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aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bihar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bihar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bihar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bihar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jharkhand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jharkhand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Jharkhand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jharkhand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odisha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odisha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Odisha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odisha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>West Bengal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Urban areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Urban_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Urban areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West_Bengal_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Bengal_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>West Bengal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Bengal_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bihar_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bihar_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bihar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bihar_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odisha_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odisha_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Odisha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odisha_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Music_of_Odisha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_of_Odisha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Music of Odisha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_of_Odisha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Jharkhand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jharkhand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In Jharkhand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Jharkhand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_West_Bengal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_West_Bengal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>In West Bengal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_West_Bengal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Odisha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Odisha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In Odisha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Odisha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.1</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3.2</span> <span>Hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References and footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">East India</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99rqi_Hindistan" title="Şərqi Hindistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərqi Hindistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="পূর্ব ভারত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পূর্ব ভারত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia_Oriental" title="Índia Oriental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Índia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_oriental" title="India oriental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="India oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienta_Barato" title="Orienta Barato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienta Barato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="شرق هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرق هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inde_de_l%27Est" title="Inde de l'Est – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inde de l'Est" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84" title="동인도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동인도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पूर्वी भारत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूर्वी भारत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Timur" title="India Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="India Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="מזרח הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזרח הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="აღმოსავლეთი ინდოეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთი ინდოეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Atsinanana" title="India Atsinanana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="India Atsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पूर्व भारत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पूर्व भारत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Timur" title="India Timur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="India Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पूर्वी भारत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पूर्वी भारत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="東インド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東インド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dndia_Oriental" title="Índia Oriental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Índia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_R%C4%83s%C4%83ritean%C4%83" title="India Răsăriteană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="India Răsăriteană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Восточная Индия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточная Индия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पूर्वभारतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पूर्वभारतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India" title="East India – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="East India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%80%D8%B1_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اوڀر هندستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اوڀر هندستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Источна Индија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источна Индија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="கிழக்கு இந்தியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிழக்கு இந்தியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%A3" title="Ҳиндустони Шарқӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳиндустони Шарқӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Східна Індія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східна Індія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="مشرقی بھارت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی بھارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Đông Ấn Độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đông Ấn Độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_India&params=23.25_N_86.00_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN_type:city(226925195)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">86°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.25°N 86.00°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.25; 86.00</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of Eastern Indian states</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the British company, see <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/East_India_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="East India (disambiguation)">East India (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in India</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">East India</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Eastern India</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:East_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of East India"><img alt="Location of East India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/East_India.svg/250px-East_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/East_India.svg/375px-East_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/East_India.svg/500px-East_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1574" data-file-height="1792" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=East_India&params=23.25_N_86.00_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN_type:city(226925195)"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°15′N</span> <span class="longitude">86°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.25°N 86.00°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.25; 86.00</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States and territories of India">States and territories</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Most populous cities <span style="font-weight:normal">(2011)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist">Bihar: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purnia" title="Purnia">Purnia</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist">Jharkhand: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro Steel City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoghar" title="Deoghar">Deoghar</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist">Odisha: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampur" title="Berhampur">Berhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist">West Bengal: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">418,323 km<sup>2</sup> (161,515 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">226,925,195</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">540/km<sup>2</sup> (1,400/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Standard_Time" title="Indian Standard Time">IST</a> (<a href="/wiki/UTC%2B5:30" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+5:30">UTC+5:30</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">Official languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagpuri_language" title="Nagpuri language">Nagpuri</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eastern India</b> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">region of India</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Indian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also the <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">union territory</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The states of <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> lie on the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Gangetic plain">Indo-Gangetic plain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> lies on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ghats" title="Eastern Ghats">Eastern Ghats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>. West Bengal's capital <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> is the largest city of this region. The <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Metropolitan Area">Kolkata Metropolitan Area</a> is the country's third largest metropolitan region. The region is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and the state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> in the north, the states of <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> on the west, the state of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> in the south and the country of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in the east. It is also bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> in the south-east. It is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Sister_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sister States">Seven Sister States</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> by the narrow <a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a> in the north east of West Bengal. East India has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_GDP" title="List of Indian states and union territories by GDP">fourth-largest gross domestic product</a> of all Indian regions. </p><p>The region was ruled by several empires, including <a href="/wiki/Gangaridai" title="Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nandas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Palas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Senas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Gangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Kingdom">Gajapatis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurya_empire_in_265_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Maurya_empire_in_265_BCE.jpg/220px-Maurya_empire_in_265_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Maurya_empire_in_265_BCE.jpg/330px-Maurya_empire_in_265_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Maurya_empire_in_265_BCE.jpg/440px-Maurya_empire_in_265_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>The extent of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tughlaq_dynasty_1321_-_1398_ad.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tughlaq_dynasty_1321_-_1398_ad.PNG/220px-Tughlaq_dynasty_1321_-_1398_ad.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tughlaq_dynasty_1321_-_1398_ad.PNG/330px-Tughlaq_dynasty_1321_-_1398_ad.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tughlaq_dynasty_1321_-_1398_ad.PNG/440px-Tughlaq_dynasty_1321_-_1398_ad.PNG 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>The extent of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the Neolithic period, agriculture started in South Asia. Neolithic settlements have been found in <a href="/wiki/Chirand" title="Chirand">Chirand</a>. In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Son_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Son River">Son</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Koel_River" title="North Koel River">North Koel</a> rivers in <a href="/wiki/Palamu_district" title="Palamu district">Palamu district</a>, various antiquities and art objects from the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> to medieval periods have been found; the <a href="/wiki/Sherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherd">pot-sherds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Redware" title="Redware">redware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and red ware culture">black and red ware</a>, black ware, <a href="/wiki/Slipware" title="Slipware">black slipped ware</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">NBP ware</a> are from the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> to late medieval periods.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, <a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh_district" title="Hazaribagh district">Hazaribagh district</a>, from the Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000–5,000 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Kuchai, near <a href="/wiki/Baripada" title="Baripada">Baripada</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> tools like <a href="/wiki/Hoe_(tool)" title="Hoe (tool)">hoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_pounder" title="Rice pounder">pounders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">mace heads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grinding_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Grinding stone">grinding stones</a> and also pieces of pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh2008_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh2008-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prehistoric paintings and <a href="/wiki/Vikramkhol_Cave_Inscription" title="Vikramkhol Cave Inscription">inscriptions</a> have also been found in Garjan Dongar in <a href="/wiki/Sundergarh_district" title="Sundergarh district">Sundergarh district</a>, and Ushakothi in <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur_district" title="Sambalpur district">Sambalpur district</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ushakothi_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ushakothi-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Vimkramkhol in <a href="/wiki/Jharsuguda_district" title="Jharsuguda district">Jharsuguda district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vikramkhol_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vikramkhol-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClausDiamond2003-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been an uncertainty about the inscriptions at Ushakothi and Vimkramkhol regarding whether they are in a proto-<a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChakravartyBednarik1997_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChakravartyBednarik1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yogimath near <a href="/wiki/Khariar" title="Khariar">Khariar</a> has cave paintings from the Neolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-ChakravartyBednarik1997_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChakravartyBednarik1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bhawanipatna_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bhawanipatna-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is Chalcolithic sites in <a href="/wiki/Pandu_Rajar_Dhibi" title="Pandu Rajar Dhibi">Pandu Rajar Dhibi</a> in the lower Ajay valley in West Bengal. <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">Iron slag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microliths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potsherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsherds">potsherds</a> from 1400 BCE, according to carbon dating, were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Singhbhum_district" title="Singhbhum district">Singhbhum district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late Vedic period, several <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">janapadas</a> emerged in India. In the 6th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">mahajanapadas</a> emerged in several parts of the Indian subcontinent. </p><p>The region was the historical centre of the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurya" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya">Maurya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala</a> empires that ruled much of the Indian sub-continent at their prime. In medieval India, it was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> empire. After independence in 1947, the states joined the Indian Union and took their current form after the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="States Reorganisation Act">States Reorganisation Act</a> of 1956. Today, they continue to face problems of overpopulation, environmental degradation and pervasive corruption despite significant economic and social progress. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_War" title="Kalinga War">Kalinga War</a> the Maurya king <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> sent emissaries to spread Buddhism across Asia. The university of Nalanda was in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. Chinese travellers visited Buddhist and Hindu temples and libraries in the universities of Magadha Empire. The Emperor of Kalinga Mahameghavahana Aira <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a> was one of the most powerful monarchs of ancient India. The <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> thirkhankar <a href="/wiki/Mahaveer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahaveer">Mahaveer</a> was born here and founded <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg/220px-Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg/330px-Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg/440px-Konark_Sun_Temple_Front_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a> built by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a> is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Islamic invasions in the 13th century resulted in the collapse of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> and most Buddhists, especially in <a href="/wiki/East_Bengal" title="East Bengal">East Bengal</a>, converted to Islam. East India including Bihar and West Bengal was part of the Mughal Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. Odisha remained the only powerful Hindu dynastic stronghold under the rule of Soma/Keshari Dynasty, Bhanja Dynasty, Eastern Ganga Dynasty, Suryavanshi Dynasty and Bhoi(Khordha) dynasty till the end of the 16th century. The mighty <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University">Nalanda University</a> existed at <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> which was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiar_Khilji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiar Khilji">Bakhtiar Khilji</a> during the 12th century and also defeated <a href="/wiki/Sena_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena Dynasty">Sena Dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a>, who became king of India after defeating <a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a>, founded the city of <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> on the ruins of ancient <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> arrived during the 7th century CE and became dominant gradually since the early 13th century with the advent of Muslim rulers as well as <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a> in the region. Later, Muslim rulers, starting from the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> initiated the preaching of Islam by building mosques. From the 14th century onward, it was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, founded by king <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Ilyas_Shah" title="Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah">Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah</a>, beginning a period of the country's economic prosperity and military dominance over the regional empires, which was referred by the Europeans to as the richest country to trade with.