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</div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>分布</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-发音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>发音</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-发音-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关发音子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-发音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>元音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-辅音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#辅音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>辅音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-辅音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>语法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-语法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关语法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-名词和代词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名词和代词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>名词和代词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名词和代词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-动词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#动词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>动词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-动词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>方言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参閲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参閲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参閲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参閲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">北库尔德语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。50种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koermandsji" title="Koermandsji – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koermandsji" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكرمانجية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكرمانجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanc_dili" title="Kurmanc dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kurmanc dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="کورمانج دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کورمانج دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Курманджи – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Курманджи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmandjeg" title="Kurmandjeg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kurmandjeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd_del_nord" title="Kurd del nord – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kurd del nord" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کوردیی باکووری – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوردیی باکووری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurm%C3%A1nd%C5%BE%C3%AD" title="Kurmándží – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kurmándží" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmandschi" title="Kurmandschi – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurmandschi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanck%C3%AE" title="Kurmanckî – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kurmanckî" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Βόρεια Κουρδικά – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βόρεια Κουρδικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordaj_kurdaj_dialektoj" title="Nordaj kurdaj dialektoj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordaj kurdaj dialektoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanyi" title="Kurmanyi – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kurmanyi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmand%C5%BEi_keel" title="Kurmandži keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kurmandži keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کرمانجی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کرمانجی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmand%C5%BEi" title="Kurmandži – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kurmandži" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmandji" title="Kurmandji – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kurmandji" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjevernokurdski_jezik" title="Sjevernokurdski jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjevernokurdski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kurmanji" title="Bahasa Kurmanji – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BC" title="クルマンジー – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クルマンジー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90)" title="კურმანჯი (ენა) – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კურმანჯი (ენა)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kurdi_Kurmanji" title="Bahasa Kurdi Kurmanji – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Kurdi Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C%EC%A7%80%EC%96%B4" title="쿠르만지어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠르만지어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanc%C3%AE" title="Kurmancî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kurmancî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmand%C5%BEi" title="Kurmandži – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kurmandži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_kormanjy" title="Fiteny kormanjy – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny kormanjy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Kurmanji" title="Bahasa Kurmanji – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کورمانجی – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کورمانجی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanci" title="Kurmanci – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kurmanci" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Курманджи – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Курманджи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_kurmand%C5%BCi" title="Język kurmandżi – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język kurmandżi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_curda_setentrional" title="Lenga curda setentrional – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga curda setentrional" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_curda_setentrional" title="Língua curda setentrional – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua curda setentrional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Курманджи (диалект курдского языка) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курманджи (диалект курдского языка)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurmand%C5%BEi" title="Kurmandži – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kurmandži" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordkurdiska" title="Nordkurdiska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordkurdiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="ภาษาเคิร์ดเหนือ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเคิร์ดเหนือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurman%C3%A7%C3%A7a" title="Kurmançça – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kurmançça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Курманджі (мова) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курманджі (мова)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="کرمانجی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرمانجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Kurmanji" title="Tiếng Kurmanji – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Kurmanji" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-75977ec7" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh:庫爾德; zh-cn:库尔德; zh-tw:庫德; zh-hk:庫爾德;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:语法; zh-hant:語法; zh-tw:文法; zh-hk:文法;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:元音; zh-tw:母音; zh-hk:元音;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:辅音; zh-tw:子音; zh-hk:輔音;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva 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div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">北库尔德语</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"><span style="font-size: small;">库尔曼吉语</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="kmr">Kurmancî, Kurdiya Jorîn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母语国家和地区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">母语使用人数</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">20,200,000 （2009）<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="印度-伊朗语族">印度-伊朗语族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="伊朗语支">伊朗语支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西伊朗语支" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Western Iranian Languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西伊朗语支（页面不存在）">西伊朗语支</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Iranian_Languages" class="extiw" title="en:Western Iranian Languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Western Iranian Languages</span></a></span>）</span></span><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西北伊朗语支" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Northwestern Iranian Languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西北伊朗语支（页面不存在）">西北伊朗语支</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Iranian_Languages" class="extiw" title="en:Northwestern Iranian Languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Northwestern Iranian Languages</span></a></span>）</span></span><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔德语">库尔德语</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>北库尔德语</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a> （<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">官方地位</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">承认少数语言</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="亚美尼亚">亚美尼亚</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/kmr" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:kmr">kmr</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2641">nort2641</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%9E%AD%E6%9C%9B%E7%AB%99" title="语言瞭望站">语言瞭望站</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>58-AAA-a</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_languages_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/300px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/450px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/600px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">各库尔德语言的地理分布 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82553231">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important;padding:0!important}}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top!important}</style> <div>   <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ef6662; color:black;"> </span> 北库尔德语</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c63143; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中库尔德语">中库尔德语</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8c3143; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南库尔德语">南库尔德语</a></div> <p>  </p> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ffd700; color:black;"> </span> Zaza</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8c00; color:black;"> </span> Gorani</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3d423; color:black;"> </span> 混合区域</div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>北库尔德语</b>（<i><span lang="kmr">Kurdiya jorîn</span></i>、<span lang="kmr-arab">کوردیا ژۆرین</span>），又称<b>库尔曼吉语</b>（<i><span lang="kmr">Kurmancî</span></i>; <span lang="kmr">کورمانجی</span>），是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔德语">库尔德语</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a>东南部，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>北部，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a>西北部等地的一个分支。北库尔德语是分布最广、使用人数最多的库尔德语言。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分布"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.B8.83"></span>分布</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：分布"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>大约有65%的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA" title="库尔德人">库尔德人</a>使用北库尔德语。在土耳其和叙利亚<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔德斯坦">库尔德斯坦</a>，大部分库尔德人使用北库尔德语。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="伊拉克库尔德斯坦">伊拉克库尔德斯坦</a>，北库尔德语主要使用于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="代胡克省">代胡克省</a>。北库尔德语也是伊朗<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%BC%E7%BE%85%E7%8F%8A%E7%9C%81" title="北呼羅珊省">呼罗珊</a>和南<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦">土库曼斯坦</a>库尔德人分布区的主要语言之一<sup id="cite_ref-kal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。