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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolutionary history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeleton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeleton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Skeleton</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeleton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Jaw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Fins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dermal_denticles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dermal_denticles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Dermal denticles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dermal_denticles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Tails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physiology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buoyancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buoyancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Buoyancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buoyancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Respiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Thermoregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmoregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmoregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Osmoregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmoregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluorescence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluorescence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Fluorescence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluorescence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Senses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Senses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Smell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hearing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hearing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Hearing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hearing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electroreception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electroreception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Electroreception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electroreception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lateral_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lateral_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Lateral line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lateral_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Life history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Sexual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asexual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asexual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Asexual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asexual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brooding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brooding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Brooding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brooding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ovoviviparity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovoviviparity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Ovoviviparity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovoviviparity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oviparity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oviparity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Oviparity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oviparity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viviparity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viviparity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Viviparity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viviparity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Intelligence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sleep" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sleep"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sleep</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sleep-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Range and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_captivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_captivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>In captivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_captivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Hawaii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hawaii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>In Hawaii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hawaii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_American_Samoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_American_Samoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.2</span> <span>In American Samoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_American_Samoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.4</span> <span>Popular misconceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_to_sharks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_to_sharks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Threats to sharks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Threats_to_sharks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Threats to sharks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Threats_to_sharks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fishery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Fishery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shark_culling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shark_culling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Shark culling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shark_culling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Other threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shark</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 149 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">149 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A8e" title="Yèe – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Yèe" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaie" title="Haaie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Haaie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haie" title="Haie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Haie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B5%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%88%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%9B_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%A3" title="ድንገተኛ አሣ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ድንገተኛ አሣ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C7%A3hund" title="Sǣhund – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sǣhund" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B4_(%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83%D8%A9)" title="قرش (سمكة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرش (سمكة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selachimorpha" title="Selachimorpha – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Selachimorpha" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Շնաձուկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շնաձուկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAsson-chin" title="Pêsson-chin – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pêsson-chin" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B0" title="হাংগৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হাংগৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selachimorpha" title="Selachimorpha – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Selachimorpha" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraroto" title="Piraroto – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Piraroto" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6p%C9%99kbal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Köpəkbalığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köpəkbalığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A4%D9%BE%DA%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="کؤپک بالیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کؤپک بالیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakya" title="Kakya – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kakya" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="হাঙ্গর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাঙ্গর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soa-h%C3%AE" title="Soa-hî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Soa-hî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Акула – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Акула" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Акулы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акулы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Акулы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Акулы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="शार्क – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शार्क" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pating" title="Pating – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pating" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark" title="Shark – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Shark" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Акулообразни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акулообразни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BC%8D" title="གཏུམ་ཉ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཏུམ་ཉ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajkula" title="Ajkula – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ajkula" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinkin" title="Rinkin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rinkin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurons" title="Taurons – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taurons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Шыв йыттисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Шыв йыттисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iho" title="Iho – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iho" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDraloci" title="Žraloci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žraloci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgi" title="Morgi – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Morgi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajer" title="Hajer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hajer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روكان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="روكان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haie" title="Haie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Haie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA" title="މިޔަރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މިޔަރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3%C3%B3%CA%BC_hashk%C3%A9h%C3%A9" title="Łóóʼ hashkéhé – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Łóóʼ hashkéhé" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hailaadsed" title="Hailaadsed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hailaadsed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Καρχαρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρχαρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selachimorpha" title="Selachimorpha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Selachimorpha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Carko" title="Ŝarko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝarko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrazo" title="Marrazo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marrazo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%87" title="کوسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nangio" title="Nangio – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nangio" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1vur" title="Hávur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hávur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requin" title="Requin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Requin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaien" title="Haaien – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Haaien" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siorc" title="Siorc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Siorc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cearban_(iasg)" title="Cearban (iasg) – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cearban (iasg)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibur%C3%B3ns" title="Tiburóns – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tiburóns" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%96%B4" title="상어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Շնաձկներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շնաձկներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="हाँगर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाँगर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDrawcy" title="Žrawcy – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Žrawcy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morski_psi" title="Morski psi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Morski psi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharko" title="Sharko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sharko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pating" title="Pating – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pating" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiu" title="Hiu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hiu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squalo" title="Squalo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Squalo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqalusuaq" title="Iqalusuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iqalusuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Акулæтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Акулæтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ffiskar" title="Háffiskar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Háffiskar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selachimorpha" title="Selachimorpha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Selachimorpha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A9" title="דמויי כריש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמויי כריש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiyu" title="Hiyu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hiyu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%A9k%C9%9B%C9%9B" title="Rɩkɛɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Rɩkɛɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81" title="ಶಾರ್ಕ್ ಮೀನು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಾರ್ಕ್ ಮೀನು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pating" title="Pating – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pating" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ზვიგენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზვიგენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%95%DA%A9%DB%94" title="شارٕک۔ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شارٕک۔" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Акула – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Акула" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morvleydh" title="Morvleydh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Morvleydh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_(samaki)" title="Papa (samaki) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa (samaki)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukudaka" title="Dukudaka – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Dukudaka" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reken" title="Reken – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reken" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segmas%C3%AE" title="Segmasî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Segmasî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Акула – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акула" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selachimorpha" title="Selachimorpha – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Selachimorpha" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haizivis" title="Haizivis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Haizivis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rykliai" title="Rykliai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rykliai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selaco" title="Selaco – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Selaco" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1p%C3%A1k" title="Cápák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cápák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ајкула – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ајкула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiho" title="Akiho – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Akiho" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്രാവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്രാവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="शार्क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शार्क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="قرش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قرش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu" title="Yu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83i-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%80" title="Săi-ngṳ̀ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Săi-ngṳ̀" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Аварга загас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аварга загас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ငါးမန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငါးမန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaien" title="Haaien – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Haaien" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="शार्क – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शार्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A1" title="サメ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サメ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="ГӀоркхмаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀоркхмаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heifasker" title="Heifasker – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Heifasker" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haier" title="Haier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Haier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiar" title="Haiar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Haiar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheurque" title="Cheurque – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cheurque" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0mia" title="Làmia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Làmia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95" title="ସାର୍କ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାର୍କ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurxumcuuquu" title="Qurxumcuuquu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qurxumcuuquu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulalar" title="Akulalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akulalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਸ਼ਾਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਾਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="شارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88" title="منو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haifisch" title="Haifisch – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Haifisch" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekiny" title="Rekiny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rekiny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubar%C3%A3o" title="Tubarão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tubarão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechin" title="Rechin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rechin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwrun" title="Tiwrun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tiwrun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Акулы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Акулы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Шарк – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Шарк" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/sangiziw" title="sangiziw – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="sangiziw" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shairk" title="Shairk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shairk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkaqeni" title="Peshkaqeni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peshkaqeni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="මෝරා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මෝරා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark" title="Shark – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shark" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AA" title="شارڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شارڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDralokovidn%C3%A9" title="Žralokovidné – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žralokovidné" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morski_psi" title="Morski psi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Morski psi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libaax_Badeed" title="Libaax Badeed – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Libaax Badeed" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%95" title="کۆسە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆسە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%98%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Ајкуле – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ајкуле" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morski_pas" title="Morski pas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Morski pas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiu" title="Hiu – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hiu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait" title="Hait – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hait" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajar" title="Hajar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hajar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pating" title="Pating – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pating" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE" title="சுறா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுறா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awqqas" title="Awqqas – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Awqqas" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aweqqas_(a%C9%A3ersiw)" title="Aweqqas (aɣersiw) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aweqqas (aɣersiw)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Акулалар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Акулалар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AA" title="సొర చేప – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సొర చేప" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%89%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="ปลาฉลาม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลาฉลาม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6pekbal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Köpekbalığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Köpekbalığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Акули – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акули" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="شارک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulad" title="Akulad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Akulad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1_m%E1%BA%ADp" title="Cá mập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cá mập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AE%AB" title="鮫 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鮫" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pating" title="Pating – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pating" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%A8%E9%B1%BC" title="鲨鱼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲨鱼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A9" title="הייפיש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הייפיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AF%8A%E9%AD%9A" title="鯊魚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鯊魚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABkl%C4%ABs" title="Rīklīs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rīklīs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%A8%E9%B1%BC" title="鲨鱼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鲨鱼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucut" title="Cucut – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cucut" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbowle" title="Gbowle – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Gbowle" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7372#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Sharks<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Early Jurassic–Present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:118.83384615385px; width:101.16615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:151.83384615385px; width:68.166153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:152.83384615385px; width:66.166153846154px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> Possible records extend back to Early Permian</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corl0207_(28225976491).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Corl0207_%2828225976491%29.jpg/220px-Corl0207_%2828225976491%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Corl0207_%2828225976491%29.jpg/330px-Corl0207_%2828225976491%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Corl0207_%2828225976491%29.jpg/440px-Corl0207_%2828225976491%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A <a href="/wiki/Grey_reef_shark" title="Grey reef shark">grey reef shark</a> <br /> <i>(Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Selachimorpha" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Euselachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Euselachii">Euselachii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neoselachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoselachii">Neoselachii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subdivision: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Selachimorpha</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Nelson" title="Joseph S. Nelson">Nelson</a>, 1984</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Orders </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galeomorphii" title="Galeomorphii">Galeomorphii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcharhiniformes" title="Carcharhiniformes">Carcharhiniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_shark" title="Bullhead shark">Heterodontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_shark" title="Carpet shark">Orectolobiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamniformes" title="Lamniformes">Lamniformes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squalomorphii" class="mw-redirect" title="Squalomorphii">Squalomorphii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexanchiformes" title="Hexanchiformes">Hexanchiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawshark" title="Sawshark">Pristiophoriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaliformes" title="Squaliformes">Squaliformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel shark">Squatiniformes</a></li></ul></li> <li>?<abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Synechodontiformes" title="Synechodontiformes">Synechodontiformes</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <dl><dd>Pleurotremata</dd> <dd>Selachii</dd></dl> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Sharks</b> are a group of <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranch" class="mw-redirect" title="Elasmobranch">elasmobranch</a> fish characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes#Skeleton" title="Chondrichthyes">cartilaginous skeleton</a>, five to seven <a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slits</a> on the sides of the <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fin">pectoral fins</a> that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> <b>Selachimorpha</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or <b>Selachii</b>) and are the <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">Batoidea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a> and kin). Some sources extend the term "shark" as an informal category including extinct members of <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> (cartilaginous fish) with a shark-like morphology, such as <a href="/wiki/Hybodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybodonts">hybodonts</a>. Shark-like chondrichthyans such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cladoselache" title="Cladoselache">Cladoselache</a></i> and <i>Doliodus</i> first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a> Period (419–359 million years), though some fossilized chondrichthyan-like scales are as old as the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Late Ordovician</a> (458–444 million years ago).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest confirmed modern sharks (selachimorphs) are known from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=200">200</a> million years ago</span>, with the oldest known member being <i><a href="/wiki/Agaleus" title="Agaleus">Agaleus</a></i>, though records of true sharks may extend back as far as the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharks range in size from the small <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_lanternshark" title="Dwarf lanternshark">dwarf lanternshark</a> (<i>Etmopterus perryi</i>), a deep sea species that is only 17 centimetres (6.7 in) in length, to the <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a> (<i>Rhincodon typus</i>), the largest fish in the world, which reaches approximately 12 metres (40 ft) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are found in all seas and are common to depths up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). They generally do not live in freshwater, although there are a few known exceptions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_shark" title="River shark">river sharks</a>, which can be found in both seawater and freshwater, and the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_shark" title="Ganges shark">Ganges shark</a>, which lives only in freshwater.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharks have a covering of <a href="/wiki/Dermal_denticle" class="mw-redirect" title="Dermal denticle">dermal denticles</a> that protects their skin from damage and <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> in addition to improving their <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>. They have numerous sets of replaceable teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Budker_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budker-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several species are <a href="/wiki/Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">apex predators</a>, which are organisms that are at the top of their <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. Select examples include the <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isurus" title="Isurus">mako sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thresher_shark" title="Thresher shark">thresher sharks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead sharks</a>. </p><p>Sharks are caught by humans for <a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">shark meat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin soup</a>. Many shark populations are threatened by human activities. Since 1970, shark populations have been reduced by 71%, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Einhorn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einhorn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>Until the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sharks were known to mariners as "sea dogs".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is still evidential in several species termed "<a href="/wiki/Squalidae" title="Squalidae">dogfish</a>," or the <a href="/wiki/Porbeagle" title="Porbeagle">porbeagle</a>. </p><p>The etymology of the word <i>shark</i> is uncertain. The most likely etymology states that the original sense of the word was that of "predator, one who preys on others" from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">schurk</i></span>, meaning 'villain, scoundrel' (<a href="/wiki/Cf." title="Cf.">cf.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Card_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Card shark">card shark</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Loan_shark" title="Loan shark">loan shark</a></i>, etc.), which was later applied to the fish due to its predatory behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A now disproven<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2020)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> theory is that it derives from the <a href="/wiki/Yucatec_Maya_language" title="Yucatec Maya language">Yucatec Maya</a> word <span title="Yucatec Maya-language text"><i lang="yua">xook</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="myn-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">[ʃoːk]</a></span>), meaning 'shark'.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for this etymology came from the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, which notes that <i>shark</i> first came into use after Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a>' sailors exhibited one in London in 1569 and posted "<i>sharke</i>" to refer to the large sharks of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_Dictionary" title="Middle English Dictionary">Middle English Dictionary</a> records an isolated occurrence of the word <i>shark</i> (referring to a sea fish) in a letter written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Beckington" title="Thomas Beckington">Thomas Beckington</a> in 1442, which rules out a New World etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2020)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution of fish</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossiler_Haifischzahn_-_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_%C3%BCber_9_cm_-_mit_Krone_-_Schulter_-_Wurzel_und_Wurzellappen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Fossiler_Haifischzahn_-_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_%C3%BCber_9_cm_-_mit_Krone_-_Schulter_-_Wurzel_und_Wurzellappen.jpg/220px-Fossiler_Haifischzahn_-_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_%C3%BCber_9_cm_-_mit_Krone_-_Schulter_-_Wurzel_und_Wurzellappen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Fossiler_Haifischzahn_-_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_%C3%BCber_9_cm_-_mit_Krone_-_Schulter_-_Wurzel_und_Wurzellappen.jpg/330px-Fossiler_Haifischzahn_-_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_%C3%BCber_9_cm_-_mit_Krone_-_Schulter_-_Wurzel_und_Wurzellappen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Fossiler_Haifischzahn_-_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_%C3%BCber_9_cm_-_mit_Krone_-_Schulter_-_Wurzel_und_Wurzellappen.jpg/440px-Fossiler_Haifischzahn_-_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe_%C3%BCber_9_cm_-_mit_Krone_-_Schulter_-_Wurzel_und_Wurzellappen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4214" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Fossil shark tooth (size over 9 cm or 3.5 inches) with crown, shoulder, root and root lobe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CretaceousSharkTeeth061812.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of dozens of yellowish fossilized teeth, the teeth are of various sizes and are spread out randomly on a flat black surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CretaceousSharkTeeth061812.JPG/220px-CretaceousSharkTeeth061812.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CretaceousSharkTeeth061812.JPG/330px-CretaceousSharkTeeth061812.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/CretaceousSharkTeeth061812.JPG/440px-CretaceousSharkTeeth061812.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3728" data-file-height="2080" /></a><figcaption>A collection of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Shark_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark teeth">shark teeth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest <a href="/wiki/Total_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Total group">total-group</a> chondrichthyans, known as <a href="/wiki/Acanthodians" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthodians">acanthodians</a> or "spiny sharks", appeared during the Early <a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian</a>, around 439 million years ago.