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[r]" accesskey="r"><span>Ostatnie zmiany</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_g%C5%82%C3%B3wna" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="wolna encyklopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-pl.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Szukaj" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Szukaj</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" aria-label="Przeszukaj Wikipedię" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Przeszukaj Wikipedię [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Specjalna:Szukaj"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Szukaj</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Wygląd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Zmień rozmiar czcionki, szerokość oraz kolorystykę strony" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wygląd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wygląd</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl" class=""><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Nibytkankowce" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe." class=""><span>Utwórz konto</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Nibytkankowce" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Zaloguj się</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Więcej opcji" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Narzędzia osobiste" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Narzędzia osobiste</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu użytkownika" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pl.wikipedia.org&uselang=pl"><span>Wspomóż Wikipedię</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Utw%C3%B3rz_konto&returnto=Nibytkankowce" title="Zachęcamy do stworzenia konta i zalogowania, ale nie jest to obowiązkowe."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Utwórz konto</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Specjalna:Zaloguj&returnto=Nibytkankowce" title="Zachęcamy do zalogowania się, choć nie jest to obowiązkowe. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Zaloguj się</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strony dla anonimowych edytorów <a href="/wiki/Pomoc:Pierwsze_kroki" aria-label="Dowiedz się więcej na temat edytowania"><span>dowiedz się więcej</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:M%C3%B3j_wk%C5%82ad" title="Lista edycji wykonanych z tego adresu IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Edycje</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Moja_dyskusja" title="Dyskusja użytkownika dla tego adresu IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Dyskusja</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Witryna"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Spis treści" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Spis treści</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">przypnij</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ukryj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Początek</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Zobacz_też" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zobacz_też"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Zobacz też</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zobacz_też-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Przypisy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Przypisy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Przypisy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Przypisy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Spis treści" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nibytkankowce</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 49 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نظائر البعديات – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظائر البعديات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoylar" title="Parazoylar – azerbejdżański" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Parazoylar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbejdżański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Паразоа – bułgarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паразоа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bułgarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazous" title="Parazous – kataloński" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parazous" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="kataloński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – cebuański" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gewebelose" title="Gewebelose – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gewebelose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidoh_%C3%81daadin%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Bidoh Ádaadinígíí – nawaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bidoh Ádaadinígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="nawaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rvalhulkraksed" title="Kõrvalhulkraksed – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrvalhulkraksed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B6%CF%89%CE%B1" title="Παράζωα – grecki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παράζωα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senhistuloj" title="Senhistuloj – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Senhistuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شبه‌جانوران – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌جانوران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoaires" title="Parazoaires – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parazoaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasoa" title="Parasoa – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Parasoa" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoos" title="Parazoos – galicyjski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Parazoos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B8%A1%EC%83%9D%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="측생동물 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="측생동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – chorwacki" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorwacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – indonezyjski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – kurdyjski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – łaciński" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="łaciński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoji" title="Parazoji – łotewski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Parazoji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="łotewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – liguryjski" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguryjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoonsechtege" title="Spoonsechtege – limburski" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Spoonsechtege" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazon" title="Parazon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Parazon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81lsz%C3%B6vetes_%C3%A1llatok" title="Álszövetes állatok – węgierski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Álszövetes állatok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="węgierski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نظائر البعديات – egipski arabski" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نظائر البعديات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egipski arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsachtigen" title="Sponsachtigen – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sponsachtigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%B4%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="側生動物 – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="側生動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – oksytański" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksytański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – rumuński" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumuński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8" title="Прометазои – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прометазои" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubkovce" title="Hubkovce – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hubkovce" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B0" title="Паразоа – serbski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паразоа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieniel%C3%A4inm%C3%A4iset" title="Sienieläinmäiset – fiński" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sienieläinmäiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – szwedzki" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="szwedzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – turecki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Первинні багатоклітинні – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Первинні багатоклітинні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Parazoa – wietnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Parazoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="wietnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heywan%C3%AA_b%C3%AAnesc%C4%B1ni" title="Heywanê bênescıni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Heywanê bênescıni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parazo%C3%ABn" title="Parazoën – zelandzki" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Parazoën" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%B4%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="側生動物 – chiński" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="側生動物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205716#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edytuj linki pomiędzy wersjami językowymi" class="wbc-editpage">Edytuj linki</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Przestrzenie nazw"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedii, wolnej encyklopedii</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pl" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67504987">.mw-parser-output .infobox-zwierzeta .naglowek{color:black;background:#d3d3a4}</style> <table class="infobox infobox-zwierzeta"> <caption class="naglowek" style="background-color:#D3D3A4; color:#000000;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r65781301">.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:center;gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-ikona{flex-grow:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:7px;max-width:40px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption>.iboxt-flex>.iboxt-tekst{flex-grow:1}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-1{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-2{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .infobox>caption .iboxt-3{font-style:italic;font-size:90%}</style><div class="iboxt-1">Nibytkankowce</div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; color:black; background-color:white;">Parazoa </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:var(--color-base, black); text-align:center; font-size:x-small; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; padding-top:0px;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant" title="Robert Edmond Grant">Grant</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Bentley_Todd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Bentley Todd (strona nie istnieje)">Todd</a>, 1838 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3A4; color:black; text-align:center; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> </td></tr> <tr class="grafika iboxs"> <td colspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Plik:Sponge_04a_Molasses_Reef_20230714.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gąbka"><img alt="Ilustracja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sponge_04a_Molasses_Reef_20230714.jpg/240px-Sponge_04a_Molasses_Reef_20230714.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sponge_04a_Molasses_Reef_20230714.jpg/360px-Sponge_04a_Molasses_Reef_20230714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sponge_04a_Molasses_Reef_20230714.jpg/480px-Sponge_04a_Molasses_Reef_20230714.