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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">One of three columns of grey matter in the spinal cord</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:dimgray; color: white">Lateral grey column (lateral horn)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Grey_and_white_matter_in_the_spinal_cord.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Grey_and_white_matter_in_the_spinal_cord.gif/250px-Grey_and_white_matter_in_the_spinal_cord.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Grey_and_white_matter_in_the_spinal_cord.gif/375px-Grey_and_white_matter_in_the_spinal_cord.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cd/Grey_and_white_matter_in_the_spinal_cord.gif/500px-Grey_and_white_matter_in_the_spinal_cord.gif 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="384" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cross-Section of the Spinal Cord</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Details</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>cornu laterale medullae spinalis</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D066152">D066152</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA98</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.02.132%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.02.132</a><br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifaa.unifr.ch/Public/EntryPage/TA98%20Tree/Entity%20TA98%20EN/14.1.02.022%20Entity%20TA98%20EN.htm">A14.1.02.022</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Terminologia_Anatomica" title="Terminologia Anatomica">TA2</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ta2viewer.openanatomy.org/?id=6077">6077</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma256536">256536</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17112348" class="extiw" title="d:Q17112348">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png/130px-Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="446" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png/195px-Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Gray_111_-_Vertebral_column-coloured.png 2x" data-file-width="233" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The four main divisions of the spinal column, from top to bottom: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>lateral grey column</b> (<b>lateral column</b>, <b>lateral cornu</b>, <b>lateral horn of spinal cord</b>, <b>intermediolateral column</b>) is one of the three <a href="/wiki/Grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey column">grey columns</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> (which give the shape of a butterfly); the others being the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior grey column">anterior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Posterior_grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior grey column">posterior</a> grey columns. The lateral grey column is primarily involved with activity in the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> division of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Motor_nerve" title="Motor nerve">motor</a> system. It projects to the side as a triangular field in the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic">thoracic</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Lumbar" title="Lumbar">lumbar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regions (specifically <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_vertebrae" title="Thoracic vertebrae">T1</a>-<a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">L2</a>) of the postero-lateral part of the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior grey column">anterior grey column</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_information">Background information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_grey_column&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_grey_column&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> is the system of <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a>, or nerve cells that relay electrical signals through the brain and body. A nerve cell receives signals from other nerve cells through tree-branch-like extensions called <a href="/wiki/Dendrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendrites">dendrites</a> and passes signals through a long extension called an <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a> (or nerve fiber). <a href="/wiki/Synapses" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapses">Synapses</a> are places where one cell's axon passes information to another cell's <a href="/wiki/Dendrite" title="Dendrite">dendrite</a> by sending chemicals called <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitters" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotransmitters">neurotransmitters</a> across a small gap called a <a href="/wiki/Synaptic_cleft" class="mw-redirect" title="Synaptic cleft">synaptic cleft</a>. Synapses occur in various locations, including <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> (singular: ganglion), which are masses of nerve cell bodies. Preganglionic nerve cells in the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> (all of which come from the lateral grey column), use the neurotransmitter <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a>, while postganglionic sympathetic nerve cells use <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grey_matter" title="Grey matter">Grey matter</a> in the brain and spinal cord is any accumulation of cell bodies and <a href="/wiki/Neuropil" title="Neuropil">neuropil</a> (neuropil is tissue rich in nerve cell bodies and dendrites). <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">nerve tracts</a> (groups of axons) and <a href="/wiki/Commissures" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissures">commissures</a> (tracts that cross the brain's midline).<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sympathetic_nervous_system">Sympathetic nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_grey_column&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sympathetic nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (brain and spinal cord) and the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a> (everything else). The peripheral nervous system is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">somatic nervous system</a> (voluntary processes) and the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a> (involuntary processes). The autonomic nervous system is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic nervous system</a> (normal functioning) and the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a> (emergency functioning).