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Afterwards, the entire East India came under the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, becoming as the most advanced parts in the world. <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a> generated almost half of the empire's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> and 12% of the <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world's GDP</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-harrison_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harrison-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> larger than the entirety of western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With the arrival of the Europeans in the 17th century, outposts were established in Odisha Coast and Bengal. The European traders established their trade centres in the ports of <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipili" title="Pipili">Pipili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palur" class="mw-redirect" title="Palur">Palur</a> in the Odisha Coast during the rule of the last independent Hindu king Gajapati Prataprudra Dev. The Portuguese were in Chittagong, Dutch in Chinsura, French in Pondicherry and the English founded <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Maratha_invasions_of_Bengal" title="Maratha invasions of Bengal">Maratha Invasion of Bengal</a> badly affected the economy of Bengal and it is estimated that 400,000 people were butchered by the Hindu Maratha bargis and many women and children gang raped,<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall72_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall72-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the genocide has been considered to be among the deadliest massacres in Indian history.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1756, the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> defeated the local Indian Muslim rulers in <a href="/wiki/Plassey" class="mw-redirect" title="Plassey">Plassey</a> and established British Rule in the subcontinent. Its capital Calcutta grew into one of the world's greatest ports. Tea from Calcutta was off-loaded by American separatists in the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a> in the 1770s. In the 19th century, Calcutta's traders and merchants traded with the rest of the British Empire, continental Europe, the United States and China. Indentured Indian labourers from Bihar, sailed to new homes in <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surinam_(Dutch_colony)" title="Surinam (Dutch colony)">Surinam</a> and South Africa. </p><p>India's independence movement had strong roots in East India. The feudal land system, established through the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, was unpopular among the peasant cultivators and the numerous agricultural labourers found all over Bihar and Bengal (Khetmazdoors). The Indian Rebellion of 1857 started in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Eventually the British prevailed, and Calcutta remained capital of Britain's Asian dominions until 1911. During <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a>'s independence movement, the Bihari village of Champaran was an important supporter of non-violent resistance. Great poets of the stature of <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> championed the movement for self-rule. </p><p>The Partition also had its roots in undivided Eastern India. The <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> in 1906. In the 1937 provincial elections, it came to power in Bengal in alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Krishak_Praja_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishak Praja Party">Krishak Praja Party</a>. in 1944, it gained an absolute majority in the Bengal Assembly, and Hussein Suhrawardy became the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a>. After widespread communal violence during the <a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> protests in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>, leading to further communal violence across <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, the creation of Pakistan became inevitable. In 1947, further communal violence displaced millions as independence and <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> of British India occurred. Some Bihari and Bengali Muslims fled to the newly created <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a>. Most East Bengal Hindus fled to India. </p><p>The 1950s saw industrial progress in East India. These were cut short with the conflict in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> movement at home. In 1971, in the course of Bangladesh's independence struggle, millions of refugees poured into East India. <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> struggled with economic issues during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British rule</a> and in the beginning of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Republic of India">post independent India</a> due to rising naxalism frequent natutal calamities such as flood and cyclone. But in recent years, the state of Odisha have shown impressive growth record and developed steadily. The economic boom since 2005 started to spread new malls, highways, airports and IT office complexes, but not evenly across the region. Jharkhand became a separate state on 15 November 2000 from Bihar. In the modern times, these states have seen rapid transformation and home to several mineral and metal based industries,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Talcher_Super_Thermal_Power_Station" title="Talcher Super Thermal Power Station">coal based thermal powers units</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradip_Refinery" title="Paradip Refinery">oil refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradip_Port" title="Paradip Port">ports</a>, textile industries and well established <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Odisha" title="Education in Odisha">public and private educational institutes</a>. West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand rank 6th, 16th, 14th and 18th in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian states by GDP">List of Indian states by GDP</a>. <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> has shown consistent growth in the state GDP and received the recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Odisha" title="Economy of Odisha">fastest-growing economy</a> among the states in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puspagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Puspagiri">Puspagiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramshila" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikramshila">Vikramshila</a> universities were the famed institutions of higher learning in ancient India located in Eastern India. One of the first great universities in recorded history was the ancient <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University">Nalanda University</a> located in Bihar and another institute of higher learning was the ancient <a href="/wiki/Puspagiri_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Puspagiri University">Puspagiri University</a> recently discovered in Odisha. Education in the eastern part of India has seen rapid transformation. Several new educational institutes have been established to cater the needs of students. East India is now the home to some of the great Indian universities and Institutions of National Importance. Some prominent institutions of higher learning located in the states of Eastern India are listed below. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nalanda_Univercity.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nalanda_Univercity.JPG/220px-Nalanda_Univercity.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nalanda_Univercity.JPG/330px-Nalanda_Univercity.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Nalanda_Univercity.JPG/440px-Nalanda_Univercity.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Famed Buddhist Nalanda University & Monastery ruins in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratnagiri_Jajpur_district_Odisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ratnagiri_Jajpur_district_Odisha.jpg/220px-Ratnagiri_Jajpur_district_Odisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ratnagiri_Jajpur_district_Odisha.jpg/330px-Ratnagiri_Jajpur_district_Odisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ratnagiri_Jajpur_district_Odisha.jpg/440px-Ratnagiri_Jajpur_district_Odisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ratnagiri,_Odisha" title="Ratnagiri, Odisha">Ratnagiri, Odisha</a>, Part of <a href="/wiki/Puspagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Puspagiri">Puspagiri</a> University</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Udayagiri_WIKI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Udayagiri_WIKI.JPG/220px-Udayagiri_WIKI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Udayagiri_WIKI.JPG/330px-Udayagiri_WIKI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Udayagiri_WIKI.JPG/440px-Udayagiri_WIKI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Udayagiri,_Odisha" title="Udayagiri, Odisha">Udayagiri, Odisha</a>, Part of <a href="/wiki/Puspagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Puspagiri">Puspagiri</a> University</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bihar">Bihar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bihar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bihar" title="Education in Bihar">Education in Bihar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Software_Technology_Park_of_India,_Patna..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Software_Technology_Park_of_India%2C_Patna..jpg/220px-Software_Technology_Park_of_India%2C_Patna..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Software_Technology_Park_of_India%2C_Patna..jpg/330px-Software_Technology_Park_of_India%2C_Patna..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Software_Technology_Park_of_India%2C_Patna..jpg/440px-Software_Technology_Park_of_India%2C_Patna..jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Software Technology Park of India, IIT Patna</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Patna" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna">All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhatta_Knowledge_University" title="Aryabhatta Knowledge University">Aryabhatta Knowledge University</a>, Patna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur_College_of_Engineering" title="Bhagalpur College of Engineering">Bhagalpur College of Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology,_Patna" title="Birla Institute of Technology, Patna">Birla Institute of Technology, Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Plastics_Engineering_%26_Technology,_Hajipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur">Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya_National_Law_University" title="Chanakya National Law University">Chanakya National Law University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandragupt_Institute_of_Management" title="Chandragupt Institute of Management">Chandragupt Institute of Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Bodh_Gaya" title="Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya">Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Patna" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Patna">Indian Institute of Technology Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katihar_Engineering_College" title="Katihar Engineering College">Katihar Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Hotel_Management,_Hajipur" title="Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur">Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur_Institute_of_Technology" title="Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology">Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_University" title="Nalanda University">Nalanda University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology_Patna" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna">National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Pharmaceutical_Education_and_Research,_Hajipur" title="National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur">National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Patna" title="National Institute of Technology, Patna">National Institute of Technology, Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Patna Medical College and Hospital">Patna Medical College and Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_University" title="Patna University">Patna University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purnea_University" title="Purnea University">Purnea University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Vihar_Institute_of_Technology" title="Vidya Vihar Institute of Technology">Vidya Vihar Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purnia" title="Purnia">Purnia</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Bihar" title="List of institutions of higher education in Bihar">List of institutions of higher education in Bihar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jharkhand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jharkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Jharkhand">Education in Jharkhand</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Kabir_Polytechnic" title="Al Kabir Polytechnic">Al Kabir Polytechnic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Deoghar" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar">All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)</a>, Deoghar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binod_Bihari_Mahto_Koyalanchal_University" title="Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University">Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birla_Institute_of_Technology,_Mesra" title="Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra">Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birsa_Agricultural_University" title="Birsa Agricultural University">Birsa Agricultural University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birsa_Institute_of_Technology_Sindri" title="Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri">Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a>, AKA BIT Sindri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Jharkhand" title="Central University of Jharkhand">Central University of Jharkhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Ranchi" title="Indian Institute of Management Ranchi">Indian Institute of Management Ranchi</a>, AKA IIM Ranchi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_(Indian_School_of_Mines),_Dhanbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad">Indian Institute of Technology</a>, AKA IIT Dhanbad, formerly <a href="/wiki/Indian_School_of_Mines_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian School of Mines University">Indian School of Mines University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karim_City_College,_Jamshedpur" title="Karim City College, Jamshedpur">Karim City College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi_Memorial_Medical_College,_Jamshedpur" title="Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur">Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Jamshedpur" title="National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur">National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Foundry_and_Forge_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology">National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology, Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patliputra_Medical_College_and_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Patliputra Medical College and Hospital">Patliputra Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulo_Jhano_Murmu_Medical_College_and_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Phulo Jhano Murmu Medical College and Hospital">Phulo Jhano Murmu Medical College and Hospital</a>, Dumka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences">Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences</a> <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sido_Kanhu_Murmu_University" title="Sido Kanhu Murmu University">Sido Kanhu Murmu University</a> <a href="/wiki/Dumka" title="Dumka">Dumka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave_University" title="Vinoba Bhave University">Vinoba Bhave University</a> <a href="/wiki/Hazaribagh" title="Hazaribagh">Hazaribagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Institute_of_Social_Service" title="Xavier Institute of Social Service">Xavier Institute of Social Service (XISS)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XLRI_-_Xavier_School_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="XLRI - Xavier School of Management">XLRI - Xavier School of Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Jharkhand" title="List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand">List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odisha">Odisha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Odisha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Odisha" title="Education in Odisha">Education in Odisha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravenshaw_Convention_Centre,Ravenshaw_University,Cuttack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ravenshaw_Convention_Centre%2CRavenshaw_University%2CCuttack.jpg/220px-Ravenshaw_Convention_Centre%2CRavenshaw_University%2CCuttack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ravenshaw_Convention_Centre%2CRavenshaw_University%2CCuttack.jpg/330px-Ravenshaw_Convention_Centre%2CRavenshaw_University%2CCuttack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Ravenshaw_Convention_Centre%2CRavenshaw_University%2CCuttack.jpg/440px-Ravenshaw_Convention_Centre%2CRavenshaw_University%2CCuttack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption>Ravenshaw Convention Centre, <a href="/wiki/Ravenshaw_University" title="Ravenshaw University">Ravenshaw University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences,_Bhubaneswar" title="All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar">All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Air_Defence_College" title="Army Air Defence College">Army Air Defence College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopalpur,_Odisha" title="Gopalpur, Odisha">Gopalpur, Brahmapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampur_University" title="Berhampur University">Berhampur University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berhampur" title="Berhampur">Berhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biju_Patnaik_University_of_Technology" title="Biju Patnaik University of Technology">Biju Patnaik University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_University_of_Odisha" title="Central University of Odisha">Central University of Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koraput" title="Koraput">Koraput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centurion_University_of_Technology_and_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Centurion University of Technology and Management">Centurion University of Technology and Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering_and_Technology,_Bhubaneswar" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar">College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Tech_Medical_College_%26_Hospital,_Bhubaneswar" title="Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar">Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Mass_Communication" title="Indian Institute of Mass Communication">Indian Institute of Mass Communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhenkanal,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhenkanal, India">Dhenkanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Bhubaneswar" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar">Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Management" title="Indian Institutes of Management">Indian Institutes of Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Science_Education_and_Research" title="Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research">Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berhampur" title="Berhampur">Berhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Sum_Hospital" title="Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital">Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics,_Bhubaneswar" title="Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar">Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_of_Information_Technology,_Bhubaneswar" title="International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar">International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Institute_of_Industrial_Technology" title="Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology">Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology</a>, AKA