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id="toc-History_of_Odissi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Medieval era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_and_British_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_and_British_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mughal and British period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_and_British_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repertoire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repertoire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Repertoire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Repertoire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Repertoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_moves_and_mudras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_moves_and_mudras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Basic moves and mudras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basic_moves_and_mudras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Costumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Music and instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools,_training_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools,_training_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Schools, training and recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools,_training_and_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools, training and recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools,_training_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Odissi_maestros_and_performers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odissi_maestros_and_performers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Odissi maestros and performers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odissi_maestros_and_performers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IIT_Bhubaneswar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IIT_Bhubaneswar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>IIT Bhubaneswar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IIT_Bhubaneswar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Guinness_World_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Guinness_World_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>In Guinness World records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Guinness_World_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odissi_Centre_at_Oxford_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odissi_Centre_at_Oxford_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Odissi Centre at Oxford University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odissi_Centre_at_Oxford_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Odissi</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="أوديسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوديسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ওড়িছী নৃত্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ওড়িছী নৃত্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF" title="ওড়িশি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওড়িশি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Odissi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Odissi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اریسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اریسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Odissi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF" title="ઓડિસી નૃત્ય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઓડિસી નૃત્ય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ओडिसी नृत्य – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ओडिसी नृत्य" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ओड़िसी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओड़िसी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Odissi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಒಡಿಸ್ಸಿ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ನೃತ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಒಡಿಸ್ಸಿ ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ನೃತ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Odissi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഒഡീസ്സി നൃത്തം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒഡീസ്സി നൃത്തം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="ओडिसी नृत्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओडिसी नृत्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89_(%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%87)" title="اوديسى (رقصه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوديسى (رقصه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اودیسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اودیسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarian_Odissi" title="Tarian Odissi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tarian Odissi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Odissi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ओडिसी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ओडिसी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%BC" title="オリッシー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オリッシー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Odissi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%80" title="ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80" title="ਉੜੀਸੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉੜੀਸੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8F%DA%91%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اُڑیسی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اُڑیسی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odissi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Odissi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Одисси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одисси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80" title="ओडिशी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ओडिशी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="ඔඩිසි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔඩිසි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Odissi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Odissi" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi_dance&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Odissi dance">Odissi dance</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Classical dance of India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odishi_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odishi music (page does not exist)">Odishi music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odishi" title="Odishi">Odishi</a>, a historical district of western Georgia.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Odishi</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:AM_Odissi_performance_in_2010s_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AM_Odissi_performance_in_2010s_02.jpg/220px-AM_Odissi_performance_in_2010s_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="477" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AM_Odissi_performance_in_2010s_02.jpg/330px-AM_Odissi_performance_in_2010s_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/AM_Odissi_performance_in_2010s_02.jpg/440px-AM_Odissi_performance_in_2010s_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Odissi</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Native name</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nickname"><span title="Odia-language text"><span lang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Odissi</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>: <span lang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଶୀ</span>), also referred to as <i><b>Orissi</b></i> in old literature, is a major ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance</a> that originated in the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">temples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> – an eastern coastal state of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicaodis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicaodis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200483–84,_the_other_major_classical_Indian_dances_are:_Bharatanatyam,_Kathak,_Kuchipudi,_Kathakali,_Manipuri,_Chhau,_Satriya,_Yaksagana_and_Bhagavata_Mela_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200483–84,_the_other_major_classical_Indian_dances_are:_Bharatanatyam,_Kathak,_Kuchipudi,_Kathakali,_Manipuri,_Chhau,_Satriya,_Yaksagana_and_Bhagavata_Mela-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odissi, in its history, was performed predominantly by women,<sup id="cite_ref-britannicaodis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicaodis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Claus2003p136_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claus2003p136-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and expressed <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> stories and spiritual ideas, particularly of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> through songs written and composed according to the <i>ragas</i> & <i>talas</i> of <a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a> by ancient poets of the state. Odissi performances have also expressed ideas of other traditions such as those related to Hindu deities <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a>, as well as Hindu goddesses (<a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p41_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p41-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theoretical foundations of Odissi trace to the ancient Sanskrit text <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i>, its existence in antiquity evidenced by the dance poses in the sculptures of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_architecture" title="Kalinga architecture">Kalingan temples</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannicaodis_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicaodis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p483_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p483-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and archeological sites related to <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Schechner65_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schechner65-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kyriakidis155_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyriakidis155-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p12_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p12-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was suppressed under the <a href="/wiki/British_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="British Rule">British Rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047–49_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047–49-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carter2013p145_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2013p145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suppression was protested by the Indians, followed by its revival, reconstruction and expansion since <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> gained independence from the colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-kyriakidis155_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kyriakidis155-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odissi is traditionally a dance-drama genre of <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance art</a>, where the artist(s) and musicians play out a story, a spiritual message or devotional poem from the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>, using symbolic costumes,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> body movement, <i><a href="/wiki/Abhinaya" title="Abhinaya">abhinaya</a></i> (expressions) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a></i> (gestures and <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>) set out in ancient Sanskrit literature.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical Odia literature & the <a href="/wiki/Gitagovinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitagovinda">Gita Govinda</a> set to traditional <a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a> are used for the <i>abhinaya</i>. Odissi is learnt and performed as a composite of basic dance motif called the <i><a href="/wiki/Tribhanga" title="Tribhanga">Bhangas</a></i> (symmetric body bends, stance). It involves lower (footwork), mid (torso) and upper (hand and head) body as three sources of perfecting expression and audience engagement with geometric symmetry and rhythmic musical resonance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vatsyayan1983p57_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatsyayan1983p57-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Odissi performance repertoire includes invocation, <i>nritta</i> (pure dance), <i>nritya</i> (expressive dance), <i>natya</i> (dance drama) and <i>moksha</i> (dance climax connoting salvation of the <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">soul</a> and spiritual release).<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aroyo267_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aroyo267-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Odissi exists in two major styles, the first perfected by women and focussed on solemn, <a href="/wiki/Mahari_dance" title="Mahari dance">spiritual temple dance (<i>maharis</i>)</a>; the second perfected by <a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">boys dressed as girls (<i>gotipuas</i>)</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which diversified to include athletic and acrobatic moves, and were performed from festive occasions in temples to general folksy entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p483_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p483-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Odissi productions by Indian artists have presented a diverse range of experimental ideas, culture fusion, themes and plays.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odissi was the only Indian dance form present in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>'s 1991 hit single <a href="/wiki/Black_or_White" title="Black or White">Black or White</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Odissi">History of Odissi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Odissi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foundations of Odissi are found in <i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i>, the ancient Hindu Sanskrit text of performance arts.<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p32_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p32-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper2010p278_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper2010p278-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic dance units described in the <i>Natya Shastra</i>, all 108 of them, are identical to those in Odissi.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper2010p278_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper2010p278-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is attributed to the ancient scholar <a href="/wiki/Bharata_Muni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharata Muni">Bharata Muni</a>, and its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text consists of about 6000 verses structured into 36 chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text, states Natalia Lidova, describes the theory of Tāṇḍava dance (<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>), the theory of rasa, of bhāva, expression, gestures, acting techniques, basic steps, standing postures – all of which are part of Indian classical dances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dance and performance arts, states this ancient text,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a form of expression of spiritual ideas, virtues and the essence of scriptures.<sup id="cite_ref-mog17_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mog17-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a> refers to four <i>pravrittis</i> (methods of expressive delivery) in vogue – <i>Avanti</i>, <i>Dakshinatya</i>, <i>Panchali</i> and <i>Odra-Magadhi</i> ; of these, the <i>Odra</i> refers to Odisha.<sup id="cite_ref-kothari6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kothari6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More direct historical evidence of dance and music as an ancient performance art are found in archaeological sites such as caves and in temple carvings of <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kuiper2010p278_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kuiper2010p278-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manchapuri cave in <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri,_Odisha" title="Udayagiri, Odisha">Udayagiri</a> shows carvings of <a href="/wiki/File:Pragya_Shaw_at_Toronto_Bihu_2019.jpg" title="File:Pragya Shaw at Toronto Bihu 2019.jpg">dance</a> and musicians, and this has been dated to the time of <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> king <a href="/wiki/Kharavela" title="Kharavela">Kharavela</a> in the first or second century BCE. The <a href="/wiki/Hathigumpha_inscription" title="Hathigumpha inscription">Hathigumpha inscriptions</a>, also dated to the same ruler, mention music and dance :<sup id="cite_ref-kothari6_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kothari6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em"><p> (he [the king]) versed in the science of the <i>Gandharvas</i> (i.e., music), entertains the capital with the exhibition of <i>dapa</i>, dancing, singing and instrumental music and by causing to be held festivities and assemblies (samajas)...</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> <p>— <i>Hathigumpha inscription, Line 5</i>, ~ 2nd–1st century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The classical music tradition of Odisha, known as <a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a>, also has ancient roots. Archeologists have reported the discovery of 20-key, carefully shaped polished basalt lithophone in <a href="/wiki/Sankarjang" title="Sankarjang">Sankarjang</a>, the highlands of Odisha, which is dated to about 1000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_era">Medieval era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odissi_Dancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Odissi_Dancer.jpg/200px-Odissi_Dancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Odissi_Dancer.jpg/300px-Odissi_Dancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Odissi_Dancer.jpg/400px-Odissi_Dancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Odissi dancer</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> archaeological sites in Odisha state, particularly the Assia range of hills show inscriptions and carvings of dances that are dated to the 6th to 9th century CE. Important sites include the Ranigumpha in Udaygiri, and various caves and temples at Lalitgiri, Ratnagiri and Alatgiri sites. The Buddhist icons, for example, are depicted as dancing gods and goddesses, with Heruka, Vajravarahi, and Marichi in Odissi-like postures.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical evidence, states Alexandra Carter, shows that Odissi <i>Maharis</i> (Hindu temple dancers) and dance halls architecture (<i>nata-mandapa</i>) were in vogue at least by the 9th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kapila_Vatsyayan" title="Kapila Vatsyayan">Kapila Vatsyayan</a>, the <i>Kalpasutra</i> of Jainism, in its manuscripts discovered in Gujarat, includes classical Indian dance poses – such as the <i>Samapada</i>, the <i>Tribhangi</i> and the <i>Chauka</i> of Odissi. This, states Vatsyayan, suggests that Odissi was admired or at least well known in distant parts of India, far from Odisha in the medieval era, to be included in the margins of an important Jain text.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Jain manuscripts use the dance poses as decorative art in the margins and cover, but do not describe or discuss the dance. Hindu dance texts such as the <i>Abhinaya Chandrika</i> and <i>Abhinaya Darpana</i> provide a detailed description of the movements of the feet, hands, the standing postures, the movement and the dance repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes illustrations of the <i>karana</i>s mentioned in <i>Natya Shastra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the illustrated Hindu text on temple architecture from Odisha, the <i>Shilpa Prakasha</i>, deals with Odia architecture and sculpture, and includes Odissi postures.