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lateral grey column mediates the functions of the sympathetic nervous system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spinal_cord">Spinal cord</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_grey_column&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spinal cord"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> is divided into 31 segments, located between the <a href="/wiki/Vertebra_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebra (anatomy)">vertebrae</a>. Each segment is defined by a <a href="/wiki/Posterior_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior root">posterior root</a> entering it and an <a href="/wiki/Anterior_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior root">anterior root</a> exiting it. Each of these roots is the end of a spinal nerve connecting the spinal cord to the body. The <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> is divided into four groups of vertebrae: (from top to bottom) <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">cervical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thoracic" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic">thoracic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lumbar" title="Lumbar">lumbar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">sacral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dafny_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dafny-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_grey_column&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lateral grey column is present at 17 levels of the spinal cord, specifically through levels T1-L2 (sympathetic outflow) as well as through levels S2-S4 (parasympathetic outflow).<sup id="cite_ref-Dlugos_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dlugos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both these segments are located within the first thoracic vertebra to the first or second lumbar vertebra as the spinal cord ends here and the nerves form the <a href="/wiki/Cauda_equina" title="Cauda equina">cauda equina</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sympathetic_Circuit_from_the_Lateral_Horn.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sympathetic_Circuit_from_the_Lateral_Horn.gif/220px-Sympathetic_Circuit_from_the_Lateral_Horn.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sympathetic_Circuit_from_the_Lateral_Horn.gif/330px-Sympathetic_Circuit_from_the_Lateral_Horn.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Sympathetic_Circuit_from_the_Lateral_Horn.gif/440px-Sympathetic_Circuit_from_the_Lateral_Horn.gif 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Pathway from the lateral grey column to target tissue</figcaption></figure> <p>The lateral grey column is composed of sympathetic preganglionic visceral motor neurons which are part of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An in-depth study of the lateral grey columns in the thoracic region of rats revealed two types of cells. One cell type was characterized by many <a href="/wiki/Mitochondria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondria">mitochondria</a>, an indented <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>, and a long <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>, while the other cell type had an increased cytoplasmic density and a short endoplasmic reticulum. Lateral column <a href="/wiki/Axon_terminals" class="mw-redirect" title="Axon terminals">axon terminals</a> were found to contain <a href="/wiki/Noradrenaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Noradrenaline">noradrenaline</a> storage granules and could be divided into four types. Type one terminals contained a few large and many small granular <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)" title="Vesicle (biology and chemistry)">vesicles</a>, and type two terminals had many large vesicles and barely noticeable granules. Type three terminals contained small, spherical vesicles and no granules, and type four were the rarest terminals that had flattened vesicles with small and large granules.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7235870_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7235870-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cells of the intermediolateral cell column are fusiform or star-shaped, and of a medium size.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Intermediolateral_cell_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediolateral cell column">intermediolateral cell column</a> exists at vertebral levels T1 - L2 and mediates the entire sympathetic innervation of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Dlugos_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dlugos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the upper part of the cervical region and lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">medulla oblongata</a>, as well as in the third and fourth sacral vertebrae, this column is again differentiated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_grey_column&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lateral grey column's connections mediate the functions of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which changes cardiac, pulmonary, hepatic (liver), and gastrointestinal activities to prepare the body for emergency situations<sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although the sympathetic system is always active to some extent, including in the absence of a stressful environment, to maintain the appropriate level of sympathetic function).<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the brain responds to potential threats by sending signals to lateral grey column cells, the lateral column passes on the signals to initiate a variety of physiological changes that prepare the body for a “<a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">fight-or-flight</a>” response. Hairs stand up to conserve heat. The gut relaxes and <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> slows so that more energy can be directed toward dealing with the threatening situation. The <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal medulla">adrenal medulla</a> is activated and releases <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a> (adrenaline) into the bloodstream, where it mediates many changes, such as the preparation of muscles for emergency activity. A variety of smooth muscles relax;<sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, the muscles wrapped around the <a href="/wiki/Bronchioles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchioles">bronchioles</a> of the lungs relax, allowing more <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> to enter the bloodstream. <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">Heart rate</a> increases to ensure all cells are supplied quickly with the substances they need. The <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> (sugar) to fuel the muscles.