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<span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutritional_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutritional_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nutritional value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutritional_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Health benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health hazards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health hazards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Allergens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Allergens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biotoxins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biotoxins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Biotoxins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biotoxins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mercury_and_other_toxic_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercury_and_other_toxic_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Mercury and other toxic metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercury_and_other_toxic_metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mislabelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mislabelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Mislabelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mislabelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persistent_organic_pollutants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persistent_organic_pollutants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Persistent organic pollutants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persistent_organic_pollutants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pescetarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pescetarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pescetarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pescetarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact_of_fish_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact_of_fish_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Environmental impact of fish consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact_of_fish_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taboos_on_eating_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taboos_on_eating_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Taboos on eating fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taboos_on_eating_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Dishes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fish as food</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_(voedsel)" title="Vis (voedsel) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vis (voedsel)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83_(%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="سمك (غذاء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سمك (غذاء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peix_(alimento)" title="Peix (alimento) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peix (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peix_(aliment)" title="Peix (aliment) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Peix (aliment)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speisefisch" title="Speisefisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Speisefisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_(toit)" title="Kala (toit) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kala (toit)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pescado" title="Pescado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pescado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%C5%9Da%C4%B5o" title="Fiŝaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fiŝaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrainki" title="Arrainki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arrainki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_(%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%A7)" title="ماهی (غذا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهی (غذا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisson_(aliment)" title="Poisson (aliment) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Poisson (aliment)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peixe_(alimento)" title="Peixe (alimento) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peixe (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EC%84%A0" title="생선 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생선" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF_(%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84)" title="Ձուկ (սննդամթերք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձուկ (սննդամթերք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="भोजन के रूप में मछली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भोजन के रूप में मछली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riba_kao_hrana" title="Riba kao hrana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Riba kao hrana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_(makanan)" title="Ikan (makanan) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikan (makanan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisce_(alimento)" title="Pisce (alimento) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pisce (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhlanzi_njengokudla" title="Inhlanzi njengokudla – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inhlanzi njengokudla" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiskur_(matarger%C3%B0)" title="Fiskur (matargerð) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fiskur (matargerð)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesce_(alimento)" title="Pesce (alimento) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pesce (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%9C" title="דג מאכל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דג מאכל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwak_(panganan)" title="Iwak (panganan) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iwak (panganan)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Балық еті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балық еті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDuvis_(maistas)" title="Žuvis (maistas) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žuvis (maistas)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_(makanan)" title="Ikan (makanan) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ikan (makanan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_(voeding)" title="Vis (voeding) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vis (voeding)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AD%9A%E8%82%89" title="魚肉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="魚肉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matfisk" title="Matfisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Matfisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%AD%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8)" title="ਮੱਛੀ (ਭੋਜਨ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੱਛੀ (ਭੋਜਨ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryby_konsumpcyjne" title="Ryby konsumpcyjne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryby konsumpcyjne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0)" title="Рыба (пища) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рыба (пища)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_(%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA)" title="මාළු (ආහාරය) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාළු (ආහාරය)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fish as food" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riba_kao_hrana" title="Riba kao hrana – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Riba kao hrana" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_ruokana" title="Kala ruokana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kala ruokana" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_(food)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">Fish (food)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fish eaten by humans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about fish as food for humans. For sealife in general as food, see <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>. For fish fed to other fish, see <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">commercial fish feed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fish_feed" title="Aquarium fish feed">aquarium fish feed</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg/260px-Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg/390px-Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg/520px-Fish_stuffed_with_Thai_herbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Channa_striata" title="Channa striata">Channa striata</a></i> stuffed with Thai herbs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_in_basket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fish_in_basket.jpg/260px-Fish_in_basket.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fish_in_basket.jpg/390px-Fish_in_basket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Fish_in_basket.jpg/520px-Fish_in_basket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Fish for sale in baskets at the Dubai Fish Market</figcaption></figure> <p>Many species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> are <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">caught</a> by humans and consumed as food in virtually all regions around the world. Fish has been an important dietary source of <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a>. </p><p>The English language does not have a special <a href="/wiki/Culinary_name" title="Culinary name">culinary name</a> for food prepared from fish like with other animals (as with <i><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pig</a></i> vs. <i><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a></i>), or as in other languages (such as Spanish <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pez" class="extiw" title="wikt:pez">pez</a></i> vs. <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pescado" class="extiw" title="wikt:pescado">pescado</a></i>). In <a href="/wiki/Culinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Culinary">culinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> contexts, <i>fish</i> may include so-called <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>; more expansively, <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> covers both fish and other <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a> used as food.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1961, the average annual increase in global apparent food fish consumption (3.2 percent) has outpaced <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> (1.6 percent) and exceeded consumption of meat from all <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial animals</a>, combined (2.8 percent) and individually (bovine, ovine, porcine, etc.), except <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> (4.9 percent). In <i><a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a></i> terms, food fish consumption has grown from 9.0 kg (19.8 lb) in 1961 to 20.2 kg (45 lb) in 2015, at an average rate of about 1.5 percent per year.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expansion in consumption has been driven not only by increased production, but also by a combination of many other factors, including reduced <a href="/wiki/Food_loss_and_waste" title="Food loss and waste">wastage</a>, better utilization, improved <a href="/wiki/Distribution_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution channel">distribution channels</a> and growing <a href="/wiki/Consumer_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer demand">consumer demand</a>, linked with population growth, rising <a href="/wiki/Disposable_income" title="Disposable income">disposable incomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> together accounted for 47 percent of the world's total food fish consumption in 1961, but only about 20 percent in 2015. Of the global total of 149 million tonnes in 2015, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> consumed more than two-thirds (106 million tonnes at 24.0 kg per capita).