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_Figures.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dancing_Figures.JPG/120px-Dancing_Figures.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dancing_Figures.JPG/180px-Dancing_Figures.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dancing_Figures.JPG/240px-Dancing_Figures.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Musician and dancer relief at the Konark Sun temple.</figcaption></figure> <p>Actual sculptures that have survived into the modern era and panel <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a> in Odia temples, dated to be from the 10th to 14th century, show Odissi dance. This is evidenced in <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannatha temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, as well as other temples of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and Vedic deities such as <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (Sun) in Odisha.<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p41_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p41-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several sculptures of dancers and musicians in <a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brahmeswara_Temple" title="Brahmeswara Temple">Brahmeswara Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicaodis_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicaodis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p483_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p483-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composition of the poetic texts by 8th century Shankaracharya and particularly of divine love inspired <i>Gitagovinda</i> by 12th century Jayadeva influenced the focus and growth of modern Odissi.<sup id="cite_ref-Verma2011p43_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verma2011p43-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Odissi was performed in the temples by the dancers called <i>Maharis</i>, who played out these spiritual poems and underlying religious plays, after training and perfecting their art of dance starting from an early age, and who were revered as auspicious to religious services.<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p41_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p41-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Verma2011p43_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verma2011p43-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_and_British_period">Mughal and British period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mughal and British period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 12th-century, Odia temples, monasteries and nearby institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Puspagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Puspagiri">Puspagiri</a> in eastern Indian subcontinent came under waves of attacks and ransacking by Muslim armies, a turmoil that impacted all arts and eroded the freedoms previously enjoyed by performance artists.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2013p145_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2013p145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official records of Sultan Firuz Shah Tughlaq's invasion in <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> (1360–1361 CE), for example, describe the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannath temple">Jagannath temple</a> as well as numerous other temples, defacing of dancing statues, and ruining of dance halls.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to a broad decline in Odissi and other religious arts, but there were some benevolent rulers in this period who supported arts particularly through performances at courts.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2013p145_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2013p145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Sultanate and Mughal era of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the temple dancers were moved to entertain the Sultan's family and courts.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They became associated with <a href="/wiki/Concubinage" title="Concubinage">concubinage</a> to the nobility.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odissi_is_a_classical_Indian_dance_that_originated_in_Odisha,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Odissi_is_a_classical_Indian_dance_that_originated_in_Odisha%2C_India.jpg/220px-Odissi_is_a_classical_Indian_dance_that_originated_in_Odisha%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Odissi_is_a_classical_Indian_dance_that_originated_in_Odisha%2C_India.jpg/330px-Odissi_is_a_classical_Indian_dance_that_originated_in_Odisha%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Odissi_is_a_classical_Indian_dance_that_originated_in_Odisha%2C_India.jpg/440px-Odissi_is_a_classical_Indian_dance_that_originated_in_Odisha%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3036" data-file-height="4065" /></a><figcaption>A male Odissi dancer</figcaption></figure> <p>The Odissi dance likely expanded in the 17th century, states Alexandra Carter, under King Ramachandradeva's patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-carter148_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter148-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expansion integrated martial arts (<i>akhanda</i>) and athletics into Odissi dance, by engaging boys and youth called <i>Gotipuas</i>, as a means to physically train the young for the military and to resist foreign invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-carter148_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter148-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Ragini Devi, historical evidence suggests that the <i>Gotipuas</i> tradition was known and nurtured in the 14th century, by Raja of Khordha.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990142_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990142-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, the officials of the colonial government ridiculed the temple traditions, while Christian missionaries launched a sustained attack on the moral outrage of sensuousness of Odissi and other Hindu temple dance arts.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2013p145_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2013p145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marysnodgrass166_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marysnodgrass166-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker2016p94_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2016p94-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1872, a British civil servant named William Hunter watched a performance at the Jagannatha temple in Puri, then wrote, "Indecent ceremonies disgraced the ritual, and dancing girls with rolling eyes put the modest worshipper to the blush...", and then attacked them as idol-worshipping prostitutes who expressed their devotion with "airy gyrations".<sup id="cite_ref-Alexandra_Carter_2013_145–146_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexandra_Carter_2013_145–146-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian missionaries launched the "anti-dance movement" in 1892, to ban all such dance forms.<sup id="cite_ref-marysnodgrass166_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marysnodgrass166-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dancers were frequently stigmatized as prostitutes by Europeans during the <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">colonial era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-amritsri73_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amritsri73-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leslieorr8_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leslieorr8-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1910, the British colonial government in India banned temple dancing,<sup id="cite_ref-pallabinilan30_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pallabinilan30-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the dance artists were reduced to abject poverty from the lack of any financial support for performance arts, combined with stereotyping stigma.<sup id="cite_ref-carter148_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter148-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temple dance ban and the cultural discrimination during the colonial rule marshaled a movement by Hindus to question the stereotypes and to revive the regional arts of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, including Odissi.<sup id="cite_ref-marysnodgrass166_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marysnodgrass166-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walker2016p94_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2016p94-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alexandra_Carter_2013_145–146_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexandra_Carter_2013_145–146-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these efforts, the classical Indian dances witnessed a period of renaissance and reconstruction, which gained momentum particularly after Indians gained their freedom from colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-craine420_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-craine420-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utkal_Dibas_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Utkal_Dibas_2022.jpg/220px-Utkal_Dibas_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Utkal_Dibas_2022.jpg/330px-Utkal_Dibas_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Utkal_Dibas_2022.jpg/440px-Utkal_Dibas_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Utkal Dibas 2022</figcaption></figure> <p>Odissi, along with several other major Indian dances gained recognition after efforts by many scholars and performers in the 1950s, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Kavichandra_Kalicharan_Pattanayak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavichandra Kalicharan Pattanayak">Kavichandra Kalicharan Pattanayak</a>, an Oriya poet, dramatist and researcher. Pattanayak is also credited with naming the dance form as "Odissi".<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2013p145_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2013p145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repertoire">Repertoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Repertoire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_mudra_India_(16).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_mudra_India_%2816%29.jpg/220px-Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_mudra_India_%2816%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_mudra_India_%2816%29.jpg/330px-Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_mudra_India_%2816%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_mudra_India_%2816%29.jpg/440px-Sitara_Thobani_Odissi_classical_dance_mudra_India_%2816%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2658" data-file-height="4003" /></a><figcaption>An Odissi dancer in <i>nritya</i> (expressive) stage of the dance.</figcaption></figure> <p>Odissi, in the classical and medieval period has been, a team dance founded on Hindu texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p483_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p483-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This drama-dance involved women (<i>Maharis</i>) enacting a spiritual poem or a religious story either in the inner sanctum of a Hindu temple, or in the <i>Natamandira</i> attached to the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004209_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004209-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Odissi performing <i>Maharis</i> combined pure dance with expression, to play out and communicate the underlying text through <i>abhinaya</i> (gestures).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004209_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004209-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The performance art evolved to include another aspect, wherein teams of boys – dressed as girls – called <i>Gotipuas</i> expanded the Odissi repertoire, such as by adding acrobatics and athletic moves, and they performed both near the temples and open fairs for general folksy entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p483_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p483-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carter148_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter148-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Indian tradition, many of the accomplished <i>gotipuas</i> became the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gurus</a> (teachers) in their adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-carter148_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter148-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Odissi is a diversified performance art, men have joined the women, and its reconstruction since the 1950s have added new plays and aspects of other Indian dances. </p><p>Love is a universal theme and one of the paradigmatic values in Indian religions. This theme is expressed through sensuous love poems and metaphors of sexual union in Krishna-related literature, and as longing eros (<i>Shringara</i>) in its dance arts such as in Odissi, from the early times.<sup id="cite_ref-carter148_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter148-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hinduism, states Judith Hanna, encourages the artist to "strive to suggest, reveal or re-create the infinite, divine self", and art is considered as "the supreme means of realizing the Universal Being".<sup id="cite_ref-Hanna1988p102_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanna1988p102-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical intimacy is not something considered as a reason for shame, rather considered a form of celebration and worship, where the saint is the lover and the lover is the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This aspect of Odissi dancing has been subdued in the modern post-colonial reconstructions, states Alexandra Carter, and the emphasis has expanded to "expressions of personal artistic excellence as ritualized spiritual articulations".<sup id="cite_ref-carter148_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carter148-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional Odissi repertoire, like all classical Indian dances, includes <i>Nritta</i> (pure dance, solo), <i>Nritya</i> (dance with emotions, solo) and <i>Natya</i> (dramatic dance, group).<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p519_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p519-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These three performance aspects of Odissi are described and illustrated in the foundational Hindu texts, particularly the <i>Natya Shastra</i>, <i>Abhinaya Darpana</i> and the 16th-century <i>Abhinaya Chandrika</i> by Maheshwara Mahapatra of Odisha.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p519_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p519-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i>Nritta</i> performance is abstract, fast and rhythmic aspect of the dance.<sup id="cite_ref-koskoff955_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koskoff955-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viewer is presented with pure movement in Nritta, wherein the emphasis is the beauty in motion, form, speed, range and pattern. This part of the repertoire has no interpretative aspect, no telling of story. It is a technical performance, and aims to engage the senses (prakriti) of the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Descutner2010p45_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descutner2010p45-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Nritya</i> is slower and expressive aspect of the dance that attempts to communicate feelings, storyline particularly with spiritual themes in Hindu dance traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-koskoff955_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koskoff955-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214_62-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <i>nritya</i>, the dance-acting expands to include silent expression of words through the <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> of gestures and body motion set to musical notes. This part of a repertoire is more than sensory enjoyment, it aims to engage the emotions and mind of the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-Descutner2010p45_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Descutner2010p45-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Natyam</i> is a play, typically a team performance, but can be acted out by a solo performer where the dancer uses certain standardized body movements to indicate a new character in the underlying story. A <i>Natya</i> incorporates the elements of a <i>Nritya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p519_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p519-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214_62-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Mokshya</i> is a climatic pure dance of Odissi, aiming to highlight the liberation of soul and serenity in the spiritual.<sup id="cite_ref-aroyo267_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aroyo267-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Odissi dance recitals are in Odia and Sanskrit language in the music strictly follows ragas & talas of the <a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a> tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p519_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p519-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The talas used in Odissi dance are <i>Ekatali, Khemata, Rupaka, Tripata, Jhampa, Jati Tala, Adatali, Matha, Aditala, Sarimana, Kuduka</i> and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequence">Sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional Odissi repertoire sequence starts with an invocation called <i><a href="/wiki/Mangalacharana" title="Mangalacharana">Mangalacharana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i><a href="/wiki/Shloka" title="Shloka">shloka</a></i> (hymn) in praise of a god or goddess is sung, such as to Jagannath (an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of Vishnu), the meaning of which is expressed through dance.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mangalacharana is followed by <i>Pushpanjali</i> (offering of flowers) and <i>Bhumi Pranam</i> (salutation to mother earth).<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invocation also includes <i>Trikhandi Pranam</i> or the three-fold salutation – to the devas (gods), to the gurus (teachers) and to the lokas or rasikas (fellow dancers and audience).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrutyuh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Mrutyuh.jpg/220px-Mrutyuh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Mrutyuh.jpg/330px-Mrutyuh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Mrutyuh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Odissi Dance Drama</figcaption></figure> <p>The next sequential step in an Odissi performance is <i>Batu</i>, also known as <i>Battu Nrutya</i> or <i>Sthayee Nrutya</i> or <i>Batuka Bhairava</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438–39_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438–39-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a fast pace, pure dance (<i>nritta</i>) performed in the honor of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>. There is no song or recitation accompanying this part of the dance, just rhythmic music. This pure dance sequence in Odissi builds up to a Pallavi which is often slow, graceful & lyrical movements of the eyes, neck, torso & feet & slowly builds in a crescendo to climax in a fast tempo at the end.