<i><sup id="cite_ref-Andreev-2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andreev-2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> The oldest confirmed members of <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a> <i>sensu lato</i> (the group containing all cartilaginous fish more closely related to modern sharks and rays than to <a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">chimaeras</a>) appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anachronistidae" title="Anachronistidae">Anachronistidae</a>, the oldest probable representatives of Neoselachii, the group containing modern sharks (Selachimorpha) and rays (Batoidea) to the exclusion of most extinct elasmobranch groups, date to the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selachiimorpha and Batoidea are suggested by some to have diverged during the <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pough-2018_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pough-2018-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossils of the earliest true sharks may have appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>, based on remains of "<a href="/wiki/Synechodontiformes" title="Synechodontiformes">synechodontiforms</a>" found in the Early Permian of Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but if remains of "synechodontiformes" from the Permian and Triassic are true sharks, they only had low diversity. Modern shark orders first appeared during the Early Jurassic, and during the Jurassic true sharks underwent great diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selachimorphs largely replaced the <a href="/wiki/Hybodontiformes" title="Hybodontiformes">hybodonts</a>, which had previously been a dominant group of shark-like fish during the Triassic and Early Jurassic.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees,_J._A._N._2008,_p._117–147_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees,_J._A._N._2008,_p._117–147-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h3></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">Batoidea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dasyatis_brevicaudata_4x3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dasyatis_brevicaudata_4x3.jpg/60px-Dasyatis_brevicaudata_4x3.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dasyatis_brevicaudata_4x3.jpg/90px-Dasyatis_brevicaudata_4x3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Dasyatis_brevicaudata_4x3.jpg/120px-Dasyatis_brevicaudata_4x3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="1002" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Selachimorpha</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Galeomorphii" title="Galeomorphii">Galeomorphii</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Heterodontiformes" title="Heterodontiformes">Heterodontiformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heterodontus_japonicus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Heterodontus_japonicus.jpg/60px-Heterodontus_japonicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Heterodontus_japonicus.jpg/90px-Heterodontus_japonicus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Heterodontus_japonicus.jpg/120px-Heterodontus_japonicus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1715" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Orectolobiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Orectolobiformes">Orectolobiformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhinodon_typicus_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rhinodon_typicus_%28white_background%29.jpg/60px-Rhinodon_typicus_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rhinodon_typicus_%28white_background%29.jpg/90px-Rhinodon_typicus_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Rhinodon_typicus_%28white_background%29.jpg/120px-Rhinodon_typicus_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3298" data-file-height="1396" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Carcharhiniformes" title="Carcharhiniformes">Carcharhiniformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphyrna_lewini_Gervais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sphyrna_lewini_Gervais.jpg/60px-Sphyrna_lewini_Gervais.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sphyrna_lewini_Gervais.jpg/90px-Sphyrna_lewini_Gervais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sphyrna_lewini_Gervais.jpg/120px-Sphyrna_lewini_Gervais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lamniformes" title="Lamniformes">Lamniformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/60px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/90px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg/120px-Carcharodon_carcharias_drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="546" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Squalomorphii" class="mw-redirect" title="Squalomorphii">Squalomorphii</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hexanchiformes" title="Hexanchiformes">Hexanchiformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlamydoselachus_anguineus_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chlamydoselachus_anguineus_3.jpg/60px-Chlamydoselachus_anguineus_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chlamydoselachus_anguineus_3.jpg/90px-Chlamydoselachus_anguineus_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Chlamydoselachus_anguineus_3.jpg/120px-Chlamydoselachus_anguineus_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="283" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Squatiniformes" title="Squatiniformes">Squatiniformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squatina_angelus_-_Gervais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Squatina_angelus_-_Gervais.jpg/60px-Squatina_angelus_-_Gervais.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Squatina_angelus_-_Gervais.jpg/90px-Squatina_angelus_-_Gervais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Squatina_angelus_-_Gervais.jpg/120px-Squatina_angelus_-_Gervais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="662" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pristiophoriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pristiophoriformes">Pristiophoriformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pristiophorus_nudipinnis_McCoy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pristiophorus_nudipinnis_McCoy.jpg/60px-Pristiophorus_nudipinnis_McCoy.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pristiophorus_nudipinnis_McCoy.jpg/90px-Pristiophorus_nudipinnis_McCoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pristiophorus_nudipinnis_McCoy.jpg/120px-Pristiophorus_nudipinnis_McCoy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="336" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Squaliformes" title="Squaliformes">Squaliformes</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Squalus_acanthias_Gervais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Squalus_acanthias_Gervais.jpg/60px-Squalus_acanthias_Gervais.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Squalus_acanthias_Gervais.jpg/90px-Squalus_acanthias_Gervais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Squalus_acanthias_Gervais.jpg/120px-Squalus_acanthias_Gervais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="461" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Phylogeny of living shark orders based on <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebachacanthus_senckenbergianus_Shark_Fossil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lebachacanthus_senckenbergianus_Shark_Fossil.jpg/220px-Lebachacanthus_senckenbergianus_Shark_Fossil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lebachacanthus_senckenbergianus_Shark_Fossil.jpg/330px-Lebachacanthus_senckenbergianus_Shark_Fossil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lebachacanthus_senckenbergianus_Shark_Fossil.jpg/440px-Lebachacanthus_senckenbergianus_Shark_Fossil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4486" data-file-height="2990" /></a><figcaption>Shark fossil, <i><a href="/wiki/Lebachacanthus" title="Lebachacanthus">Lebachacanthus</a> senckenbergianus</i>, at <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> period</figcaption></figure> <p>Sharks belong to the <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> Selachimorpha in the <a href="/wiki/Subclass_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subclass (biology)">subclass</a> <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a>. The Elasmobranchii also include <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skates</a>; the Chondrichthyes also include <a href="/wiki/Chimaera" title="Chimaera">Chimaeras</a>. It was thought that the sharks form a <a href="/wiki/Polyphyly" title="Polyphyly">polyphyletic</a> group: some sharks are more closely related to rays than they are to some other sharks,<sup id="cite_ref-Taxonomy_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taxonomy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but current molecular studies support monophyly of both groups of sharks and batoids.<sup id="cite_ref-MolBiol2014Jan_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolBiol2014Jan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MitoDNA2017Sep_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MitoDNA2017Sep-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clade Selachimorpha is divided into the superorders Galea (or <a href="/wiki/Galeomorphii" title="Galeomorphii">Galeomorphii</a>), and Squalea (or <a href="/wiki/Squalomorphii" class="mw-redirect" title="Squalomorphii">Squalomorphii</a>). The Galeans are the <a href="/wiki/Bullhead_shark" title="Bullhead shark">Heterodontiformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpet_shark" title="Carpet shark">Orectolobiformes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lamniformes" title="Lamniformes">Lamniformes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carcharhiniformes" title="Carcharhiniformes">Carcharhiniformes</a>. Lamnoids and Carcharhinoids are usually placed in one <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>, but recent studies show that Lamnoids and Orectoloboids are a clade. Some scientists now think that Heterodontoids may be Squalean. The Squaleans are divided into <a href="/wiki/Hexanchiformes" title="Hexanchiformes">Hexanchiformes</a> and Squalomorpha. The former includes <a href="/wiki/Cow_shark" title="Cow shark">cow shark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frilled_shark" title="Frilled shark">frilled shark</a>, though some authors propose that both families be moved to separate orders. The Squalomorpha contains the <a href="/wiki/Squaliformes" title="Squaliformes">Squaliformes</a> and the Hypnosqualea. The Hypnosqualea may be invalid. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Angel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel shark">Squatiniformes</a>, and the Pristorajea, which may also be invalid, but includes the <a href="/wiki/Sawshark" title="Sawshark">Pristiophoriformes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">Batoidea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taxonomy_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taxonomy-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CompagnoFAO_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompagnoFAO-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are more than 500 species of sharks split across thirteen <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>, including several orders of sharks that have gone extinct:<sup id="cite_ref-CompagnoFAO_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompagnoFAO-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcharhiniformes" title="Carcharhiniformes">Carcharhiniformes</a>: Commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Carcharhiniformes" title="Carcharhiniformes">ground sharks</a>, the order includes the <a href="/wiki/Blue_shark" title="Blue shark">blue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_reef_shark" title="Grey reef shark">grey reef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blacktip_reef_shark" title="Blacktip reef shark">blacktip reef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_reef_shark" title="Caribbean reef shark">Caribbean reef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blacktail_reef_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacktail reef shark">blacktail reef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitetip_reef_shark" title="Whitetip reef shark">whitetip reef</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">oceanic whitetip sharks</a> (collectively called the <a href="/wiki/Requiem_shark" title="Requiem shark">requiem sharks</a>) along with the <a href="/wiki/Houndshark" title="Houndshark">houndsharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinidae" title="Scyliorhinidae">catsharks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead sharks</a>. They are distinguished by an elongated snout and a <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membrane</a> which protects the eyes during an attack.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_shark" title="Bullhead shark">Heterodontiformes</a>: They are generally referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Bullhead_shark" title="Bullhead shark">bullhead</a> or <a href="/wiki/Horn_shark" title="Horn shark">horn sharks</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexanchiformes" title="Hexanchiformes">Hexanchiformes</a>: Examples from this group include the <a href="/wiki/Cow_shark" title="Cow shark">cow sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frilled_shark" title="Frilled shark">frilled sharks</a>, which somewhat resembles a marine snake.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamniformes" title="Lamniformes">Lamniformes</a>: They are commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Lamniformes" title="Lamniformes">mackerel sharks</a>. They include the <a href="/wiki/Goblin_shark" title="Goblin shark">goblin shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">basking shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megamouth_shark" title="Megamouth shark">megamouth shark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thresher_shark" title="Thresher shark">thresher sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" title="Shortfin mako shark">shortfin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longfin_mako_shark" title="Longfin mako shark">longfin mako sharks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a>. They are distinguished by their large jaws and <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparous</a> reproduction. The Lamniformes also include the extinct <a href="/wiki/Megalodon" title="Megalodon">megalodon</a>, <i>Otodus megalodon</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_shark" title="Carpet shark">Orectolobiformes</a>: They are commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Carpet_shark" title="Carpet shark">carpet sharks</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Zebra_shark" title="Zebra shark">zebra sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurse_shark" title="Nurse shark">nurse sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wobbegong" title="Wobbegong">wobbegongs</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawshark" title="Sawshark">Pristiophoriformes</a>: These are the <a href="/wiki/Sawshark" title="Sawshark">sawsharks</a>, with an elongated, toothed snout that they use for slashing their prey.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaliformes" title="Squaliformes">Squaliformes</a>: This group includes the <a href="/wiki/Squalidae" title="Squalidae">dogfish sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squalidae" title="Squalidae">roughsharks</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel shark">Squatiniformes</a>: Also known as <a href="/wiki/Angel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel shark">angel sharks</a>, they are flattened sharks with a strong resemblance to <a href="/wiki/Stingrays" class="mw-redirect" title="Stingrays">stingrays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skates</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinorhinus" title="Echinorhinus">Echinorhiniformes</a>: This group includes the <a href="/wiki/Prickly_shark" title="Prickly shark">prickly shark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bramble_shark" title="Bramble shark">bramble shark</a>. Phylogenetic placement of this group has been ambiguous in scientific studies.<sup id="cite_ref-StraubeLi2015_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StraubeLi2015-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are sometimes given their own order, Echinorhiniformes.<sup id="cite_ref-WoRMS_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WoRMS-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shark_anatomy" title="Shark anatomy">Shark anatomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parts_of_a_shark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a shark labeling major anatomical features, including mouth, snout, nostril, eye, spiracle, dorsal fin spine, caudal keel, clasper, labial furrows, gill openings, precaudal pit and fins: first and second dorsal, anal, pectoral, caudal and pelvic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parts_of_a_shark.svg/330px-Parts_of_a_shark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parts_of_a_shark.svg/495px-Parts_of_a_shark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Parts_of_a_shark.svg/660px-Parts_of_a_shark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>General anatomical features of sharks</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teeth">Teeth</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shark_tooth" title="Shark tooth">Shark tooth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The serrated teeth of a tiger shark, used for sawing through flesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg/220px-Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg/330px-Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg/440px-Tiger_shark_teeth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The teeth of <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger sharks</a> are oblique and serrated to saw through flesh</figcaption></figure> <p>Shark teeth are embedded in the <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gums</a> rather than directly affixed to the jaw, and are constantly replaced throughout life. Multiple rows of replacement teeth grow in a groove on the inside of the jaw and steadily move forward in comparison to a <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">conveyor belt</a>; some sharks lose 30,000 or more teeth in their lifetime. The rate of tooth replacement varies from once every 8 to 10 days to several months. In most species, teeth are replaced one at a time as opposed to the simultaneous replacement of an entire row, which is observed in the <a href="/wiki/Isistius" title="Isistius">cookiecutter shark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tooth shape depends on the shark's diet: those that feed on <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> have dense and flattened teeth used for crushing, those that feed on fish have needle-like teeth for gripping, and those that feed on larger prey such as <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> have pointed lower teeth for gripping and triangular upper teeth with <a href="/wiki/Serration" title="Serration">serrated</a> edges for cutting. The teeth of plankton-feeders such as the basking shark are small and non-functional.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbertson_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbertson-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeleton">Skeleton</h3></div> <p>Shark skeletons are very different from those of <a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">bony fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">terrestrial vertebrates</a>. Sharks and other <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">cartilaginous fish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skate_(fish)" title="Skate (fish)">skates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a>) have skeletons made of <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>. Cartilage is flexible and durable, yet is about half the normal density of bone. This reduces the skeleton's weight, saving energy.