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood vessels contract (<a href="/wiki/Vasoconstriction" title="Vasoconstriction">vasoconstriction</a>), which reduces bleeding and conserves body heat (the exception is blood vessels fueling large muscles that would be used in running or fighting). The pupils dilate, improving vision.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Perspiration" title="Perspiration">Perspiration</a> increases in certain areas of the body (the purpose of this is not yet fully understood, but there is some evidence that the odor produced by this sweat serves as a signal to other individuals).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sympathetic">Sympathetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_grey_column&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sympathetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg/220px-1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg/330px-1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg/440px-1501_Connections_of_the_Sympathetic_Nervous_System.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1427" /></a><figcaption>Sympathetic nervous system</figcaption></figure> <p>The lateral grey column plays an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic division">sympathetic division</a> of the visceral (autonomic) motor system. Neuron cell bodies in the lateral column send their axons to synapse on sympathetic ganglia that innervate autonomic and pelvic organs; in fact, all <a href="/wiki/Preganglionic_neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Preganglionic neurons">preganglionic neurons</a> in the sympathetic nervous system originate in the lateral grey column.<sup id="cite_ref-Dlugos_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dlugos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neurons in the upper and middle thoracic segments control sympathetic activity in organs in the head and thorax, while neurons in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar segments control abdominal and pelvic organs and targets in the lower extremities.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Slightly myelinated <a href="/wiki/Preganglionic_nerve_fibers" title="Preganglionic nerve fibers">preganglionic nerve fibers</a> (aka <a href="/wiki/Visceral_efferent_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Visceral efferent fibers">visceral efferent fibers</a>) leave the lateral grey column through the ventral roots and promptly form fourteen aggregates called <a href="/wiki/White_rami_communicantes" class="mw-redirect" title="White rami communicantes">white rami communicantes</a>, also known as white communicating rami, which eventually enter the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_trunk" title="Sympathetic trunk">sympathetic trunk</a>, a structure next to the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> that consists of paired chains of sympathetic <a href="/wiki/Ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganglia">ganglia</a> connected by nerve fibers.<sup id="cite_ref-Dlugos_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dlugos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most often, the fibers from the lateral grey column will travel along the sympathetic trunk until they synapse on one of the trunk's ganglia, which then passes on the information via <a href="/wiki/Postganglionic_fibers" class="mw-redirect" title="Postganglionic fibers">postganglionic fibers</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Gray_ramus_communicans" title="Gray ramus communicans">gray ramus communicans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dlugos_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dlugos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 31 pairs of gray rami communicantes exit the sympathetic trunk to join the 31 pairs of <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal nerves">spinal nerves</a> and travel to targets such as <a href="/wiki/Sweat_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat glands">sweat glands</a>, hair follicles, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood vessels">blood vessels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some fibers, such as those in the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac nerves">cardiac nerves</a> that innervate the heart, reach the target organ directly, without first joining a gray ramus communicans. </p><p>Other fibers from lateral grey column neurons pass through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing there. The greater <a href="/wiki/Splanchnic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Splanchnic nerve">splanchnic nerve</a> leaves the vertebral levels T5-T9 and synapses in the abdomen in the <a href="/wiki/Celiac_ganglia" title="Celiac ganglia">celiac ganglia</a>, which innervates the <a href="/wiki/Celiac_artery" title="Celiac artery">celiac artery</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dlugos_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dlugos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (splanchnic nerves are the nerves that innervate thoracic and abdominal viscera).<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lesser splanchnic nerve travels from the vertebral levels T10-T11 to the abdomen's <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior mesenteric ganglia">superior mesenteric ganglia</a>, which innervates the <a href="/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_artery" title="Superior mesenteric artery">superior mesenteric artery</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Aorticorenal_ganglion" title="Aorticorenal ganglion">aorticorenal ganglion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dlugos_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dlugos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The least, or lowest, splanchnic nerve connects the T12 level to the <a href="/wiki/Renal_plexus" title="Renal plexus">renal plexus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_splanchnic_nerves" title="Lumbar splanchnic nerves">lumbar splanchnic nerves</a> from the upper two lumbar segments synapse in the abdomen on the inferior mesenteric ganglia, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_artery" title="Inferior mesenteric artery">inferior mesenteric artery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dlugos_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dlugos-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, some thoracic fibers in the splanchnic nerves innervate the adrenal medulla, a ganglion in the abdomen that mediates the sympathetic response to stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Purves_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purves-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Axons from the lateral grey column release <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> at their synapses. This can excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell, depending on the type of acetylcholine receptor in its membrane. Postganglionic cells (that is, nerve cells innervated in ganglia by lateral column neurons) typically release <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> (noradrenaline) on their targets; these synapses can also be either excitatory or inhibitory.