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> consumed the lowest share. The shift is the result of structural changes in the sector and in particular the growing role of Asian countries in fish production, as well as a significant gap between the economic growth rates of the world's more mature fish markets and those of many increasingly important emerging markets around the world, particularly in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over 32,000 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> have been described,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making them the most diverse group of vertebrates. In addition, there are many species of <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>. However, only a small number of species are commonly eaten by humans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="width:570px;">Common species of fish and shellfish used for food<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width:100px;"> </th> <th>Mild flavour </th> <th>Moderate flavour </th> <th>Full flavour </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="top">Delicate<br />texture </th> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#f5f5f5;"><a href="/wiki/Pangasius_bocourti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangasius bocourti">Basa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hake" title="Hake">hake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scup" title="Scup">scup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_smelt" title="Rainbow smelt">smelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercenaria_mercenaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaria mercenaria">hardshell clam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portunus_pelagicus" title="Portunus pelagicus">blue crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peekytoe_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Peekytoe crab">peekytoe crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanner_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanner crab">spanner crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">eastern oyster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_oyster" title="Pacific oyster">Pacific oyster</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#f1f1fa;"><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">herring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingcod" title="Lingcod">lingcod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polydactylus_sexfilis" title="Polydactylus sexfilis">moi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">orange roughy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose fish">Atlantic Ocean perch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria_perch" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Victoria perch">Lake Victoria perch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_perch" title="Yellow perch">yellow perch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrea_edulis" title="Ostrea edulis">European oyster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#e8e8f8;"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Atlantic mackerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">sardines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th valign="top">Medium<br />texture </th> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#e8f8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Black_sea_bass" title="Black sea bass">Black sea bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_sea_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="European sea bass">European sea bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_striped_bass" title="Hybrid striped bass">hybrid striped bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bream" title="Bream">bream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drum (fish)">drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">haddock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparidae" title="Sparidae">porgy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macruronus_novaezelandiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Macruronus novaezelandiae">hoki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastidae">rockfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pink_salmon" title="Pink salmon">pink salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutjanus_campechanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutjanus campechanus">snapper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">walleye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_whitefish" title="Lake whitefish">lake whitefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolffish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolffish">wolffish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mya_arenaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya arenaria">hardshell clam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spisula_solida" title="Spisula solida">surf clam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">cockle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonah_crab" title="Jonah crab">Jonah crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow crab">snow crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">crayfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bay_scallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay scallop">bay scallop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penaeus" title="Penaeus">Chinese white shrimp</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#f3eaea;"><a href="/wiki/Sablefish" title="Sablefish">Sablefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dungeness_crab" title="Dungeness crab">dungeness crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_crab" title="King crab">king crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">blue mussel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perna_canaliculus" title="Perna canaliculus">greenshell mussel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandalus_borealis" title="Pandalus borealis">pink shrimp</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0e0f0;"><a href="/wiki/Escolar" title="Escolar">Escolar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chum_salmon" title="Chum salmon">chum salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_shad" title="American shad">American shad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th valign="top">Firm<br />texture </th> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#ddf8dd;"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_char" title="Arctic char">Arctic char</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_fishes_known_as_dory" title="List of fishes known as dory">dory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">grouper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Monkfish">monkfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompano" title="Pompano">pompano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solea_solea" class="mw-redirect" title="Solea solea">Dover sole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">sturgeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">tilefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahoo" title="Wahoo">wahoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seriola_quinqueradiata" class="mw-redirect" title="Seriola quinqueradiata">yellowtail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chionoecetes" title="Chionoecetes">stone crab</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_lobster" title="American lobster">American lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spiny_lobster" title="Spiny lobster">spiny lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">octopus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_tiger_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Black tiger shrimp">black tiger shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archosargus_probatocephalus" title="Archosargus probatocephalus">sheepshead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrobrachium_rosenbergii" title="Macrobrachium rosenbergii">freshwater shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penaeus" title="Penaeus">gulf shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_white_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific white shrimp">Pacific white shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_triggerfish" title="Grey triggerfish">grey triggerfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">squid</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#e8f0d8;"><a href="/wiki/Barramundi" title="Barramundi">Barramundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brosmius_brosme" class="mw-redirect" title="Brosmius brosme">cusk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squalidae" title="Squalidae">dogfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingklip" title="Kingklip">kingklip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahimahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahimahi">mahimahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opah" title="Opah">opah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mako_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Mako shark">mako shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albacore_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Albacore tuna">albacore tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">geoduck clam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squat_lobster" title="Squat lobster">squat lobster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_scallop" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea scallop">sea scallop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicyonia_brevirostris" title="Sicyonia brevirostris">rock shrimp</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Barracuda" title="Barracuda">Barracuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chilean_sea_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean sea bass">Chilean sea bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobia" title="Cobia">cobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_croaker" title="Atlantic croaker">croaker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">eel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_blue_marlin" title="Atlantic blue marlin">blue marlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mugil_cephalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugil cephalus">mullet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">sockeye salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluefin_tuna" title="Bluefin tuna">bluefin tuna</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></div> <p>Fish can be prepared in a variety of ways. It can be served uncooked (<a href="/wiki/Raw_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw food">raw food</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a>); <a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">cured</a> by <a href="/wiki/Marinating" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinating">marinating</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">ceviche</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">pickled herring</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(cooking)" title="Smoking (cooking)">smoking</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">smoked salmon</a>); or <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooked</a> by <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">frying</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>), <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">grilling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poaching_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poaching (food)">poaching</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Court-bouillon" title="Court-bouillon">court-bouillon</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steaming</a>. Many of the preservation techniques used in different cultures have since become unnecessary but are still performed for their resulting taste and texture when consumed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The British historian William Radcliffe wrote in <i>Fishing from the Earliest Times</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>"The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Domitian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Domitian">Emperor Domitian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satires_(Juvenal)" title="Satires (Juvenal)">IV.</a>) ordered a special sitting of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> to deliberate and advise on a matter of such grave State importance as the best method of cooking a <a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutritional_value">Nutritional value</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nutritional value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-top:5px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Comparison of nutrients in 100 g of whitefish or oily fish </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nutrient </th> <th>Whitefish<br /><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Oily fish<br /><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_herring" title="Atlantic herring">Atlantic herring</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td rowspan="9"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halibut_and_salmon_fillets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Halibut_and_salmon_fillets.jpg/220px-Halibut_and_salmon_fillets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Halibut_and_salmon_fillets.jpg/330px-Halibut_and_salmon_fillets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Halibut_and_salmon_fillets.jpg/440px-Halibut_and_salmon_fillets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Halibut fillet (a <a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">whitefish</a>) on top of a salmon fillet (an <a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">oily fish</a>)</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Energy (kcal) </th> <td style="text-align:center;">111 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">203 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Protein (g) </th> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fat (g) </th> <td style="text-align:center;">1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Cholesterol (mg) </th> <td style="text-align:center;">86 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">77 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vitamin B-12 (μg) </th> <td style="text-align:center;">4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Phosphorus (mg) </th> <td style="text-align:center;">267 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">303 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Selenium (μg) </th> <td style="text-align:center;">44 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">47 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Omega-3 (mg) </th> <td style="text-align:center;">509 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2014 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Globally, fish and fish products provide an average of only about 34 calories per capita per day. However, more than as an energy source, the dietary contribution of fish is significant in terms of high-quality, easily digested animal proteins and especially in fighting micronutrient deficiencies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portion of 150g of fish provides about 50 to 60 percent of an adult's daily protein requirement. Fish proteins are essential in the diet of some densely populated countries where the total protein intake is low, and are particularly important in diets in <a href="/wiki/Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Small Island Developing States">small island developing States</a> (SIDS).