北库尔德语目前是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B9%E8%BF%AA" title="雅兹迪">雅兹迪</a>教派的宗教语言，其<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="启示书" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Yazidi Book of Revelation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%AF%E7%A4%BA%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="启示书（页面不存在）">启示书</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazidi_Book_of_Revelation" class="extiw" title="en:Yazidi Book of Revelation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Yazidi Book of Revelation</span></a></span>）</span></span>与<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="黑书" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mishefa Reş"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑书（页面不存在）">黑书</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishefa_Re%C5%9F" class="extiw" title="en:Mishefa Reş"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mishefa Reş</span></a></span>）</span></span>均由北库尔德语写成<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>历史上，库尔德语长期使用<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="阿拉伯字母">阿拉伯字母</a>拼写。但如今土耳其的北库尔德语采用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>拼写，即<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="库尔德语字母">拉丁库尔曼吉字母</a>，而前苏联境内的北库尔德语使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="西里尔字母">西里尔字母</a>拼写。从奥斯曼帝国时期到20世纪20年代，临近亚美尼亚地区的库尔德语也曾经使用过<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="亚美尼亚字母">亚美尼亚字母</a>拼写<sup id="cite_ref-kurde_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kurde-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>北库尔德语最早是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈卡里地区" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hakkari"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈卡里地区（页面不存在）">哈卡里地区</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkari" class="extiw" title="en:Hakkari"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hakkari</span></a></span>）</span></span>，即如今土耳其南部和伊拉克北部，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%AE%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼尼微平原（页面不存在）">尼尼微平原</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E6%B9%96" title="凡湖">凡湖</a>之间游牧居民使用的语言。十四至十六世纪，伴随着库尔德斯坦地区社会的游牧化，库尔德农业居民大量流散，伴随牧民的迁徙和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E6%96%90%E4%BB%AA%E6%B4%BE" title="沙斐仪派">沙斐仪派</a>伊斯兰教的传播，北库尔德语的使用开始扩展。16世纪，北库尔德语出现了最早的文字记录<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>到十八世纪时，北库尔德语使用区域从其起源地扩展至<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94" title="摩苏尔">摩苏尔</a>，把库尔德斯坦分为南北两部分。在北部，即如今的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="北库尔德斯坦">北库尔德斯坦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="西库尔德斯坦">西库尔德斯坦</a>，北库尔德语已经成为最主要的语言。在南部，北库尔德语和中库尔德语使用区仍在扩大，而过去通用的南库尔德语正日益边缘化。<sup id="cite_ref-kal_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="发音"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E9.9F.B3"></span>发音</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：发音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元音"><span id=".E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3"></span>元音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：元音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>北库尔德语有8个元音字母： </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align:center" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">字母 </th> <th style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8E" title="Î">î</a> </th> <th style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">i</a> </th> <th style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8A" title="Ê">ê</a> </th> <th style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">e</a> </th> <th style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9B" title="Û">û</a> </th> <th style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">u</a> </th> <th style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">o</a> </th> <th style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">a</a> </th></tr> <tr class="IPA"> <th style="text-align:left">发音（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:國際音標">IPA</a>） </th> <td>[i]</td> <td>[ɪ]</td> <td>[e]</td> <td>[æ]</td> <td>[u]</td> <td>[ʊ]</td> <td>[o]</td> <td>[ɑ] </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="辅音"><span id=".E8.BE.85.E9.9F.B3"></span>辅音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：辅音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>北库尔德语区分送气清音、不送气清音和浊音，如p, <u>p</u>和b。 </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3" colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="唇齿音">唇齿音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齿龈音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齦後音">龈后音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬顎音">硬颚音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%A2%9A%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="软颚音">软颚音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌音">小舌音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3" title="喉音">喉音</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td>b, p, <u>p</u> </td> <td> </td> <td>d, t, <u>t</u> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>g, k, <u>k</u> </td> <td>q </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td> </td> <td>c, ç, <u>ç</u> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td>v, f </td> <td>z, s </td> <td>j, ş </td> <td> </td> <td>x, <u>x</u> </td> <td>  </td> <td>h, <u>h</u> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td>m </td> <td> </td> <td>n  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6)" title="颤音 (语音学)">颤音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>r  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>  </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="闪音">闪音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><u>r</u> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td>w  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>y </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E9%9F%B3" title="边音">边音</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>l </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p><sup id="cite_ref-Thackston_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thackston-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语法"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>语法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="名词和代词"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E8.AF.8D.E5.92.8C.E4.BB.A3.E8.AF.8D"></span>名词和代词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：名词和代词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>名词分为阳性和阴性。