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lateral grey column receives input signals from preganglionic, myelinated fibers from <a href="/wiki/Viscera" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscera">viscera</a> (internal organs), which course through <a href="/wiki/Prevertebral_ganglia" title="Prevertebral ganglia">prevertebral ganglia</a> (between the visceral organ and the sympathetic chain) and <a href="/wiki/Paravertebral_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paravertebral ganglia">paravertebral ganglia</a> (in the sympathetic chain), white rami communicantes, and dorsal roots to synapse on cells of the intermediolateral cell column in the lateral horn.<sup id="cite_ref-Dafny_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dafny-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lateral grey column nerve cells also receive signals from the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and from neurons in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, a brain area involved in mediating many physiological functions and emotional states.<sup id="cite_ref-Harting_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harting-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_grey_column&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Horner%27s_syndrome" title="Horner's syndrome">Horner's syndrome</a> is characterized by small pupils, sunken eyes, partially drooping eyelid, and dryness of the skin on the face. It is caused by problems in autonomic pathways such as damage to the lateral grey column.<sup id="cite_ref-Pritchard_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pritchard-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progressive autonomic failure is a disease associated with autonomic disturbances due to selective <a href="/wiki/Neuronal_degeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal degeneration">neuronal degeneration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1619762_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1619762-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study estimated the number of nerve cells in the lateral grey columns of 21 people with progressive autonomic failure in comparison with a control group. This same study found that an average of 75 percent of the lateral column cells were lost in people with progressive autonomic failure.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6247458_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6247458-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_atrophy" title="Multiple system atrophy">Multiple system atrophy</a> (MSA) is an adult onset disorder that is a sporadic and progressive. MSA is characterized by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinsonism" title="Parkinsonism">parkinsonism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_dysfunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomic dysfunction">autonomic dysfunction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8628505_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8628505-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study did a comparison with the lateral grey column nerve cell count between 15 cases of patients with MSA and a control group. All cases of MSA had lost over 50 percent of their lateral horn cells which shows the involvement of the intermediolateral columns in MSA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3376754_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3376754-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lichtheim%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichtheim's disease">Lichtheim's disease</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Subacute_combined_degeneration" class="mw-redirect" title="Subacute combined degeneration">subacute combined degeneration</a>) is the result of a <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamin B12</a> deficiency and is associated with <a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anemia" title="Pernicious anemia">pernicious anemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11784385_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11784385-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disease is characterized by the degeneration of both the lateral and posterior columns, which results in symptoms such as a spastic ataxic gait and paranoia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients may also feel tingling or weakness in their limbs and torso.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11784385_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11784385-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lateral_grey_column&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anatomyofhumanbo1918gray#page/753/mode/2up">page 753</a> of the 20th edition of</i> <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Anatomy" title="Gray's Anatomy">Gray's Anatomy</a> <i>(1918)</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pritchard-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pritchard_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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.id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPritchard,_Thomas_C.Alloway,_Kevin_D.1999" class="citation book cs1">Pritchard, Thomas C.; Alloway, Kevin D. 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columns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior grey column">Posterior grey column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_nucleus_of_spinal_cord" title="Marginal nucleus of spinal cord">Marginal nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantia_gelatinosa_of_Rolando" title="Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando">Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nucleus_proprius_of_spinal_cord" title="Nucleus proprius of spinal cord">Nucleus proprius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexed_laminae" title="Rexed laminae">Rexed lamina V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexed_laminae" title="Rexed laminae">Rexed lamina VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lateral grey column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediolateral_nucleus" title="Intermediolateral nucleus">Intermediolateral nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_thoracic_nucleus" title="Posterior thoracic nucleus">Posterior thoracic nucleus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_grey_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior grey column">Anterior grey column</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interneuron" title="Interneuron">Interneuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_motor_neuron" title="Alpha