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Intermediate Technology Publications</i> wrote in 1992 that "Fish provides a good source of high quality protein and contains many vitamins and minerals. It may be classed as either whitefish, oily fish, or shellfish. Whitefish, such as haddock and seer, contain very little fat (usually less than 1%) whereas oily fish, such as sardines, contain between 10–25%. The latter, as a result of its high fat content, contain a range of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K) and essential fatty acids, all of which are vital for the healthy functioning of the body."<sup id="cite_ref-Fellows1992_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fellows1992-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_benefits">Health benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Health benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Health_benefits_of_eating_seafood" class="mw-redirect" title="Health benefits of eating seafood">Health benefits of eating seafood</a></div> <p>Eating <a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">oily fish</a> containing long-chain <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a> may reduce systemic <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> and lower the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nhs_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayo_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eating about 140 grams (4.9 oz) of oily fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids once per week is a recommended consumption amount.<sup id="cite_ref-nhs_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhs-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mayo_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing intake of omega-3 fatty acids may slightly reduce the risk of a fatal heart attack,<sup id="cite_ref-mayo_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mayo-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but likely has little effect on the overall number of deaths from cardiovascular disease.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_hazards">Health hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Health hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fish_bone" title="Fish bone">Fish bone</a> is the most common food-related <a href="/wiki/Foreign_body" title="Foreign body">foreign body</a> to cause <a href="/wiki/Airway_obstruction" title="Airway obstruction">airway obstruction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Choking" title="Choking">Choking</a> on fish was responsible for about 4,500 reported accidents in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergens">Allergens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Allergens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fish_allergy" title="Fish allergy">Fish allergy</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Seafood_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood allergy">seafood allergy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">food allergy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a> which can be present in <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>. This can result in an <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">overreaction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> and lead to severe physical symptoms<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributive_shock" title="Distributive shock">distributive shock</a>. Allergic reactions can result from ingesting seafood, or by breathing in vapours from preparing or cooking seafood.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most severe allergic reaction is <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">medical emergency</a> requiring immediate attention and is treated urgently with <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">epinephrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biotoxins">Biotoxins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biotoxins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P1020064.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/P1020064.JPG/220px-P1020064.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/P1020064.JPG/330px-P1020064.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/P1020064.JPG/440px-P1020064.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>A specially prepared dish of the poisonous blowfish <a href="/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu">fugu</a>, Japan</figcaption></figure> <p>Some species of fish, notably the <i><a href="/wiki/Fugu" title="Fugu">fugu</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Pufferfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pufferfish">pufferfish</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a>, can result in serious <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a> if not prepared properly. These fish always contain <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">natural defense</a> against <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predators</a>; it is not present due to environmental circumstances. Particularly, <i>fugu</i> has a lethal dose of <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Internal_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal organ">internal organs</a> and must be prepared by a licensed <i>fugu</i> chef who has passed the national examination in Japan. <a href="/wiki/Ciguatera_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera poisoning">Ciguatera poisoning</a> can occur from eating larger fish from warm tropical waters, such as <a href="/wiki/Sea_bass" title="Sea bass">sea bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">grouper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barracuda" title="Barracuda">barracuda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutjanus" title="Lutjanus">red snapper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nlm_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid poisoning</a> can result from eating large oily fish which have sat around for too long before being refrigerated or frozen. This includes <a href="/wiki/Scombridae" title="Scombridae">scombroids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, but can also include non-scombroids such as <a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">mahi-mahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amberjack" title="Amberjack">amberjack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nlm_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nlm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poison is often odourless and tasteless.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift-1993_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift-1993-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many fish eat <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and other organisms that contain <a href="/wiki/Biotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotoxin">biotoxins</a>, which are defensive substances against predators. Biotoxins accumulated in fish/shellfish include <a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">brevetoxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okadaic_acid" title="Okadaic acid">okadaic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">saxitoxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">ciguatoxin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">domoic acid</a>. Except for ciguatoxine, high levels of these toxins are only found in shellfish. Both domoic acid and ciguatoxine can be deadly to humans; the others will only cause <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizziness" title="Dizziness">dizziness</a> and a (temporary) feeling of <a href="/wiki/Claustrophobia" title="Claustrophobia">claustrophobia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a> and, therefore, accumulate <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> produced by microscopic <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>. There are four syndromes called <a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">shellfish poisoning</a> which can result in humans, <a href="/wiki/Sea_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea mammal">sea mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> from the ingestion of toxic shellfish. These are primarily associated with <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">bivalve molluscs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish like <a href="/wiki/Anchovies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovies">anchovies</a> can also concentrate toxins such as domoic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If suspected, medical attention should be sought. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:64px;"> </th> <th style="width:90px;">Poisoning type </th> <th>Symptoms </th> <th>Duration </th> <th>Toxin </th> <th>Antidote </th> <th>Sources </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> </th> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a> </td> <td>Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, usually followed by headaches, muscle aches, <a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">paresthesia</a>, numbness, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, vertigo, and hallucinations. </td> <td>Weeks to years </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a> and similar: <a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">maitotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scaritoxin" title="Scaritoxin">scaritoxin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palytoxin" title="Palytoxin">palytoxin</a> </td> <td>None known </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Swift-1993_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift-1993-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uhm_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhm-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid<br />food<br />poisoning</a> </td> <td>Skin flushing, throbbing headache, oral burning, abdominal cramps, nausea, diarrhea, palpitations, sense of unease, and, rarely, collapse or loss of vision. Symptoms occur usually within 10–30 minutes of ingesting spoiled fish. </td> <td>Usually four to six hours </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">Histamine</a>, possibly others </td> <td>Oral anti-histamines </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-uhm_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhm-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Haff_disease" title="Haff disease">Haff disease</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyolysis" title="Rhabdomyolysis">Rhabdomyolysis</a>, that is, a swelling and breakdown of skeletal muscle (with a risk of <a href="/wiki/Acute_renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute renal failure">acute kidney failure</a>) within 24 hours after consuming fish </td> <td> </td> <td>A toxic cause is suspected but has not been proven </td> <td>None known </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-Buchholz_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buchholz-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoallyeinotoxism" title="Ichthyoallyeinotoxism">Ichthyo-<br />allyeinotoxism</a> </td> <td>Vivid auditory and visual hallucinations similar in some aspects to LSD. </td> <td>Can last for several days </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> </th> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Amnesic shellfish poisoning">Amnesic</a> </td> <td>Permanent <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-term memory loss">short-term memory loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain_damage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain damage">brain damage</a> </td> <td>Fatal in severe cases </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a>, which acts as a <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a> </td> <td>None known </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-uhm_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uhm-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Diarrheal_shellfish_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrheal shellfish poisoning">Diarrheal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a> and possibly nausea, vomiting and cramps. </td> <td>Symptoms usually set in within half an hour and last about a day </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Okadaic_acid" title="Okadaic acid">Okadaic acid</a>, which inhibits intestinal cellular de-phosphorylation. </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning">Neurotoxic</a> </td> <td>Vomiting and nausea and a variety of neurological symptoms such as slurred speech. Not fatal though it may require hospitalization. </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxins</a> or brevetoxin analogs </td> <td> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">Paralytic</a> </td> <td>Includes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and <a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">tingling or burning</a> sensations. Other symptoms also possible. </td> <td>Occasionally fatal </td> <td>Principal toxin <a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">saxitoxin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/4-Aminopyridine" title="4-Aminopyridine">4-Aminopyridine</a> has been used in non-human animals.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center"><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The toxins responsible for most shellfish and fish poisonings, including ciguatera and scombroid poisoning, are heat-resistant to the point where conventional cooking methods do not eliminate them.