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438–39_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438–39-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>nritya</i> follows next, and consists of <i>Abhinaya</i>, or an expressional dance which is an enactment of a song or poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438–39_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438–39-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dancer(s) communicate the story in a sign language, using <i><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a></i> (hand gestures), <i><a href="/wiki/Bhava" title="Bhava">bhavas</a></i> (enacting mood, emotions), eye and body movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990144–145_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990144–145-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dance is fluid, graceful and sensual. Abhinaya in Odissi is performed to verses recited in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438,_65_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438,_65-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most common are Abhinayas on Oriya songs or Sanskrit <i>Ashthapadi</i>s or Sanskrit <i>stuti</i>s like the <i>Dashavatara Stotra</i> (depicting the ten incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) or the <i><a href="/wiki/Ardhanari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanari">Ardhanari</a> Stotra</i> (half man, half woman form of the divine).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many regionally performed Abhinaya compositions are based on the Radha-Krishna theme.<sup id="cite_ref-Verma2011p43_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verma2011p43-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Astapadis of the Radha-Krishna love poem <i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i> written by Jayadeva are usually performed in Odisha, as part of the dance repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197436_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197436-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>natya</i> part, or dance drama, is next in sequence. Usually Hindu mythologies, epics and legendary dramas are chosen as themes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197435–37_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197435–37-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A distinctive part of the Odissi tradition is the inclusion of <i>Moksha</i> (or <i>Mokshya</i><sup id="cite_ref-aroyo267_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aroyo267-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) finale in the performance sequence. This the concluding item of a recital.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a> in Hindu traditions means “spiritual liberation”. This dance movement traditionally attempts to convey a sense of spiritual release and soul liberation, soaring into the realm of pure aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-aroyo267_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aroyo267-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Movement and pose merge in a fast pace pure dance climax.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odissi_dance_at_Nishagandi_Dance_Festival_2024_(358).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Odissi_dance_at_Nishagandi_Dance_Festival_2024_%28358%29.jpg/220px-Odissi_dance_at_Nishagandi_Dance_Festival_2024_%28358%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Odissi_dance_at_Nishagandi_Dance_Festival_2024_%28358%29.jpg/330px-Odissi_dance_at_Nishagandi_Dance_Festival_2024_%28358%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Odissi_dance_at_Nishagandi_Dance_Festival_2024_%28358%29.jpg/440px-Odissi_dance_at_Nishagandi_Dance_Festival_2024_%28358%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3712" data-file-height="5568" /></a><figcaption>Odissi dance by Ananya parida and Rudraprasad Swain</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_moves_and_mudras">Basic moves and mudras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Basic moves and mudras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odissi_murals_in_Bhubaneswar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Odissi_murals_in_Bhubaneswar.gif/220px-Odissi_murals_in_Bhubaneswar.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Odissi_murals_in_Bhubaneswar.gif/330px-Odissi_murals_in_Bhubaneswar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Odissi_murals_in_Bhubaneswar.gif/440px-Odissi_murals_in_Bhubaneswar.gif 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Odissi mudra murals in Bhubaneswar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madhumita_Raut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Madhumita_Raut.jpg/220px-Madhumita_Raut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Madhumita_Raut.jpg/330px-Madhumita_Raut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Madhumita_Raut.jpg/440px-Madhumita_Raut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Odissi pose at <a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The basic unit of Odissi are called <i>bhangas</i>. These are made up of eight <i>belis</i>, or body positions and movements, combined in many varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motion is <i>uthas</i> (rising or up), <i>baithas</i> (sitting or down) or <i>sthankas</i> (standing).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gaits or movement on the dance floor is called <i>chaalis</i>, with movement tempo linked to emotions according to the classical Sanskrit texts. Thus, for example, <i>burhas</i> or quick pace suggest excitement, while a slow confused pace suggests dejection. For aesthetics, movement is centered on a core, a point in space or floor, and each dancer has her imaginary square of space, with spins and expression held within it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foot movement or <i>pada bhedas</i> too have basic dance units, and Odissi has six of these, in contrast to four found in most classical Indian dances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three primary dance positions in Odissi are:<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Chouka</i> – the square position, with weight equally placed on the two legs in a squatting position, spine straight, arms raised up with elbows bent.<sup id="cite_ref-bhumidance.com_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhumidance.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Abhanga</i> – the body weight shifts to one foot, while the feet and knees are kept forward in a standing position, one hip extending sideways and torso deflected away from supporting leg.<sup id="cite_ref-bhumidance.com_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhumidance.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Tribhanga</i> – is an S-shaped three-fold bending of body, with torso deflecting in one direction while the head and hips deflecting in the opposite direction of torso. Further, the hands and legs frame the body into a composite of two squares (rectangle), providing an aesthetic frame of reference. This is described in the ancient Sanskrit texts, and forms of it are found in other Hindu dance arts, but <i>tribhanga</i> postures developed most in and are distinctive to Odissi, and they are found in historic Hindu temple reliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><i>Mudras</i> or <i>Hastas</i> are hand gestures which are used to express the meaning of a given act.<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p64_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p64-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all classical dances of India, the aim of Odissi is in part to convey emotions, mood and inner feelings in the story by appropriate hand and facial gestures. There are 63 <i>Hastas</i> in modern Odissi dance, and these have the same names or structure as those in the pan-Indian Hindu texts, but most closely matching those in the <i>Abhinaya Chandrika</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p64_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p64-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are subdivided into three, according to the traditional texts:<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p64_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p64-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Asamyukta Hasta – Single hand Mudras – 28 Prakar (gestures, for instance to communicate a salute, prayer, embrace, energy, bond, swing, carriage, shell, arrow, holding a thing, wheel, and so on.)</li> <li>Samyukta Hasta – Double hand Mudras – 24 Prakar (gestures, for instance to indicate a flag, flower, type of bird or animal, moon, action like grasping, and so on.)</li> <li>Nritya Hasta – “Pure Dance” Mudras</li></ul> <p>The Mudra system is derived from the "Abhinaya Darpana" by Nandikeshavara and the ancient <i>Natya Shastra</i> of Bharata Muni.<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p64_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p64-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Costumes">Costumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Costumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Odissi_Costume_-_Dipanwita_Roy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Odissi costume." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Odissi_Costume_-_Dipanwita_Roy.jpg/220px-The_Odissi_Costume_-_Dipanwita_Roy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Odissi_Costume_-_Dipanwita_Roy.jpg/330px-The_Odissi_Costume_-_Dipanwita_Roy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/The_Odissi_Costume_-_Dipanwita_Roy.jpg/440px-The_Odissi_Costume_-_Dipanwita_Roy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>The Odissi costume</figcaption></figure> <p>The Odissi dancers are colorfully dressed with makeup and jewellery. The <a href="/wiki/Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Saree">sari</a> worn by Odissi dancers are brightly coloured, and usually of local silk (<i>Pattasari</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is worn with pleats, or may have a pleat tailor stitched in front, to allow maximum flexibility during the footwork.<sup id="cite_ref-nettl521_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nettl521-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These saris have traditional prints of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> with regional designs and embellishments, and may be the <a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambalpuri saree">Sambalpuri sari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bomkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomkai">Bomkai sari</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gotipua_make-up_(INDIA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gotipua_make-up_%28INDIA%29.jpg/220px-Gotipua_make-up_%28INDIA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gotipua_make-up_%28INDIA%29.jpg/330px-Gotipua_make-up_%28INDIA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gotipua_make-up_%28INDIA%29.jpg/440px-Gotipua_make-up_%28INDIA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Make-up_artist" title="Make-up artist">Make-up artist</a> at work before a dance performance</figcaption></figure> <p>The jewellery includes silver pieces, a metal favored in regional tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-gaston81_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaston81-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hair is tied up, and typically drawn into an elaborate bun resembling a Hindu temple spire, and decorated with <i>seenthi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-nettl521_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nettl521-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hairstyle may contain a moon shaped crest of white flowers,<sup id="cite_ref-nettl521_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nettl521-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a reed crown called <i>mukoot</i> with peacock feathers (symbolism for <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>). The dancers forehead is marked with <i><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">tikka</a></i>, and adorned with various jewelry such as the <i>allaka</i> (head piece on which the tikka hangs). The eyes are ringed with <a href="/wiki/Kajal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajal">kajal</a> (black eyeliner).<sup id="cite_ref-Patnaik1990p115_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patnaik1990p115-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ear covers called <i>kapa</i> or ear rings decorate the sides of the head, while necklace adorns the neck. The dancer wears a pair of armlets also called <i>bahichudi</i> or <i>bajuband</i>, on the upper arm. The wrist is covered with <i>kankana</i> (bangles).<sup id="cite_ref-Patnaik1990p115_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patnaik1990p115-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the waist they wear an elaborate belt which ties down one end of the sari. The ankles are decorated with a leather piece on top of which are bells (<i><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">ghungroo</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-gaston81_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaston81-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dancer's palms and soles may be painted with red coloured dye called the <i><a href="/wiki/Alta_(dye)" title="Alta (dye)">alta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Patnaik1990p115_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patnaik1990p115-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Modern Odissi male performers wear <i>dhoti</i> – a broadcloth tied around waist, pleated for movement, and tucked between legs; usually extends to knee or lower. Upper body is bare chested, and a long thin folded translucent sheet wrapping over one shoulder and usually tucked below a wide belt.<sup id="cite_ref-nettl521_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nettl521-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"></p><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Oṛiśī Sangīta</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Patitapaban.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Patitapaban.jpeg/180px-Patitapaban.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Patitapaban.jpeg/270px-Patitapaban.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Patitapaban.jpeg/360px-Patitapaban.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3388" data-file-height="5357" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mahāprabhu <a href="/wiki/Jagannatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagannatha">Jagannātha</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Composers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinakrushna_Dasa" title="Dinakrushna Dasa">Dinakrusna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendra_Bhanja" title="Upendra Bhanja">Bhanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banamali_Dasa" title="Banamali Dasa">Banamali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhimanyu_Samantasinghara" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhimanyu Samantasinghara">Abhimanyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladeba_Ratha" title="Baladeba Ratha"><i>Kabisurjya</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalakrusna_Pattanayaka" title="Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka">Gopalakrusna</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Shāstras</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangitasara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangitasara (page does not exist)"><i>Sangita Sara</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitaprakasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gitaprakasa"><i>Gita Prakasa</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangitanarayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangitanarayana"><i>Sangita Narayana</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangitamuktabali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangitamuktabali (page does not exist)"><i>Sangita Muktabali</i></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Compositions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chhanda (page does not exist)">Chhanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champu" title="Champu">Champu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chautisa" title="Chautisa">Chautisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janana_(Odissi_music)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Janana (Odissi music) (page does not exist)">Janana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhajana">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malasri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malasri (page does not exist)">Malasri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pallabi_(Odissi_music)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pallabi (Odissi music) (page does not exist)">Pallabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charjyapada</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Instruments</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardala" title="Mardala">Mardala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">Benu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veena" title="Veena">Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khol" title="Khol">Khol</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odissi_Classical_Music_sidebar" title="Template:Odissi Classical Music sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Odissi_Classical_Music_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Odissi Classical Music sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odissi_Classical_Music_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odissi Classical Music sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_instruments">Music and instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Music and instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></div> <p>Odissi dance is accompanied by the traditional classical music of the state of Odisha, <a href="/wiki/Orissi_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Orissi music">Odissi music</a>. The primary Odissi ragas are <i>Kalyana</i>, <i>Nata</i>, <i>Shree Gowda</i>, <i>Baradi</i>, <i>Panchama</i>, <i>Dhanashri</i>, <i>Karnata</i>, <i>Bhairavee</i> and <i>Shokabaradi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-orissaculture.gov.in_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orissaculture.gov.in-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odissi dance, states Ragini Devi, is a form of "visualized music", wherein the <i><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Ragas</a></i> and <i>Raginis</i>, respectively the primary and secondary musical modes, are integrated by the musicians and interpreted through the dancer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990147–149_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990147–149-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each note is a means, has a purpose and with a mood in classical Indian music, which Odissi accompanies to express sentiments in a song through <i>Parija</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990147–149_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990147–149-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is true whether the performance is formal, or less formal as in <i>Nartana</i> and <i>Natangi</i> used during festive occasions and the folksy celebration of life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990147–149_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990147–149-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most Indian dance forms, an Odissi troupe performs with the accompaniment of a musical ensemble. The mini-orchestra consists of a number of instruments, often varying slightly by region; the ubiquitous <i><a href="/wiki/Tanpura" title="Tanpura">tanpura</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used for a consistent, droning ambience throughout, with either the <i><a href="/wiki/Mardala" title="Mardala">mardala</a></i> (a barrel drum variant of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pakhawaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhawaj">pakhavaj</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Mridangam" title="Mridangam">mridangam</a></i> for percussion. Melodic instruments range from the <a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">harmonium</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bansuri" title="Bansuri">bansuri</a></i> (bamboo flute) or <i><a href="/wiki/Sarangi" title="Sarangi">sarangi</a></i> to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sitar" title="Sitar">sitar</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_violin" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian violin">violin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <i><a href="/wiki/Manjira" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjira">manjira</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Finger_cymbals" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger cymbals">finger cymbals</a>) or other small, percussive instruments may be used.