motor neuron">Alpha motor neuron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onuf%27s_nucleus" title="Onuf's nucleus">Onuf's nucleus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_motor_neuron" title="Gamma motor neuron">Gamma motor neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexed_laminae" title="Rexed laminae">Rexed laminae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_gelatinous_substance_of_spinal_cord" class="mw-redirect" title="Central gelatinous substance of spinal cord">Central gelatinous substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_commissure" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray commissure">Gray commissure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_funiculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior funiculus">Posterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_column-medial_lemniscus_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway">Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracile_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracile fasciculus">Gracile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneate_fasciculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneate fasciculus">Cuneate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_funiculus" title="Lateral funiculus">Lateral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinocerebellar tract">Spinocerebellar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal spinocerebellar tract">dorsal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventral_spinocerebellar_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral spinocerebellar tract">ventral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinothalamic_tract" title="Spinothalamic tract">Spinothalamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral spinothalamic tract">lateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_spinothalamic_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior spinothalamic tract">anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_tract" title="Posterolateral tract">Posterolateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinotectal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinotectal tract">Spinotectal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_funiculus" title="Anterior funiculus">Anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spinoreticular_tract" title="Spinoreticular tract">Spinoreticular tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spino-olivary_tract" title="Spino-olivary tract">Spino-olivary tract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_funiculus" title="Lateral funiculus">Lateral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_tracts" title="Pyramidal tracts">Corticospinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_corticospinal_tract" title="Lateral corticospinal tract">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrapyramidal_system" title="Extrapyramidal system">Extrapyramidal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubrospinal_tract" title="Rubrospinal tract">Rubrospinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_raphespinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral raphespinal tract">Raphespinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation#Descending_reticulospinal_tracts" title="Reticular formation">Reticulospinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamospinal_tract" title="Hypothalamospinal tract">Hypothalamospinal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_funiculus" title="Anterior funiculus">Anterior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Corticospinal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_corticospinal_tract" title="Anterior corticospinal tract">Anterior</a></li></ul></li> <li>Extrapyramidal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulospinal_tract" title="Vestibulospinal tract">Vestibulospinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticular_formation#Descending_reticulospinal_tracts" title="Reticular formation">Reticulospinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectospinal_tract" title="Tectospinal tract">Tectospinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_raphespinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior raphespinal tract">Raphespinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivospinal_tract" title="Olivospinal tract">Olivospinal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_white_commissure" title="Anterior white commissure">Anterior white commissure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">External features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ventral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_median_fissure_of_spinal_cord" title="Anterior median fissure of spinal cord">Anterior median fissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterolateral_sulcus_of_spinal_cord" title="Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cord">Anterolateral sulcus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dorsal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_median_sulcus_of_spinal_cord" title="Posterior median sulcus of spinal cord">Posterior median sulcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterolateral_sulcus_of_spinal_cord" title="Posterolateral sulcus of spinal cord">Posterolateral sulcus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neuroscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neuroscience" title="Template:Neuroscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neuroscience" title="Template talk:Neuroscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neuroscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neuroscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_neuroscience" title="Outline of neuroscience">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_neuroscience" title="History of neuroscience">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Basic<br />science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioral genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_mapping" title="Brain mapping">Brain mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_neuroscience" title="Cellular neuroscience">Cellular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" title="Computational neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectomics" title="Connectomics">Connectomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_genetics" title="Imaging genetics">Imaging genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrative_neuroscience" title="Integrative neuroscience">Integrative neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_neuroscience" title="Molecular neuroscience">Molecular neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_decoding" title="Neural decoding">Neural decoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">Neurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochemistry" title="Neurochemistry">Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrinology" title="Neuroendocrinology">Neuroendocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenetics" title="Neurogenetics">Neurogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroinformatics" title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurometrics" title="Neurometrics">Neurometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphology" title="Neuromorphology">Neuromorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysics" title="Neurophysics">Neurophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">Neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_neuroscience" title="Systems neuroscience">Systems neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray739.