名词的性与词义之间并无一般规律。从外来语，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a>的借词，其性常常不同于在原语言中的性。如Kitêb（书）在阿拉伯语为阳性，在北库尔德语为阴性。从<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语">土耳其语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="波斯语">波斯语</a>的借词也分为阳性和阴性。 </p><p>名词分单复数，有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a>（nominative case）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="間接格">间接格</a>（oblique case）、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="构造格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="construct case"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="构造格（页面不存在）">构造格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/construct_case" class="extiw" title="en:construct case"><span lang="en" dir="auto">construct case</span></a></span>）</span></span>（construct case）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%A0%BC" title="呼格">呼格</a>（vocative case）。在过去式下，北库尔德语具有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9C-%E9%80%9A%E6%A0%BC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="作-通格語言">作格性</a>。 </p> <ul><li>主格用于：(1)等式句未經修饰的主语和谓词；(2)不及物动词的主语；(3)过去式及物动词的受动者。</li> <li>间接格用于：(1)现在式动词的直接宾语；(2)介词宾语；(3)构造链的第二部分，即修饰其他名词的名词；(4)过去式及物动词的施动者。</li> <li>构造格用于被形容词或名词修饰的名词，形容词通常位于名词之后，是无变格的。多个修饰语之间用 ya 连接。</li></ul> <p>限定和非限定名词也在名词变格中以后缀区分。阴、阳性名词的变格法仅在单数时不同，在复数时是相同的。 </p><p>人称代词有 ez（第一人称）和 tu（第二人称），表示第三人称需使用指示代词 ew 和 ev，这些词均有主格和间接格之分，用法与名词类似。当主语为上述代词时，句中如果再次指代，需要使用反身代词 xwe。<sup id="cite_ref-Thackston_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thackston-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="动词"><span id=".E5.8A.A8.E8.AF.8D"></span>动词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：动词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>北库尔德语动词有现在式和过去式两种词干，动词的前缀和后缀根据其肯定或否定、人称、数、时态和语态而定。 </p><p>由现在式词干构成的有现在时直陈式、现在时虚拟式、命令式和将来时。由过去式词干构成的有简单过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去时虚拟式、过去时条件式、以及过去完成时条件式。<sup id="cite_ref-Thackston_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thackston-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="方言"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>方言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：方言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>北库尔德语形成了一个方言连续体，内部差异很大。在库尔德斯坦，根据近期的分类，北库尔德语可以分为五个方言区<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>西北库尔曼吉语，使用于土耳其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80%E7%9C%81" title="卡赫拉曼马拉什省">卡赫拉曼马拉什省</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%9C%81" title="錫瓦斯省">锡瓦斯省</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A%E7%9C%81" title="马拉蒂亚省">马拉蒂亚省</a>。</li> <li>西南库尔曼吉语，使用于土耳其<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%9A%E6%9B%BC%E7%9C%81" title="阿德亚曼省">阿德亚曼省</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%B5%8E%E5%AE%89%E6%B3%B0%E6%99%AE%E7%9C%81" title="加济安泰普省">加济安泰普省</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8B%92%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E7%9C%81" title="尚勒乌尔法省">尚勒乌尔法省</a>，以及叙利亚<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E9%A2%87%E7%9C%81" title="阿勒颇省">阿勒颇省</a>。</li> <li>北库尔曼吉语，使用于土耳其<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E7%9C%81" title="阿勒省">阿勒省</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E7%A5%96%E9%B2%81%E5%A7%86%E7%9C%81" title="埃尔祖鲁姆省">埃尔祖鲁姆省</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E4%BB%80%E7%9C%81" title="穆什省">穆什省</a>及邻近地区。</li> <li>南库尔曼吉语，使用于叙利亚<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" title="哈塞克省">哈塞克省</a>，伊拉克<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E8%B3%88%E7%88%BE" title="辛賈爾">辛贾尔</a>，以及土耳其<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%81%E7%9C%81" title="马尔丁省">马尔丁省</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC%E7%9C%81" title="巴特曼省">巴特曼省</a>。</li> <li>东南库尔曼吉语，使用于伊拉克<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B%E7%9C%81" class="mw-redirect" title="代胡克省">代胡克省</a>以及土耳其<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%81" title="哈卡里省">哈卡里省</a>。</li></ul> <p>其他方言存在于<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="安纳托利亚">安纳托利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="亚美尼亚">亚美尼亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E5%BA%93%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="土库曼斯坦">土库曼斯坦</a>等地<sup id="cite_ref-glottolog_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottolog-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/kmr/">北库尔德语</a>于《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="民族語">民族语</a>》的链接（第18版，2015年）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Pavlenko, Aneta. <span></span><i>Multilingualism in post-Soviet countries</i><span></span>. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters. 2008: 18–22. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-84769-087-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-84769-087-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-84769-087-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Aneta&rft.aulast=Pavlenko&rft.btitle=Multilingualism+in+post-Soviet+countries&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-84769-087-6&rft.pages=18-22&rft.place=Bristol%2C+UK&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2641">Northern Kurdish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a>. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Northern+Kurdish&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fnort2641&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kal-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kal_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kal_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kurdish Academy of Language. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kurdishacademy.org/?q=node/42">Northern Kurdish dialects group</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826103352/http://kurdishacademy.org/?q=node%2F42">存档</a>于2016-08-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=Kurdish+Academy+of+Language&rft.btitle=Northern+Kurdish+dialects+group&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurdishacademy.org%2F%3Fq%3Dnode%2F42&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazidis-i-general-1">Kurmanji is the language of almost all the orally transmitted religious traditions of the Yazidis.