<sup id="cite_ref-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, vocalists may be featured, usually singing simple, rhythmic phrases and melodies with dancing specifically choreographed to match. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odissi_group_performance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Odissi_group_performance.jpg/220px-Odissi_group_performance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Odissi_group_performance.jpg/330px-Odissi_group_performance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Odissi_group_performance.jpg/440px-Odissi_group_performance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Odissi group performance</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles">Styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Odissi tradition existed in three schools: <i>Mahari, Nartaki</i>, and <i>Gotipua</i>: </p> <ul><li><i>Maharis</i> were Oriya <a href="/wiki/Devadasi" title="Devadasi">devadasis</a> or temple girls, their name deriving from <i>Maha</i> (great) and <i>Nari</i> (girl), or <i>Mahri</i> (chosen) particularly those at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Jagganath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagganath">Jagganath</a> at <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>. Early Maharis performed <i>Nritta</i> (pure dance) and <a href="/wiki/Abhinaya" title="Abhinaya">Abhinaya</a> (interpretation of poetry) dedicated to various Hindu gods and goddesses, as well as Puranic mythologies and Vedic legends.<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p49_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p49-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Maharis especially performed dance sequences based on the lyrics of <a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadev</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p49_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p49-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This style is more sensuous and closer to the classical Sanskrit texts on dance, music and performance arts.<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p49_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p49-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Gotipuas</i> were boys dressed up as girls and taught the dance by the Maharis. This style included martial arts, athletics and acrobatics. Gotipuas danced to these compositions outside the temples and fairgrounds as folksy entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p49_81-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p49-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Nartaki</i> dance took place in the royal courts, where it was prevalent before the British period.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools,_training_and_recognition"><span id="Schools.2C_training_and_recognition"></span>Schools, training and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Schools, training and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasturi_Pattanaik-Photo-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kasturi_Pattanaik-Photo-3.jpg/220px-Kasturi_Pattanaik-Photo-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kasturi_Pattanaik-Photo-3.jpg/330px-Kasturi_Pattanaik-Photo-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kasturi_Pattanaik-Photo-3.jpg/440px-Kasturi_Pattanaik-Photo-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4522" data-file-height="2888" /></a><figcaption>The performer is in an Odissi Dance Abhinaya, based on the popular Indian epic-Ramayan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odissi_maestros_and_performers">Odissi maestros and performers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Odissi maestros and performers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kelucharan_Mohapatra" title="Kelucharan Mohapatra">Kelucharan Mohapatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Charan_Das" title="Pankaj Charan Das">Pankaj Charan Das</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deba_Prasad_Das" title="Deba Prasad Das">Deba Prasad Das</a> and Raghunath Dutta were the four major gurus who revived Odissi in the late forties and early fifties. <a href="/wiki/Sanjukta_Panigrahi" title="Sanjukta Panigrahi">Sanjukta Panigrahi</a> was a leading disciple of Kelucharan Mohapatra who popularized Odissi by performing in India and abroad. In the mid-sixties, three other disciples of Kelucharan Mohapatra, <a href="/wiki/Kumkum_Mohanty" title="Kumkum Mohanty">Kumkum Mohanty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonal_Mansingh" title="Sonal Mansingh">Sonal Mansingh</a>, were known for their performances in India and abroad. Some other notable disciples include, Debi Basu, <a href="/wiki/Jhelum_Paranjape" title="Jhelum Paranjape">Jhelum Paranjape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shubhada_Varadkar" title="Shubhada Varadkar">Shubhada Varadkar</a>, Daksha Mashruwala and <a href="/wiki/Nandita_Behera" title="Nandita Behera">Nandita Behera</a>. Laximipriya Mohapatra performed a piece of Odissi abhinaya in the Annapurna Theatre in Cuttack in 1948, a show upheld as the first classical Odissi dance performance after its contemporary revival.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guru <a href="/wiki/Mayadhar_Raut" title="Mayadhar Raut">Mayadhar Raut</a> played a pivotal role in giving Odissi dance its classical status. He introduced <i>Mudra Vinyoga</i> in 1955 and <i>Sancharibhava</i> in the Odissi dance items, and portrayed <i>Shringara Rasa</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a> Ashthapadis</i>. His notable compositions include <i>Pashyati Dishi Dishi</i> and <i>Priya Charu Shile</i>, composed in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Schools">Schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="border:1px double #003A6C;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112);">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Odisha" title="Category:Odisha"><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">a series</span></a> on</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#003A6C; color:#fff; border:1px double #003A6C; line-height: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha"><span style="color:white;">Odisha</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Odisha.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Odisha"><img alt="Emblem of Odisha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Seal_of_Odisha.png/70px-Seal_of_Odisha.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Seal_of_Odisha.png/105px-Seal_of_Odisha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Seal_of_Odisha.png/140px-Seal_of_Odisha.png 2x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="277" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:var(--background-color-interactive, #eaecf0); color:var(--color-base, #101112); border:1px double #003A6C;"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Odisha" title="Government of Odisha">Governance</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Odisha" title="List of governors of Odisha">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Odisha" title="List of chief ministers of Odisha">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Legislative_Assembly" title="Odisha Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Odisha" title="Category:Political parties in Odisha">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orissa_High_Court" title="Orissa High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Police" title="Odisha Police">Police</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:var(--background-color-interactive, #eaecf0); 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href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Pattachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipili_applique_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipili applique work">Pipili applique work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambalpuri saree">Sambalpuri saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Rasgulla</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:State_of_Odisha" title="Template:State of Odisha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:State_of_Odisha" title="Template talk:State of Odisha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:State_of_Odisha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:State of Odisha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IIT_Bhubaneswar">IIT Bhubaneswar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: IIT Bhubaneswar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Odissi has been included in <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Bhubaneswar" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar">Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/BTech" class="mw-redirect" title="BTech">BTech</a> syllabus since 2015 as the first Indian national technical institute to introduce any classical dance in syllabus.<sup id="cite_ref-TOI11September2015_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TOI11September2015-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hin12September2015_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hin12September2015-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NIE12September2015_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIE12September2015-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GWR_attempt_for_largest_Odissi_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GWR_attempt_for_largest_Odissi_Dance.jpg/160px-GWR_attempt_for_largest_Odissi_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GWR_attempt_for_largest_Odissi_Dance.jpg/240px-GWR_attempt_for_largest_Odissi_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/GWR_attempt_for_largest_Odissi_Dance.jpg/320px-GWR_attempt_for_largest_Odissi_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="1692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> on the largest Odissi dance event.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Guinness_World_records">In Guinness World records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In Guinness World records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> has acknowledged the feat of the largest congregation of Odissi dancers in a single event. 555 Odissi dancers performed at the event hosted on 23 December 2011, in the Kalinga stadium, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The dancers performed the <i>mangalacharana, Battu, Pallavi, Abhinaya</i> and <i>Mokshya</i> dance items from the Odissi repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 1000 Odissi dancers performed at the World Cultural Festival<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 March 2016. This is till date the largest congregation of Odissi dancers in a single event. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Odissi_Centre_at_Oxford_University">Odissi Centre at Oxford University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Odissi Centre at Oxford University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxford_Odissi_Centre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Oxford_Odissi_Centre.JPG/180px-Oxford_Odissi_Centre.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Oxford_Odissi_Centre.JPG/270px-Oxford_Odissi_Centre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Oxford_Odissi_Centre.JPG/360px-Oxford_Odissi_Centre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3672" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baisali_Mohanty" title="Baisali Mohanty">Baisali Mohanty</a> announcing the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Odissi_Centre" title="Oxford Odissi Centre">Oxford Odissi Centre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>An Odissi dance centre has been opened from January 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Odissi_Centre" title="Oxford Odissi Centre">Oxford Odissi Centre</a>, it is an initiative of the Odissi dancer and choreographer <a href="/wiki/Baisali_Mohanty" title="Baisali Mohanty">Baisali Mohanty</a> who is also a post-graduate scholar at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beside holding regular Odissi dance classes at its institution, the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Odissi_Centre" title="Oxford Odissi Centre">Oxford Odissi Centre</a> also conducts Odissi dance workshops at other academic institutions in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Indian classical dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">Gotipua</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannicaodis-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannicaodis_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannicaodis_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannicaodis_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannicaodis_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/odissi">Odissi</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200483–84,_the_other_major_classical_Indian_dances_are:_Bharatanatyam,_Kathak,_Kuchipudi,_Kathakali,_Manipuri,_Chhau,_Satriya,_Yaksagana_and_Bhagavata_Mela-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200483–84,_the_other_major_classical_Indian_dances_are:_Bharatanatyam,_Kathak,_Kuchipudi,_Kathakali,_Manipuri,_Chhau,_Satriya,_Yaksagana_and_Bhagavata_Mela_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2004">Williams 2004</a>, pp. 83–84, the other major classical Indian dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Manipuri, Chhau, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014000750/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/guide-snaawards.htm">"Guidelines for Sangeet Natak Akademi Ratna and Akademi Puraskar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/guide-snaawards.htm">the original</a> on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+Sangeet+Natak+Akademi+Ratna+and+Akademi+Puraskar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsangeetnatak.gov.in%2Fsna%2Fguide-snaawards.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claus2003p136-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Claus2003p136_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DienxrTPHzzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p41-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p41_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p41_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p41_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. pp. 4–6, 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=4-6%2C+41&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span>, <b>Quote:</b> "There are other temples too in Odisha where the <i>maharis</i> used to dance. Besides the temple of Lord Jagannatha, <i>maharis</i> were employed in temples dedicated to Shiva and Shakti."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p483-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p483_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p483_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p483_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p483_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p483_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 484–485. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3180-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=484-485&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg6FsB3psOTIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schechner65-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schechner65_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schechner2010" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schechner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoEaulAxbu8C&pg=PA65"><i>Between Theater and Anthropology</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 65–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0092-8"><bdi>978-0-8122-0092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Theater+and+Anthropology&rft.pages=65-66&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0092-8&rft.au=Richard+Schechner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoEaulAxbu8C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kyriakidis155-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kyriakidis155_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kyriakidis155_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelos_Kyriakidis2007" class="citation book cs1">Evangelos Kyriakidis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e34KAQAAMAAJ"><i>The archaeology of ritual</i></a>. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, University of California Press. pp. 155–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931745-48-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931745-48-2"><bdi>978-1-931745-48-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+ritual&rft.pages=155-158&rft.pub=Cotsen+Institute+of+Archaeology%2C+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-931745-48-2&rft.au=Evangelos+Kyriakidis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De34KAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p12-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p12_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. pp. 9–10, 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=9-10%2C+12&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span>, <b>Quote:</b> The art of dance and maasic suffered on account of political instability, the Muslim invasion, the desecration of the temples and the loss of independence, the lack of patronage to both the <i>maharis</i> and the <i>gotipua</i> dancers..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047–49-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi199047–49_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRagini_Devi1990">Ragini Devi 1990</a>, pp. 47–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter2013p145-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carter2013p145_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter2013p145_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter2013p145_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter2013p145_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carter2013p145_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Carter2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexandra Carter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYaMAQAAQBAJ"><i>Rethinking Dance History: A Reader</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48500-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48500-8"><bdi>978-1-136-48500-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Dance+History%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-48500-8&rft.au=Alexandra+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjYaMAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Arnold2014" class="citation book cs1">Stephanie Arnold (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pn1zCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The Creative Spirit: An Introduction to Theatre</i></a>. McGraw Hill. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-777389-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-777389-2"><bdi>978-0-07-777389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creative+Spirit%3A+An+Introduction+to+Theatre&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-07-777389-2&rft.au=Stephanie+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpn1zCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. pp. 1–4, 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=1-4%2C+76-77&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatsyayan1983p57-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vatsyayan1983p57_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1983" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2sKfAAAAMAAJ"><i>The square and the circle of the Indian arts</i></a>. Roli Books International. pp. 57–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+square+and+the+circle+of+the+Indian+arts&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Roli+Books+International&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2sKfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NettlStone1998p520-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p520_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno_NettlRuth_M._StoneJames_Porter1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruno Nettl; Ruth M. Stone; James Porter; et al. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. p. 520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia+%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=520&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.au=Bruno+Nettl&rft.au=Ruth+M.+Stone&rft.au=James+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aroyo267-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aroyo267_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aroyo267_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aroyo267_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aroyo267_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlessandra_Royo2012" class="citation book cs1">Alessandra Royo (2012). Pallabi Chakravorty, Nilanjana Gupta (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_QDgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267"><i>Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51613-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51613-9"><bdi>978-1-136-51613-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+Matters%3A+Performing+India+on+Local+and+Global+Stages&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-51613-9&rft.au=Alessandra+Royo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_QDgCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxel_MichaelsChristoph_Wulf2012" class="citation book cs1">Axel Michaels; Christoph Wulf (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ui2pAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT192"><i>Images of the Body in India: South Asian and European Perspectives on Rituals and Performativity</i></a>. Routledge. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70392-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-70392-8"><bdi>978-1-136-70392-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+the+Body+in+India%3A+South+Asian+and+European+Perspectives+on+Rituals+and+Performativity&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-70392-8&rft.au=Axel+Michaels&rft.au=Christoph+Wulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dui2pAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Watson2003" class="citation book cs1">Ian Watson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChGGAgAAQBAJ"><i>Towards a Third Theatre: Eugenio Barba and the Odin Teatret</i></a>. Routledge. pp. xii–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79755-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-79755-4"><bdi>978-1-134-79755-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Third+Theatre%3A+Eugenio+Barba+and+the+Odin+Teatret&rft.pages=xii-xiii&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-79755-4&rft.au=Ian+Watson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DChGGAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p32-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p32_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. pp. 32–33, 48–49, 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=32-33%2C+48-49%2C+68&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuiper2010p278-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper2010p278_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper2010p278_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kuiper2010p278_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_Kuiper2010" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen Kuiper (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c8PJFLeURhsC&pg=PA278"><i>The Culture of India</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-149-2"><bdi>978-1-61530-149-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Culture+of+India&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-149-2&rft.au=Kathleen+Kuiper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc8PJFLeURhsC%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENatalia_Lidova2014_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNatalia_Lidova2014">Natalia Lidova 2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarla_Mehta1995xxiv,_19–20_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarla_Mehta1995">Tarla Mehta 1995</a>, pp. xxiv, 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace_Dace1963249_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace_Dace1963">Wallace Dace 1963</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis19741–25_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis1974">Emmie Te Nijenhuis 1974</a>, pp. 1–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan2001_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2001">Kapila Vatsyayan 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_L._Beck2012" class="citation book cs1">Guy L. Beck (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UzUMCAAAQBAJ"><i>Sonic Liturgy: Ritual and Music in Hindu Tradition</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. pp. 138–139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-108-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61117-108-2"><bdi>978-1-61117-108-2</bdi></a>. <q><b>Quote:</b> "A summation of the signal importance of the Natyasastra for Hindu religion and culture has been provided by Susan Schwartz, "In short, the Natyasastra is an exhaustive encyclopedic dissertation of the arts, with an emphasis on performing arts as its central feature. It is also full of invocations to deities, acknowledging the divine origins of the arts and the central role of performance arts in achieving divine goals (...)".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Liturgy%3A+Ritual+and+Music+in+Hindu+Tradition&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61117-108-2&rft.au=Guy+L.+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzUMCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mog17-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mog17_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoormaraswamy_and_Duggirala1917" class="citation web cs1">Coormaraswamy and Duggirala (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924012568535#page/n5/mode/2up">"The Mirror of Gesture"</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mirror+of+Gesture&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Coormaraswamy+and+Duggirala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924012568535%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span>; Also see chapter 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kothari6-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kothari6_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kothari6_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. pp. 13–16, 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=13-16%2C+31-32&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benudhar Patra (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41692117">Merchants, Guilds and Trade in Ancient India: An Odishan Perspective</a>, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Volume 89, pages 133-168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/HathigumphaInscription.pdf">Hathigumpha inscription</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232906/http://www.sdstate.edu/projectsouthasia/upload/HathigumphaInscription.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> South Dakota State University, Epigraphia Indica, Vol. XX (1929–30)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. F. Fleet (1910), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25189732">The Hathigumpha Inscription</a>, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (Jul. 1910), Cambridge University Press, pages 824–828</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._YuleM._Bemmann1988" class="citation journal cs1">P. Yule; M. Bemmann (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/savifadok/volltexte/2008/177/">"Klangsteine aus Orissa-Die frühesten Musikinstrumente Indiens?"</a>. <i>Archaeologia Musicalis</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 41–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeologia+Musicalis&rft.atitle=Klangsteine+aus+Orissa-Die+fr%C3%BChesten+Musikinstrumente+Indiens%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-50&rft.date=1988&rft.au=P.+Yule&rft.au=M.+Bemmann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fsavifadok%2Fvolltexte%2F2008%2F177%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno_NettlRuth_M._StoneJames_Porter1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruno Nettl; Ruth M. Stone; James Porter; et al. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA319"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia+%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.au=Bruno+Nettl&rft.au=Ruth+M.+Stone&rft.au=James+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. pp. 13–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=13-15&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DB Mishra (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2006/engpdf/22-29.pdf">Orissan Inscriptions</a> Odisha Review</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Carter2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexandra Carter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYaMAQAAQBAJ"><i>Rethinking Dance History: A Reader</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 147–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48500-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48500-8"><bdi>978-1-136-48500-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Dance+History%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-48500-8&rft.au=Alexandra+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjYaMAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1982" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC"><i>Dance In Indian Painting</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 73–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0391022362" title="Special:BookSources/978-0391022362"><bdi>978-0391022362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+In+Indian+Painting&rft.pages=73-78&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0391022362&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58fUibaZdGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004210–212_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReginald_Massey2004">Reginald Massey 2004</a>, pp. 210–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā1966" class="citation book cs1">Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Silpa Prakasa Medieval Odishan Sanskrit Text on Temple Architecture</i></a>. Brill Academic. pp. 74–80, 52, 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silpa+Prakasa+Medieval+Odishan+Sanskrit+Text+on+Temple+Architecture&rft.pages=74-80%2C+52%2C+154&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft.au=Sad%C4%81%C5%9Biva+Rath+%C5%9Aarm%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitQUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verma2011p43-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Verma2011p43_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verma2011p43_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Verma2011p43_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchana_Verma2011" class="citation book cs1">Archana Verma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAArBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>Performance and Culture: Narrative, Image and Enactment in India</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 43–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2832-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2832-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-2832-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+and+Culture%3A+Narrative%2C+Image+and+Enactment+in+India&rft.pages=43-57&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2832-1&rft.au=Archana+Verma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAArBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhirendranath_Patnaik1990" class="citation book cs1">Dhirendranath Patnaik (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBtHAQAAIAAJ"><i>Odissi dance</i></a>. Odisha Sangeet Natak Adademi. pp. 68–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi+dance&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Odisha+Sangeet+Natak+Adademi&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Dhirendranath+Patnaik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBtHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephanie_Burridge2006" class="citation book cs1">Stephanie Burridge (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mm8NAQAAMAAJ"><i>Shifting sands: dance in Asia and the Pacific</i></a>. Australian Dance Council. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875255-15-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-875255-15-3"><bdi>978-1-875255-15-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shifting+sands%3A+dance+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Australian+Dance+Council&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-875255-15-3&rft.au=Stephanie+Burridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMm8NAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carter148-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carter148_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carter148_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carter148_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carter148_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carter148_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carter148_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carter148_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Carter2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexandra Carter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYaMAQAAQBAJ"><i>Rethinking Dance History: A Reader</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48500-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48500-8"><bdi>978-1-136-48500-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Dance+History%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=148-149&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-48500-8&rft.au=Alexandra+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjYaMAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990142-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990142_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRagini_Devi1990">Ragini Devi 1990</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marysnodgrass166-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marysnodgrass166_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marysnodgrass166_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marysnodgrass166_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Ellen_Snodgrass2016" class="citation book cs1">Mary Ellen Snodgrass (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DMGpDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Folk Dance</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 165–168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5749-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5749-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-5749-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Folk+Dance&rft.pages=165-168&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5749-8&rft.au=Mary+Ellen+Snodgrass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDMGpDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker2016p94-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2016p94_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker2016p94_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_E._Walker2016" class="citation book cs1">Margaret E. Walker (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nC83DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA94"><i>India's Kathak Dance in Historical Perspective</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 94–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-11737-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-11737-7"><bdi>978-1-317-11737-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Kathak+Dance+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=94-98&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-11737-7&rft.au=Margaret+E.+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC83DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexandra_Carter_2013_145–146-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexandra_Carter_2013_145–146_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexandra_Carter_2013_145–146_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Carter2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexandra Carter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYaMAQAAQBAJ"><i>Rethinking Dance History: A Reader</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 145–146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48500-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48500-8"><bdi>978-1-136-48500-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Dance+History%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=145-146&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-48500-8&rft.au=Alexandra+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjYaMAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-amritsri73-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-amritsri73_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmrit_Srinivasan1983" class="citation journal cs1">Amrit Srinivasan (1983). "The Hindu Temple-dancer: Prostitute or Nun?". <i>The Cambridge Journal of Anthropology</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 73–99. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23816342">23816342</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Hindu+Temple-dancer%3A+Prostitute+or+Nun%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-99&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23816342%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Amrit+Srinivasan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leslieorr8-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-leslieorr8_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_C._Orr2000" class="citation book cs1">Leslie C. Orr (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F___xKcP8lMC"><i>Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God: Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 5, 8–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535672-4"><bdi>978-0-19-535672-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Donors%2C+Devotees%2C+and+Daughters+of+God%3A+Temple+Women+in+Medieval+Tamilnadu&rft.pages=5%2C+8-17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535672-4&rft.au=Leslie+C.+Orr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF___xKcP8lMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pallabinilan30-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pallabinilan30_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPallabi_ChakravortyNilanjana_Gupta2012" class="citation book cs1">Pallabi Chakravorty; Nilanjana Gupta (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KQly7wn0C5sC&pg=PA30"><i>Dance Matters: Performing India on Local and Global Stages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51612-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51612-2"><bdi>978-1-136-51612-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+Matters%3A+Performing+India+on+Local+and+Global+Stages&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-51612-2&rft.au=Pallabi+Chakravorty&rft.au=Nilanjana+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKQly7wn0C5sC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-craine420-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-craine420_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebra_CraineJudith_Mackrell2010" class="citation book cs1">Debra Craine; Judith Mackrell (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42g8Hp-xA48C"><i>The Oxford Dictionary of Dance</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199563449" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199563449"><bdi>978-0199563449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Dance&rft.pages=420&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199563449&rft.au=Debra+Craine&rft.au=Judith+Mackrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D42g8Hp-xA48C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Dennen2013" class="citation journal cs1">David Dennen (January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2577115">"The Naming of Odissi: Changing Conceptions of Music in Odisha"</a>. <i>Ravenshaw Journal of Literary and Cultural Studies (Vol. 3)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ravenshaw+Journal+of+Literary+and+Cultural+Studies+%28Vol.