KIIT University, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences">Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Fashion_Technology" title="National Institute of Fashion Technology">National Institute of Fashion Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Science and Technology">National Institute of Science and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berhampur" title="Berhampur">Berhampur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research" title="National Institute of Science Education and Research">National Institute of Science Education and Research</a>, Bhubaneswar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institutes of Technology">National Institutes of Technology</a>, Rourkela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Law_University_Odisha" title="National Law University Odisha">National Law University Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Orissa_University" class="mw-redirect" title="North Orissa University">North Orissa University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baripada" title="Baripada">Baripada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_University_of_Agriculture_and_Technology" title="Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology">Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandit_Raghunath_Murmu_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital">Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital</a> <a href="/wiki/Baripada" title="Baripada">Baripada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenshaw_University" title="Ravenshaw University">Ravenshaw University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Institute_of_Education" title="Regional Institute of Education">Regional Institute of Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpur_University" title="Sambalpur University">Sambalpur University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siksha_%27O%27_Anusandhan" title="Siksha 'O' Anusandhan">Siksha 'O' Anusandhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sri_University" title="Sri Sri University">Sri Sri University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srirama_Chandra_Bhanja_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital">Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_University" title="Utkal University">Utkal University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Surendra_Sai_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Research" title="Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research">Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burla,_India" title="Burla, India">Burla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Surendra_Sai_University_of_Technology" title="Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology">Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burla,_India" title="Burla, India">Burla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Institute_of_Management,_Bhubaneswar" title="Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar">Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_Odisha" title="List of institutions of higher education in Odisha">List of institutions of higher education in Odisha</a></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Bengal">West Bengal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: West Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_West_Bengal" title="Education in West Bengal">Education in West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mchbuilding.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mchbuilding.JPG/220px-Mchbuilding.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mchbuilding.JPG/330px-Mchbuilding.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Mchbuilding.JPG/440px-Mchbuilding.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Medical College and Hospital, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iimc_audi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Iimc_audi.jpg/220px-Iimc_audi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Iimc_audi.jpg/330px-Iimc_audi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Iimc_audi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Auditorium of <a href="/wiki/IIM_Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="IIM Calcutta">IIM Calcutta</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamas_University" title="Adamas University">Adamas University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliah_University" title="Aliah University">Aliah University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_University,_Kolkata" title="Amity University, Kolkata">Amity University, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol_Engineering_College" title="Asansol Engineering College">Asansol Engineering College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcutta_National_Medical_College" title="Calcutta National Medical College">Calcutta National Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Engineering_%26_Textile_Technology_Serampore" title="Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology Serampore">Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology Serampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_College_of_Engineering_%26_Textile_Technology,_Berhampore" title="Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore">Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia_Institute_of_Technology" title="Haldia Institute of Technology">Haldia Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Institute_of_Technology,_Kolkata" title="Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata">Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Foreign_Trade" title="Indian Institute of Foreign Trade">Indian Institute of Foreign Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Association_for_the_Cultivation_of_Science" title="Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science">Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Chemical_Biology" title="Indian Institute of Chemical Biology">Indian Institute of Chemical Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Engineering_Science_and_Technology,_Shibpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur">Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur</a>, formerly Bengal Engineering and Science University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Management_Calcutta" title="Indian Institute of Management Calcutta">Indian Institute of Management Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Kharagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur">Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Science_Education_and_Research" title="Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research">Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadavpur_University" title="Jadavpur University">Jadavpur University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_Government_Engineering_College" title="Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College">Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_University" title="JIS University">JIS University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Government_Engineering_College" title="Kalyani Government Engineering College">Kalyani Government Engineering College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_University" title="Kazi Nazrul University">Kazi Nazrul University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Abul_Kalam_Azad_University_of_Technology" title="Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology">Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_and_Hospital,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata">Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narula_Institute_of_Technology" title="Narula Institute of Technology">Narula Institute of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Durgapur" title="National Institute of Technology, Durgapur">National Institute of Technology, Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nil_Ratan_Sircar_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital">Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_University,_Kolkata" title="Presidency University, Kolkata">Presidency University, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Bharati_University" title="Rabindra Bharati University">Rabindra Bharati University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Bose_National_Centre_for_Basic_Sciences" title="S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences">S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saha_Institute_of_Nuclear_Physics" title="Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics">Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray_Film_and_Television_Institute" title="Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute">Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidho_Kanho_Birsha_University" title="Sidho Kanho Birsha University">Sidho Kanho Birsha University</a> <a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Burdwan" title="University of Burdwan">University of Burdwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Calcutta" title="University of Calcutta">University of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Engineering_%26_Management_(UEM),_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata">University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gour_Banga" title="University of Gour Banga">University of Gour Banga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kalyani" title="University of Kalyani">University of Kalyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Bengal" title="University of North Bengal">University of North Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyasagar_University" title="Vidyasagar University">Vidyasagar University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University" title="Visva-Bharati University">Visva-Bharati University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolpur" title="Bolpur">Bolpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_National_University_of_Juridical_Sciences" title="West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences">West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_institutions_of_higher_education_in_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal">List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Urban_areas">Urban areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Urban areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_Kolkata_City_of_Joy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Skyline_Kolkata_City_of_Joy.png/220px-Skyline_Kolkata_City_of_Joy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Skyline_Kolkata_City_of_Joy.png/330px-Skyline_Kolkata_City_of_Joy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Skyline_Kolkata_City_of_Joy.png/440px-Skyline_Kolkata_City_of_Joy.png 2x" data-file-width="1279" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Skyline in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There were many ancient cities established in Eastern India. Prominent among them were <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangarh" title="Bangarh">Bangarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamralipta" title="Tamralipta">Tamralipta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champapuri" title="Champapuri">Champapuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandraketugarh" title="Chandraketugarh">Chandraketugarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dantapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Dantapura">Dantapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Gauda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Katak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sisupalgarh" title="Sisupalgarh">Sisupalgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tosali" title="Tosali">Tosali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaugada" title="Jaugada">Jaugada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandua,_Malda" title="Pandua, Malda">Pandua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajapura" title="Rajapura">Rajapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asurgarh" title="Asurgarh">Asurgarh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishali_(ancient_city)" title="Vaishali (ancient city)">Vaishali</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Bengal_2">West Bengal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: West Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:22_Camac_St_Mall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/22_Camac_St_Mall.JPG/220px-22_Camac_St_Mall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/22_Camac_St_Mall.JPG/330px-22_Camac_St_Mall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/22_Camac_St_Mall.JPG/440px-22_Camac_St_Mall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camac_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Camac Street">Camac Street</a>, one of the CBD in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DLF_IT_Park_-_Rajarhat_2012-04-11_9380.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DLF_IT_Park_-_Rajarhat_2012-04-11_9380.JPG/220px-DLF_IT_Park_-_Rajarhat_2012-04-11_9380.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DLF_IT_Park_-_Rajarhat_2012-04-11_9380.JPG/330px-DLF_IT_Park_-_Rajarhat_2012-04-11_9380.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/DLF_IT_Park_-_Rajarhat_2012-04-11_9380.JPG/440px-DLF_IT_Park_-_Rajarhat_2012-04-11_9380.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata" title="New Town, Kolkata">New Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>'s capital <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> (formerly, known as <i>Calcutta</i>), the capital of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> until 1911, is the biggest metropolis and economically dominant city of the region and third largest in India and one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. It is also the main centre of commerce or the commercial capital of Eastern and North-Eastern India. Kolkata is very fast transforming itself to become city equipped with every facilities for IT and ITES and also financial outsourcing hub and its satellites <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Kolkata">Salt Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata" title="New Town, Kolkata">Rajarhat-New Town</a> are taken the burdens of India's IT and financial boom. There are many <a href="/wiki/Satellite_town" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite town">Satellite town</a> also situated in Kolkata, some of them are <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Lake City, Kolkata">Salt Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Kolkata" title="New Town, Kolkata">Rajarhat-New Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_West_International_City" title="Kolkata West International City">Kolkata West International City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalyani,_West_Bengal" title="Kalyani, West Bengal">Kalyani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Riverside" title="Calcutta Riverside">Calcutta Riverside</a>. It is also known as <b>City Of Joy</b>. However, the mid-sized cities of <a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durgapur,_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Durgapur, West Bengal">Durgapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> are rapidly growing urban areas. <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> is the highest contributor of GDP among all other eastern state for <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and it is also one of the fastest-growing states in India. </p><p>West Bengal is the hub of industry and economic activities in Eastern India and it is also the home to the tallest skylines located in this region and are also one of the tallest buildings in the country. It is also the home of history of rising India. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Howrah_Bridge,_Kolkota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Howrah_Bridge%2C_Kolkota.jpg/220px-Howrah_Bridge%2C_Kolkota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Howrah_Bridge%2C_Kolkota.jpg/330px-Howrah_Bridge%2C_Kolkota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Howrah_Bridge%2C_Kolkota.jpg/440px-Howrah_Bridge%2C_Kolkota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Howrah_Bridge" title="Howrah Bridge">Howrah Bridge</a> links Kolkata to Western bank of <a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganges</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata metropolitan area">Kolkata metropolitan area</a> is spread over 1,886.67 km<sup>2</sup> (728.45 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-kmdaanreport2011kma_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kmdaanreport2011kma-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> and comprises 3 municipal corporations (including Kolkata Municipal Corporation), 39 <a href="/wiki/Neighbourhoods_in_Kolkata" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighbourhoods in Kolkata">local municipalities</a> and 24 <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_samiti" title="Panchayat samiti">panchayat samitis</a>, as of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-kmdaanreport2011kma_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kmdaanreport2011kma-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> The urban agglomeration encompassed 72 cities and 527 towns and villages, as of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Metropolis_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metropolis-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suburban areas in the Kolkata metropolitan area incorporate parts of the following districts: <a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas_district" class="mw-redirect" title="South 24 Parganas district">South 24 Parganas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urbanprice_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanprice-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> Kolkata, which is under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kolkata Municipal Corporation">Kolkata Municipal Corporation</a> (KMC), has an area of 185 km<sup>2</sup> (71 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Metropolis_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Metropolis-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The east–west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Metropolitan_Bypass" title="Eastern Metropolitan Bypass">Eastern Metropolitan Bypass</a> in the east—a span of 9–10 km (5.6–6.2 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The north–south distance is greater, and its axis is used to section the city into North, Central and South Kolkata. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_(24455076008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg/220px-Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg/330px-Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg/440px-Birla_Planetarium_Kolkata_%2824455076008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Kolkata" title="List of tallest buildings in Kolkata">Kolkata skyline</a> in 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PrincepGhat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PrincepGhat.jpg/220px-PrincepGhat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PrincepGhat.jpg/330px-PrincepGhat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/PrincepGhat.jpg/440px-PrincepGhat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4223" data-file-height="2826" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vidyasagar_Setu" title="Vidyasagar Setu">Vidyasagar Setu</a> over <a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>North Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as <a href="/wiki/Jorasanko" title="Jorasanko">Jorasanko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maniktala" title="Maniktala">Maniktala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultadanga" title="Ultadanga">Ultadanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shyambazar" title="Shyambazar">Shyambazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shobhabazar" title="Shobhabazar">Shobhabazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagbazar" title="Bagbazar">Bagbazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cossipore" title="Cossipore">Cossipore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinthee" title="Sinthee">Sinthee</a> etc. The north suburban areas like <a href="/wiki/Dum_Dum" title="Dum Dum">Dum Dum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baranagar" title="Baranagar">Baranagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgharia" title="Belgharia">Belgharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodepur" title="Sodepur">Sodepur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khardaha" title="Khardaha">Khardaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Barrackpore" title="New Barrackpore">New Barrackpore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhyamgram" title="Madhyamgram">Madhyamgram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrackpore" title="Barrackpore">Barrackpore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a> etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).