<sup id="cite_ref-Swift-1993_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swift-1993-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercury_and_other_toxic_metals">Mercury and other toxic metals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mercury and other toxic metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></div> <p>Fish products, especially those from <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">higher-order</a> <a href="/wiki/Consumer_(food_chain)" title="Consumer (food chain)">consumers</a> up the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>, have been shown to contain varying amounts of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Toxic_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic metal">toxic metals</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnification</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a> is a function of solubility, and insoluble compounds often exhibit negligible toxicity. <a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic</a> forms such as <a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimethyl mercury">dimethyl mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetraethyl_lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetraethyl lead">tetraethyl lead</a> can be extremely toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-pmc_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmc-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <caption>Mercury/omega-3 levels<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Mercury level </th> <th style="width:140px;">Low<br />< 0.04 ppm </th> <th style="width:140px;">Medium<br />0.04–0.40 ppm </th> <th style="width:140px;">High<br />> 0.40 ppm </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#FFFFCC;">Omega-3</th> <th colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <th valign="top" style="background:#FFFFCC;">High<br />> 1.0% </th> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#e8fff8;"><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#f1f1fa;"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Atlantic mackerel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#e8e8f8;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_mackerel" title="Spanish mackerel">Spanish mackerel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">tilefish</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th valign="top" style="background:#FFFFCC;">Medium<br />0.4–1.0% </th> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#e8f8e8;"><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#f3eaea;"><a href="/wiki/Blue_grenadier" title="Blue grenadier">hoki</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0e0f0;"><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">king mackerel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th valign="top" style="background:#FFFFCC;">Low<br />< 0.4% </th> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#ddf8dd;"><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#e8f0d8;"><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lutjanidae" title="Lutjanidae">snapper</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> canned light </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; background:#f0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">grouper</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">orange roughy</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="8" style="width:540px;">mercury/omega-3 levels in commercial fish and shellfish </th></tr> <tr> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th>species </th> <th>mercury<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(mean ppm) </th> <th>omega-3<sup id="cite_ref-ahao3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahao3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KrisEtherton2002_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KrisEtherton2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(mean percent) </th> <th>habitat </th> <th>notes </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">trophic<br />level</a><sup id="cite_ref-TL_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>max age<br />(years)<sup id="cite_ref-TL_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff54ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">Tilefish</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.450 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.06 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff56ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.995 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.14 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">15 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff58ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.979 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.98 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff5bff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">King mackerel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.730 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.42 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff60ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.571 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.033 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">149 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff62ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.485 * </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff64ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Spanish_mackerel" title="Atlantic Spanish mackerel">Mackerel (Spanish)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.454 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.65 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f6f;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.448 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.27 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff68ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.391 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.77 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td>All species, fresh/frozen </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff72ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patagonian_toothfish" title="Patagonian toothfish">Patagonian toothfish</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.354 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">50+<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff7bff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.241 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.01 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff86ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutjanidae" title="Lutjanidae">Snapper</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.166 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.26 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff88ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.152 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ff8bff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.150 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.0 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffa6ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.128 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.24 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td>All species, canned, light </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffa8ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ocean_perch" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean perch">Perch (ocean)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.121 * </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffa0ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.111 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.23 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffabff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.110 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffadff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_lobster" title="American lobster">Lobster (American)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.107 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffb2ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spiny_lobster" title="Spiny lobster">Lobster (spiny)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.093 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffb4ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.089 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffb8ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.084 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.94 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">21 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffc0ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.071 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffc2ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.065 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Callinectes_sapidus" title="Callinectes sapidus">Blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_crab" title="King crab">king</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow crab">snow crab</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffc4ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoki_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoki (fish)">Hoki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blue_grenadier" title="Blue grenadier">blue grenadier</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.058 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.48 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffc6ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.056 * </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.56 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffc8ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.055 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td>Atlantic </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffcdff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Atlantic mackerel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.050 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.64 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd2ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.050 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd8ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.031 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.53 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffd0ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.025 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.31 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffdbff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.023 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fdf;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.022 * </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.76 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td>Fresh/frozen </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffe0ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anchovies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovies">Anchovies</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.017 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffe2ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.94 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2.7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffe4ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a> * </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.013 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffe6ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.012 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffe8ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a> * </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.009 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffe0ff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.008 * </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> </td> <td>Canned </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffebff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.003 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#ffgbff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.001 * </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.12 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6.5<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_green-lipped_mussel" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand green-lipped mussel">Greenshell mussel</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">0.35 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fff;"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sydney_rock_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney rock oyster">Sydney rock oyster</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1.11 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="8" style="text-align:center;">* indicates methylmercury only was analyzed (all other results are for total mercury) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/US_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="US Food and Drug Administration">US Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA), the risk from mercury by eating fish and shellfish is not a health concern for most people.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_rec_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_rec-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, certain seafood contains sufficient mercury to harm an unborn baby or young child's developing nervous system. The FDA makes three recommendations for child-bearing women and young children: </p> <ol><li>Do not eat <a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">king mackerel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">tilefish</a> because they contain high levels of mercury.</li> <li>Eat up to 12 ounces (2 average meals) a week of a variety of fish and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> that are lower in mercury. Four of the most commonly eaten fish that are low in mercury are <a href="/wiki/Canned_tuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Canned tuna">canned light tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>. Another commonly eaten fish, <a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a> ("white tuna") has more mercury than canned light tuna. So, when choosing your two meals of fish and shellfish, you may eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal) of albacore tuna per week.</li> <li>Check local advisories about the safety of fish caught by family and friends in your local lakes, rivers, and coastal areas. If no advice is available, eat up to 6 ounces (one average meal) per week of fish you catch from local waters, but do not consume any other fish during that week.</li></ol> <p>These recommendations are also advised when feeding fish and shellfish to young children, but in smaller portions.