+3%29&rft.atitle=The+Naming+of+Odissi%3A+Changing+Conceptions+of+Music+in+Odisha&rft.date=2013-01&rft.au=David+Dennen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2577115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004209-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004209_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004209_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReginald_Massey2004">Reginald Massey 2004</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandra_Carter2013" class="citation book cs1">Alexandra Carter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jYaMAQAAQBAJ"><i>Rethinking Dance History: A Reader</i></a>. Routledge. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48500-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-48500-8"><bdi>978-1-136-48500-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Dance+History%3A+A+Reader&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-48500-8&rft.au=Alexandra+Carter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjYaMAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchana_Verma2011" class="citation book cs1">Archana Verma (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAArBwAAQBAJ"><i>Performance and Culture: Narrative, Image and Enactment in India</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 43–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2832-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2832-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-2832-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+and+Culture%3A+Narrative%2C+Image+and+Enactment+in+India&rft.pages=43-47&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2832-1&rft.au=Archana+Verma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAArBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanna1988p102-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanna1988p102_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_Lynne_Hanna1988" class="citation book cs1">Judith Lynne Hanna (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGJ68sbWFVUC"><i>Dance, Sex, and Gender: Signs of Identity, Dominance, Defiance, and Desire</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 102–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31551-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31551-5"><bdi>978-0-226-31551-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance%2C+Sex%2C+and+Gender%3A+Signs+of+Identity%2C+Dominance%2C+Defiance%2C+and+Desire&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31551-5&rft.au=Judith+Lynne+Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGJ68sbWFVUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_Lynne_Hanna1988" class="citation book cs1">Judith Lynne Hanna (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGJ68sbWFVUC"><i>Dance, Sex, and Gender: Signs of Identity, Dominance, Defiance, and Desire</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 98–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31551-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-31551-5"><bdi>978-0-226-31551-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance%2C+Sex%2C+and+Gender%3A+Signs+of+Identity%2C+Dominance%2C+Defiance%2C+and+Desire&rft.pages=98-106&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-31551-5&rft.au=Judith+Lynne+Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGJ68sbWFVUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NettlStone1998p519-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p519_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p519_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p519_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NettlStone1998p519_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno_NettlRuth_M._StoneJames_Porter1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruno Nettl; Ruth M. Stone; James Porter; et al. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 519–521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia+%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=519-521&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.au=Bruno+Nettl&rft.au=Ruth+M.+Stone&rft.au=James+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214_62-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReginald_Massey2004207–214_62-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReginald_Massey2004">Reginald Massey 2004</a>, pp. 207–214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koskoff955-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koskoff955_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koskoff955_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen_Koskoff2008" class="citation book cs1">Ellen Koskoff (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73MO0eiQD_EC&pg=PA955"><i>The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: The Middle East, South Asia, East Asia, Southeast Asia</i></a>. Routledge. p. 955. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99404-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-99404-0"><bdi>978-0-415-99404-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+The+Middle+East%2C+South+Asia%2C+East+Asia%2C+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=955&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-99404-0&rft.au=Ellen+Koskoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73MO0eiQD_EC%26pg%3DPA955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Descutner2010p45-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Descutner2010p45_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Descutner2010p45_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanet_Descutner2010" class="citation book cs1">Janet Descutner (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8tCYjXOtkdgC"><i>Asian Dance</i></a>. Infobase. pp. 45–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-3078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-3078-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-3078-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Dance&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-3078-1&rft.au=Janet+Descutner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8tCYjXOtkdgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_B._Asher1995" class="citation book cs1">Catherine B. Asher (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_BtAAAAMAAJ"><i>India 2001: Reference Encyclopedia</i></a>. South Asia Book. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945921-42-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945921-42-4"><bdi>978-0-945921-42-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+2001%3A+Reference+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=South+Asia+Book&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-945921-42-4&rft.au=Catherine+B.+Asher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF_BtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438–39-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438–39_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438–39_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438–39_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1974">Kapila Vatsyayan 1974</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990144–145-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990144–145_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRagini_Devi1990">Ragini Devi 1990</a>, pp. 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438,_65-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197438,_65_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1974">Kapila Vatsyayan 1974</a>, pp. 38, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197436-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197436_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1974">Kapila Vatsyayan 1974</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197435–37-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapila_Vatsyayan197435–37_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1974">Kapila Vatsyayan 1974</a>, pp. 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhumidance.com-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhumidance.com_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhumidance.com_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhumidance.com/basics-1">"Basics"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhumidance.com%2Fbasics-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p64-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p64_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p64_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p64_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p64_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. pp. 64–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=64-67&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhirendranath_Patnaik1990" class="citation book cs1">Dhirendranath Patnaik (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBtHAQAAIAAJ"><i>Odissi dance</i></a>. Odisha Sangeet Natak Adademi. pp. 112–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi+dance&rft.pages=112-113&rft.pub=Odisha+Sangeet+Natak+Adademi&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Dhirendranath+Patnaik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBtHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nettl521-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nettl521_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nettl521_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nettl521_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nettl521_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno_NettlRuth_M._StoneJames_Porter1998" class="citation book cs1">Bruno Nettl; Ruth M. Stone; James Porter; et al. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA319"><i>The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4946-1"><bdi>978-0-8240-4946-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garland+Encyclopedia+of+World+Music%3A+South+Asia+%3A+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.pages=521&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1&rft.au=Bruno+Nettl&rft.au=Ruth+M.+Stone&rft.au=James+Porter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZOlNv8MAXIEC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaston81-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gaston81_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaston81_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnne-Marie_Gaston2012" class="citation book cs1">Anne-Marie Gaston (2012). Hillary P. Rodrigues (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u9eoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>Studying Hinduism in Practice</i></a>. Routledge. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-68097-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-68097-7"><bdi>978-1-136-68097-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+Hinduism+in+Practice&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-68097-7&rft.au=Anne-Marie+Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du9eoAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhirendranath_Patnaik1990" class="citation book cs1">Dhirendranath Patnaik (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBtHAQAAIAAJ"><i>Odissi dance</i></a>. Odisha Sangeet Natak Adademi. pp. 9–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi+dance&rft.pages=9-11&rft.pub=Odisha+Sangeet+Natak+Adademi&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Dhirendranath+Patnaik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBtHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patnaik1990p115-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Patnaik1990p115_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patnaik1990p115_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Patnaik1990p115_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhirendranath_Patnaik1990" class="citation book cs1">Dhirendranath Patnaik (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBtHAQAAIAAJ"><i>Odissi dance</i></a>. Odisha Sangeet Natak Adademi. pp. 113–115.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi+dance&rft.pages=113-115&rft.pub=Odisha+Sangeet+Natak+Adademi&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Dhirendranath+Patnaik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBtHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orissaculture.gov.in-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orissaculture.gov.in_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403151246/http://www.orissaculture.gov.in/dance.asp">"Culture Department"</a>. Orissaculture.gov.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orissaculture.gov.in/dance.asp">the original</a> on 3 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culture+Department&rft.pub=Orissaculture.gov.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forissaculture.gov.in%2Fdance.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990147–149-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990147–149_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990147–149_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagini_Devi1990147–149_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRagini_Devi1990">Ragini Devi 1990</a>, pp. 147–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Courtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney,_David_and_Chandrakantha1998–2021" class="citation web cs1">Courtney, David and Chandrakantha (1998–2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/nritya/odissi.html#:~:text=This%20necessitates%20a%20technique%20which,as%20a%20separate%20classical%20system">"Odissi"</a>. <i>Chandrakantha.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chandrakantha.com&rft.atitle=Odissi&rft.date=1998%2F2021&rft.au=Courtney%2C+David+and+Chandrakantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchandrakantha.com%2Farticles%2Findian_music%2Fnritya%2Fodissi.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThis%2520necessitates%2520a%2520technique%2520which%2Cas%2520a%2520separate%2520classical%2520system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KothariPasricha1990p49-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p49_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p49_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p49_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KothariPasricha1990p49_81-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunil_KothariAvinash_Pasricha1990" class="citation book cs1">Sunil Kothari; Avinash Pasricha (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P_0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Odissi, Indian classical dance art</i></a>. Marg Publications. pp. 41–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85026-13-8"><bdi>978-81-85026-13-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odissi%2C+Indian+classical+dance+art&rft.pages=41-49&rft.pub=Marg+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-85026-13-8&rft.au=Sunil+Kothari&rft.au=Avinash+Pasricha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP_0MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alessandra Lopez y Royo, "The reinvention of odissi classical dance as a temple ritual," published in <i>The Archaeology of Ritual</i> ed. Evangelos Kyriakidis, Cotsen Institute of Archaeology, UCLA 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhirendranath_Patnaik1990" class="citation book cs1">Dhirendranath Patnaik (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBtHAQAAIAAJ"><i>Odissi dance</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100809/jsp/orissa/story_12788878.jsp">the original</a> on 28 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Steps+to+success&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1100809%2Fjsp%2Forissa%2Fstory_12788878.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaktikar, A. <i>Odissi Yaatra: The Journey of Guru Mayadhar Raut</i>. Delhi: B. R. Rhythms. 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88827-21-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88827-21-3">978-81-88827-21-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TOI11September2015-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TOI11September2015_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2015" class="citation news cs1">Pradhan, Ashok (11 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/IIT-Bhubaneswar-becomes-first-IIT-in-country-to-introduce-dance-as-BTech-subject/articleshow/48911403.cms">"IIT Bhubaneswar becomes first IIT in country to introduce dance as BTech subject"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=IIT-Bhubaneswar+Becomes+First+IIT+to+Introduce+Odissi+as+a+Course&rft.date=2015-09-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fstates%2Fodisha%2FIIT-Bhubaneswar-Becomes-First-IIT-to-Introduce-Odissi-as-a-Course%2F2015%2F09%2F11%2Farticle3022753.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160915060502/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article335732.ece">"Odissi dancers enter Guinness"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article335732.ece">the original</a> on 15 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph+%28India%29&rft.atitle=Odissi+beats+to+resonate+at+Oxford+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1160113%2Fjsp%2Fodisha%2Fstory_63528.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyaskant" class="citation web cs1">Ayaskant. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160121150255/http://odishasuntimes.com/2015/12/26/odissi-centre-to-open-at-oxford-university-from-jan/">"Odissi Centre to open at Oxford University from Jan"</a>. <i>odishasuntimes.com</i>. Archived from the original on 21 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=odishasuntimes.com&rft.atitle=Odissi+Centre+to+open+at+Oxford+University+from+Jan&rft.au=Ayaskant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodishasuntimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F26%2Fodissi-centre-to-open-at-oxford-university-from-jan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypioneer.com/print.php?printFOR=storydetail&story_url_key=odishi-centre-to-open-at-oxford-in-january&section_url_key=state-editions">"The Pioneer"</a>. <i>The Pioneer (India)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalinga+TV+on+Facebook&rft.pub=KalingaTV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkalingatv.com%2Fstate-news%2Foxford-university-odissi-centre-jan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Odissi : What, Why and How… Evolution, Revival and Technique</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Madhumita_Raut" title="Madhumita Raut">Madhumita Raut</a>. Published by B. R. Rhythms, Delhi, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-88827-10-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-88827-10-X">81-88827-10-X</a>.</li> <li><i>Odissi Yaatra: The Journey of Guru Mayadhar Raut</i>, by Aadya Kaktikar (ed. <a href="/wiki/Madhumita_Raut" title="Madhumita Raut">Madhumita Raut</a>). Published by B. R. Rhythms, Delhi, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-88827-21-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-88827-21-3">978-81-88827-21-3</a>.</li> <li><i>Odissi Dance</i>, by Dhirendranath Patnaik. Published by Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi, 1971.</li> <li><i>Odissi – The Dance Divine</i>, by Ranjana Gauhar and Dushyant Parasher. Published by <a href="/wiki/Niyogi_Books" title="Niyogi Books">Niyogi Books</a>, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-89738-17-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-89738-17-8">81-89738-17-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Odissi, Indian Classical Dance Art: Odisi Nritya</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Sunil_Kothari" title="Sunil Kothari">Sunil Kothari</a>, Avinash Pasricha. Marg Publications, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85026-13-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-85026-13-0">81-85026-13-0</a>.