<sup id="cite_ref-urbanprice3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urbanprice3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65–66">: 65–66 </span></sup> </p><p>Central Kolkata hosts the central business district. It contains <a href="/wiki/B.B.D._Bagh" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B.D. Bagh">B.B.D. Bagh</a>, formerly known as Dalhousie Square and the <a href="/wiki/Esplanade,_Kolkata" title="Esplanade, Kolkata">Esplanade</a> on its east; <a href="/wiki/Strand_Road,_Kolkata" title="Strand Road, Kolkata">Strand Road</a> is on its west.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Writers%27_Building" title="Writers' Building">West Bengal Secretariat</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office,_Kolkata" title="General Post Office, Kolkata">General Post Office</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_High_Court" title="Calcutta High Court">Calcutta High Court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalbazar" title="Lalbazar">Lalbazar Police Headquarters</a> and several other government and private offices are located there. Another business hub is the area south of <a href="/wiki/Park_Street,_Kolkata" title="Park Street, Kolkata">Park Street</a>, which comprises thoroughfares such as <a href="/wiki/Chowringhee_Road" title="Chowringhee Road">Chowringhee Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camac_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Camac Street">Camac Street</a>, Wood Street, Loudon Street, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Sarani" title="Shakespeare Sarani">Shakespeare Sarani</a>, <a href="/wiki/AJC_Bose_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="AJC Bose Road">AJC Bose Road</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Maidan</a> is a large open field in the heart of the city that has been called the "lungs of Kolkata"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accommodates sporting events and public meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memorial (India)">Victoria Memorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Race_Course" title="Kolkata Race Course">Kolkata Race Course</a> are located at the southern end of the Maidan. Among the other parks are <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_(Kolkata)" title="Central Park (Kolkata)">Central Park</a> in Bidhannagar and <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Park_(Kolkata)" title="Millennium Park (Kolkata)">Millennium Park</a> on Strand Road, along the Hooghly River. </p><p>South Kolkata includes many posh neighbourhoods such as <a href="/wiki/Bhawanipore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhawanipore">Bhawanipore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballygunge" title="Ballygunge">Ballygunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasba,_Kolkata" title="Kasba, Kolkata">Kasba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhakuria" title="Dhakuria">Dhakuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santoshpur,_Kolkata" title="Santoshpur, Kolkata">Santoshpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garia" title="Garia">Garia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tollygunge" title="Tollygunge">Tollygunge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behala" title="Behala">Behala</a> etc. The south suburban areas like <a href="/wiki/Maheshtala" title="Maheshtala">Maheshtala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budge_Budge" title="Budge Budge">Budge Budge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajpur_Sonarpur" title="Rajpur Sonarpur">Rajpur Sonarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baruipur" title="Baruipur">Baruipur</a> etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a> is the district headquarters of Paschim Bardhaman District in West Bengal. It is the second largest city in West Bengal after Kolkata and the 39th largest urban agglomeration in India. According to a 2010 report prepared by the International Institute for Environment and Development, a UK-based policy research non-governmental think tank, Asansol is ranked 11th among Indian cities. and 42nd in the world in its list of 100 fastest-growing cities. As per the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission, Asansol has been listed as a Y-category city for calculation of HRA (House Rent Allowance) for public servants. It is one of the three non-Z category cities in West Bengal apart from Kolkata, which belong to the X category making it a tier-II city. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCPI_Factory_Haldia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MCPI_Factory_Haldia.jpg/282px-MCPI_Factory_Haldia.jpg" decoding="async" width="282" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MCPI_Factory_Haldia.jpg/423px-MCPI_Factory_Haldia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/MCPI_Factory_Haldia.jpg/564px-MCPI_Factory_Haldia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>MCPI plant in <a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a> is by far the most industrialised city in Eastern India and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_planned_cities#India" title="List of planned cities">second planned city in India</a>. It started with the first prime minister of independent India, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>. His dream of transforming the backward agricultural country into an industrially advanced nation was picked up in West Bengal by then Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a>. At the earlier stages for the selection of a proper site for a new industrial township. Modernist American architect <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Allen_Stein" title="Joseph Allen Stein">Joseph Allen Stein</a>, invited to head the newly formed Department of Architecture and Planning at the Bengal Engineering College in Calcutta, plunged into a major project as soon as he reached India in 1952 – the designing of Durgapur city with Benjamin Polk, another American architect already living in Calcutta. Thereafter it was the task of local leaders such as Ananda Gopal Mukherjee and bureaucrats such as K.K. Sen to get Durgapur going. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bihar_2">Bihar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bihar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bihar has <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darbhanga" title="Darbhanga">Darbhanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarpur" title="Muzaffarpur">Muzaffarpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katihar" title="Katihar">Katihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purnia" title="Purnia">Purnia</a> as important urban areas. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, its most populous city and the second most populous city in Eastern India. It is the administrative, industrial and educational centre of the state. Patna is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha Empire</a> under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta and Pala. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> was a seat of learning and fine arts. </p><p>The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 km long and 16 km to 18 km wide. It is the second largest city of Eastern India. </p><p>In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna second in India (after <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>) for ease of starting a business. As of 2004–2005, Patna had the highest per capita gross district domestic product in Bihar, at <span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span> 63,063.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using fi gures for assumed average annual growth, Patna is the 21st fastest-growing city in the world and 5th fastest-growing city in India by the City Mayors' Foundation. Patna registered an average annual growth of 3.72% during 2006–2010. The city is also home to many tutorials and coaching institutes who prepare students for various entrance exams. IIT NIT NIFT AIIMS and other leading educational institutions are running successfully in Patna. City is also developing excellent road infrastructure to boom its economy. <a href="/wiki/Loknayak_Ganga_Path" title="Loknayak Ganga Path">Ganga expressway</a> and elevated corridors are under some of the ongoing projects in the city. A world class museum is also on its way to completion. The old museum of the city will be replaced by one of the biggest mall in east India. <a href="/wiki/Patna_Metro" title="Patna Metro">Patna Metro</a> rail corporations is also going to start soon by 2021. It would be the second metro railway in Eastern India after Kolkata and the third in North India after Delhi and Lucknow. </p><p>IT parks are also developing in and around the city. </p><p>Patna recorded a per capita of Rs 63,063. The per capita level for 2007 was higher than <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>, which are both leading centres for global software development. </p><p>The Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain pilgrim centres of Vaishali, Rajgir, Nalanda, Gaya, Bodhgaya, and Pawapuri are nearby and Patna is also a sacred city for Sikhs as the last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, was born here. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odisha_2">Odisha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Odisha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Lagoon_Bhubaneswar_underconstruction.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Lagoon_Bhubaneswar_underconstruction.JPG/220px-Royal_Lagoon_Bhubaneswar_underconstruction.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Lagoon_Bhubaneswar_underconstruction.JPG/330px-Royal_Lagoon_Bhubaneswar_underconstruction.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Lagoon_Bhubaneswar_underconstruction.JPG/440px-Royal_Lagoon_Bhubaneswar_underconstruction.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Skyscrapers in Bhubaneswar city</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puri_beach_scene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Puri_beach_scene.png/220px-Puri_beach_scene.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Puri_beach_scene.png 1.5x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>Puri sea beach</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a> is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. Other Important Cities are <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmapur,_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmapur, Odisha">Brahmapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradeep" title="Paradeep">Paradeep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jajpur" title="Jajpur">Jajpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhadrak" title="Bhadrak">Bhadrak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>. The Capital city has a long history of over 2000 years starting with Chedi dynasty (around the 2nd century BCE) who had <a href="/wiki/Sisupalgarh" title="Sisupalgarh">Sisupalgarh</a> near present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital. Historically, Bhubaneswar has been known by different names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga, <a href="/wiki/Ekamra_Kanan" title="Ekamra Kanan">Ekamra Kanan</a>, Ekamra Kshetra and Mandira Malini Nagari (city of temples) or the temple city of India. The largest city of Odisha, Bhubaneswar today is a center of economic and religious importance in the region. With the <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberalisation">economic liberalisation</a> policy adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> in the '90s, Bhubaneswar received large investments in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Technology">IT</a> and higher education, particularly in science and engineering. The city is home to around 60 engineering colleges (as of 2009)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the number is growing every year. The city is also home to many tutorials and coaching institutes who prepare students for various entrance exams. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROURKELA_STEEL_PLANT.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROURKELA_STEEL_PLANT.JPG/170px-ROURKELA_STEEL_PLANT.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROURKELA_STEEL_PLANT.JPG/255px-ROURKELA_STEEL_PLANT.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ROURKELA_STEEL_PLANT.JPG/340px-ROURKELA_STEEL_PLANT.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Rourkela Steel Plant</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhubaneswar_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bhubaneswar_skyline.jpg/220px-Bhubaneswar_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bhubaneswar_skyline.jpg/330px-Bhubaneswar_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bhubaneswar_skyline.jpg/440px-Bhubaneswar_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bhubaneswar skyline</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Estate">Real Estate</a> have also emerged as big players. Recent times have seen large scale retail chains such as Reliance, Vishal MegaMart, Big Bazaar, Pantaloon, Pal Heights, Indulge, New Leaf, Habib's, had opened outlets in Bhubaneswar. Large corporations like <a href="/wiki/DLF_Universal" class="mw-redirect" title="DLF Universal">DLF Universal</a> and Reliance Industries have entered the real estate market in the city. DLF Limited is developing an Infopark spread over an area of 54 acres (220,000 m<sup>2</sup>) in the city. Expanding its business portfolio, the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>-based Saraf Group, promoters of Forum Mart shopping malls is constructing another Shopping mall named Forum Lifestyle mall a 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m<sup>2</sup>) lifestyle mall in Bhubaneswar with 1,200 car parks. The rich minerals resources of Odisha have been the backbone of the economy dominated by Government. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and private organisations like Jindal, Vedanta and TATAS. Despite this rapid growth, an ample number of the populace live in slums. Migration from rural areas, especially from the northern districts of <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, has led to the growth of slums which are a major challenge to the city's growth. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rourkela_at_night_seen_from_Vaishno_Devi_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rourkela_at_night_seen_from_Vaishno_Devi_Temple.jpg/220px-Rourkela_at_night_seen_from_Vaishno_Devi_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rourkela_at_night_seen_from_Vaishno_Devi_Temple.jpg/330px-Rourkela_at_night_seen_from_Vaishno_Devi_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rourkela_at_night_seen_from_Vaishno_Devi_Temple.jpg/440px-Rourkela_at_night_seen_from_Vaishno_Devi_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Rourkela at night</figcaption></figure> <p>The Government has fostered growth in this sphere by the development of IT Parks such as Infocity 1 and the new Infocity 2. The Info City was conceived as a five star park, under the Export Promotion Industrial Parks (EPIP) Scheme to create high quality infrastructure facilities for setting up Information Technology related industries. <a href="/wiki/Infosys" title="Infosys">Infosys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyam_Computer_Services_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Satyam Computer Services Ltd.">Satyam Computer Services Ltd.</a> have been present in Bhubaneswar since 1996–97. Its current head count stands at around 5000. The first part of the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Consultancy_Services" title="Tata Consultancy Services">TCS</a> centre is ready and has a capacity to accommodate nearly 1,200 professionals but the software major has only 250 employees at present. The Finland telecommunication company, Nethawk, has its India R&D center at Bhubaneswar. The Canadian giant, Gennum Corporation has its India development centre at Bhubaneswar. The auditors Price water house Coopers Pvt. Ltd. also has a center in Bhubaneswar. The private STP is located at Infocity in Chandaka, Bhubaneswar with a view to provide incubation and infrastructure facilities to new and young entrepreneurs in the MSME sector, The intelligent building of the JSS STP is spread in a sprawling 3-acre (12,000 m<sup>2</sup>) campus and houses state-of-art technology to fulfil the growing demands of highly competent IT professionals. </p><p>The Eastern India, particularly Odisha and Jharkhand, have rich mineral resources which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Economic_boom" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic boom">economic boom</a> in these two states. Several mineral based industries have been established in many cities of Odisha and Jharkhand namely <a href="/wiki/Kalinganagar" title="Kalinganagar">Kalinganagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angul" title="Angul">Angul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradeep" title="Paradeep">Paradeep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talcher" title="Talcher">Talcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damanjodi" title="Damanjodi">Damanjodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joda" title="Joda">Joda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbil" title="Barbil">Barbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choudwar" title="Choudwar">Choudwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharsuguda" title="Jharsuguda">Jharsuguda</a> <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_City" title="Bokaro Steel City">Bokaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanbad" title="Dhanbad">Dhanbad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> is the dominant language of West Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-dominantlanguages_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominantlanguages-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Magahi">Magahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> are the dominant languages of Bihar.