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2916" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/G%C4%85bki" title="Gąbki">Gąbka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background:#D3D3A4; color:black; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Systematyka_organizm%C3%B3w" title="Systematyka organizmów">Systematyka</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Domena_(biologia)" title="Domena (biologia)">Domena</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Eukarionty" title="Eukarionty">eukarionty</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">Królestwo</a> </th> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Podkrólestwo </th> <td> <p>nibytkankowce </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="naglowek" style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Synonim_(taksonomia)" title="Synonim (taksonomia)">Synonimy</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table class="iboxtab void"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <ul><li>Ahistozoa</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" title="Systematyka"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/24px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/36px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/48px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Parazoa" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Parazoa">Systematyka w Wikispecies</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr class="noprint plainlinks" style="border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0;"> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin:0px; background:var(--background-color-base, #fff); color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:30px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parazoa" title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/42px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parazoa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parazoa">Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Nibytkankowce</b> (Parazoa), określane też jako <b>przedtkankowce</b>, <b>nietkankowce</b> (Ahistozoa), a dawniej <b>beztkankowce</b> – <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">podkrólestwo</a> zwierząt (Animalia) grupujące <a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a>, które w swoim rozwoju nie wykształciły właściwych <a href="/wiki/Tkanka" title="Tkanka">tkanek</a>, organów (narządów), układu mięśniowego i nerwowego. Charakteryzują się dużą samodzielnością komórek. Ich komórki zróżnicowane są na warstwy okrywającą i wewnętrzną. </p><p>Grupa ta była tradycyjnie opisywana jako Ahistozoa (nietkankowce) i przeciwstawiana <a href="/wiki/Tkankowce" title="Tkankowce">tkankowcom</a> (Histozoa). We współczesnych systemach filogenetycznych jest opisywana jako Parazoa i przeciwstawiana tkankowcom właściwym (Eumetazoa). Obejmuje jeden <a href="/wiki/Typ_(biologia)" title="Typ (biologia)">typ</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%85bki" title="Gąbki">gąbki</a> (Porifera).</li></ul> <p>Niektórzy badacze zaliczają do beztkankowców również <a href="/wiki/P%C5%82askowce" title="Płaskowce">płaskowce</a> (Placozoa), które według innych są klasyfikowane jako <a href="/wiki/Klad_bazalny" title="Klad bazalny">bazalna grupa</a> <a href="/wiki/Tkankowce_w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwe" title="Tkankowce właściwe">tkankowców właściwych</a> (Eumetazoa). Analiza sekwencji całego genomu <i>Trichoplax adhaerens</i>, jedynego przedstawiciela płaskowców, sugeruje, że wyłoniły się one później niż gąbki, ale przed <a href="/wiki/Parzyde%C5%82kowce" title="Parzydełkowce">parzydełkowcami</a> i <a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta_dwubocznie_symetryczne" title="Zwierzęta dwubocznie symetryczne">dwubocznie symetrycznymi</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibytkankowce&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibytkankowce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wielokom%C3%B3rkowce_po%C5%9Brednie" title="Wielokomórkowce pośrednie">wielokomórkowce pośrednie</a> (Mesozoa)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibytkankowce&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibytkankowce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><i>Zoologia : bezkręgowce. T. 1</i>. Red. nauk. Czesław Błaszak. Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a>, 2009. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788301161088" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788301161088">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-01-16108-8</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoologia+%3A+bezkr%C4%99gowce.+T.+1&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.isbn=978-83-01-16108-8"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibytkankowce&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nibytkankowce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Czesław Jura: <i>Bezkręgowce : podstawy morfologii funkcjonalnej, systematyki i filogenezy</i>. Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a>, 2007. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788301145958" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788301145958">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-01-14595-8</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bezkr%C4%99gowce+%3A+podstawy+morfologii+funkcjonalnej%2C+systematyki+i+filogenezy&rft.aulast=Jura&rft.aufirst=Czes%C5%82aw&rft.date=2007&rft.pub=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.isbn=978-83-01-14595-8"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><i>Zoologia : bezkręgowce. T. 1</i>. Red. nauk. Czesław Błaszak. Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a>, 2009. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788301161088" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788301161088">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-01-16108-8</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zoologia+%3A+bezkr%C4%99gowce.+T.+1&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=%5B%5BWydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN%5D%5D&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.isbn=978-83-01-16108-8"></span></cite><span class="problemy" aria-hidden="true" data-nosnippet=""> Brak numerów stron w książce</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox do-not-make-smaller mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="pokaż" data-collapsetext="ukryj"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74983602">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin:auto;text-align:center;padding:3px;margin-top:1em;clear:both}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.caption,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr>th{background-color:#3a3c3e}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>.mw-collapsible-content>.below,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox .opis{background-color:#303234}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a1,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a1 .opis{background:#715f00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a2,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a2 .opis{background:#5f5f5f}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .opis.a3,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox.medaliści .a3 .opis{background:#764617}}</style><ul class="tnavbar noprint plainlinks hlist"><li><a href="/wiki/Szablon:Animalia_(L-E-D)" title="Szablon:Animalia (L-E-D)"><span title="Pokaż ten szablon">p</span></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dyskusja_szablonu:Animalia_(L-E-D)" title="Dyskusja szablonu:Animalia (L-E-D)"><span title="Dyskusja na temat tego szablonu">d</span></a></li><li title="Możesz edytować ten szablon. Użyj przycisku podglądu przed zapisaniem zmian."