</li> <li><i>Perspectives on Odissi Theatre</i>, by Ramesh Prasad Panigrahi, Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi. Published by Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi, 1998.</li> <li><i>Abhinaya-chandrika and Odissi dance</i>, by Maheshwar Mahapatra, Alekha Chandra Sarangi, Sushama Kulshreshthaa, Maya Das. Published by Eastern Book Linkers, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7854-010-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7854-010-X">81-7854-010-X</a>.</li> <li><i>Rethinking Odissi</i>, by Dinanath Pathy. Published by Harman Pub. House, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86622-88-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-86622-88-8">81-86622-88-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalia_Lidova2014" class="citation book cs1">Natalia Lidova (2014). <i>Natyashastra</i>. 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Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1234-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1234-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1234-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drama+and+Ritual+of+Early+Hinduism&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1234-5&rft.au=Natalia+Lidova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TKarwqJJP0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagini_Devi1990" class="citation book cs1">Ragini Devi (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC"><i>Dance Dialects of India</i></a>. 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Routledge: 69–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08949460490274013">10.1080/08949460490274013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29065670">29065670</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jashm.press.illinois.edu/12.3/12-3IntheShadow_Williams78-99.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caves+Temples+of+India&rft.pub=W.+H.+Allen&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5YqEFKdU8FEC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell2014" class="citation book cs1">Michell, George l (15 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1TroAEACAAJ"><i>Temple Architecture and Art of the Early Chalukyas: Badami, Mahakuta, Aihole, Pattadakal</i></a>. Niyogi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-83098-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-83098-33-0"><bdi>978-93-83098-33-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temple+Architecture+and+Art+of+the+Early+Chalukyas%3A+Badami%2C+Mahakuta%2C+Aihole%2C+Pattadakal&rft.pub=Niyogi+Books&rft.date=2014-10-15&rft.isbn=978-93-83098-33-0&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=George+l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1TroAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReginald_Massey2004" class="citation book cs1">Reginald Massey (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6MJ8jbHqIwC"><i>India's Dances: Their History, Technique, and Repertoire</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-434-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-434-9"><bdi>978-81-7017-434-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Dances%3A+Their+History%2C+Technique%2C+and+Repertoire&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-434-9&rft.au=Reginald+Massey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6MJ8jbHqIwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmie_Te_Nijenhuis1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emmie_te_Nijenhuis" title="Emmie te Nijenhuis">Emmie Te Nijenhuis</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NrgfAAAAIAAJ"><i>Indian Music: History and Structure</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03978-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03978-3"><bdi>90-04-03978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Music%3A+History+and+Structure&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=90-04-03978-3&rft.au=Emmie+Te+Nijenhuis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNrgfAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2001" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zKW1PAAACAAJ"><i>Bharata, the Nāṭyaśāstra</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1220-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-1220-6"><bdi>978-81-260-1220-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bharata%2C+the+N%C4%81%E1%B9%ADya%C5%9B%C4%81stra&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-260-1220-6&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzKW1PAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1977" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (1977). <i>Classical Indian dance in literature and the arts</i>. Sangeet Natak Akademi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/233639306">233639306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+dance+in+literature+and+the+arts&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F233639306&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/toc/z2008_2719.pdf">Table of Contents</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1974" class="citation cs2">Kapila Vatsyayan (1974), <i>Indian classical dance</i>, Sangeet Natak Akademi, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2238067">2238067</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+classical+dance&rft.pub=Sangeet+Natak+Akademi&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2238067&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (2008). <i>Aesthetic theories and forms in Indian tradition</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8187586357" title="Special:BookSources/978-8187586357"><bdi>978-8187586357</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/286469807">286469807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aesthetic+theories+and+forms+in+Indian+tradition&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F286469807&rft.isbn=978-8187586357&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58fUibaZdGYC"><i>Dance In Indian Painting</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-153-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-153-9"><bdi>978-81-7017-153-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+In+Indian+Painting&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-153-9&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58fUibaZdGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace_Dace1963" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace Dace (1963). "The Concept of "Rasa" in Sanskrit Dramatic Theory". <i>Educational Theatre Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 249–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3204783">10.2307/3204783</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3204783">3204783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Concept+of+%22Rasa%22+in+Sanskrit+Dramatic+Theory&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=249-254&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3204783&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3204783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wallace+Dace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOdissi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Odissi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Odissi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Odissi">Odissi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Odissi" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Odissi">Odissi</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X69dOnl_zKw">Odissi solo performance: Nitisha Nanda</a>, Arabhi Pallav, New Delhi 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qRl3Jdxn1ZQ">Odissi group dance: Megh Pallavi</a>, Vancouver 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52bscmW8x80">Maryam Shakiba – Odissi Dance – Manglacharan Ganesh Vandana</a> Pushkar 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Arts/Performing_Arts/Dance/Classical_Indian/Odissi/">Odissi links</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110318135952/http://www.dmoz.org/Arts/Performing_Arts/Dance/Classical_Indian/Odissi/">Archived</a> 18 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the Open Directory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narthaki.com/odissi/odidivi.htm">Odissi schools</a>, Classical Indian Dance Portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pad.ma/grid/title/project==Odissi_Archive">The annotated Odissi Dance Archive on Pad.ma</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090410060341/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/May-2008/engpdf/The_Story17-19.pdf">History of Odissi and Geeta Govinda</a> JN Dhar, Orissa Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060505124201/http://www.bharatbhavankerala.org/oddissi.htm">Bharat Bhavan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>-based Department of Culture information website.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dance_in_India" title="Template:Dance in India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dance_in_India" title="Template talk:Dance in India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance_in_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dance in India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dance_in_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">Dance in India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perini_Sivatandavam" title="Perini Sivatandavam">Perini Sivatandavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margamkali" title="Margamkali">Margamkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koothu" title="Koothu">Koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parai_Attam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parai Attam">Parai Attam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theyyam" title="Theyyam">Theyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeranatyam" title="Veeranatyam">Veeranatyam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Natyam" title="Andhra Natyam">Andhra Natyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deknni" title="Deknni">Deknni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Nritya" title="Gaudiya Nritya">Gaudiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">Gotipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahari_dance" title="Mahari dance">Mahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divine forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nataraja" title="Nataraja">Nataraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandava" title="Tandava">Tandava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_lila" class="mw-redirect" title="Rasa lila">Rasa lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lasya" title="Lasya">Lasya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">Folk</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_folk_dances" title="List of Indian folk dances">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkap" title="Alkap">Alkap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baagh_Naach" class="mw-redirect" title="Baagh Naach">Baagh Naach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagurumba" title="Bagurumba">Bagurumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo_Chham" title="Bardo Chham">Bardo Chham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardwi_Sikhla" title="Bardwi Sikhla">Bardwi Sikhla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedara_Vesha" title="Bedara Vesha">Bedara Vesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)" title="Bhangra (dance)">Bhangra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihu_dance" title="Bihu dance">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bommalattam" title="Bommalattam">Bommalattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakyar_koothu" title="Chakyar koothu">Chakyar koothu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_dance" title="Chang dance">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Lo" title="Chang Lo">Chang Lo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheraw_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheraw dance">Cheraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chheih_Lam" title="Chheih Lam">Chheih Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chholiya" title="Chholiya">Chholiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corridinho" title="Corridinho">Corridinho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkhai" title="Dalkhai">Dalkhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhalo" title="Dhalo">Dhalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhunuchi_Nritya" title="Dhunuchi Nritya">Dhunachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollu_Kunitha" title="Dollu Kunitha">Dollu Kunitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domkach" title="Domkach">Domkach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domni" title="Domni">Domni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffmuttu" title="Duffmuttu">Duffmuttu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumhal" title="Dumhal">Dumhal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugdi" title="Fugdi">Fugdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garadi" title="Garadi">Garadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garba_(dance)" title="Garba (dance)">Garba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giddha" title="Giddha">Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoomar" title="Ghoomar">Ghoomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghumura_dance" title="Ghumura dance">Ghumura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grida_dance" title="Grida dance">Grida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojagiri">Hojagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulivesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulivesha">Hulivesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhijhiya" title="Jhijhiya">Jhijhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhumar" title="Jhumar">Jhumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhumair" title="Jhumair">Jhumair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachchhi_Ghodi_dance" title="Kachchhi Ghodi dance">Kachhi Ghodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbelia" title="Kalbelia">Kalbelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakattam" title="Karakattam">Karakattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Naach" title="Karma Naach">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisabadi" title="Keisabadi">Keisabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khual_Lam" title="Khual Lam">Khual Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikkli" title="Kikkli">Kikkli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolattam" title="Kolattam">Kolattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kummi" title="Kummi">Kummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavani" title="Lavani">Lavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahasua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahasua">Lahasua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezim" title="Lezim">Lezim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maach" title="Maach">Maach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwai_Giddha" title="Malwai Giddha">Malwai Giddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardana_Jhumair" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardana Jhumair">Mardana Jhumair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matki_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Matki Dance">Matki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayilattam" title="Mayilattam">Mayilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussoll" title="Mussoll">Mussoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacn%C4%AB" title="Nacnī">Nacnī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nati_(dance)" title="Nati (dance)">Nati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppana" title="Oppana">Oppana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyilattam" title="Oyilattam">Oyilattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paampu_attam" title="Paampu attam">Paampattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padayani" title="Padayani">Padayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavri_Nach" title="Pavri Nach">Pavri Nach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulpati_dance" title="Phulpati dance">Phulpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poikkaal_Kuthirai_Aattam" title="Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam">Poikkal Kuthiraiattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Kali" title="Puli Kali">Puli Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puliyattam" title="Puliyattam">Puliyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasiya" title="Rasiya">Rasiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raut_Nacha" title="Raut Nacha">Raut Nacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saang" title="Saang">Saang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhi_Chham" title="Singhi Chham">Singhi Chham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_dance" title="Sword dance">Sword dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertali" title="Tertali">Tertali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirayattam" title="Thirayattam">Thirayattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thitambu_Nritham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thitambu Nritham">Thitambu Nritham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tippani" title="Tippani">Tippani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeragase" title="Veeragase">Veeragase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_cinema#Song_and_dance" title="Hindi cinema">Hindi cinema song and dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_dance_music" title="Hindi dance music">Hindi dance songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautch" title="Nautch">Nautch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(dance)" title="List of mudras (dance)">Mudras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Andhra_Pradesh" title="Dance forms of Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Assam" title="Folk dances of Assam">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dances_of_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Traditional dances of Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_forms_of_Odisha" title="Folk dance forms of Odisha">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dances_of_Punjab" title="Folk dances of Punjab">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_forms_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Dance forms of Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_of_Tripura" title="Dances of Tripura">Tripura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accessories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghungroo" title="Ghungroo">Ghungroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambu" title="Silambu">Silambu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Odisha" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odia_culture" title="Template:Odia culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Odia_culture" title="Template talk:Odia culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odia_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odia culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Odisha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Odisha" title="Culture of Odisha">Culture of Odisha</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gotipua" title="Gotipua">Gotipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahari_dance" title="Mahari dance">Mahari</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Odissi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Odisha" title="Arts of Odisha">Folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Nacha" title="Bagha Nacha">Bagha Nacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chadheia_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chadheia dance (page does not exist)">Chadheia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaiti_ghoda" title="Chaiti ghoda">Chaiti ghoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chutkuchuta_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chutkuchuta dance (page does not exist)">Chutkuchuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkhai" title="Dalkhai">Dalkhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danda_Nata" title="Danda Nata">Danda