<sup id="cite_ref-dominantlanguages_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominantlanguages-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Nagpuri</a> are the dominant language of Jharkhand; however, some tribals speak their own tribal languages. Jharkhand has accorded second language status to <a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Magahi">Magahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadani">Nagpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NCLM52nd_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCLM52nd-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> is the dominant language of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. Odia is the only major classical language in east India and sixth Indian language to be considered as a classical language in the basis of being old and not borrowed from other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Hindu_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rediff_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rediff-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Yahoo_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yahoo-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-orissareview_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orissareview-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 429.58853867536px; border-left-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Brown"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Brown"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 242.28205332441px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 119.95559711642px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 63.90349585134px; border-left-color:LightBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:LightBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:96.811267129734px 25.051518052512px 0 0; border-top-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 141.15146897941px 100px 0; border-right-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Languages of East India (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-langcensus2011_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langcensus2011-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Orange; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (40.19%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> (30.78%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:LightBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> (13.08%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> (4.89%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (4.83%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Brown; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a> (2.59%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;"> </span> Others (3.64%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>According to Indian National Mission for Manuscripts, after Sanskrit, Odia has the second-highest number of manuscripts. As per records there are around 2.13 lakhs ancient manuscript in Odia. In the list Bengali is in 9th position with 15412 ancient manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> spoken in this region descend from the <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi Prakrit</a>, which was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Magadha. Odia emerged as a distinct language from Odra <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> while <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> emerged around the 9th century CE. </p><p>Many of the minority Tribal languages of East India belong to the <a href="/wiki/Munda_languages" title="Munda languages">Munda</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic language family</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian language family</a>. Major representatives of Autro-Asiatic language include the <a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a>. Dravidian languages include <a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pengo_language" title="Pengo language">Pengo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/East_India" title="Special:EditPage/East India">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>About 80% of the population of East India is <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> with significant <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> and tribal minorities. The Muslims constitute a very large minority in West Bengal with 27% of the population and 17% in Bihar. Hindus form 94% of total population of Odisha. Christians are the largest minority in Odisha with 3% of the state population </p><p><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> are particularly popular <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> deities in this region. <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> are patron deities of Bengal and Mithila whereas <a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> is patron <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">god</a> among <a href="/wiki/Odia_people" title="Odia people">Odia people</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a> are most revered in Bihar. <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> is popular in all areas of eastern states. </p><p>Among tribals of the region <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the dominant religion. Some tribals also follow their indigenous religions (Sarana). There are several places of pilgrimage for <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> in Odisha is one of the four holy City/Dham of Hindu religion and particularly known for <a href="/wiki/Rath_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rath Yatra">Rath Yatra</a> festival. <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a> is considered to be the "City of Temples". <a href="/wiki/Konark" title="Konark">Konark</a> houses an old <a href="/wiki/Sun_temple" title="Sun temple">sun temple</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Sharif" title="Bihar Sharif">Bihar Sharif</a> is an important pilgrimage centre for <a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">some Muslims</a> nearby and from other places. </p><p>In Bihar Village Harinagar Bajrang Bali temple is famous for Hindu people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple" title="Dakshineswar Kali Temple">Dakshineswar Kali Temple</a> is a historical <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat Kali Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> is the most important of all <a href="/wiki/Shakti_Peethas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti Peethas">Shakti Peethas</a> in India. <a href="/wiki/Belur_Math" title="Belur Math">Belur Math</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> is the headquarters of the Ramkrishna Mission founded by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>. </p><p>In Bihar, <a href="/wiki/Gaya,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaya, India">Gaya</a> is known for temple for salvation of ancestors. Other places are Sultanganj in <a href="/wiki/Bhagalpur" title="Bhagalpur">Bhagalpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaidyanath_Jyotirlinga" title="Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga">Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deoghar" title="Deoghar">Deoghar</a>, Jharkhand. <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> is the city sacred to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. There are also other cities sacred to <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and Jharkhand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teestavalley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Teestavalley.jpg/220px-Teestavalley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Teestavalley.jpg/330px-Teestavalley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Teestavalley.jpg/440px-Teestavalley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_highways_of_India" title="National highways of India">National Highway</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Highways_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Highways in India">31A</a> winds along the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> Himalayan hill region in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puri-rath-yatra-24609313.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Puri-rath-yatra-24609313.jpg/220px-Puri-rath-yatra-24609313.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Puri-rath-yatra-24609313.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Puri rath yatra, Odisha</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JanakpurChhathParvaFestival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/JanakpurChhathParvaFestival.jpg/220px-JanakpurChhathParvaFestival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/JanakpurChhathParvaFestival.jpg/330px-JanakpurChhathParvaFestival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/JanakpurChhathParvaFestival.jpg/440px-JanakpurChhathParvaFestival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Chhath Puja</figcaption></figure> <p>The region lies in the humid-subtropical zone, and experiences hot summers from March to June, the monsoon from July to October and mild winters from November to February. The interior states have a drier climate and slightly more extreme climate, especially during the winters and summers, but the whole region receives heavy, sustained rainfall during the monsoon months. Snowfall occurs in the extreme northern regions of West Bengal and <a href="/wiki/Daringbadi" title="Daringbadi">Daringbadi</a> in Odisha </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg/150px-Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg/225px-Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg/300px-Rabindranath_Tagore_in_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> is Asia's first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> and composer of <a href="/wiki/Jana_Gana_Mana" title="Jana Gana Mana">India's national anthem</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/150px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/225px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg/300px-Swami_Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> was a key figure in introducing <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> in Europe and USA,<sup id="cite_ref-Feuerstein_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feuerstein-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raising interfaith awareness and making <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> a world religion.<sup id="cite_ref-clarke_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clarke-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Bengali food has inherited a large number of influences, both foreign and pan-Indian, arising from a historical and strong trade links with many parts of the world. Bengal fell under the sway of various Turkic rulers from the early thirteenth century onwards, and was then governed by the British for two centuries (1757–1947). </p><p><b>Odisha</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia cuisine</a> refers to the cooking of the eastern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>. Foods from this area are rich and varied, while relying heavily on local ingredients. The flavours are usually subtle and delicately spiced, quite unlike the fiery curries typically associated with Indian cuisine. Fish and other seafood such as crab and shrimp are popular.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Chicken and mutton are also consumed, but somewhat occasionally. Only 6% of the population of Odisha is <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetarian">vegetarian</a>, and this is reflected in its cuisine. The oil base used is mostly <a href="/wiki/Mustard_oil" title="Mustard oil">mustard oil</a>, but in festivals <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> is used. <i><a href="/wiki/Panch_phutana" class="mw-redirect" title="Panch phutana">Panch phutana</a></i>, a mix of cumin, mustard, fennel, fenugreek and kalonji (nigella) is widely used for tempering vegetables and dals, while <i><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">garam masala</a></i> (curry powder) and <i>haladi</i> (turmeric) are commonly used for non-vegetarian curries. <a href="/wiki/Pakhala" title="Pakhala">Pakhala</a>, a dish made of rice, water, and yogurt, that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer, particularly in the rural areas. Oriyas are very fond of sweets and no Oriya repast is considered complete without some dessert at the end. Festivals and fasts witness a cuisine without onion and garlic, whereas other days witness an aroma of garlic and onion paste in curries. One can find restaurants serving food without onion and garlic in major places like <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a> and other coastal area, which is run by Brahmin owners. </p><p>Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries if not millennia. The kitchen of the <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple_(Puri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath Temple (Puri)">Jagannath temple</a> in Puri is reputed to be the largest in the world, with a thousand cooks, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths called <i>chulas</i>, to feed over 10,000 people every day. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Macher_Jhol.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A traditional Bengali fish meal – Rice with Macher Jhol (Literally translated to "Fish's gravy")"><img alt="A traditional Bengali fish meal – Rice with Macher Jhol (Literally translated to "Fish's gravy")" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Macher_Jhol.JPG/120px-Macher_Jhol.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Macher_Jhol.JPG/180px-Macher_Jhol.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Macher_Jhol.JPG/240px-Macher_Jhol.JPG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A traditional Bengali fish meal – Rice with Macher Jhol (Literally translated to "Fish's gravy")</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Jackfruit_%26_Potato_Curry_-_Kolkata_2011-02-11_1000.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Green jackfruit and potato curry, Kolkata"><img alt="Green jackfruit and potato curry, Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Green_Jackfruit_%26_Potato_Curry_-_Kolkata_2011-02-11_1000.JPG/120px-Green_Jackfruit_%26_Potato_Curry_-_Kolkata_2011-02-11_1000.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Green_Jackfruit_%26_Potato_Curry_-_Kolkata_2011-02-11_1000.JPG/180px-Green_Jackfruit_%26_Potato_Curry_-_Kolkata_2011-02-11_1000.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Green_Jackfruit_%26_Potato_Curry_-_Kolkata_2011-02-11_1000.JPG/240px-Green_Jackfruit_%26_Potato_Curry_-_Kolkata_2011-02-11_1000.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Green jackfruit and potato curry, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bengali_orange_rasgulla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kamalabhog Roshogolla from West Bengal"><img alt="Kamalabhog Roshogolla from West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bengali_orange_rasgulla.jpg/120px-Bengali_orange_rasgulla.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bengali_orange_rasgulla.jpg/180px-Bengali_orange_rasgulla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bengali_orange_rasgulla.jpg/240px-Bengali_orange_rasgulla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="1913" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i><a href="/wiki/Kamalabhog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamalabhog">Kamalabhog</a></i> Roshogolla from West Bengal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikalkar_rasagola.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Bikali Kar Rasagola from Odisha"><img alt="Bikali Kar Rasagola from Odisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bikalkar_rasagola.gif/105px-Bikalkar_rasagola.gif" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bikalkar_rasagola.gif/157px-Bikalkar_rasagola.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Bikalkar_rasagola.gif 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Bikalananda_Kar" title="Bikalananda Kar">Bikali Kar</a> Rasagola from Odisha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenapoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chhena Poda from Odisha"><img alt="Chhena Poda from Odisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chenapoda.jpg/120px-Chenapoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chenapoda.jpg/180px-Chenapoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chenapoda.jpg/240px-Chenapoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="809" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chhena_Poda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhena Poda">Chhena Poda</a> from Odisha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rasmalai_Secretlondon_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rasmalai, a sweet dish popular in Odisha and West Bengal"><img alt="Rasmalai, a sweet dish popular in Odisha and West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rasmalai_Secretlondon_09.jpg/120px-Rasmalai_Secretlondon_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rasmalai_Secretlondon_09.jpg/180px-Rasmalai_Secretlondon_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rasmalai_Secretlondon_09.jpg/240px-Rasmalai_Secretlondon_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1868" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rasmalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasmalai">Rasmalai</a>, a sweet dish popular in Odisha and West Bengal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chenagaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chhena Gaja from Odisha"><img alt="Chhena Gaja from Odisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chenagaja.jpg/120px-Chenagaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chenagaja.jpg/180px-Chenagaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Chenagaja.jpg/240px-Chenagaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chhena_Gaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhena Gaja">Chhena Gaja</a> from Odisha</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baleswari_khaja_pheni_Oriya_cuisine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khaja, a sweet dish popular in Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal"><img alt="Khaja, a sweet dish popular in Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Baleswari_khaja_pheni_Oriya_cuisine.jpg/120px-Baleswari_khaja_pheni_Oriya_cuisine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Baleswari_khaja_pheni_Oriya_cuisine.jpg/180px-Baleswari_khaja_pheni_Oriya_cuisine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Baleswari_khaja_pheni_Oriya_cuisine.jpg/240px-Baleswari_khaja_pheni_Oriya_cuisine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Khaja" title="Khaja">Khaja</a>, a sweet dish popular in Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrakanti.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chandrakanti sweet from Odisha"><img alt="Chandrakanti sweet from Odisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chandrakanti.jpg/120px-Chandrakanti.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chandrakanti.jpg/180px-Chandrakanti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chandrakanti.jpg/240px-Chandrakanti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Chandrakanti" title="Chandrakanti">Chandrakanti</a> sweet from Odisha</div> </li> </ul> <p><b>Bihar</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari cuisine</a> is eaten mainly in <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, as well as regions where Bihari people have settled namely, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, some cities of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> and the Caribbean. Bihari cuisine includes <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_cuisine" title="Bhojpuri cuisine">Bhojpuri cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithil_cuisine" title="Maithil cuisine">Maithil cuisine</a> and Magahi cuisine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odissi_Performance_DS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Odissi_Performance_DS.jpg/170px-Odissi_Performance_DS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Odissi_Performance_DS.jpg/255px-Odissi_Performance_DS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Odissi_Performance_DS.jpg/340px-Odissi_Performance_DS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Performing Odissi, a classical dance from Odisha</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG/220px-Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG/330px-Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG/440px-Dance_with_Rabindra_Sangeet_-_Kolkata_2011-11-05_6669.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Dance accompanied by Rabindra Sangeet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambalpuri_Dance.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sambalpuri_Dance.JPG/220px-Sambalpuri_Dance.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sambalpuri_Dance.JPG/330px-Sambalpuri_Dance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Sambalpuri_Dance.JPG/440px-Sambalpuri_Dance.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Sambalpuri Dance</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG/220px-Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG/330px-Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG/440px-Mahisasuramardini_-_Chhau_Dance_-_Kolkata_2016-03-29_3278.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau Dance</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Odissi_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Odissi dance">Odissi</a> (Odissi) is a classical dance in Eastern India. It originates from the state of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, in Eastern India. It is the oldest surviving dance form of India on the basis of archaeological evidences.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odissi has a long, unbroken tradition of 2,000 years and finds mention in the <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyashastra</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharatamuni</a>, possibly written circa 200 BCE. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahari_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahari Dance">Mahari Dance</a> is one of the important dance forms of Odisha and originated in the temples of Odisha. History of Odisha provides evidence of the 'Devadasi' cult in Odisha. Devadasis were dancing girls who were dedicated to the temples of Odisha. The Devadasis in Odisha were known as 'Maharis' and the dance performed by them came to be known as Mahari Dance. <a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">Gotipua</a> dance is another form of dance in Odisha. In Oriya colloquial language Gotipua means single boy. The dance performance done by a single boy is known as Gotipua dance. </p><p>There are many folk dances in east India, with the best-known being <a href="/wiki/Jhijhiya" title="Jhijhiya">Jhijhiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhumair" title="Jhumair">Jhumair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domkach" title="Domkach">Domkach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghumura_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghumura Dance">Ghumura Dance</a>, Sambalpuri and <a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Jhijhiya" title="Jhijhiya">Jhijhiya</a></b> is a cultural dance from the <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jhijhiya is mostly performed at time of <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Dusshera</a>, in dedication to Durga <a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a>, the goddess of victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumari1999_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumari1999-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While performing jhijhiya, women put lanterns made of clay on their head and they balance it while they dance.