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<button class="button is-small is-link">Go</button> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <ol class="breathe-horizontal" start="1"> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.07787">arXiv:2305.07787</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2305.07787">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2305.07787">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Materials Science">cond-mat.mtrl-sci</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Other Condensed Matter">cond-mat.other</span> <span class="tag is-small is-grey tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Quantum Physics">quant-ph</span> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> On Ultrafast X-ray Methods for Magnetism </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Plumley%2C+R">Rajan Plumley</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Chitturi%2C+S">Sathya Chitturi</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Peng%2C+C">Cheng Peng</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Assefa%2C+T">Tadesse Assefa</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Burdet%2C+N">Nicholas Burdet</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shen%2C+L">Lingjia Shen</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Reid%2C+A">Alex Reid</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Dakovski%2C+G">Georgi Dakovski</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Seaberg%2C+M">Matthew Seaberg</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=O%27Dowd%2C+F">Frank O'Dowd</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Montoya%2C+S">Sergio Montoya</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+H">Hongwei Chen</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Okullo%2C+A">Alana Okullo</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Mardanya%2C+S">Sougata Mardanya</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Kevan%2C+S">Stephen Kevan</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fischer%2C+P">Peter Fischer</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fullerton%2C+E">Eric Fullerton</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Sinha%2C+S">Sunil Sinha</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Colocho%2C+W">William Colocho</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Lutman%2C+A">Alberto Lutman</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Decker%2C+F">Franz-Joseph Decker</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Roy%2C+S">Sujoy Roy</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Fujioka%2C+J">Jun Fujioka</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Tokura%2C+Y">Yoshinori Tokura</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Minitti%2C+M+P">Michael P. Minitti</a> , et al. (14 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2305.07787v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> With the introduction of x-ray free electron laser sources around the world, new scientific approaches for visualizing matter at fundamental length and time-scales have become possible. As it relates to magnetism and "magnetic-type" systems, advanced methods are being developed for studying ultrafast magnetic responses on the time-scales at which they occur. We describe three capabilities which ha… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2305.07787v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2305.07787v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2305.07787v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> With the introduction of x-ray free electron laser sources around the world, new scientific approaches for visualizing matter at fundamental length and time-scales have become possible. As it relates to magnetism and "magnetic-type" systems, advanced methods are being developed for studying ultrafast magnetic responses on the time-scales at which they occur. We describe three capabilities which have the potential to seed new directions in this area and present original results from each: pump-probe x-ray scattering with low energy excitation, x-ray photon fluctuation spectroscopy, and ultrafast diffuse x-ray scattering. By combining these experimental techniques with advanced modeling together with machine learning, we describe how the combination of these domains allows for a new understanding in the field of magnetism. Finally, we give an outlook for future areas of investigation and the newly developed instruments which will take us there. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2305.07787v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2305.07787v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 12 May, 2023; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> May 2023. </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.15615">arXiv:2110.15615</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/2110.15615">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/2110.15615">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Materials Science">cond-mat.mtrl-sci</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0076953">10.1063/5.0076953 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> State-resolved ultrafast charge and spin dynamics in [Co/Pd] multilayers </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Guyader%2C+L+L">Lo茂c Le Guyader</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Higley%2C+D+J">Daniel J. Higley</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Pancaldi%2C+M">Matteo Pancaldi</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Liu%2C+T">Tianmin Liu</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+Z">Zhao Chen</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Chase%2C+T">Tyler Chase</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Granitzka%2C+P+W">Patrick W. Granitzka</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Coslovich%2C+G">Giacomo Coslovich</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Lutman%2C+A+A">Alberto A. Lutman</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Dakovski%2C+G+L">Georgi L. Dakovski</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Schlotter%2C+W+F">William F. Schlotter</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shafer%2C+P">Padraic Shafer</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Arenholz%2C+E">Elke Arenholz</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hellwig%2C+O">Olav Hellwig</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Lalieu%2C+M+L+M">Mark L. M. Lalieu</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Koopmans%2C+B">Bert Koopmans</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Reid%2C+A+H">Alexander H. Reid</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Bonetti%2C+S">Stefano Bonetti</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=St%C3%B6hr%2C+J">Joachim St枚hr</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=D%C3%BCrr%2C+H+A">Hermann A. D眉rr</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2110.15615v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We use transient absorption spectroscopy with circularly polarized x-rays to detect laser-excited hole states below the Fermi level and compare their dynamics with that of unoccupied states above the Fermi level in ferromagnetic [Co/Pd] multilayers. While below the Fermi level an instantaneous and significantly stronger demagnetization is observed, above the Fermi level the demagnetization is dela… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2110.15615v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('2110.15615v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="2110.15615v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We use transient absorption spectroscopy with circularly polarized x-rays to detect laser-excited hole states below the Fermi level and compare their dynamics with that of unoccupied states above the Fermi level in ferromagnetic [Co/Pd] multilayers. While below the Fermi level an instantaneous and significantly stronger demagnetization is observed, above the Fermi level the demagnetization is delayed by 35+/-10 fs. This provides a direct visualization of how ultrafast demagnetization proceeds via initial spin-flip scattering of laser-excited holes to the subsequent formation of spin waves. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('2110.15615v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('2110.15615v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 29 October, 2021; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> October 2021. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">10 pages, 4 figures. The following article has been submitted to Applied Physics Letters. After it is published, it will be found at https://publishing.aip.org/resources/librarians/products/journals/</span> </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1902.04611">arXiv:1902.04611</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1902.04611">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1902.04611">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1902.04611">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Materials Science">cond-mat.mtrl-sci</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13272-5">10.1038/s41467-019-13272-5 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Ultrafast X-Ray Induced Changes of the Electronic and Magnetic Response of Solids Due to Valence Electron Redistribution </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Higley%2C+D+J">Daniel J. Higley</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Reid%2C+A+H">Alex H. Reid</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+Z">Zhao Chen</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Guyader%2C+L+L">Lo茂c Le Guyader</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hellwig%2C+O">Olav Hellwig</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Lutman%2C+A+A">Alberto A. Lutman</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Liu%2C+T">Tianmin Liu</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shafer%2C+P">Padraic Shafer</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Chase%2C+T">Tyler Chase</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Dakovski%2C+G+L">Georgi L. Dakovski</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Mitra%2C+A">Ankush Mitra</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Yuan%2C+E">Edwin Yuan</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Schlappa%2C+J">Justine Schlappa</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=D%C3%BCrr%2C+H+A">Hermann A. D眉rr</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Schlotter%2C+W+F">William F. Schlotter</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=St%C3%B6hr%2C+J">Joachim St枚hr</a> </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1902.04611v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> We report a novel mechanism, consisting of redistribution of valence electrons near the Fermi level, during interactions of intense femtosecond X-ray pulses with a Co/Pd multilayer. The changes in Co 3d valence shell occupation were directly revealed by fluence-dependent changes of the Co L$_3$ X-ray absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra near the excitation threshold. The valence shel… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1902.04611v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1902.04611v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1902.04611v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> We report a novel mechanism, consisting of redistribution of valence electrons near the Fermi level, during interactions of intense femtosecond X-ray pulses with a Co/Pd multilayer. The changes in Co 3d valence shell occupation were directly revealed by fluence-dependent changes of the Co L$_3$ X-ray absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra near the excitation threshold. The valence shell redistribution arises from inelastic scattering of high energy Auger electrons and photoelectrons that lead to transient holes below and electrons above the Fermi level on the femtosecond time scale. The valence electron reshuffling effect scales with the energy deposited by X-rays and within 17 fs extends to valence states within 2 eV of the Fermi level. As a consequence the sample demagnetizes by more than twenty percent due to magnon generation. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1902.04611v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1902.04611v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 12 February, 2019; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> February 2019. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">8 pages, 4 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Nat. Commun. 10, 5289 (2019) </p> </li> <li class="arxiv-result"> <div class="is-marginless"> <p class="list-title is-inline-block"><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.07372">arXiv:1511.07372</a> <span> [<a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1511.07372">pdf</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/ps/1511.07372">ps</a>, <a href="https://arxiv.org/format/1511.07372">other</a>] </span> </p> <div class="tags is-inline-block"> <span class="tag is-small is-link tooltip is-tooltip-top" data-tooltip="Materials Science">cond-mat.mtrl-sci</span> </div> <div class="is-inline-block" style="margin-left: 0.5rem"> <div class="tags has-addons"> <span class="tag is-dark is-size-7">doi</span> <span class="tag is-light is-size-7"><a class="" href="https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4944410">10.1063/1.4944410 <i class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="title is-5 mathjax"> Femtosecond X-ray magnetic circular dichroism absorption spectroscopy at an X-ray free electron laser </p> <p class="authors"> <span class="search-hit">Authors:</span> <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Higley%2C+D+J">Daniel J. Higley</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hirsch%2C+K">Konstantin Hirsch</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Dakovski%2C+G+L">Georgi L. Dakovski</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Jal%2C+E">Emmanuelle Jal</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Yuan%2C+E">Edwin Yuan</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Liu%2C+T">Tianmin Liu</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Lutman%2C+A+A">Alberto A. Lutman</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=MacArthur%2C+J+P">James P. MacArthur</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Arenholz%2C+E">Elke Arenholz</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Chen%2C+Z">Zhao Chen</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Coslovich%2C+G">Giacomo Coslovich</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Denes%2C+P">Peter Denes</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Granitzka%2C+P+W">Patrick W. Granitzka</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hart%2C+P">Philip Hart</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Hoffmann%2C+M+C">Matthias C. Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Joseph%2C+J">John Joseph</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Guyader%2C+L+L">Lo茂c Le Guyader</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Mitra%2C+A">Ankush Mitra</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Moeller%2C+S">Stefan Moeller</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Ohldag%2C+H">Hendrik Ohldag</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Seaberg%2C+M">Matthew Seaberg</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Shafer%2C+P">Padraic Shafer</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=St%7F%C3%B6hr%2C+J">Joachim St枚hr</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Tsukamoto%2C+A">Arata Tsukamoto</a>, <a href="/search/cond-mat?searchtype=author&query=Nuhn%2C+H">Heinz-Dieter Nuhn</a> , et al. (3 additional authors not shown) </p> <p class="abstract mathjax"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Abstract</span>: <span class="abstract-short has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1511.07372v1-abstract-short" style="display: inline;"> X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy using an X-ray free electron laser is demonstrated with spectra over the Fe L$_{3,2}$-edges. This new ultrafast time-resolved capability is then applied to a fluence-dependent study of all-optical magnetic switching dynamics of Fe and Gd magnetic sublattices in a GdFeCo thin film above its magnetization compensation temperature. At the magnetic switch… <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1511.07372v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'inline'; document.getElementById('1511.07372v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'none';">▽ More</a> </span> <span class="abstract-full has-text-grey-dark mathjax" id="1511.07372v1-abstract-full" style="display: none;"> X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy using an X-ray free electron laser is demonstrated with spectra over the Fe L$_{3,2}$-edges. This new ultrafast time-resolved capability is then applied to a fluence-dependent study of all-optical magnetic switching dynamics of Fe and Gd magnetic sublattices in a GdFeCo thin film above its magnetization compensation temperature. At the magnetic switching fuence, we corroborate the existence of a transient ferromagnetic-like state. The timescales of the dynamics, however, are longer than previously observed below the magnetization compensation temperature. Above and below the switching fluence range, we observe secondary demagnetization with about 5 ps timescales. This indicates that the spin thermalization takes longer than 5 ps. <a class="is-size-7" style="white-space: nowrap;" onclick="document.getElementById('1511.07372v1-abstract-full').style.display = 'none'; document.getElementById('1511.07372v1-abstract-short').style.display = 'inline';">△ Less</a> </span> </p> <p class="is-size-7"><span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Submitted</span> 23 November, 2015; <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">originally announced</span> November 2015. </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Comments:</span> <span class="has-text-grey-dark mathjax">5 pages, 4 figures</span> </p> <p class="comments is-size-7"> <span class="has-text-black-bis has-text-weight-semibold">Journal ref:</span> Rev. Sci. Instrum. 87, 033110 (2016) </p> </li> </ol> <div class="is-hidden-tablet">  <span class="help" style="display: inline-block;"><a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-search/releases">Search v0.5.6 released 2020-02-24</a>  </span> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="columns is-desktop" role="navigation" aria-label="Secondary">  <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/about">About</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>contact arXiv</title><desc>Click here to contact arXiv</desc><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/contact.html"> Contact</a> </li> <li> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><title>subscribe to arXiv mailings</title><desc>Click here to subscribe</desc><path d="M476 3.2L12.5 270.6c-18.1 10.4-15.8 35.6 2.2 43.2L121 358.4l287.3-253.2c5.5-4.9 13.3 2.6 8.6 8.3L176 407v80.5c0 23.6 28.5 32.9 42.5 15.8L282 426l124.6 52.2c14.2 6 30.4-2.9 33-18.2l72-432C515 7.8 493.3-6.8 476 3.2z"/></svg> <a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/subscribe"> Subscribe</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="column"> <div class="columns"> <div class="column"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/license/index.html">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/policies/privacy_policy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="column sorry-app-links"> <ul class="nav-spaced"> <li><a href="https://info.arxiv.org/help/web_accessibility.html">Web Accessibility Assistance</a></li> <li> <p class="help"> <a class="a11y-main-link" href="https://status.arxiv.org" target="_blank">arXiv Operational Status <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 256 512" class="icon filter-dark_grey" role="presentation"><path d="M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z"/></svg></a><br> Get status notifications via <a class="is-link" href="https://subscribe.sorryapp.com/24846f03/email/new" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"/></svg>email</a> or <a class="is-link" href="https://subscribe.sorryapp.com/24846f03/slack/new" target="_blank"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" class="icon filter-black" role="presentation"><path d="M94.12 315.1c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06S0 341 0 315.1c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06h47.06v47.06zm23.72 0c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06s47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06v117.84c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06s-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06V315.1zm47.06-188.98c-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06S139 32 164.9 32s47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06v47.06H164.9zm0 23.72c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06s-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06H47.06C21.16 243.96 0 222.8 0 196.9s21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06H164.9zm188.98 47.06c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06 25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06s-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06h-47.06V196.9zm-23.72 0c0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06V79.06c0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06 25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06V196.9zM283.1 385.88c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06 0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06v-47.06h47.06zm0-23.72c-25.9 0-47.06-21.16-47.06-47.06 0-25.9 21.16-47.06 47.06-47.06h117.84c25.9 0 47.06 21.16 47.06 47.06 0 25.9-21.16 47.06-47.06 47.06H283.1z"/></svg>slack</a> </p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </footer> <script src="https://static.arxiv.org/static/base/1.0.0a5/js/member_acknowledgement.js"></script> </body> </html>

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