<sup id="cite_ref-FDA_rec_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDA_rec-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mislabelling">Mislabelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mislabelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the ocean conservation organization <a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a> examined over 1,200 seafood samples of seafood sold in the U.S. between 2010 and 2012, they found one-third were mislabelled. The highest rate of mislabelling occurred with snapper at 87 percent, followed by tuna at 57 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persistent_organic_pollutants">Persistent organic pollutants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Persistent organic pollutants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution#Toxins" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution § Toxins</a></div> <p>If fish and shellfish inhabit <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">polluted waters</a>, they can accumulate other toxic chemicals, particularly fat-soluble pollutants containing chlorine or bromine, <a href="/wiki/Dioxins_and_dioxin-like_compounds" title="Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds">dioxins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites">Parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_Raw_fish_infection.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Symptoms_of_Raw_fish_infection.png/220px-Symptoms_of_Raw_fish_infection.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Symptoms_of_Raw_fish_infection.png/330px-Symptoms_of_Raw_fish_infection.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Symptoms_of_Raw_fish_infection.png/440px-Symptoms_of_Raw_fish_infection.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Differential symptoms of parasite infections by raw fish. All have gastrointestinal, but otherwise distinct, symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">Parasites</a> in fish are a common natural occurrence. Though not a health concern in thoroughly cooked fish, parasites are a concern when consumers eat raw or lightly preserved fish such as <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">ceviche</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">gravlax</a>. The popularity of such raw fish dishes makes it important for consumers to be aware of this risk. Raw fish should be frozen to an internal temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) for at least 7 days to kill parasites; home <a href="/wiki/Freezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezer">freezers</a> may not be cold enough.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, fish that live all or part of their lives in <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> were considered unsuitable for sashimi due to the possibility of parasites (see <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">Sashimi</a> article). Parasitic infections from freshwater fish are a serious problem in some parts of the world, particularly <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Fish that spend part of their life cycle in <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> or fresh water, like <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Anadromous" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadromous">anadromous</a> coastalfish closely related to <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>), are a particular problem. A study in <a href="/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a> showed that 100% of wild salmon had <a href="/wiki/Roundworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundworm">roundworm</a> <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a> capable of infecting people. In the same study <a href="/wiki/Fish_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish farm">farm</a>-raised salmon did not have any roundworm larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parasite infection from raw fish is rare in the <a href="/wiki/Developed_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed world">developed world</a> (fewer than 40 cases per year in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>), and involves mainly three kinds of parasites: <i><a href="/wiki/Clonorchis_sinensis" title="Clonorchis sinensis">Clonorchis sinensis</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Trematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode">trematode</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fluke_(flatworm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluke (flatworm)">fluke</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a>/roundworm) and <i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium">Diphyllobothrium</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Cestode" class="mw-redirect" title="Cestode">cestode</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworm</a>). Infection risk of <i>Anisakis</i> is particularly high in fish which may have lived in a river or estuary, such as salmon (<i>sa ke</i> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese cuisine</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">mackerel</a> (<i>sa ba</i> in Japanese cuisine). Such parasite infections can generally be avoided by <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grilling" title="Grilling">grilling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">preserving in salt or vinegar</a>, or deep-freezing. In Japan, it is common to eat raw salmon and <i><a href="/wiki/Ikura" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikura">ikura</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a>), but these foods are frozen overnight prior to eating to prevent infections from parasites, particularly <i>Anisakis</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pescetarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_Hai_seared_ahi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bali_Hai_seared_ahi.jpg/220px-Bali_Hai_seared_ahi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bali_Hai_seared_ahi.jpg/330px-Bali_Hai_seared_ahi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bali_Hai_seared_ahi.jpg/440px-Bali_Hai_seared_ahi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian food</a>: Seared ahi and <a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">wasabi</a> <a href="/wiki/Beurre_blanc" title="Beurre blanc">beurre blanc</a> sauce</figcaption></figure> <p>The neologism "<a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">pescetarian</a>" covers those who eat fish and other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>, but not mammals and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_(2009)_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster_(2009)-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1999 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">metastudy</a> combined data from five studies from western countries. The metastudy reported <a href="/wiki/Standardized_mortality_ratio" title="Standardized mortality ratio">mortality ratios</a>, where lower numbers indicated fewer deaths, for pescetarians to be 0.82, vegetarians to be 0.84, and occasional meat eaters to be 0.84. Regular meat eaters and vegans shared the highest mortality ratio of 1.00. However, the "lower mortality was due largely to the relatively low prevalence of smoking in these [vegetarian] cohorts".<sup id="cite_ref-AJCN_metastudy_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJCN_metastudy-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since fish is animal flesh, the <a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_Society" title="Vegetarian Society">Vegetarian Society</a> has stated that vegetarian diets cannot contain fish.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion">In religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kosher_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher fish">Kosher fish</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyal_Macher_Jhol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Boyal_Macher_Jhol.jpg/288px-Boyal_Macher_Jhol.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Boyal_Macher_Jhol.jpg/432px-Boyal_Macher_Jhol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Boyal_Macher_Jhol.jpg/576px-Boyal_Macher_Jhol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Machher_jhol" class="mw-redirect" title="Machher jhol">Machher jhol</a> is a spicy fish stew in <a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a> cuisines in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:278px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoked_Salmon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Smoked_Salmon.jpg/288px-Smoked_Salmon.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Smoked_Salmon.jpg/432px-Smoked_Salmon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Smoked_Salmon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="484" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A plate of <a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">smoked salmon</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Religious rites and rituals regarding food also tend to classify the birds of the air and the fish of the sea separately from land-bound mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea-bound mammals are often treated as fish under religious laws – as in Jewish dietary law, which forbids the eating of <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetacean</a> meat, such as whale, dolphin or porpoise, because they are not "fish with fins and scales"; nor, as mammals, do they chew their cud and have cloven hooves, as required by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2011:9–12&version=nrsv">Leviticus 11:9–12</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a>) practice treats fish differently from other animal foods. The distinction between fish and "meat" is codified by the Jewish dietary law of <i><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kashrut</a></i>, regarding the mixing of milk and meat, which does not forbid the mixing of milk and fish. Modern Jewish legal practice (<i><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a></i>) on <i>kashrut</i> classifies the flesh of both mammals and birds as "meat"; fish are considered to be <i><a href="/wiki/Parve" class="mw-redirect" title="Parve">parve</a></i>, neither meat nor a dairy food. (The preceding portion refers only to the halakha of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> do not mix fish with dairy.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ichthys" title="Ichthys">Ichthys</a> has become a <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">symbol of Christianity</a> since ancient times. In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> Luke 24 – Jesus's eating of a fish <sup>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+24&version=41–43">Luke 24</a>]</sup> and Jesus telling his disciples where to catch fish, before cooking it for them to eat. Seasonal religious prohibitions against eating meat do not usually include fish. For example, non-fish meat was forbidden during <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> and on all Fridays of the year in pre-<a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, but fish was permitted (as were eggs). (See <a href="/wiki/Fasting_and_abstinence_in_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasting and abstinence in the Roman Catholic Church">Fasting in Catholicism</a>.) In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, fish is permitted on some fast days when other meat is forbidden, but stricter fast days also prohibit fish with spines, while permitting <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> seafood such as <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, considering them "fish without blood".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">Brahmins</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and Saraswat Brahmins of the <a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a>) abjure meat that is not fish. <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a>) practice also treats fish differently from other animal foods, as it can be eaten without requiring the ritualistic slaughter that is prescribed for other halal animals.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact_of_fish_consumption">Environmental impact of fish consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Environmental impact of fish consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fisheries_subsidies" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of fisheries subsidies">Environmental impact of fisheries subsidies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taboos_on_eating_fish">Taboos on eating fish</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Taboos on eating fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">Taboo food and drink § Fish</a></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Somali_people" title="Somali people">Somali people</a>, most <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia" title="Demographics of Somalia">clans</a> have a taboo against the consumption of fish, and do not intermarry with the few occupational clans that do eat it.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simoons_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoons-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are taboos on eating fish among many upland <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">agriculturalists</a> (and even some coastal peoples) inhabiting parts of southeastern <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>. This is sometimes referred to as the "Cushitic fish-taboo", as Cushitic speakers are believed to have been responsible for the introduction of fish avoidance to <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, though not all Cushitic groups avoid fish. The zone of the fish taboo roughly coincides with the area where <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a> are spoken, and as a general rule, speakers of <a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> do not have this taboo, and indeed many are watermen.