><a class="external text" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Szablon:Animalia_(L-E-D)&action=edit">e</a></li></ul><div class="navbox-title caption">Klasyfikacja <a href="/wiki/Typ_(biologia)" title="Typ (biologia)">typów</a> zwierząt na podstawie hipotezy <a href="/wiki/Ekdyzon" title="Ekdyzon">ekdyzonu</a> (Lophotrochozoa-Ecdysozoa-Deuterostomia)</div><div class="mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist navbox-above above"> <p><a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_(biologia)" title="Królestwo (biologia)">Królestwo</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Zwierzęta">zwierzęta</a> (Animalia <i>sensu</i> Metazoa) </p> </div><table class="navbox-main-content inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parazoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%85bki" title="Gąbki">gąbki</a> <small>(Porifera)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82askowce" title="Płaskowce">płaskowce</a> <small>(Placozoa)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tkankowce_w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwe" title="Tkankowce właściwe">Eumetazoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dwuwarstwowce" title="Dwuwarstwowce">Dwuwarstwowce</a><br />(Diploblastica)</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parzyde%C5%82kowce" title="Parzydełkowce">parzydełkowce</a> <small>(Cnidaria)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBebrop%C5%82awy" title="Żebropławy">żebropławy</a> <small>(Ctenophora)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zwierz%C4%99ta_dwubocznie_symetryczne" title="Zwierzęta dwubocznie symetryczne">Bilateria</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenacoelomorpha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenacoelomorpha (strona nie istnieje)">Xenacoelomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wirki_bezjelitowe" title="Wirki bezjelitowe">wirki bezjelitowe</a> <small>(Acoelomorpha)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoturbellida" title="Xenoturbellida">Xenoturbellida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertodermatida" title="Nemertodermatida">Nemertodermatida</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nephrozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nephrozoa (strona nie istnieje)">Nephrozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wt%C3%B3rouste" title="Wtórouste">wtórouste</a><br />(Deuterostomia)</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_1_1"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strunowce" title="Strunowce">strunowce</a> <small>(Chordata)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_1_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szkar%C5%82upnie" title="Szkarłupnie">szkarłupnie</a> <small>(Echinodermata)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82strunowce" title="Półstrunowce">półstrunowce</a> <small>(Hemichordata)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Pierwouste" title="Pierwouste">pierwouste</a><br />(Protostomia)</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><i>incertae sedis</i></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Szczecioszcz%C4%99kie" title="Szczecioszczękie">szczecioszczękie</a> <small>(Chaetognatha)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera" title="Gnathifera">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrotki_(biologia)" title="Wrotki (biologia)">wrotki</a> <small>(Rotifera)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szcz%C4%99kog%C4%99be" title="Szczękogębe">szczękogębe</a> <small>(Gnathostomulida)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drobnoszcz%C4%99kie" title="Drobnoszczękie">drobnoszczękie</a> <small>(Micrognathozoa)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platytrochozoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platytrochozoa (strona nie istnieje)">Platytrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%82azi%C5%84ce" title="Płazińce">płazińce</a> <small>(Platyhelminthes)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brzuchorz%C4%99ski" title="Brzuchorzęski">brzuchorzęski</a> <small>(Gastrotricha)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_2_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lofotrochorowce" title="Lofotrochorowce">lofotrochorowce</a><br />(Lophotrochozoa)</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_2_2_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Czu%C5%82kowce" title="Czułkowce">czułkowce</a><br />(Lophophorata)</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mszywio%C5%82y" title="Mszywioły">mszywioły</a> <small>(Bryozoa)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramienionogi" title="Ramienionogi">ramienionogi</a> <small>(Brachiopoda)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryzelnice" title="Kryzelnice">kryzelnice</a> <small>(Phoronida)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_2_2_2_2"><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C4%99czaki" title="Mięczaki">mięczaki</a> <small>(Mollusca)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier%C5%9Bcienice" title="Pierścienice">pierścienice</a> <small>(Annelida)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wst%C4%99%C5%BCnice" title="Wstężnice">wstężnice</a> <small>(Nemertea)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kielichowate" title="Kielichowate">kielichowate</a> <small>(Kamptozoa)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rombowce" title="Rombowce">rombowce</a> <small>(Dicyemida)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostop%C5%82ywce" title="Prostopływce">prostopływce</a> <small>(Orthonectida)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejkog%C4%99bce" title="Lejkogębce">lejkogębce</a> <small>(Cycliophora)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Wylinkowce" title="Wylinkowce">wylinkowce</a><br />(Ecdysoza)</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a2_2_2_2_3_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryjkog%C5%82owy" title="Ryjkogłowy">ryjkogłowy</a> <small>(Kinorhyncha)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolczugowce" title="Kolczugowce">kolczugowce</a> <small>(Loricifera)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niezmogowce" title="Niezmogowce">niezmogowce</a> <small>(Priapulida)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_3_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nematoida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nematoida (strona nie istnieje)">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicienie" title="Nicienie">nicienie</a> <small>(Nematoda)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnikowce" title="Nitnikowce">nitnikowce</a> <small>(Nematomorpha)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a2_2_2_2_3_3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stawonogi" title="Stawonogi">stawonogi</a> <small>(Arthropoda)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niesporczaki" title="Niesporczaki">niesporczaki</a> <small>(Tardigrada)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazurnice" title="Pazurnice">pazurnice</a> <small>(Onychophora)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="a3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">nieaktualne</th><td class="navbox-list spis"><table class="inner-standard"><tbody><tr class="a3_1"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">przeniesione do parzydełkowców</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myksosporidiowce" title="Myksosporidiowce">myksosporidiowce</a> <small>(Myxozoa)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3_2"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">przeniesione do wrotków</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolcog%C5%82owy" title="Kolcogłowy">kolcogłowy</a> <small>(Acanthocephala)</small></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="a3_3"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row">przeniesione do pierścienic</th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-even"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kr%C4%85%C5%BCkokszta%C5%82tne" title="Krążkokształtne">krążkokształtne</a> <small>(Myzostomida)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurkoczu%C5%82kowce" title="Rurkoczułkowce">rurkoczułkowce</a> <small>(Pogonophora)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikwiaki" title="Sikwiaki">sikwiaki</a> <small>(Sipuncula)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczetnice" title="Szczetnice">szczetnice</a> <small>(Echiura)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="a4"><th class="navbox-group opis" scope="row"><i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_dubium" title="Nomen dubium">nomen dubium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list spis hlist navbox-odd"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jednowarstwowce" title="Jednowarstwowce">jednowarstwowce</a> <small>(Monoblastozoa)</small></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="hlist navbox-below below"> <p>Na podstawie:<br /><cite class="citation journal">Halanych et al. <em>Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals</em>. „Science”. 267 (5204), s. 1641–1643, 1995. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.7886451">10.1126/science.7886451</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Evidence+from+18S+ribosomal+DNA+that+the+lophophorates+are+protostome+animals&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=267&rft.issue=%7B%7B%7Bnumer%7D%7D%7D&rft.au=Halanych+et+al&rft.pages=1641%E2%80%931643&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.7886451"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><br /><cite class="citation journal">Edgecombe et al. <em>Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions</em>. „Organisms Diversity and Evolution”. 11, s. 151–172, 2011. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4">10.1007/s13127-011-0044-4</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Higher-level+metazoan+relationships%3A+recent+progress+and+remaining+questions&rft.jtitle=Organisms+Diversity+and+Evolution&rft.date=2011&rft.volume=11&rft.au=Edgecombe+et+al&rft.pages=151%E2%80%93172&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs13127-011-0044-4"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span><br /> <cite class="citation journal">Laumer et al. <em>Spiralian Phylogeny Informs the Evolution of Microscopic Lineages</em>. „Current Biology”. 25, s. 1-7, 2015. <a href="/wiki/DOI_(identyfikator_cyfrowy)" title="DOI (identyfikator cyfrowy)">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068">10.1016/j.cub.2015.06.068</a>. <span class="lang-list">(<abbr title="Treść w języku angielskim (English)">ang.</abbr>)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Spiralian+Phylogeny+Informs+the+Evolution+of+Microscopic+Lineages&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=25&rft.au=Laumer+et+al&rft.pages=1-7&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.06.068"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span> </p> </div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74016753">.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div+div{margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten>div>div{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);padding:.2em .5em}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output #normdaten ul li:first-child{padding-left:.5em;border-left:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}</style> <div id="normdaten" class="catlinks"><div class="normdaten-typ-fehlt"><div><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_internetowa" title="Encyklopedia internetowa">Encyklopedie internetowe</a> (<span class="description"><a href="/wiki/Takson" title="Takson">takson</a></span>):</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica">Britannica</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/animal/Parazoa">animal/Parazoa</a></span></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1296" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1296">Catalana</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/ec-gec-0251224.xml">0251224</a></span></li></ul> </div><div class="normdaten-andere"><div>Identyfikatory zewnętrzne:</div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P842" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P842">identyfikator taksonu Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=82028">82028</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Źródło: „<a dir="ltr" href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibytkankowce&oldid=75250044">https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nibytkankowce&oldid=75250044</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Kategorie" title="Specjalna:Kategorie">Kategoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Zwierz%C4%99ta" title="Kategoria:Zwierzęta">Zwierzęta</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ukryta kategoria: <ul><li><a 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