</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107080202/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/yazidis-i-general-1%20">存档</a>于2019-01-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=Kurmanji+is+the+language+of+almost+all+the+orally+transmitted+religious+traditions+of+the+Yazidis.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fyazidis-i-general-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tacentral.com/people.asp?story_no=8">Yazidi people speak a northern dialect of Kurdish (Kurmanji). Except for a few Arabic poems, all religious texts are in Kurmanji, including their hymns (qewl). All Scriptures and texts that they have are also in Kurdish.</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221142223/http://www.tacentral.com/people.asp?story_no=8">存档</a>于2016-12-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=Yazidi+people+speak+a+northern+dialect+of+Kurdish+%28Kurmanji%29.+Except+for+a+few+Arabic+poems%2C+all+religious+texts+are+in+Kurmanji%2C+including+their+hymns+%28qewl%29.+All+Scriptures+and+texts+that+they+have+are+also+in+Kurdish.&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tacentral.com%2Fpeople.asp%3Fstory_no%3D8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kurde-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kurde_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Joyce Blau; Rüdiger Schmitt. <i>Le Kurde</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compendiumlingua0000unse"><span></span><i>Compendium linguarum iranicarum</i><span></span></a>. Wiesbaden: Reichert. 1989: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compendiumlingua0000unse/page/328">328</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3882264136" title="Special:网络书源/3882264136"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3882264136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Le+Kurde&rft.au=Joyce+Blau&rft.au=R%C3%BCdiger+Schmitt&rft.btitle=Compendium+linguarum+iranicarum&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=3882264136&rft.pages=328&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Reichert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompendiumlingua0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Paul, Ludwig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-language-i">Kurdish language I. History of the Kurdish language</a>. Yarshater, Ehsanvolume= (编). <span></span><i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span></span>. London and New York: Routledge. 2008 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2013]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117044331/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-language-i">存档</a>于2011-11-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Kurdish+language+I.+History+of+the+Kurdish+language&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkurdish-language-i&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thackston-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thackston_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thackston_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thackston_9-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">W. M. Thackston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/kurmanji_1_grammar.pdf"><span></span><i>Kurmanji Kurdish: A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings</i><span></span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194105/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/kurmanji_1_grammar.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=W.+M.+Thackston&rft.btitle=Kurmanji+Kurdish%3A+A+Reference+Grammar+with+Selected+Readings&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~iranian%2FKurmanji%2Fkurmanji_1_grammar.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFÖpenginHaig2014" class="citation">Öpengin, Ergin; Haig, Geoffrey, Regional variation in Kurmanji: A preliminary classification of dialects, Kurdish Studies, 2014, <b>2</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2051-4883"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 2051-4883</span></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Regional+variation+in+Kurmanji%3A+A+preliminary+classification+of+dialects&rft.au=Haig%2C+Geoffrey&rft.aufirst=Ergin&rft.aulast=%C3%96pengin&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2051-4883&rft.jtitle=Kurdish+Studies&rft.volume=2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottolog-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glottolog_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Glottolog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2641">Language: Northern Kurdish</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-10-12</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206234727/http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2641">存档</a>于2016-12-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&rft.au=Glottolog&rft.btitle=Language%3A+Northern+Kurdish&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fnort2641&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参閲"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E9.96.B2"></span>参閲</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：参閲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中库尔德语">中库尔德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="库尔德语">库尔德语</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">维基百科提供如下语言版本：<b><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ku:"> Kurdish 維基百科</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.institutkurde.org/">Kurdish Institute</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20050608083602/http://www.institutkurde.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Kurdish language, history, books and latest news articles.