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id="toc-Catchwater_drains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catchwater_drains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Catchwater drains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catchwater_drains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthship_drains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthship_drains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Earthship drains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthship_drains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rain_barrels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rain_barrels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rain barrels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rain_barrels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rain_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rain_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rain gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rain_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages_and_disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Advantages and disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Advantages_and_disadvantages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet 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href="/wiki/File:Catchwater_Drain_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2193588.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A village catchwater drain shown during the winter season" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Catchwater_Drain_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2193588.jpg/220px-Catchwater_Drain_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2193588.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Catchwater_Drain_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2193588.jpg/330px-Catchwater_Drain_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2193588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Catchwater_Drain_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2193588.jpg/440px-Catchwater_Drain_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2193588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A village catchwater drain</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>catchwater</b> device is a large-scale man-made device for catching <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> from hills and the sky from precipitation by channeling it to reservoirs for commercial and domestic use later. Freshwater is a scarce natural resource due to pollution, droughts, and <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">overpopulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catchwater is a sustainable mechanism to increase freshwater in areas facing droughts or polluted waterways. A catchwater drain decreases the velocity of storm-water runoff to reduce and prevent erosion and other environmental problems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catchwater_drains">Catchwater drains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Catchwater drains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catchwater_drain" title="Catchwater drain">Catchwater drain</a></div> <p>Catchwater drains may take the form of <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, where there are many. Alternatively, they may take the form of a large concrete sheet, smothering a hill, and preventing rainfall from entering the <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>, with a smaller channeling system for transport of the water to the <a href="/wiki/Storage_tank" title="Storage tank">storage tank</a> - this latter system is in operation in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. In Hong Kong there are approximately 120 km of concrete channels, used as gutters built along hillsides in order to direct freshwater runoff into reservoirs for local water consumption. These catchwaters can overflow, causing dangerous hazards, erosive streams and blockages.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earthship_drains">Earthship drains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Earthship drains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An earthship drain is water that is collected from <a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">impervious surfaces</a> that are channeled into cisterns. A <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> is a reservoir located underground. The water within these underground reservoirs is heated by the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The water that is stored is used in domestic ways for washing dishes and bathing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once water is used it is cycled and filtered in a module to be reused again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rain_barrels">Rain barrels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rain barrels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tanks</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Rain_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain barrel">rain barrels</a> in North America, are used to collect runoff coming from precipitation to prevent contamination from entering waterways. The only use of water from rain barrels is used for commercial use such as gardening and agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rain barrels are large containers that are connected to buildings through a gutter system which catches runoff from roofs. Many households use rain barrels as a substitute for a to reduce the amount of water they waste for recreational activities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rain_gardens">Rain gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rain gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a> is another man-made device created by digging a hole in an area and planting a garden with a variety of vegetation. The vegetation helps catch storm-water runoff, then filters the water to reduce the pollutants before the water reenters the hydrology cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rain gardens are used to decrease the speed of water by capturing the water, so it does not become surface runoff through infiltrating the soil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skellingthorpe_Catchwater_Drain.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Catchwater drain"><img alt="Catchwater drain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Skellingthorpe_Catchwater_Drain.jpg/400px-Skellingthorpe_Catchwater_Drain.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Skellingthorpe_Catchwater_Drain.jpg/601px-Skellingthorpe_Catchwater_Drain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Skellingthorpe_Catchwater_Drain.jpg/800px-Skellingthorpe_Catchwater_Drain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Catchwater drain</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earthship_Water_Capture_(5750548165).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Earthship water capture system"><img alt="Earthship water capture system" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Earthship_Water_Capture_%285750548165%29.jpg/300px-Earthship_Water_Capture_%285750548165%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Earthship_Water_Capture_%285750548165%29.jpg/451px-Earthship_Water_Capture_%285750548165%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Earthship_Water_Capture_%285750548165%29.jpg/600px-Earthship_Water_Capture_%285750548165%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Earthship water capture system</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rain_barrel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rain barrels"><img alt="Rain barrels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rain_barrel.jpg/169px-Rain_barrel.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rain_barrel.jpg/253px-Rain_barrel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Rain_barrel.jpg/337px-Rain_barrel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rain barrels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 226.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 224.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rain_garden_(2014).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Rain garden"><img alt="Rain garden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rain_garden_%282014%29.JPG/337px-Rain_garden_%282014%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rain_garden_%282014%29.JPG/507px-Rain_garden_%282014%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Rain_garden_%282014%29.JPG/675px-Rain_garden_%282014%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3776" data-file-height="2520" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rain garden</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some drains are able to self-maintain through geomorphological equilibrium.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catchwater drains are predominantly used for agriculture. Agriculture uses the water to in catchwater drains for irrigation and the use for controlling flooding or other functions to direct large amounts of water away from crops during wet seasons. Catchwater drains also allow communities to wore down the water tables when they need to an allow the retentive of the water table to be restore after times of heavy use.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_safety">Environmental safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Environmental safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Catchwater drains need a lot of landscaping and management.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rain gardens are not suitable for steep slopes unlike other types of catchwater drain <sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gardens can get congested and become impervious if land around the garden is not managed<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the expense of these systems, they are generally only to be found where there is an extreme shortage of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a>, because of geographical or political issues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catchwater&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206051614/http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater%2Dcrisis/">"Clean Water Crisis, Water Crisis Facts, Water Crisis Resources - National Geographic"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/freshwater/freshwater-crisis/">the original</a> on February 6, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Clean+Water+Crisis%2C+Water+Crisis+Facts%2C+Water+Crisis+Resources+-+National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvironment.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2Ffreshwater%2Ffreshwater-crisis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatchwater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R.P. Martin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151026163100/http://earthship.com/Systems/water">"Earthship | Catchwater from the Sky"</a>. <i>Earthship Biotecture</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthship.com/Systems/water">the original</a> on 2015-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/green-guide/buying-guides/rain-barrel/usage-tips/">the original</a> on April 24, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Buying+Guide+-+Rain+Barrel+Usage+Tips+-+National+Geographic%27s+Green+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenvironment.nationalgeographic.com%2Fenvironment%2Fgreen-guide%2Fbuying-guides%2Frain-barrel%2Fusage-tips%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatchwater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151023132556/http://www.uri.edu/ce/healthylandscapes/raingarden.htm">"Healthy Landscapes: Rain Gardens"</a>. <i>www.uri.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uri.edu/ce/healthylandscapes/raingarden.htm">the original</a> on 2015-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uri.edu&rft.atitle=Healthy+Landscapes%3A+Rain+Gardens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uri.edu%2Fce%2Fhealthylandscapes%2Fraingarden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatchwater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGUPTA2014" class="citation book cs1">GUPTA, ASHOK KUMAR (2014-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dwKCgAAQBAJ&q=catchwater%2520drains%2520sustainability&pg=PT151"><i>TEXTBOOK OF DRAINAGE ENGINEERING</i></a>. oxford book company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789350302057" title="Special:BookSources/9789350302057"><bdi>9789350302057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TEXTBOOK+OF+DRAINAGE+ENGINEERING&rft.pub=oxford+book+company&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft.isbn=9789350302057&rft.aulast=GUPTA&rft.aufirst=ASHOK+KUMAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dwKCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcatchwater%252520drains%252520sustainability%26pg%3DPT151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACatchwater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susdrain.org/delivering-suds/using-suds/suds-components/infiltration/rain-gardens.html">"Rain gardens"</a>. <i>www.susdrain.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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