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Jhumair" title="Jhumair">Jhumair</a></b> is a folk dance in <a href="/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" title="Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a> region of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal. It is performed during harvest season and festivals accompanied by musical instrument such as <a href="/wiki/Madal" title="Madal">Madal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">Dhol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naqareh" title="Naqareh">Nagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shehnai" title="Shehnai">Shehnai</a>. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Domkach" title="Domkach">Domkach</a></b> is folk dance in the state of Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. It performed during marriage in the house of Bride and groom. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></b> is a form of tribal martial dance popular in the Indian states of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. There are three regional variations of the dance. Seraikella Chau was developed in <a href="/wiki/Seraikella" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraikella">Seraikella</a>, the administrative head of the <a href="/wiki/Seraikela_Kharsawan" class="mw-redirect" title="Seraikela Kharsawan">Seraikela Kharsawan</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a>; Purulia Chau in <a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia district</a> of West Bengal; and Mayurbhanj Chau in <a href="/wiki/Mayurbhanj_district" title="Mayurbhanj district">Mayurbhanj district</a> of Odisha. </p><p><b> <a href="/wiki/Ghumura_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghumura Dance">Ghumura Dance</a></b> Archaeological evidence shows<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cave paintings from the pre-historic period discovered by Gudahandi of <a href="/wiki/Kalahandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahandi">Kalahandi</a> and Yogi Matha of <a href="/wiki/Nuapada_district" title="Nuapada district">Nuapada district</a> that represent the Ghumura and Damru, among other instruments. These paintings date to as early as 8000 BCE and from such painting the antiquity of musical instrument Ghumura and Damru can be imagined. The origin of Ghumura goes back to ancient times. There is a waterfall in the river valley of Indravati which was initially recognised by Chindak Naagas of Chakrakot.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many believe that Ghumura dance originated from this river valley and gradually spread into the areas between Indravati and Mahanadi, indicating this dance form belongs to the 10th century CE. </p><p>Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as from the broader Indian dance tradition. Dance forms of Bihar are another expression of rich traditions and ethnic identity. There are several folk dance forms that can keep one enthralled, such as dhobi nach, jhumarnach, manjhi, gondnach, jitiyanach, more morni, dom-domin, bhuiababa, rah baba, kathghorwa nach, jat jatin, launda nach, bamar nach, jharni, jhijhia, natua nach, bidapad nach, sohrai nach and gond nach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabindranath_Tagore_Ra-Tha_seal_initials.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rabindranath_Tagore_Ra-Tha_seal_initials.jpg/170px-Rabindranath_Tagore_Ra-Tha_seal_initials.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Rabindranath_Tagore_Ra-Tha_seal_initials.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="381" /></a><figcaption>Black-and-white close-up photograph of a piece of wood boldly painted in unmixed solid strokes of black and white in a stylised semblance to "ro" and "tho" from the Bengali syllabary.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bengal" title="Category:Bengal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#eee;border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bengal" title="Culture of Bengal">Culture of Bengal</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/220px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/330px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg/440px-Royal_Peacock_Barge_LACMA_M.82.154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1354" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">People</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangal" title="Bangal">Bangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindus" title="Bengali Hindus">Bengali Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Buddhists" title="Bengali Buddhists">Bengali Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Christians" title="Bengali Christians">Bengali Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadralok" title="Bhadralok">Bhadralok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhakaiyas" title="Dhakaiyas">Dhakaiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoti people">Ghoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahimal" title="Mahimal">Mahimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylhetis" title="Sylhetis">Sylhetis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengalis" title="List of Bengalis">List of Bengalis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Languages</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_alphabet" title="Bengali alphabet">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_vocabulary" title="Bengali vocabulary"> Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Language Movement">Bengali Language Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Barak_Valley)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)">Bengali Language Movement (Barak Valley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language_Movement_(North_Dinajpur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali language Movement (North Dinajpur)">Bengali language Movement (North Dinajpur)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditions</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslim_wedding" title="Bengali Muslim wedding">Bengali Muslim wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walima" title="Walima">Walima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Hindu_wedding" title="Bengali Hindu wedding">Bengali Hindu wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panjika" title="Panjika">Panjika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaye_holud" title="Gaye holud">Gaye holud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Mythology and <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Bengal">folklore</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Myths<br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Sadagar" title="Chand Sadagar">Chand Sadagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonbibi" title="Bonbibi">Bonbibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oladevi" title="Oladevi">Oladevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Pir" title="Satya Pir">Satya Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a></li></ul> <p>Lores<br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thakurmar_Jhuli" title="Thakurmar Jhuli">Thakurmar Jhuli</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6;background-color:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barsha_Utsab" title="Barsha Utsab">Barsha Utsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekushey_Book_Fair" title="Ekushey Book Fair">Ekushey Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Book_Fair" title="Kolkata Book Fair">Kolkata Book Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabanna" title="Nabanna">Nabanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanta_U%E1%B9%AFsab" title="Basanta Uṯsab">Basanta Uṯsab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Falgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Falgun">Pahela Falgun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakrain" title="Shakrain">Shakrain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Art</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_art" title="Bangladeshi art">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_School_of_Art" title="Bengal School of Art">Bengal School of Art</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal-K%C4%81vya" title="Mangal-Kāvya">Mangal-Kāvya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava_Padavali" title="Vaishnava Padavali">Vaishnava Padavali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laila_Majnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Laila Majnu">Laila Majnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthi" title="Puthi">Puthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf-Zulekha" title="Yusuf-Zulekha">Yusuf-Zulekha</a></li></ul> <p>Genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_poetry" title="Bengali poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_novels" title="Bengali novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_folk_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali folk literature">Folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarja_(folk_poetry_contest)" title="Tarja (folk poetry contest)">Tarja</a></li></ul> <p>Institutions </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_literary_institutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali literary institutions (page does not exist)">Literary institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangiya Sahitya Parishad">Bangiya Sahitya Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimbanga_Bangla_Akademi" title="Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi">Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy" title="Bangla Academy">Bangla Academy</a></li></ul> <p>Awards </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bengali_literary_awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bengali literary awards (page does not exist)">Literary awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Puraskar" title="Rabindra Puraskar">Rabindra Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Academy_Literary_Award" title="Bangla Academy Literary Award">Bangla Academy Literary Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Puraskar" title="Ananda Puraskar">Ananda Puraskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">Music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">performing arts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><br /> <p>Folk genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamani-Vijaya" title="Agamani-Vijaya">Agamani-Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatiali" title="Bhatiali">Bhatiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">Bhawaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavigan" title="Kavigan">Kavigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimansingha_Gitika" title="Maimansingha Gitika">Maimansingha Gitika</a></li></ul> <p>Devotional </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizbhandari" title="Maizbhandari">Bhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">Hamd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naat">Naat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreekrishna_Kirtana" title="Shreekrishna Kirtana">Shreekrishna Kirtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarigan" title="Jarigan">Zari</a></li></ul> <p>Classical genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_Gharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur Gharana">Bishnupur Gharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maihar_gharana" title="Maihar gharana">Maihar gharana</a></li></ul> <p>Modern genres </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali band">Bengali band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Rock music of West Bengal</a></li></ul> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrul_Geeti" title="Nazrul Geeti">Nazrul Geeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwijendralal_Ray" title="Dwijendralal Ray">Dwijendralal Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalon" title="Lalon">Lalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hason_Raja" title="Hason Raja">Hason Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polligeeti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polligeeti (page does not exist)">Polligeeti</a></li></ul> <p>Instruments </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">Bansuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotara" title="Dotara">Dotara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhak_(instrument)" title="Dhak (instrument)">Dhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploong" title="Ploong">Ploong</a></li></ul> <p>Dance </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li></ul> <p>Theater </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jatra (Bengal)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_theatre_of_Kolkata" title="Group theatre of Kolkata">Group theatre of Kolkata</a></li></ul> <p>Organizations </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_People%27s_Theatre_Association" title="Indian People's Theatre Association">Indian People's Theatre Association</a></li></ul> <p>People </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerasim_Lebedev" title="Gerasim Lebedev">Gerasim Lebedev</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Media</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Bangladesh" title="Cinema of Bangladesh">Cinema of Bangladesh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Cinema of West Bengal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sport</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabaddi" title="Kabaddi">Kabaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boli_Khela" class="mw-redirect" title="Boli Khela">Boli Khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathi_khela" title="Lathi khela">Lathi khela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaturanga" title="Chaturanga">Chaturaṅga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" title="Kho kho">Kho kho</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Template:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Template talk:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Rabindra Sangeet, also known as Tagore Songs, are songs written and composed by <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a>. They have distinctive characteristics in the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bengal" title="Music of Bengal">music of Bengal</a>, popular in India and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Sangeet" means music, "Rabindra Sangeet" means Songs of Rabindra. </p><p>Rabindra Sangeet used <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical music</a> and traditional <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> as sources.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-wb_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-wb-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tagore wrote some 2,230 songs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> was a towering figure in Indian music. Writing in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, he created a library of over 2,000 songs now known by Bengalis as <i>rabindra sangeet</i> whose form is primarily influenced by Hindustani classical, sub-classicals, Karnatic, western, bauls, bhatiyali and different folk songs of India. Many singers in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> base their entire careers on the singing of Tagore musical masterpieces. The national anthem of India and national anthem of Bangladesh are Rabindra Sangeets. </p><p>West Bengal's capital <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> is also the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kolkata" title="Culture of Kolkata">cultural capital of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Panchali</i> is a form of narrative folk songs of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. The word <i>Panchali</i> probably originates from <i>panchal</i> or <i>panchalika</i>, meaning <i>puppet</i>. According to another school of that, <i>Panchali</i> originates from the word <i>panch</i>, which means five in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a>, referring to the five elements of this genre: song, music, extempore versifying, poetic contests, and dance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music_of_Odisha">Music of Odisha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music of Odisha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a> is a classical music in India originated from the eastern state of Odisha. Indian Classical music has five significant branches: Avanti, Panchali, Udramagadhi, Hindustani and carnatic. Of these, Udramagadhi exists in the form of Odissi music.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, Odissi is one of the classical dances of India performed with Odissi music. Odissi music got shaped during the time of famous Oriya poet, <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a>, who composed lyrics meant to be sung. By the 11th century CE <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> of Odisha existing in the form of Triswari, Chatuhswari, and Panchaswari was modified into the classical style. However, Odissi songs were written even before the Odia language developed. Odissi music has a rich legacy dating back to the 2nd century BCE, when king <a href="/wiki/Kharvela" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharvela">Kharvela</a>, the ruler of Odisha (<a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a>) patronised this music and dance.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Hindustani and Carnatic systems, Odissi music is a separate system of Indian classical music and is having all the essential as well as potential ingredients of Indian Classical form. But it has not come to limelight due to apathy from the time of British rule in Odisha, want of its proper study, revival, propagation, etc. Despite the fact, the traditional music form could be saved and maintained in its pristine form. Thanks to the musicians particularly of Jaga Akhadas of Puri district, who could develop and maintain the music. The music movement of Odisha, however, took a different turn after independence. </p><p>Like other aspects of her culture, music of the sacred land (Odisha) is charming, colourful, variegated encompassing various types. The existing musical tradition of Odisha, the cumulative experience of the last two thousand five hundred years if not more, can broadly be grouped under five categories such as: (1) Tribal Music, (2) Folk Music, (3) Light Music, (4) Light-Classical Music, (5) Classical Music, which need a short elucidations for better understanding the subject in all India context. </p><p>The tribal music as the title signifies is confined to the tribals living mainly in the hilly and jungle regions and sparsely in the coastal belt of Odisha. Odisha has the third largest concentration of tribes constituting about one fourth of the total population. They are distributed over 62 tribal communities. </p><p>Odisha is the treasure house of Folk Songs which are sung on different festivals and specific occasions in their own enjoyment. Folk music in general is the expression of the ethos and mores of the folk communities. Of the bewildering variety of folk music of Odisha, mention may be made of Geeta, Balipuja Geeta, Kela Keluni Geeta, Dalkhai Geeta, Kendra Geeta, Jaiphula Geeta, Ghumura Geeta, Ghoda Nacha and Danda Nacha Geeta, Gopal Ugala and Osa-Parva-Geeta etc. </p><p>Bhajan, Janan, Oriya songs based on ragas, Rangila Chaupadi etc. are grouped under Light classical music, which forms an important segment of Oriya music. Sri Geetagovinda, Anirjukta Pravadha, Divya Manusi Prabandha, Chautisa, Chhanda, Chaupadi (now known as Odissi), Champu, Malasri, Sariman, nVyanjani, Chaturang, Tribhang, Kuduka Geeta, Laxana and Swaramalika are the various sub-forms, which individually or collectively constitute the traditional <a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a>. These sub-forms of the traditional Odissi music, can be categorised under the classical music of Odisha. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_Zone_cricket_team" title="East Zone cricket team">East Zone cricket team</a> is a <a href="/wiki/First_class_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="First class cricket">first-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> team that represents Eastern India in the <a href="/wiki/Duleep_Trophy" title="Duleep Trophy">Duleep Trophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deodhar_Trophy" title="Deodhar Trophy">Deodhar Trophy</a>. It is a composite team of five first-class Indian teams from Eastern India competing in the <a href="/wiki/Ranji_Trophy" title="Ranji Trophy">Ranji Trophy</a>, containing notably the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_cricket_team" title="Bengal cricket team">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_cricket_team" title="Jharkhand cricket team">Jharkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha_cricket_team" title="Odisha cricket team">Odisha</a> from East India amongst the bunch. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Jharkhand">In Jharkhand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Jharkhand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most popular sports in Jharkhand is Hockey and Archery. The capital City of Ranchi is also called the sports capital of India due to its highly developed sports infrastructure. Many famous players such as <a href="/wiki/Mahendra_Singh_Dhoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendra Singh Dhoni">Mahendra Singh Dhoni</a> (Former Indian Cricket Team Captain), <a href="/wiki/Ishan_Kishan" title="Ishan Kishan">Ishan Kishan</a> (Indian Cricketer) etc. are from Jharkhand. <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a> have cricket stadium of International levels and many international matches have held there since the formation of state. <a href="/wiki/JSCA_International_Cricket_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="JSCA International Cricket Stadium">JSCA International Cricket Stadium</a> is an international cricket stadium in Ranchi with a seating capacity of 50,000. There is a Hockey and Football Stadium of International level in Morabadi locality of <a href="/wiki/Ranchi" title="Ranchi">Ranchi</a>. An integrated sports complex in Khelgaon, Ranchi of International standards. It has swimming pool, badminton stadium etc. <a href="/wiki/Ranchi_Rays" title="Ranchi Rays">Ranchi Rays</a> is a hockey team based in Ranchi and plays in <a href="/wiki/Hockey_India_League" title="Hockey India League">Hockey India League</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur_FC" title="Jamshedpur FC">Jamshedpur FC</a> is a football team based in <a href="/wiki/Jamshedpur" title="Jamshedpur">Jamshedpur</a> and plays for <a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_West_Bengal">In West Bengal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In West Bengal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_West_Bengal" title="Sports in West Bengal">Sports in West Bengal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eden_Garden_Stadium_Kolkata_MB01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Eden_Garden_Stadium_Kolkata_MB01.jpg/220px-Eden_Garden_Stadium_Kolkata_MB01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Eden_Garden_Stadium_Kolkata_MB01.jpg/330px-Eden_Garden_Stadium_Kolkata_MB01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Eden_Garden_Stadium_Kolkata_MB01.jpg/440px-Eden_Garden_Stadium_Kolkata_MB01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a>, the second largest cricket stadium in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular sports in Kolkata are <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>. The city is a centre of football activity in India and is home to top national clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_A.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Mohun Bagan A.C.">Mohun Bagan A.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher_East_Bengal_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.">Kingfisher East Bengal F.C.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prayag_United_S.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Prayag United S.C.">Prayag United S.C.</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mohammedan_Sporting_Club_(Kolkata)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammedan Sporting Club (Kolkata)">Mohammedan Sporting Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Football_League" title="Calcutta Football League">Calcutta Football League</a>, which was started in 1898, is the oldest football league in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohun Bagan A.C., one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organisation to be dubbed a "National Club of India".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Kolkata and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the city.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kolkata has an <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a> franchise known as the <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Knight_Riders" title="Kolkata Knight Riders">Kolkata Knight Riders</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_Association_of_Bengal" title="Cricket Association of Bengal">Cricket Association of Bengal</a>, which regulates cricket in West Bengal, is also based in the city. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, football, <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carrom" title="Carrom">carrom</a>, are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.<sup id="cite_ref-parawbgov_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parawbgov-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maidan_(Kolkata)" title="Maidan (Kolkata)">Maidan</a>, a vast field that serves as the city's largest park, hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a>, which has a capacity of 90,000 as of 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-edenstats_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edenstats-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosted the final match of the <a href="/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup" title="1987 Cricket World Cup">1987 Cricket World Cup</a>. It is home to the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_cricket_team" title="Bengal cricket team">Bengal cricket team</a> and the Kolkata Knight Riders. The multi-use <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Salt Lake Stadium</a>, also known as Yuva Bharati Krirangan, is the world's second-largest football facility by <a href="/wiki/Seating_capacity" title="Seating capacity">seating capacity</a> as of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-stadiarank2_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stadiarank2-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cricket_and_Football_Club" title="Calcutta Cricket and Football Club">Calcutta Cricket and Football Club</a> is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ccfcdate_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccfcdate-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kolkata has three 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Calcutta_Golf_Club" title="Royal Calcutta Golf Club">Royal Calcutta Golf Club</a>, and was the first golf club to be built outside the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two are located at the <a href="/wiki/Tollygunge_Club" title="Tollygunge Club">Tollygunge Club</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Fort_William_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort William (India)">Fort William</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Calcutta_Turf_Club" title="Royal Calcutta Turf Club">Royal Calcutta Turf Club</a> hosts horse racing and polo matches.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Polo_Club" title="Calcutta Polo Club">Calcutta Polo Club</a> is considered the oldest extant polo club in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kolpolo_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolpolo-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_South_Club" title="Calcutta South Club">Calcutta South Club</a> is a venue for national and international tennis tournaments; it held the first grass-court national championship in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period 2005–2007, <a href="/wiki/Sunfeast_Open" title="Sunfeast Open">Sunfeast Open</a>, a tier-III tournament on the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">Women's Tennis Association</a> circuit, was held in the <a href="/wiki/Netaji_Indoor_Stadium" title="Netaji Indoor Stadium">Netaji Indoor Stadium</a>; it has since been discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Bengal_Club_supporters_at_the_Salt_Lake_Stadium_in_Kolkata,_West_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East_Bengal_Club_supporters_at_the_Salt_Lake_Stadium_in_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg/220px-East_Bengal_Club_supporters_at_the_Salt_Lake_Stadium_in_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East_Bengal_Club_supporters_at_the_Salt_Lake_Stadium_in_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg/330px-East_Bengal_Club_supporters_at_the_Salt_Lake_Stadium_in_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/East_Bengal_Club_supporters_at_the_Salt_Lake_Stadium_in_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg/440px-East_Bengal_Club_supporters_at_the_Salt_Lake_Stadium_in_Kolkata%2C_West_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_Stadium" title="Salt Lake Stadium">Salt Lake Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Rowing_Club" title="Calcutta Rowing Club">Calcutta Rowing Club</a> hosts <a href="/wiki/Sport_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport rowing">rowing</a> heats and training events. Kolkata, considered the leading centre of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_India" title="Rugby union in India">rugby union in India</a>, gives its name to the oldest international tournament in rugby union, the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Cup" title="Calcutta Cup">Calcutta Cup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Automobile Association of Eastern India, established in 1904,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Bengal Motor Sports Club are involved in promoting motor sports and car rallies in Kolkata and West Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-bmscaaei_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmscaaei-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Beighton_Cup" title="Beighton Cup">Beighton Cup</a>, an event organised by the Bengal Hockey Association and first played in 1895, is India's oldest <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> tournament; it is usually held on the <a href="/wiki/Mohun_Bagan_Ground" title="Mohun Bagan Ground">Mohun Bagan Ground</a> of the Maidan.<sup id="cite_ref-beightontelegraph_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beightontelegraph-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Athletes from Kolkata include <a href="/wiki/Sourav_Ganguly" title="Sourav Ganguly">Sourav Ganguly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Roy" title="Pankaj Roy">Pankaj Roy</a>, who are former <a href="/wiki/List_of_India_national_cricket_captains" title="List of India national cricket captains">captains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/India_national_cricket_team" title="India national cricket team">Indian national cricket team</a>; <a href="/wiki/India_at_the_Olympics" title="India at the Olympics">Olympic</a> tennis bronze medallist <a href="/wiki/Leander_Paes" title="Leander Paes">Leander Paes</a>, golfer <a href="/wiki/Arjun_Atwal" title="Arjun Atwal">Arjun Atwal</a>, and former footballers <a href="/wiki/Sailen_Manna" title="Sailen Manna">Sailen Manna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuni_Goswami" title="Chuni Goswami">Chuni Goswami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pradip_Kumar_Banerjee" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradip Kumar Banerjee">P. K. Banerjee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subrata_Bhattacharya_(footballer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subrata Bhattacharya (footballer)">Subrata Bhattacharya</a>. </p><p>The Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB) is the governing body for <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. Its headquarters is in the <a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens" title="Eden Gardens">Eden Gardens</a> stadium. It organises different types of cricket tournaments in West Bengal.<br /><a href="/wiki/Cricket_Association_of_Bengal" title="Cricket Association of Bengal">Cricket Association of Bengal</a> is affiliated to the Board of control for cricket in India is the parent body or governing the game of Cricket in Bengal, and involved in conducting the game of cricket in Bengal. The Cricket Association of Bengal promotes and develops Cricket by conducting various League Tournaments, tournaments for the age group Under-13, Under-16, and Under-19 and Under-21 categories. CAB also conducts National and International Tournaments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Odisha">In Odisha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In Odisha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barabati_Stadium_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Barabati_Stadium_Entrance.jpg/220px-Barabati_Stadium_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Barabati_Stadium_Entrance.jpg/330px-Barabati_Stadium_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Barabati_Stadium_Entrance.jpg/440px-Barabati_Stadium_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Barabati_Stadium" title="Barabati Stadium">Barabati Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Odisha" title="Sports in Odisha">sports in Odisha</a> are <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">hockey</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cricket">Cricket</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cricket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Odisha_Cricket_Association" title="Odisha Cricket Association">Odisha Cricket Association</a> (OCA) is the governing body of the <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> activities in the <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> state of India and the <a href="/wiki/Odisha_cricket_team" title="Odisha cricket team">Odisha cricket team</a>. It is affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Control_for_Cricket_in_India" title="Board of Control for Cricket in India">Board of Control for Cricket in India</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Barabati_Stadium" title="Barabati Stadium">Barabati Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a> hosts international cricket matches. The Odisha Cricket Association promotes and develops cricket by conducting various League Tournaments, Tournaments for the age group Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, and Under-19, Under-22 and Under-25 categories besides organising and conducting National Tournaments. The OCA started a local Twenty-20 tournament, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odisha_Premier_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odisha Premier League (page does not exist)">Odisha Premier League</a> (OPL) in the lines of <a href="/wiki/Indian_Premier_League" title="Indian Premier League">Indian Premier League</a> (IPL) in 2011. OCA manages the Barabati Stadium and has got infrastructures and facilities like Odisha cricket academy, newly built Sachin Tendulkar indoor cricket hall and many grounds like DRIEMS cricket stadium, Ravenshaw university ground, SCB medical ground, Nimpur ground, Basundhara (Bidanasi) ground, Sunshine Ground etc.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hockey">Hockey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The popularity of <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> is also very high. Many <a href="/wiki/India_men%27s_national_field_hockey_team" title="India men's national field hockey team">national players in hockey</a> are from Odisha.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Barla" title="Lazarus Barla">Lazarus Barla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prabodh_Tirkey" title="Prabodh Tirkey">Prabodh Tirkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilip_Tirkey" title="Dilip Tirkey">Dilip Tirkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignace_Tirkey" title="Ignace Tirkey">Ignace Tirkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Sunita_Kullu" title="Jyoti Sunita Kullu">Jyoti Sunita Kullu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subhadra_Pradhan" title="Subhadra Pradhan">Subhadra Pradhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birendra_Lakra" title="Birendra Lakra">Birendra Lakra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anupa_Barla" title="Anupa Barla">Anupa Barla</a> are the few names who brought the fame to Indian hockey in International level. <a href="/wiki/Premier_Hockey_League" title="Premier Hockey League">Premier Hockey League</a> (PHL) was the league competition for field hockey clubs in the top divisions of the Indian hockey system. There were seven teams in the PHL and in East India the only team was the <a href="/wiki/Orissa_Steelers" title="Orissa Steelers">Orissa Steelers</a> who won Premier Hockey League 2007. Odisha has a franchise in <a href="/wiki/Hockey_India_League" title="Hockey India League">Hockey India League</a> (HIL)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Lancers" title="Kalinga Lancers">Kalinga Lancers</a> owned by <a href="/wiki/Odisha_Industrial_Infrastructure_Development_Corporation" title="Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation">Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahanadi_Coalfields" title="Mahanadi Coalfields">MCL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odisha got its first <a href="/wiki/Indian_Super_League" title="Indian Super League">Indian Super League</a> (ISL) club <a href="/wiki/Odisha_FC" title="Odisha FC">Odisha FC</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>, which was formed in 2019 after being shifted from <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">Delhi</a>. Its home ground is the 15,000 seater <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Stadium" title="Kalinga Stadium">Kalinga Stadium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bhubaneswar is referred to as the "Sports Capital of India".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2023_Men%27s_FIH_Hockey_World_Cup" title="2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup">2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_Men%27s_Hockey_World_Cup" title="2018 Men's Hockey World Cup">2018 Men's Hockey World Cup</a> were held at <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Stadium" title="Kalinga Stadium">Kalinga Stadium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birsa_Munda_International_Hockey_Stadium" title="Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium">Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium</a> respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ports">Ports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MV_Kota_Rakyat_unloading_containers_at_the_Netaji_Subhash_Dock_of_Kolkata_Dock_System,_Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee_Port,_Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/MV_Kota_Rakyat_unloading_containers_at_the_Netaji_Subhash_Dock_of_Kolkata_Dock_System%2C_Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee_Port%2C_Kolkata.jpg/220px-MV_Kota_Rakyat_unloading_containers_at_the_Netaji_Subhash_Dock_of_Kolkata_Dock_System%2C_Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee_Port%2C_Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/MV_Kota_Rakyat_unloading_containers_at_the_Netaji_Subhash_Dock_of_Kolkata_Dock_System%2C_Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee_Port%2C_Kolkata.jpg/330px-MV_Kota_Rakyat_unloading_containers_at_the_Netaji_Subhash_Dock_of_Kolkata_Dock_System%2C_Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee_Port%2C_Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/MV_Kota_Rakyat_unloading_containers_at_the_Netaji_Subhash_Dock_of_Kolkata_Dock_System%2C_Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee_Port%2C_Kolkata.jpg/440px-MV_Kota_Rakyat_unloading_containers_at_the_Netaji_Subhash_Dock_of_Kolkata_Dock_System%2C_Syama_Prasad_Mookerjee_Port%2C_Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="643" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>A ship at <a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Port">Kolkata Port</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paradip_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Paradip_Port.jpg/220px-Paradip_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Paradip_Port.jpg/330px-Paradip_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Paradip_Port.jpg/440px-Paradip_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paradip_Port" title="Paradip Port">Paradip Port</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolkata Port">Kolkata Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradip_Port" title="Paradip Port">Paradip Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhamra_Port" title="Dhamra Port">Dhamra Port</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a> are 4 major ports in East India. <a href="/wiki/Subarnarekha_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Subarnarekha Port">Subarnarekha Port</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulpi_Port&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulpi Port (page does not exist)">Kulpi Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gopalpur_port" title="Gopalpur port">Gopalpur Port</a> are minor ports in East India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_States_Agency" title="Eastern States Agency">Eastern States Agency</a>, colonial office of the Bengal Presidency of British India, created by merging the Chhattisgarh States – and Orissa States agencies in 1933, to which the Bengal States Agency was added in 1936; included part of Burma</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Administrative divisions of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_South_Asia" title="Eastern South Asia">Eastern South Asia</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_footnotes">References and footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References and footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm">"State Profile"</a>. Bihar Government website.