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/130px-Gray739.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/195px-Gray739.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Gray739.png/260px-Gray739.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="379" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuroscience" title="Clinical neuroscience">Clinical<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neurology" title="Behavioral neurology">Behavioral neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epileptology" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptology">Epileptology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocardiology" title="Neurocardiology">Neurocardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepidemiology" title="Neuroepidemiology">Neuroepidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_nervous_system#Function" title="Enteric nervous system">Neurogastroenterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimmunology" title="Neuroimmunology">Neuroimmunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurointensive_care" title="Neurointensive care">Neurointensive care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-oncology" title="Neuro-oncology">Neuro-oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuro-ophthalmology" title="Neuro-ophthalmology">Neuro-ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropathology" title="Neuropathology">Neuropathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprosthetics" title="Neuroprosthetics">Neuroprosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatry" title="Neuropsychiatry">Neuropsychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorehabilitation" title="Neurorehabilitation">Neurorehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotology" title="Neurotology">Neurotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurovirology" title="Neurovirology">Neurovirology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutritional_neuroscience" title="Nutritional neuroscience">Nutritional neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">Cognitive<br />neuroscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">Behavioral neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cellular_cognition" title="Molecular cellular cognition">Molecular cellular cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuroscience" title="Sensory neuroscience">Sensory neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cognitive_neuroscience" title="Social cognitive neuroscience">Social cognitive neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary<br />fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_neuroscience" title="Consumer neuroscience">Consumer neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_neuroscience" title="Educational neuroscience">Educational neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_neurosurgery" title="Global neurosurgery">Global neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroanthropology" title="Neuroanthropology">Neuroanthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">Neural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurobiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocriminology" title="Neurocriminology">Neurocriminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroeconomics" title="Neuroeconomics">Neuroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroepistemology" title="Neuroepistemology">Neuroepistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">Neuroethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurohistory" title="Neurohistory">Neurohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolaw" title="Neurolaw">Neurolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromarketing" title="Neuromarketing">Neuromarketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuromorphic engineering">Neuromorphic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">Neurophenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurophilosophy" title="Neurophilosophy">Neurophilosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropolitics" title="Neuropolitics">Neuropolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurorobotics" title="Neurorobotics">Neurorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoneurobiology" title="Paleoneurobiology">Paleoneurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_neuroscience" title="Social neuroscience">Social neuroscience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system" title="Development of the nervous system">Development of the nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Neural network (artificial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_circuit" title="Neural circuit">Neural network (biological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_theory" title="Detection theory">Detection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraoperative_neurophysiological_monitoring" title="Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring">Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochip" title="Neurochip">Neurochip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative_disease" title="Neurodegenerative disease">Neurodegenerative disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">Neurodevelopmental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">Neurogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimmune_system" title="Neuroimmune system">Neuroimmune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromanagement" title="Neuromanagement">Neuromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromodulation" title="Neuromodulation">Neuromodulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroplasticity" title="Neuroplasticity">Neuroplasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_basis_of_self" title="Neural basis of self">Self-awareness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Neuroscience" title="Category:Neuroscience">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Neuroscience" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Neuroscience">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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