<sup id="cite_ref-Simoons_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoons-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The few <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nilotic_peoples" title="Nilotic peoples">Nilotic</a> groups in East Africa that do practice fish avoidance also reside in areas where <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Cushites</a> appear to have lived in earlier times. Within East Africa, the fish taboo is found no further than Tanzania. This is attributed to the local presence of the <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">tsetse fly</a> and in areas beyond, which likely acted as a barrier to further southern migrations by <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">wandering pastoralists</a>, the principal fish-avoiders. <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>'s Bantus were therefore spared subjugation by pastoral groups, and they consequently nearly all consume fish.<sup id="cite_ref-Simoons_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoons-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also another center of fish avoidance in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a>, among mainly <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu speakers</a>. It is not clear whether this disinclination developed independently or whether it was introduced. It is certain, however, that no avoidance of fish occurs among southern Africa's earliest inhabitants, the <a href="/wiki/Khoisan" title="Khoisan">Khoisan</a>. Nevertheless, since the Bantu of southern Africa also share various cultural traits with the pastoralists further north in East Africa, it is believed that, at an unknown date, the taboo against the consumption of fish was similarly introduced from East Africa by cattle-herding peoples who somehow managed to get their livestock past the aforementioned tsetse fly endemic regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Simoons_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simoons-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain species of fish are also forbidden in Judaism such as the freshwater <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anguillidae" title="Anguillidae">Anguillidae</a>) and all species of <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>. Although they live in water, they appear to have no fins or scales (except under a microscope) (see Leviticus 11:10–13<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Sunni Muslim laws are more flexible in this and catfish and shark are generally seen as halal as they are special types of fish. Eel is generally considered permissible in the four Sunni <i>madh'hab</i>, but the Ja'fari jurisprudence followed by most Shia Muslims forbids it.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navaho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuñi</a>, have a taboo against fish and other water-related animals, including <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dishes">Dishes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dishes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokkoms" title="Bokkoms">Bokkoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouillabaisse" title="Bouillabaisse">Bouillabaisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourdeto" title="Bourdeto">Bourdeto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceviche" title="Ceviche">Ceviche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioppino" title="Cioppino">Cioppino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_stick" title="Crab stick">Crab stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappit_heid" title="Crappit heid">Crappit heid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croquette" title="Croquette">Croquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curanto" title="Curanto">Curanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressed_herring" title="Dressed herring">Dressed herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ball" title="Fish ball">Fish ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_chowder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish chowder">Fish chowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishcake" title="Fishcake">Fishcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishstick" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishstick">Fishstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamaboko" title="Kamaboko">Kamaboko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machher_Jhol" title="Machher Jhol">Machher Jhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pempek" title="Pempek">Pempek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poke_(Hawaii)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poke (Hawaii)">Poke (Hawaii)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompano_en_Papillote" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompano en Papillote">Pompano en Papillote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenelles_Lyonnaises" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenelles Lyonnaises">Quenelles Lyonnaises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakfisk" title="Rakfisk">Rakfisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoulade" title="Remoulade">Remoulade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissole" title="Rissole">Rissole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">Sashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_birdsnest" title="Seafood birdsnest">Seafood birdsnest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">Smoked salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soused_herring" title="Soused herring">Soused herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargazy_pie" title="Stargazy pie">Stargazy pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">Surströmming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_fish_sandwich" title="Tuna fish sandwich">Tuna fish sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukha" title="Ukha">Ukha</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="float:right"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/32px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/48px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/64px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fish" title="Portal:Fish">Fish portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boneless_Fish" title="Boneless Fish">Boneless Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boning_knife" title="Boning knife">Boning knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">Fish head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Fish products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">Fishmonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Got_Mercury%3F" title="Got Mercury?">Got Mercury?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoallyeinotoxism" title="Ichthyoallyeinotoxism">Ichthyoallyeinotoxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudoa_thyrsites" title="Kudoa thyrsites">Kudoa thyrsites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">List of fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">List of seafood dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">Oily fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguro_b%C5%8Dch%C5%8D" title="Maguro bōchō">Maguro bōchō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylserine" title="Phosphatidylserine">Phosphatidylserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/46964/why-is-fish-not-considered-as-meat">"Why is fish not considered as meat?"</a>. <i>Seasoned Advice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lentnek, MD. Retrieved on April 14, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For symptoms of diphyllobothrium due to vitamin B12-deficiency <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umm.edu/blood/aneper.htm">University of Maryland Medical Center > Megaloblastic (Pernicious) Anemia</a> Retrieved on April 14, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927063512/http://seafood.ucdavis.edu/Pubs/parasite.htm">"<i>Parasites in Marine Fishes</i> University of California Food Science & Technology Department Sea Grant Extension Program"</a>. Seafood.ucdavis.edu. 1990-08-07. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parasites+in+Marine+Fishes+University+of+California+Food+Science+%26+Technology+Department+Sea+Grant+Extension+Program&rft.pub=Seafood.ucdavis.edu&rft.date=1990-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fseafood.ucdavis.edu%2FPubs%2Fparasite.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seafooduniversity.com/?p=16">Vaughn M. <i>Sushi and Sashimi Safety</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927064827/http://seafooduniversity.com/?p=16">Archived</a> 2008-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeardorffML_Kent1989" class="citation journal cs1">Deardorff, TL; ML Kent (1989-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F0090-3558-25.3.416">"Prevalence of larval Anisakis simplex in pen-reared and wild-caught salmon (Salmonidae) from Puget Sound, Washington"</a>. <i>Journal of Wildlife Diseases</i>. <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">416–</span>419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7589%2F0090-3558-25.3.416">10.7589/0090-3558-25.3.416</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2761015">2761015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Wildlife+Diseases&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+larval+Anisakis+simplex+in+pen-reared+and+wild-caught+salmon+%28Salmonidae%29+from+Puget+Sound%2C+Washington&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E416-%3C%2Fspan%3E419&rft.date=1989-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7589%2F0090-3558-25.3.416&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2761015&rft.aulast=Deardorff&rft.aufirst=TL&rft.au=ML+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7589%252F0090-3558-25.3.416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster_(2009)-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_(2009)_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> dictionary dates the origin of the term <i>pescetarian</i> to 1993 and defines it as "one whose diet includes fish but no other meat". Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. <i>s.v.</i> pescatarian.[Online] <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam Webster, Inc</a>. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pescatarian">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pescatarian</a> [Accessed 17 July 2009]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJCN_metastudy-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AJCN_metastudy_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_J_KeyGary_E_FraserMargaret_ThorogoodPaul_N_Appleby1999" class="citation journal cs1">Timothy J Key; Gary E Fraser; Margaret Thorogood; Paul N Appleby; Valerie Beral; Gillian Reeves; Michael L Burr; Jenny Chang-Claude; Rainer Frentzel-Beyme; Jan W Kuzma; Jim Mann; Klim McPherson (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/70/3/516S">"Mortality in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: detailed findings from a collaborative analysis of 5 prospective studies"</a>. <i>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>70</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">516S –</span> <span class="nowrap">524S</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2Fphn19980006">10.1079/phn19980006</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10479225">10479225</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=Mortality+in+vegetarians+and+non-vegetarians%3A+detailed+findings+from+a+collaborative+analysis+of+5+prospective+studies&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E516S+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E524S%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2Fphn19980006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10479225&rft.au=Timothy+J+Key&rft.au=Gary+E+Fraser&rft.au=Margaret+Thorogood&rft.au=Paul+N+Appleby&rft.au=Valerie+Beral&rft.au=Gillian+Reeves&rft.au=Michael+L+Burr&rft.au=Jenny+Chang-Claude&rft.au=Rainer+Frentzel-Beyme&rft.au=Jan+W+Kuzma&rft.au=Jim+Mann&rft.au=Klim+McPherson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F70%2F3%2F516S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064455/https://www.vegsoc.org/sslpage.aspx?pid=531">"The Vegetarian Society, Fact Sheet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vegsoc.org/sslpage.aspx?pid=531">the original</a> on 2018-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vegetarian+Society%2C+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vegsoc.org%2Fsslpage.aspx%3Fpid%3D531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Regensteinn J M and Regensteinn C E (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OFKLk3S0fzgC&dq=%22Religious+food+laws+and+the+seafood+industry%22&pg=PR8">"Religious food laws and the seafood industry"</a> In: R E Martin, E P Carter, G J Flick Jr and L M Davis (Eds) (2000) <i>Marine and freshwater products handbook</i>, CRC Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781566768894" title="Special:BookSources/9781566768894">9781566768894</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isahalal.com/news-events/blog/halal-seafood">"Halal Seafood | ISA"</a>. <i>Islamic Services of America</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Simoons, <i>Northwest Ethiopia: peoples and economy?</i>, (University of Wisconsin Press: 1960), p.158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simoons-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simoons_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simoons_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simoons_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simoons_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick J. Simoons, <i>Eat not this flesh: food avoidances from prehistory to the present</i>, 1994, p. 261–265, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-14254-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-14254-X">0-299-14254-X</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JwGZTQunH00C&pg=PA262">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton1974" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton, J. E. G. (1974). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-02-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+Catfish+Halal%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shariahprogram.ca%2Feat-halal-foods%2Fcatfish-halal.