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+Profile&rft.pub=Bihar+Government+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgov.bih.nic.in%2FProfile%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovt._of_Jharkhand" class="citation web cs1">Govt. of Jharkhand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jharkhand.gov.in">"Official Site of Government of Jharkhand, India"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422103228/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Site+of+Government+of+Jharkhand%2C+India&rft.au=Govt.+of+Jharkhand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjharkhand.gov.in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odishatourism.gov.in/">"Odisha Tourism"</a>. <i>odishatourism.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223202143/http://www.odishatourism.gov.in/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Region+%E2%80%93+Geological+Survey+of+India&rft.pub=Geological+Survey+of+India%2C+MOI%2C+Government+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portal.gsi.gov.in%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D108%2C959825%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html">"KABRA – KALA"</a>. <i>asiranchi.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=asiranchi.org&rft.atitle=KABRA+%E2%80%93+KALA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiranchi.org%2Factivities-kabrakala.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124608/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp">"Cave paintings lie in neglect"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a></i>. 13 March 2008. 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Pearson Education India. pp. 122–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-1120-0"><bdi>978-81-317-1120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+and+Early+Medieval+India%3A+From+the+Stone+Age+to+the+12th+Century&rft.pages=122-123&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-317-1120-0&rft.au=Upinder+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3lUIIYxWkEC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ushakothi-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ushakothi_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundargarhzp.odishapr.gov.in/hidden/-/asset_publisher/tMn6waGjYWb6/content/ushakothi/1090772">"Ushakothi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Odisha" title="Government of Odisha">Government of Odisha</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111228/jsp/odisha/story_14932470.jsp">the original</a> on 4 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+%28India%29&rft.atitle=Ancient+rock+art+starts+to+fade+out%3A+Engravings+in+Vikramkhol+cave+under+threat&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1111228%2Fjsp%2Fodisha%2Fstory_14932470.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClausDiamond2003-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ClausDiamond2003_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA521"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Government of Odisha: 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0970-8669">0970-8669</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225003124/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2013/aug-sept/engpdf/93-94.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Odisha+Review&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+Classical+Status+for+Odia+Language&rft.pages=92-93&rft.date=2013-08&rft.issn=0970-8669&rft.aulast=Swetapadma&rft.aufirst=Mohapatra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forissa.gov.in%2Fe-magazine%2FOrissareview%2F2013%2Faug-sept%2Fengpdf%2F93-94.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langcensus2011-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-langcensus2011_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html">"Table C-16 - Population by Mother Tongue"</a>. <i>www.censusindia.gov.in</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Manuscript+mission%3A+Tibetan+beats+all+but+three+Indian+languages&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.au=Chethan+Kumari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FManuscript-mission-Tibetan-beats-all-but-three-Indian-languages%2Farticleshow%2F53284630.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feuerstein-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feuerstein_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg, Feuerstein</a> (2002). <i>The Yoga Tradition</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 600. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-935001-06-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-935001-06-1"><bdi>3-935001-06-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition&rft.pages=600&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-935001-06-1&rft.aulast=Georg&rft.aufirst=Feuerstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarke-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-clarke_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar"><i>New Religions in Global Perspective</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar/page/n224">209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1185-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1185-6"><bdi>0-7007-1185-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religions+in+Global+Perspective&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7007-1185-6&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Peter+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewreligionsglob00clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheInfoIndia.com" class="citation web cs1">TheInfoIndia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120518040051/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/classic-dances-india/odissi.html">"Odissi Classical Dance of India — Classical Odissi Dance India, Classical Odissi Dance Vacations India, Classical Odissi Dances Tour in India"</a>. <i>Dancesofindia.co.in</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dancesofindia.co.in&rft.atitle=Odissi+Classical+Dance+of+India+%E2%80%94+Classical+Odissi+Dance+India%2C+Classical+Odissi+Dance+Vacations+India%2C+Classical+Odissi+Dances+Tour+in+India&rft.au=TheInfoIndia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dancesofindia.co.in%2Fclassic-dances-india%2Fodissi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odissi.itgo.com/">"Odissi Kala Kendra"</a>. <i>Odissi.itgo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512041730/http://odissi.itgo.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Odissi.itgo.com&rft.atitle=Odissi+Kala+Kendra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodissi.itgo.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishi_Sinha1999" class="citation book cs1">Nishi Sinha (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=puVMrtgd7kAC&pg=PA39"><i>Tourism Perspective in Bihar</i></a>. APH. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170249757" title="Special:BookSources/9788170249757"><bdi>9788170249757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+Perspective+in+Bihar&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=APH&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788170249757&rft.au=Nishi+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpuVMrtgd7kAC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumari1999-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumari1999_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunam_Kumari1999" class="citation book cs1">Punam Kumari (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=em4wAQAAIAAJ"><i>Social and cultural life of the Nepalese</i></a>. Mohit Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7445-092-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7445-092-0"><bdi>978-81-7445-092-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+cultural+life+of+the+Nepalese&rft.pub=Mohit+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7445-092-0&rft.au=Punam+Kumari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dem4wAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishi_Sinha1999" class="citation book cs1">Nishi Sinha (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=puVMrtgd7kAC&q=Jhijhiya+dance&pg=PA40"><i>Tourism Perspective in Bihar</i></a>. APH. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170249757" title="Special:BookSources/9788170249757"><bdi>9788170249757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+Perspective+in+Bihar&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=APH&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788170249757&rft.au=Nishi+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpuVMrtgd7kAC%26q%3DJhijhiya%2Bdance%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Heroic Dance Ghumura, Edited by Sanjay Kumar, Mahabir Sanskrutika, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epigraphica Indica, IX, p. 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Gh">Ghosh, p. xiii</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-wb-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-wb_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuke2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Huke, Robert E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=West+Bengal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Huke&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F640088%2FWest-Bengal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_kolkata-remains-cultural-capital-of-india-amitabh-bachchan_1763111">"Kolkata remains cultural capital of India: Amitabh Bachchan — Entertainment — DNA"</a>. <i>Dnaindia.com</i>. 10 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113013214/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_kolkata-remains-cultural-capital-of-india-amitabh-bachchan_1763111">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dnaindia.com&rft.atitle=Kolkata+remains+cultural+capital+of+India%3A+Amitabh+Bachchan+%E2%80%94+Entertainment+%E2%80%94+DNA&rft.date=2012-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fentertainment%2Freport_kolkata-remains-cultural-capital-of-india-amitabh-bachchan_1763111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandrakantha.com/misra/odissi.html">"Odissi — A Distinct Style of Indian Classical Music"</a>. <i>Chandrakantha.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110805050647/http://chandrakantha.com/misra/odissi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chandrakantha.com&rft.atitle=Odissi+%E2%80%94+A+Distinct+Style+of+Indian+Classical+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchandrakantha.com%2Fmisra%2Fodissi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410055911/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page108-111.pdf">"Odissi - The Classic Music"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odissi+-+The+Classic+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forissagov.nic.in%2Fe-magazine%2FOrissareview%2Faugust-2007%2Fengpdf%2FPage108-111.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122032920/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/stories/classicderby/news/newsid%3D1414458.html">"Mohun Bagan vs East Bengal: India's all-consuming rivalry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Argentine+football+superstar+Messi+charms+Kolkata&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.aulast=Bhabani&rft.aufirst=Soudhriti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findiatoday.intoday.in%2Fstory%2Fmessi-charms-kolkata%2F1%2F149702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203053022/http://the-ifa.org/archives.php">"Football in Bengal"</a>. Indian Football Association. 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TNN. 20 January 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510172726/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/What-happened-to-para-cricket/articleshow/1734729571.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=What+happened+to+para+cricket%3F&rft.date=2002-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fcalcutta-times%2FWhat-happened-to-para-cricket%2Farticleshow%2F1734729571.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Para-cricket-tourney-gets-off-to-a-cracking-start/articleshow/7337629.cms">"Para cricket tourney gets off to a cracking start"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Para+cricket+tourney+gets+off+to+a+cracking+start&rft.date=2011-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkolkata-%2FPara-cricket-tourney-gets-off-to-a-cracking-start%2Farticleshow%2F7337629.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parawbgov-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parawbgov_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221052334/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/kolkata-para">"Kolkata culture: Para"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kolkata+culture%3A+Para&rft.pub=Department+of+Tourism%2C+Government+of+West+Bengal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westbengaltourism.gov.in%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Fkolkata-para&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729123104/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200704160340.htm">"FIFA president visits big three of Kolkata maidan"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai. 16 April 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=FIFA+president+visits+big+three+of+Kolkata+maidan&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Fholnus%2F007200704160340.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edenstats-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edenstats_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57980.html">"Eden Gardens"</a>. 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New Delhi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125014621/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/people-places/royal-calcutta-turf-club-in-revival-mode/articleshow/7244861.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Royal+Calcutta+Turf+Club+in+revival+mode&rft.date=2011-01-09&rft.aulast=Himatsingka&rft.aufirst=Anuradha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Ffeatures%2Fpeople-places%2Froyal-calcutta-turf-club-in-revival-mode%2Farticleshow%2F7244861.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2007" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Jaisal (2007). <i>Polo in India</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thekalingalancers.com/">the original</a> on 11 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thekalingalancers.com&rft.atitle=thekalingalancers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthekalingalancers.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/kalinga-stadium-to-host-india-s-fifa-world-cup-qualifier-against-qatar/story-jJuk8Bq6lUCGG3O1BKjaUJ.html">"Kalinga Stadium to host India's FIFA World Cup qualifier against Qatar"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 21 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Kalinga+Stadium+to+host+India%27s+FIFA+World+Cup+qualifier+against+Qatar&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Ffootball%2Fkalinga-stadium-to-host-india-s-fifa-world-cup-qualifier-against-qatar%2Fstory-jJuk8Bq6lUCGG3O1BKjaUJ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2018/nov/25/welcome-to-bhubaneswar-indias-sports-capital-1902965.html">"Welcome to Bhubaneswar, India's sports capital"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. 25 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Welcome+to+Bhubaneswar%2C+India%27s+sports+capital&rft.date=2018-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fsport%2Fother%2F2018%2Fnov%2F25%2Fwelcome-to-bhubaneswar-indias-sports-capital-1902965.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEast+India" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_India&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Eastern_India#Q1151572" class="extiw" title="voy:Eastern India">Eastern India</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_East_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_East_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to East India</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">East India</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_India" title="Template talk:Geography of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_India" title="Geography of India">Geography of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_India" title="Category:Geology of India">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Parks_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil Parks of India">Fossil Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_India" title="Geology of India">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geological_Monuments_of_India" title="National Geological Monuments of India">Geological Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stones_of_India" title="Stones of India">Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_National_Importance_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments of National Importance of India">National monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_groves_of_India" title="Sacred groves of India">Sacred Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains#India" title="Sacred mountains">Sacred Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River#Sacred" title="River">Sacred Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in India">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landforms_of_India" title="Landforms of India">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_India" title="List of beaches in India">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_India" title="Borders of India">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_India" title="Coastal India">Coasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_India" title="List of canals in India">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone_of_India" title="Exclusive economic zone of India">ECZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_India" title="List of extreme points of India">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of glaciers of India">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_states_and_union_territories_by_highest_point" title="List of Indian states and union territories by highest point">Highest point by states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_India" title="List of islands of India">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes in India">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_India" title="List of mountains in India">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_passes_of_India" title="List of mountain passes of India">Mountain passes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_rivers_of_India" title="List of major rivers of India">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_in_India" title="List of valleys in India">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_India" title="List of volcanoes in India">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_India" title="List of waterfalls in India">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_India" title="Northwest India">Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">East India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of India">Geographical regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Coastal_Plains" title="Eastern Coastal Plains">Eastern Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Circars" title="Northern Circars">Circars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkal_Plains" title="Utkal Plains">Utkal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Himalaya">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Himalaya">Himachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Himalayas" title="Great Himalayas">Himadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_Plain" title="Indo-Gangetic Plain">Indo-Gangetic Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Coastal_Plains" title="Western Coastal Plains">Western Coastal Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canara" class="mw-redirect" title="Canara">Canara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan Coast">Konkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Administrative divisions of India">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_divisions_of_India" title="Autonomous administrative divisions of India">Autonomous areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divisions_in_India" title="List of divisions in India">Divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_India_by_population" title="List of cities in India by population">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_India_by_population" title="List of towns in India by population">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of India">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_India" title="Environment of India">Ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_classification_of_India" title="Biogeographic classification of India">Biogeographic classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_India" title="Climate of India">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_India" title="List of ecoregions in India">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_India" title="Environmental issues in India">Environmental Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_India" 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