Nata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhan_koela_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhan koela dance (page does not exist)">Dhan Koela</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhuduki_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhuduki dance (page does not exist)">Dhuduki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghumura_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghumura Dance">Ghumura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jhumar_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jhumar dance (page does not exist)">Jhumar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jodi_sankha_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jodi sankha dance (page does not exist)">Jodi sankha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Naach" title="Karma Naach">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandhei_nacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandhei nacha (page does not exist)">Kandhei nacha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathi_Kandhei_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathi Kandhei dance (page does not exist)">Kathi Kandhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keisabadi" title="Keisabadi">Keisabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacn%C4%AB" title="Nacnī">Nachni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naga_nrutya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naga nrutya (page does not exist)">Naga nrutya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_(dance)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pala (dance) (page does not exist)">Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rasarkeli_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rasarkeli dance (page does not exist)">Rasarkeli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ranapa_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ranapa dance (page does not exist)">Ranapa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sambalpuri_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sambalpuri dance (page does not exist)">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samprada_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samprada dance (page does not exist)">Samprada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laudi_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laudi dance (page does not exist)">Laudi nata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lankapodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lankapodi (page does not exist)">Lankapodi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lila_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lila dance (page does not exist)">Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tamasa_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tamasa dance (page does not exist)">Tamasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasu_nrutya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasu nrutya (page does not exist)">Pasu nrutya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patua_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patua dance (page does not exist)">Patua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakhi_Nata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakhi Nata (page does not exist)">Sakhi Nata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suanga (page does not exist)">Suanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Tribal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desia_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desia dance (page does not exist)">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadaba_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadaba dance (page does not exist)">Gadaba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kandha_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kandha dance (page does not exist)">Kandha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koya_dane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koya dane (page does not exist)">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Onra_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onra dance (page does not exist)">Onra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paraja_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paraja dance (page does not exist)">Paraja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saura_dance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saura dance (page does not exist)">Saura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Odisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Odisha">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odissi_music" title="Odissi music">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanjani" title="Khanjani">Khanjani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kendara_gita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kendara gita (page does not exist)">Kendara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhumpa_sangita" title="Dhumpa sangita">Dhumpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Play, theatre and<br />puppetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Play and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_Lila" title="Bharata Lila">Bharata Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasakathia" title="Dasakathia">Dasakathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanu_Jatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanu Jatra">Dhanu Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(Odisha)" title="Jatra (Odisha)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahallada_Nataka" title="Prahallada Nataka">Prahallada Nataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravana_chhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravana chhaya">Ravana chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhi_kandhei" title="Sakhi kandhei">Sakhi kandhei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wedding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Hindu_wedding" title="Odia Hindu wedding">Odia Hindu wedding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Festivals_of_Odisha" title="Festivals of Odisha">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Jatra" title="Bali Jatra">Bali Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boita_Bandana" title="Boita Bandana">Boita Bandana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dola_Yatra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dola Yatra">Dola Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuakhai" title="Nuakhai">Nuakhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Gamha Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Purnima" title="Sharad Purnima">Kumar Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manabasa_Gurubara" title="Manabasa Gurubara">Manabasa Gurubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_Sankranti" title="Pana Sankranti">Pana Sankranti (Maha Vishuba Sankranti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pousha_Purnima" title="Pousha Purnima">Pousha Purnima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathamastami" title="Prathamastami">Prathamastami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_(festival)" title="Raja (festival)">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_Dashami" title="Samba Dashami">Samba Dashami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Brata" class="mw-redirect" title="Savitri Brata">Savitri Brata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitalsasthi" title="Sitalsasthi">Sitalsasthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snana_Yatra" title="Snana Yatra">Snana Jatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paika_akhada" title="Paika akhada">Paika akhada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handlooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baleswari_bandha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baleswari bandha (page does not exist)">Baleswari bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampur_Patta" title="Berhampur Patta">Berhampuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomkai_sari" title="Bomkai sari">Bomkai (Sonepuri)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhalapathar_Parda_%26_Fabrics" title="Dhalapathar Parda & Fabrics">Dhalapathar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopalpur_Tussar_Fabrics" title="Gopalpur Tussar Fabrics">Gopalpur Tussar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habaspuri_sari" title="Habaspuri sari">Habaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotpad_Handloom_fabrics" title="Kotpad Handloom fabrics">Kotpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Ikat" title="Odisha Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasapali_sari" title="Pasapali sari">Pasapali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_sari" title="Sambalpuri sari">Sambalpuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts and<br />Handicrafts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Pattachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhoti_chita" title="Jhoti chita">Jhoti chita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_painting" title="Saura painting">Saura painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idital" title="Idital">Idital</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Handicrafts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipili_appliqu%C3%A9_work" title="Pipili appliqué work">Chandua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarakasi" title="Tarakasi">Tarakasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganjapa" title="Ganjapa">Ganjapa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clay_idols_of_Odisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clay idols of Odisha (page does not exist)">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving_in_Odisha" title="Stone carving in Odisha">Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wooden_crafts_of_Odisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wooden crafts of Odisha (page does not exist)">Wooden crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_metal_%26_Bronze_works_of_Odisha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bell metal & Bronze works of Odisha (page does not exist)">Bronze & Bell metal works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_architecture" title="Kalinga architecture">Kalinga architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deula" title="Deula">Deula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calendar (<a href="/wiki/Panjika" title="Panjika">Panjika</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Odia_culture" title="Category:Odia culture">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dance" title="Template:Dance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dance" title="Template talk:Dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_dance_articles" title="Index of dance articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_dance" title="Outline of dance">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dances" title="List of dances">List of dances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dancers" title="List of dancers">List of dancers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solo_dance" title="Solo dance">Solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partner_dance" title="Partner dance">Partner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Close_embrace" title="Close embrace">close embrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_position" title="Closed position">closed position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_position" title="Open position">open position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_dance" title="Slow dance">slow dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_dance" title="Contra dance">contra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_dance" title="Line dance">line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_dance" title="Round dance">round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_dance" title="Social dance">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_dance" title="Competitive dance">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_dance" title="Concert dance">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_dance" title="Ecstatic dance">Ecstatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_dance" title="Erotic dance">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_go_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Go go dance">Go go dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(dance)" title="Grinding (dance)">Grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoochie_coochie" title="Hoochie coochie">Hoochie coochie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_dance" title="Lap dance">Lap dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Burlesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Burlesque">Neo-Burlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_dance" title="Pole dance">Pole dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">Striptease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_dance" title="Table dance">Table dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twerking" title="Twerking">Twerking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_and_fad_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelty and fad dances">Novelty and fad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_dance" title="Sacred dance">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_dance" title="War dance">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_styles" title="List of dance styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acro_dance" title="Acro dance">Acro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dance" title="Ballroom dance">Ballroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_dance" title="Formation dance">formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_(funk_dance)" title="Boogaloo (funk dance)">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakdancing" title="Breakdancing">Breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_dance" title="Contemporary dance">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country%E2%80%93western_dance" title="Country–western dance">Country–western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dance" title="Historical dance">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_dance" title="Jazz dance">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_dance" title="Latin dance">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_dance" title="Lyrical dance">Lyrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_dance" title="Postmodern dance">Postmodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">Tap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-step_(dance_move)" title="Two-step (dance move)">Two-step</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_technique" title="Category:Dance technique">Technique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_technique" title="Ballet technique">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choreography_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreography (dance)">Choreography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connection_(dance)" title="Connection (dance)">Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_theory" title="Dance theory">Dance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_technique" title="Graham technique">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_and_follow" title="Lead and follow">Lead and follow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_move" title="Dance move">Moves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dance_moves" title="Glossary of dance moves">glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicality" title="Musicality">Musicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_technique" title="Pointe technique">Pointe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_dance" title="Pole dance">Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_dance" title="Sequence dance">Sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotting_(dance_technique)" title="Spotting (dance technique)">Spotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnout_(ballet)" title="Turnout (ballet)">Turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_(dance_and_gymnastics)" title="Turn (dance and gymnastics)">Turns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin" title="List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin">Regional</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_dances" title="List of national dances">national<br />dances</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_dance" title="African dance">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_dances" title="List of Albanian dances">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_folk_dances" title="Arab folk dances">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_folk_dance" title="Austrian folk dance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_traditional_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian traditional dance">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_dance" title="Burmese dance">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cameroon" title="Dance in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Canada" title="Dance in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian dances">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_folk_dance" title="Danish folk dance">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_chain_dance" title="Faroese chain dance">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dances_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli folk dancing">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dance" title="Japanese traditional dance">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Malaysia" title="Dance in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk dance of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nepal" title="Dance in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_folk_dance" title="Dutch folk dance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian dances">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine dance">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_dance" title="Russian folk dance">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dances" title="Serbian dances">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Uzbekistan" title="Dance in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Venezuela" title="Dance in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Vietnamese dance">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Dance of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe" title="Dance in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance" title="Category:Dance">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physically_integrated_dance" title="Physically integrated dance">Dance and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_and_health" title="Dance and health">Dance and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_awards" title="List of dance awards">Dance awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_costume" title="Dance costume">Dance costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_etiquette" title="Dance etiquette">Dance etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_mythology_and_religion" title="Dance in mythology and religion">Dance in mythology and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_occupations" title="List of dance occupations">Dance occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_on_television" title="Dance on television">Dance on television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_research" title="Dance research">Dance research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_science" title="Dance science">Dance science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_technology" title="Dance technology">Dance technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_troupe" title="Dance troupe">Dance troupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_mania" title="Dancing mania">Dancing mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_dance" title="History of dance">History of dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Women in dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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