</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="伊朗语支">伊朗语支</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">古代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">東部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E8%AA%9E" title="阿維斯陀語">阿維斯陀語</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古西徐亞語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scythian languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古西徐亞語（页面不存在）">古西徐亞語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Scythian languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scythian languages</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">西部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BA%95%E8%AF%AD" title="米底语">米底語</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="古波斯語">古波斯語</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">中古</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">東部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="巴克特里亚语">巴克特里亚语</a>（大夏語） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E5%89%8C%E5%AD%90%E6%A8%A1%E8%AF%AD" title="花剌子模语">花剌子模语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="塞語">塞語</a>(于阗语) ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="塞語">圖木舒克語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西徐亞語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scythian languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西徐亞語（页面不存在）">西徐亞語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythian_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Scythian languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scythian languages</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="粟特语">粟特语</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">西部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="安息语">帕提亚语</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="中古波斯语">中古波斯语</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E5%9B%9E%E8%AF%AD" title="回回语">回回语</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">現代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">东伊朗次语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%9D%A6%E5%90%89%E8%AF%AD" title="巴尔坦吉语">巴尔坦吉语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E8%8F%B2%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="库菲语（页面不存在）">库菲语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%A8%E5%90%89%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="门吉语（页面不存在）">门吉语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%A8%E5%8A%9B%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥尔木力语（页面不存在）">奥尔木力语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%A1%9E%E6%A2%AF%E8%AA%9E" title="奧塞梯語">奧塞梯語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%87%E8%AA%9E" title="帕拉奇語">帕拉奇语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%BB%80%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="普什图语">普什图语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BE%9D%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%88%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="依德哈语（页面不存在）">依德哈语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B9%E5%8F%A4%E4%BC%A6%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅兹古伦语（页面不存在）">雅兹古伦语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E4%BB%80%E5%96%80%E8%A5%BF%E6%9C%A8%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊什喀西木语（页面不存在）">伊什喀西木语</a> </span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width:2em; text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">西伊朗次语支</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.15em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%9A%E6%89%8E%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古亚扎里语（页面不存在）">古亚扎里语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E8%B7%AF%E6%94%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="俾路支语">俾路支语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%96%AC%E7%B1%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="阿喬米語">阿喬米語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴示卡迪语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bashkardi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E7%A4%BA%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴示卡迪语（页面不存在）">巴示卡迪语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkardi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Bashkardi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bashkardi language</span></a></span>）</span></span> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低拉米语（页面不存在）">低拉米语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E4%BB%80%E8%AA%9E" title="塔里什語">塔里什語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="戈拉尼語">戈拉尼語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E8%AA%9E" title="吉拉基語">吉拉基語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%9E%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="马赞德兰语">马赞德兰语</a>（塔巴里语） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="庫爾德語">庫爾德語</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="中库尔德语">中</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">北</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南庫德語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Southern Kurdish"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="南库尔德语">南</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" class="extiw" title="en:Southern Kurdish"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Southern Kurdish</span></a></span>）</span></span>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E8%AF%AD" title="拉科语">拉科语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卢尔语">卢尔语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%8F%90%E7%88%BE%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴克提爾利語（页面不存在）">巴克提爾利語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A1%91%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="桑萨里语（页面不存在）">桑萨里语</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="波斯语">波斯語</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="達利語">東波斯語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="塔吉克语">塔吉克語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="達利語">達利語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%89%8E%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89%E8%AA%9E" title="哈扎拉吉語">哈扎拉吉語</a>） ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9%E8%AA%9E_(%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2)" title="塔特語 (高加索)">塔特語 (高加索)</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%92%82%E8%AA%9E_(%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97)" title="塔蒂語 (伊朗)">塔蒂語 (伊朗)</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E6%89%8E%E5%85%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="扎扎其語">扎扎其語</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波斯方言（页面不存在）">波斯方言</a> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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