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shariahprogram.ca/eat-halal-foods/shark-meat-halal.shtml">"Is Shark Meat Halal?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Ichthyophobia". <i>The Journal of American Folklore</i>. <b>11</b> (41): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F533215">10.2307/533215</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/533215">533215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+Folklore&rft.atitle=Ichthyophobia&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F533215&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F533215%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Washington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_as_food&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aquamedia, <i>"Consumption of Fishery Products"</i> retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060223203558/http://www.feap.info/economics/Tradebalance_en.asp">https://web.archive.org/web/20060223203558/http://www.feap.info/economics/Tradebalance_en.asp</a> on 2007-09-17.</li> <li>Paston-Williams, Sara (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJoDxN4T-eEC&dq=%22Arbroath+smokie%22&pg=PA132"><i>Fish: Recipes from a Busy Island</i></a> National Trust Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781905400072" title="Special:BookSources/9781905400072">9781905400072</a>.</li> <li>Sweetser, Wendy (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eHrvJQGiObEC&dq=%22Arbroath+smokie%22&pg=PA194"><i>The Connoisseur's Guide to Fish & Seafood</i></a> Sterling Publishing Company,. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402770517" title="Special:BookSources/9781402770517">9781402770517</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidwellAllan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tidwell, J. H.; Allan, G. L. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084135">"Fish as food: Aquaculture's contribution: Ecological and economic impacts and contributions of fish farming and capture fisheries"</a>. <i>EMBO Reports</i>. <b>2</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">958–</span>963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkve236">10.1093/embo-reports/kve236</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084135">1084135</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11713181">11713181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Reports&rft.atitle=Fish+as+food%3A+Aquaculture%27s+contribution%3A+Ecological+and+economic+impacts+and+contributions+of+fish+farming+and+capture+fisheries&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E958-%3C%2Fspan%3E963&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1084135%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11713181&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fembo-reports%2Fkve236&rft.aulast=Tidwell&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=Allan%2C+G.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1084135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+as+food" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>University of Michigan Health System, <i>"Fish & Seafood"</i> retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070526011755/http://www.med.umich.edu/umim/clinical/pyramid/fish.htm">https://web.archive.org/web/20070526011755/http://www.med.umich.edu/umim/clinical/pyramid/fish.htm</a> on 2007-09-17.</li> <li>VegDining.com, <i>"Frequently Asked Questions-Definitions"</i> retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ivu.org/faq/definitions.html">http://www.ivu.org/faq/definitions.html</a> on 2007-09-17.</li> <li><i>The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2000</i>, 2000, retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061122184857/http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/3_foodconsumption/en/index5.html">[1]</a> on 2007-11-17. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. 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Study Says</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/02/030210080251.htm">Science Daily</a> Experts Say Consumers Can Eat Around Toxins In Fish</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=4CD31D31E16AC873F5F421D5880E88D6">Scientific American</a> Soy and fish protect from cancer: study.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Fish as Food"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Fish_as_Food">"Fish as Food" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seafood418" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barramundi#As_food" title="Barramundi">Barramundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#As_food" title="Billfish">Billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish#Catfish_as_food" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#As_food" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder#As_food" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon#Uses" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#As_food" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#As_food" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout#Trout_as_food" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Food" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Consumption" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)#In_cuisine_and_culture" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conch#Culinary_use" title="Conch">Conch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck#Culinary_uses" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill#Human_consumption" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster#As_food" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#As_food" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster#As_food" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Prawn/Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#As_food" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_crustaceans" title="Category:Edible crustaceans">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Molluscs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other seafood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_mammals_as_food" title="Marine mammals as food">Marine mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_seaweed" title="Edible seaweed">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_algae" title="Category:Edible algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_seafood" title="List of types of seafood">List of seafoods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processed<br />seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_fish" title="Canned fish">Canned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cured_fish" title="Cured fish">Cured fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_fish" title="Fermented fish">Fermented fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fillet" title="Fish fillet">Fish fillet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_head" title="Fish head">Fish head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_paste" title="Fish paste">Fish paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_steak" title="Fish steak">Fish steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stock_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish stock (food)">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_squid" title="Salted squid">Salted squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_liver_oil" title="Shark liver oil">Shark liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fish_processing" title="Category:Fish processing">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seafood_dishes" title="Seafood dishes">Seafood dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">List of seafood dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crab_dishes" title="List of crab dishes">List of crab dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">List of fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_raw_fish_dishes" title="List of raw fish dishes">List of raw fish dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tuna_dishes" title="List of tuna dishes">List of tuna dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisque_(food)" title="Bisque (food)">Bisque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowder" title="Chowder">Chowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pie" title="Fish pie">Fish pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_soup" title="Fish soup">Fish soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_fish" title="Fried fish">Fried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_boil" title="Seafood boil">Seafood boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">Shark fin soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi_bake" title="Sushi bake">Sushi bake</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood_dishes" title="Category:Seafood dishes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metagonimiasis" title="Metagonimiasis">Metagonimiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_poisoning" title="Shellfish poisoning">Shellfish poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advisory services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_mislabelling" title="Seafood mislabelling">Seafood mislabelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood_advisory_lists_and_certification" title="Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification">Sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal welfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyestalk_ablation" title="Eyestalk ablation">Eyestalk ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_live_seafood" title="Eating live seafood">Eating live seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sushi" title="History of sushi">History of sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_companies" title="List of seafood companies">List of seafood companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_bar" title="Raw bar">Raw bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_restaurant" title="Seafood restaurant">Seafood restaurant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Seafood" title="Category:Seafood">Category: Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas542" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template talk:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> topic areas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/140px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/210px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/280px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History of fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">Big-game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">Catch and release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tournament" title="Fishing tournament">Fishing tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_techniques" title="Fishing techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">Fishfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">Fishing net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">Handline fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">Tackle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_indicator" title="Bite indicator">Bite indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">Lures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_rod" title="Fishing rod">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">Sinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean bank (topography)">Fishing banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">Fishing villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_crime" title="Fisheries crime">Crime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea_Anti-Poaching_Operations" title="Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations">Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_poaching" title="Coral poaching">Coral poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_eel_poaching_and_smuggling" title="Freshwater eel poaching and smuggling">Freshwater eel poaching and smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing_in_the_Arctic" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing" title="Category:Fishing">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meat509" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meat" title="Template:Meat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meat" title="Template talk:Meat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meat509" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">Poultry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">Cassowary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_as_food" title="Chicken as food">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_as_food" title="Duck as food">Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goose_as_food" title="Goose as food">Goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_meat" title="Ostrich meat">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squab" title="Squab">Pigeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_as_food" title="Quail as food">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodMeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Food meat"><img alt="Food meat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/100px-FoodMeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/150px-FoodMeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/FoodMeat.jpg/200px-FoodMeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1916" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Platter of seafood"><img alt="Platter of seafood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/100px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/150px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg/200px-Plateau_van_zeevruchten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="2029" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">Beefalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_meat" title="Buffalo meat">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Camel meat">Camel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_meat" title="Cat meat">Cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_meat" title="Donkey meat">Donkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snails_as_food" title="Snails