="Polygamy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ghana" title="Polygamy in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Guinea" title="Polygamy in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Polygamy in Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Polygamy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Polygamy in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygamy in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mauritius" title="Polygamy in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_North_America" title="Polygamy in North America">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Mongolia" title="Polygamy in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Niue" title="Polygamy in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Russia" title="Polygamy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Rwanda" title="Polygamy in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Polygamy in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Tajikistan" title="Polygamy in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Thailand" title="Polygamy in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Tunisia" title="Polygamy in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Turkey" title="Polygamy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Turkmenistan" title="Polygamy in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_North_America" title="Polygamy in North America">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Uzbekistan" title="Polygamy in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Vietnam" title="Polygamy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Malaysia" title="Polygamy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of polygamy">Legal status</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-monogamy" title="Non-monogamy">Non-monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polygamy_by_country" title="Category:Polygamy by country">Polygamy by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marriage,_unions_and_partnerships_by_country" title="Category:Marriage, unions and partnerships by country">Marriage practice by country</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1 Kurdish-controlled areas criminalize polygamy</li> <li>2 Regions governed by <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Close_plural_relationships155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Close_plural_relationships" title="Template:Close plural relationships"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Close_plural_relationships" title="Template talk:Close plural relationships"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Close_plural_relationships" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Close plural relationships"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Close_plural_relationships155" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Close plural relationships</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">Open relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyfidelity" title="Polyfidelity">Polyfidelity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygynandry" title="Polygynandry">Polygynandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_anarchy" title="Relationship anarchy">Relationship anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_marriage" title="Combined marriage">Combined marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity" title="Polygamy in Christianity">Polygamy in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_North_America" title="Polygamy in North America">Polygamy in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">Polygyny in Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">LDS</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" title="Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints">FLDS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy" title="Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_state_of_polygamy_in_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Current state of polygamy in the Latter Day Saint movement">Current state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latter_Day_Saint_practitioners_of_plural_marriage" title="List of Latter Day Saint practitioners of plural marriage">List of practitioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Celestial marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_wifery" title="Spiritual wifery">Spiritual wifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placement_marriage" title="Placement marriage">Placement marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_boys_(Mormon_fundamentalism)" title="Lost boys (Mormon fundamentalism)">Lost boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_czar" title="Polygamy czar">Polygamy czar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polycule" title="Polycule">Polycule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory#Compersion" title="Polyamory">Compersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_relationship_energy" title="New relationship energy">New relationship energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_(polyamory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary and secondary (polyamory)">Primary and secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_within_polyamory" title="Terminology within polyamory">Terminology within polyamory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_marriages351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_marriages" title="Template talk:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_marriages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of marriages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_marriages351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_marriages" title="Types of marriages">Types of marriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal scenarios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_marriage" title="Covenant marriage">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet Marriage">Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">Monogamy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_monogamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial monogamy">Serial monogamy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarriage" title="Remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary marriage">Temporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_marriage" title="Hollywood marriage">Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedlease" title="Wedlease">Wedlease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voidable_marriage" title="Voidable marriage">Voidable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putative_marriage" title="Putative marriage">Putative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Void_marriage" title="Void marriage">Void</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josephite_marriage" title="Josephite marriage">Josephite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_marriage" title="Celestial marriage">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sealing_(Mormonism)" title="Sealing (Mormonism)">Sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_polygamy" title="Mormonism and polygamy">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage_and_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Mixed-orientation marriage and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mixed-orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker_wedding" title="Quaker wedding">Quaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Clerical marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Marriage in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misyar_marriage" title="Misyar marriage">Misyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikah_%27urfi" title="Nikah 'urfi">Nikah 'urfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_marriage" title="Natural marriage">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_marriage" title="Scientology and marriage">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-uniting_marriage" title="Self-uniting marriage">Self-uniting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_conservation" title="Widow conservation">Widow conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Hinduism" title="Marriage in Hinduism">Vivaaha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_marriage" title="Brahma marriage">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daiva_marriage" title="Daiva marriage">Daiva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arshaa_marriage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arshaa marriage (page does not exist)">Arsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajapatya_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajapatya marriage">Prajapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva_marriage" title="Gandharva marriage">Gandharva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_marriage" title="Asura marriage">Asura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakshasa marriage">Rakshasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishacha_marriage" title="Paishacha marriage">Paishacha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_wedding" title="Ayyavazhi wedding">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_wedding_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic wedding ceremony">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogic_marriage" title="Yogic marriage">Yogic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_marriage" title="Manus marriage">Manus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Teen marriage">Teen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">Arranged</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sister_exchange" title="Sister exchange">Sister exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">Forced</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_kidnapping" title="Bride kidnapping">Abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptio" title="Raptio">Raptio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miai" title="Miai">Miai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrothal" class="mw-redirect" title="Betrothal">Betrothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handfasting" title="Handfasting">Handfasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning" title="Mystery of Crowning">Mystery of Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">Wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_weddings" title="Las Vegas weddings">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_marriage" title="Proxy marriage">Proxy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circumstantial basis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage" title="Posthumous marriage">Posthumous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_France" title="Posthumous marriage in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_marriage_in_Germany" title="Posthumous marriage in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ghost_marriage" title="Chinese ghost marriage">Chinese ghost marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_inheritance" title="Widow inheritance">Widow inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_marriage_in_South_Sudan" title="Ghost marriage in South Sudan">Ghost marriage in South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levirate_marriage" title="Levirate marriage">Levirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yibbum" title="Yibbum">Yibbum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_marriage" title="Boston marriage">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash marriage">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_marriage_in_China" title="Naked marriage in China">Naked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">Peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyangxi" title="Tongyangxi">Tongyangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial marriage">Trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">Convenience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_marriage" title="Lavender marriage">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_marriage" title="Sham marriage">Sham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_card_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Green card marriage">Green card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Allowance_for_Housing" title="Basic Allowance for Housing">Marriage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Predatory</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watta_satta" title="Watta satta">Watta satta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqin" title="Heqin">Heqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_marriage" title="Love marriage">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sologamy" title="Sologamy">Sologamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-orientation_marriage" title="Mixed-orientation marriage">Mixed-orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sororate_marriage" title="Sororate marriage">Sororate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/De_facto_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="De facto marriage">De facto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-law_marriage" title="Common-law marriage">Common-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pla%C3%A7age" title="Plaçage">Plaçage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">Endogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consanguine_marriage" title="Consanguine marriage">Consanguine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">Avunculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">Cousin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage_in_the_Middle_East" title="Cousin marriage in the Middle East">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-surname_marriage" title="Same-surname marriage">Same-surname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogamy_(sociology)" title="Homogamy (sociology)">Homogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_intermarriage" title="Royal intermarriage">Royal intermarriage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">Exogamy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_marriage" title="Human–animal marriage">Human–animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-caste_marriage" title="Inter-caste marriage">Inter-caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">Interethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_marriage" title="Transnational marriage">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">Interracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">Interfaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganatic_marriage" title="Morganatic marriage">Morganatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">Concubinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_marriage" title="Open marriage">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Plural marriage">Plural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">Bigamy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygyny" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexless_marriage" title="Sexless marriage">Sexless</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariage_blanc" title="Mariage blanc">Mariage blanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dishu_system" title="Dishu system">Dishu system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail-order_bride" title="Mail-order bride">Mail-order bride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia">Marriage in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking marriage">Walking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_marriage" title="Category:Types of marriage">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4175193-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104627">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978002x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978002x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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