as food">Snails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_legs" title="Frog legs">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea_pig" title="Guinea pig">Guinea pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_meat" title="Horse meat">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Lamb and mutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veal" title="Veal">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBubro%C5%84" title="Żubroń">Żubroń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_meat" title="Alligator meat">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_as_food" title="Bat as food">Bat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodile meat">Crocodile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat" title="Elephant meat">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox#As_food" title="Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguana_meat" title="Iguana meat">Iguana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_meat" title="Kangaroo meat">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_meat" title="Monkey meat">Monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse#As_food" title="Mouse">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin_trade" title="Pangolin trade">Pangolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit#As_food_and_clothing" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake#Consumption" title="Snake">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">Venison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_meat" title="Dog meat">Dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovies_as_food" title="Anchovies as food">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa_(fish)" title="Basa (fish)">Basa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_(fish)" title="Bass (fish)">Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carp#As_food" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crappie" title="Crappie">Crappie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_as_food" title="Eel as food">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">Flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grouper" title="Grouper">Grouper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">Halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring_as_food" title="Herring as food">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">Kingfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_as_food" title="Mackerel as food">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi-mahi" title="Mahi-mahi">Mahi Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">Marlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Pacific saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">Perch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esox" title="Esox">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_as_food" title="Cod as food">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardines_as_food" title="Sardines as food">Sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">Sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescent_shark" title="Iridescent shark">Swai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuna as food">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walleye" title="Walleye">Walleye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">Shellfish</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid_as_food" title="Squid as food">Calamari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chiton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_meat" title="Crab meat">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crayfish_as_food" title="Crayfish as food">Crayfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobster as food">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_as_food" title="Octopus as food">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oyster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_meat" title="Seal meat">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_and_prawn_as_food" title="Shrimp and prawn as food">Shrimp/prawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea#Culinary" title="Ascidiacea">Sea squirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellyfish_as_food" title="Jellyfish as food">Jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_as_food" title="Insects as food">Insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ant_eggs" title="Ant eggs">Ants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetia_illucens" title="Hermetia illucens">Black soldier fly maggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicada" title="Cicada">Cicada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">Crickets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_flour" title="Cricket flour">Flour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">Grasshoppers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mealworm" title="Mealworm">Mealworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezcal_worm" title="Mezcal worm">Mezcal worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Silkworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina" title="Gonimbrasia belina">Mopane worm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophorus" title="Rhynchophorus">Palm grub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cuts and<br />preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_hanging" title="Meat hanging">Aged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">Barbecued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltong" title="Biltong">Biltong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braising" title="Braising">Braised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patty" title="Patty">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcuterie" title="Charcuterie">Charcuterie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_chop" title="Meat chop">Chop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confit#Meat_confit" title="Confit">Confit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corned_beef" title="Corned beef">Corned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">Cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlet" title="Cutlet">Cutlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_meat" title="Dried meat">Dried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dum_pukht" title="Dum pukht">Dum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermented_meat" title="Fermented meat">Fermented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fillet_(cut)" title="Fillet (cut)">Fillet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Supreme_(cooking)" title="Supreme (cooking)">supreme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forcemeat" title="Forcemeat">Forcemeat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretons" title="Cretons">Cretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2t%C3%A9" title="Pâté">Pâté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying" title="Frying">Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">Frozen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ham" title="Ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerky" title="Jerky">Jerky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">Kebab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney_(food)" title="Kidney (food)">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_(food)" title="Liver (food)">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunch_meat" title="Lunch meat">Luncheon meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marinated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatball" title="Meatball">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatloaf" title="Meatloaf">Meatloaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">Pickled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">Pemmican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching_(cooking)" title="Poaching (cooking)">Poached</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_meat" title="Potted meat">Potted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rillettes" title="Rillettes">Rillettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roasting" title="Roasting">Roasted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salting_(food)#Meat" title="Salting (food)">Salt-cured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salumi" title="Salumi">Salumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">Smoked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak" title="Steak">Steak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew#Types_of_stew" title="Stew">Stewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">Tandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_tartare" title="Steak tartare">Tartare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_dishes" title="List of meat dishes">Meat dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beef_dishes" title="List of beef dishes">Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chicken_dishes" title="List of chicken dishes">Chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_dishes" title="List of fish dishes">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_goat_dishes" title="List of goat dishes">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lamb_dishes" title="List of lamb dishes">Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pork_dishes" title="List of pork dishes">Pork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ham_dishes" title="List of ham dishes">Ham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seafood_dishes" title="List of seafood dishes">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_veal_dishes" title="List of veal dishes">Veal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steak_dishes" title="List of steak dishes">Steaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meatball_dishes" title="List of meatball dishes">Meatball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smoked_foods" title="List of smoked foods">Smoked foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sausage_dishes" title="List of sausage dishes">Sausage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_consumption" title="List of countries by meat consumption">Countries by meat consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_meat_production" title="List of countries by meat production">Countries by meat production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_drink_prohibitions" title="Food and drink prohibitions">Food and drink prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_meat_substitutes" title="List of meat substitutes">Meat substitutes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethics and<br />psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_eating_meat" title="Ethics of eating meat">Ethics of eating meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnism" title="Carnism">Carnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat" title="Psychology of eating meat">Psychology of eating meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_eating_meat#Meat_paradox" title="Psychology of eating meat">Meat paradox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexitarianism" title="Flexitarianism">Semi-vegetarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pescetarianism" title="Pescetarianism">Pescetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollotarianism" title="Pollotarianism">Pollotarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant-based_diet" title="Plant-based diet">Plant-based diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_alternative" title="Meat alternative">Meat alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_science" title="Meat science">Meat science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_hormone_controversy" title="Beef hormone controversy">Beef hormone controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Drip loss">Drip loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_tenderness" title="Meat tenderness">Tenderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_water_holding_capacity" title="Meat water holding capacity">Water holding capacity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_broker" title="Meat broker">Broker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_house_(building)" title="Branch 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href="/wiki/Arachnophagy" title="Arachnophagy">Arachnophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">Cannibalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat_diaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Meat diaper">Meat diaper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marbled_meat" title="Marbled meat">Marbled</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_marbling" title="Artificial marbling">Artificial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_meat" title="Mystery meat">Mystery meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">Offal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vegetarian_food_in_India" title="Non-vegetarian food in India">Non-vegetarian food in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">Pink slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_meat" title="Raw meat">Raw meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_meat" title="Red meat">Red meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill_cuisine" title="Roadkill cuisine">Roadkill cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmed-over_flavor" title="Warmed-over flavor">Warmed-over flavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_meat" title="White meat">White meat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>45 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7dfdf5498-44lwk","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.029","walltime":"1.289","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7602,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":198766,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7127,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":227894,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 998.839 1 -total"," 35.10% 350.547 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.37% 153.557 4 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