<sup id="cite_ref-skeletoncorset_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skeletoncorset-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because sharks do not have rib cages, they can easily be crushed under their own weight on land.<sup id="cite_ref-langoni_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langoni-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jaw">Jaw</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a> of sharks, like those of rays and skates, are not attached to the <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a>. The jaw's surface (in comparison to the shark's vertebrae and gill arches) needs extra support due to its heavy exposure to physical stress and its need for strength. It has a layer of tiny hexagonal plates called "<a href="/wiki/Tesserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesserae">tesserae</a>", which are crystal blocks of calcium salts arranged as a mosaic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives these areas much of the same strength found in the bony tissue found in other animals. </p><p>Generally sharks have only one layer of tesserae, but the jaws of large specimens, such as the bull shark, tiger shark, and the great white shark, have two to three layers or more, depending on body size. The jaws of a large great white shark may have up to five layers.<sup id="cite_ref-skeletoncorset_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skeletoncorset-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a> (snout), the cartilage can be spongy and flexible to absorb the power of impacts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fins">Fins</h3></div> <p>Fin skeletons are elongated and supported with soft and unsegmented rays named ceratotrichia, filaments of elastic protein resembling the horny keratin in hair and feathers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most sharks have eight fins. Sharks can only drift away from objects directly in front of them because their fins do not allow them to move in the tail-first direction.<sup id="cite_ref-langoni_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langoni-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dermal_denticles">Dermal denticles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fish_scale#Placoid_scales" title="Fish scale">Fish scale § Placoid scales</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denticules_cutan%C3%A9s_du_requin_citron_Negaprion_brevirostris_vus_au_microscope_%C3%A9lectronique_%C3%A0_balayage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The dermal denticles of a lemon shark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Denticules_cutan%C3%A9s_du_requin_citron_Negaprion_brevirostris_vus_au_microscope_%C3%A9lectronique_%C3%A0_balayage.jpg/220px-Denticules_cutan%C3%A9s_du_requin_citron_Negaprion_brevirostris_vus_au_microscope_%C3%A9lectronique_%C3%A0_balayage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Denticules_cutan%C3%A9s_du_requin_citron_Negaprion_brevirostris_vus_au_microscope_%C3%A9lectronique_%C3%A0_balayage.jpg/330px-Denticules_cutan%C3%A9s_du_requin_citron_Negaprion_brevirostris_vus_au_microscope_%C3%A9lectronique_%C3%A0_balayage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Denticules_cutan%C3%A9s_du_requin_citron_Negaprion_brevirostris_vus_au_microscope_%C3%A9lectronique_%C3%A0_balayage.jpg/440px-Denticules_cutan%C3%A9s_du_requin_citron_Negaprion_brevirostris_vus_au_microscope_%C3%A9lectronique_%C3%A0_balayage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>The dermal denticles of a <a href="/wiki/Lemon_shark" title="Lemon shark">lemon shark</a>, viewed through a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike bony fish, sharks have a complex dermal corset made of flexible collagenous fibers and arranged as a helical network surrounding their body. This works as an outer skeleton, providing attachment for their swimming muscles and thus saving energy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartilagious_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartilagious-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their dermal teeth give them <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamic">hydrodynamic</a> advantages as they reduce turbulence when swimming.<sup id="cite_ref-SkinTeeth_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkinTeeth-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species of shark have pigmented denticles that form complex patterns like spots (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Zebra_shark" title="Zebra shark">Zebra shark</a>) and stripes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">Tiger shark</a>). These markings are important for <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> and help sharks blend in with their environment, as well as making them difficult for prey to detect.<sup id="cite_ref-Camouflage_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camouflage-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some species, dermal patterning returns to healed denticles even after they have been removed by injury.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tails">Tails</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">Tails</a> provide thrust, making speed and acceleration dependent on tail shape. <a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">Caudal fin</a> shapes vary considerably between shark species, due to their evolution in separate environments. Sharks possess a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heterocercal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:heterocercal">heterocercal</a> caudal fin in which the <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> portion is usually noticeably larger than the <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> portion. This is because the shark's <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> extends into that dorsal portion, providing a greater surface area for muscle attachment. This allows more efficient <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a> among these negatively buoyant cartilaginous fish. By contrast, most bony fish possess a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homocercal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:homocercal">homocercal</a> caudal fin.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiger sharks have a large upper <a href="/wiki/Lobe_(anatomy)" title="Lobe (anatomy)">lobe</a>, which allows for slow cruising and sudden bursts of speed. The tiger shark must be able to twist and turn in the water easily when hunting to support its varied diet, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Porbeagle" title="Porbeagle">porbeagle shark</a>, which hunts schooling fish such as <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a>, has a large lower lobe to help it keep pace with its fast-swimming prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other tail adaptations help sharks catch prey more directly, such as the thresher shark's usage of its powerful, elongated upper lobe to stun fish and squid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buoyancy">Buoyancy</h3></div> <p>Unlike bony fish, sharks do not have gas-filled swim bladders for buoyancy. Instead, sharks rely on a large liver filled with oil that contains <a href="/wiki/Squalene" title="Squalene">squalene</a>, and their cartilage, which is about half the normal density of bone.<sup id="cite_ref-Cartilagious_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cartilagious-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their liver constitutes up to 30% of their total body mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The liver's effectiveness is limited, so sharks employ <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_lift_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic lift (fish)">dynamic lift</a> to maintain depth while swimming. <a href="/wiki/Sand_tiger_shark" title="Sand tiger shark">Sand tiger sharks</a> store air in their stomachs, using it as a form of swim bladder. Bottom-dwelling sharks, like the <a href="/wiki/Nurse_shark" title="Nurse shark">nurse shark</a>, have negative buoyancy, allowing them to rest on the ocean floor. </p><p>Some sharks, if inverted or stroked on the nose, enter a natural state of <a href="/wiki/Tonic_immobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonic immobility">tonic immobility</a>. Researchers use this condition to handle sharks safely.<sup id="cite_ref-ParttGruberTaniuchi_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParttGruberTaniuchi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiration">Respiration</h3></div> <p>Like other fish, sharks extract oxygen from seawater as it passes over their <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>. Unlike other fish, shark gill slits are not covered, but lie in a row behind the head. A modified slit called a <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(vertebrates)" title="Spiracle (vertebrates)">spiracle</a> lies just behind the eye, which assists the shark with taking in water during <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">respiration</a> and plays a major role in bottom–dwelling sharks. Spiracles are reduced or missing in active <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbertson_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbertson-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as "ram ventilation". While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water. A small number of species have lost the ability to pump water through their gills and must swim without rest. These species are <i>obligate ram ventilators</i> and would presumably <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiate" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiate">asphyxiate</a> if unable to move. Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Respiratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory">respiratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circulatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulatory">circulatory</a> process begins when deoxygenated <a href="/wiki/Venous_blood" title="Venous blood">venous blood</a> travels to the shark's two-chambered <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. Here, the shark pumps blood to its gills via the ventral <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> where it branches into <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/afferent#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:afferent">afferent</a> <a href="/wiki/Branchial_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchial arteries">branchial arteries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">Gas exchange</a> takes place in the gills and the reoxygenated blood flows into the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/efferent#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:efferent">efferent</a> branchial arteries, which come together to form the <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_aorta" title="Dorsal aorta">dorsal aorta</a>. The blood flows from the dorsal aorta throughout the body. The deoxygenated blood from the body then flows through the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_cardinal_vein" title="Posterior cardinal vein">posterior cardinal veins</a> and enters the posterior cardinal <a href="/wiki/Sinus_(anatomy)" title="Sinus (anatomy)">sinuses</a>. From there venous blood re-enters the heart <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a> and the cycle repeats.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermoregulation">Thermoregulation</h3></div> <p>Most sharks are "cold-blooded" or, more precisely, <a href="/wiki/Poikilotherm" title="Poikilotherm">poikilothermic</a>, meaning that their internal <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">body temperature</a> matches that of their ambient environment. Members of the family <a href="/wiki/Lamnidae" title="Lamnidae">Lamnidae</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" title="Shortfin mako shark">shortfin mako shark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Homeothermy" title="Homeothermy">homeothermic</a> and maintain a higher body temperature than the surrounding water. In these sharks, a strip of <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic metabolism">aerobic</a> red muscle located near the center of the body generates the heat, which the body retains via a <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_exchange" title="Countercurrent exchange">countercurrent exchange</a> mechanism by a system of <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Rete_mirabile" title="Rete mirabile">rete mirabile</a> ("miraculous net"). The <a href="/wiki/Common_thresher" title="Common thresher">common thresher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bigeye_thresher" title="Bigeye thresher">bigeye thresher</a> sharks have a similar mechanism for maintaining an elevated body temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger species, like the whale shark, are able to conserve their body heat through sheer size when they dive to colder depths, and the <a href="/wiki/Scalloped_hammerhead" title="Scalloped hammerhead">scalloped hammerhead</a> close its mouth and gills when they dives to depths of around 800 metres, holding its breath till it reach warmer waters again.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmoregulation">Osmoregulation</h3></div> <p>In contrast to bony fish, with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Coelacanth" title="Coelacanth">coelacanth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the blood and other tissue of sharks and <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a> is generally <a href="/wiki/Isotonicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotonicity">isotonic</a> to their marine environments because of the high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> (up to 2.5%<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Trimethylamine" title="Trimethylamine">trimethylamine</a> N-oxide (TMAO), allowing them to be in <a href="/wiki/Osmotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmotic">osmotic</a> balance with the seawater. This adaptation prevents most sharks from surviving in freshwater, and they are therefore confined to <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> environments. A few exceptions exist, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a>, which has developed a way to change its <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> function to excrete large amounts of urea.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a shark dies, the urea is broken down to ammonia by bacteria, causing the dead body to gradually smell strongly of ammonia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research in 1930 by <a href="/wiki/Homer_W._Smith" title="Homer W. Smith">Homer W. Smith</a> showed that sharks' urine does not contain sufficient sodium to avoid <a href="/wiki/Hypernatremia" title="Hypernatremia">hypernatremia</a>, and it was postulated that there must be an additional mechanism for salt secretion. In 1960 it was discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Desert_Island_Biological_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory">Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Salsbury_Cove,_Maine" title="Salsbury Cove, Maine">Salsbury Cove, Maine</a> that sharks have a type of <a href="/wiki/Salt_gland" title="Salt gland">salt gland</a> located at the end of the intestine, known as the "rectal gland", whose function is the secretion of chlorides.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestion">Digestion</h3></div> <p>Digestion can take a long time. The food moves from the mouth to a J-shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Digestion_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digestion-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unwanted items may never get past the stomach, and instead the shark either vomits or turns its stomachs inside out and ejects unwanted items from its mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the biggest differences between the digestive systems of sharks and mammals is that sharks have much shorter intestines. This short length is achieved by the <a href="/wiki/Spiral_valve" title="Spiral valve">spiral valve</a> with multiple turns within a single short section instead of a long tube-like intestine. The valve provides a long surface area, requiring food to circulate inside the short gut until fully digested, when remaining waste products pass into the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Digestion_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digestion-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</h3></div> <p>A few sharks appear <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> under blue light, such as the <a href="/wiki/Swell_shark" title="Swell shark">swell shark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chain_catshark" title="Chain catshark">chain catshark</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Fluorophore" title="Fluorophore">fluorophore</a> derives from a <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">kynurenic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Senses">Senses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smell">Smell</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammerhead_shark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Eyelevel photo of hammerhead from the front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hammerhead_shark.jpg/220px-Hammerhead_shark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hammerhead_shark.jpg/330px-Hammerhead_shark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hammerhead_shark.jpg/440px-Hammerhead_shark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The shape of the <a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead shark</a>'s head may enhance olfaction by spacing the nostrils further apart.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sharks have keen <a href="/wiki/Olfactory" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory">olfactory</a> senses, located in the short duct (which is not fused, unlike bony fish) between the anterior and posterior nasal openings, with some species able to detect as little as one <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">part per million</a> of blood in seawater.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the olfactory bulb varies across different shark species, with size dependent on how much a given species relies on smell or vision to find their prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Yopak-2015_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yopak-2015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In environments with low visibility, shark species generally have larger olfactory bulbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Yopak-2015_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yopak-2015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reefs, where visibility is high, species of sharks from the family <a href="/wiki/Requiem_shark" title="Requiem shark">Carcharhinidae</a> have smaller olfactory bulbs.<sup id="cite_ref-Yopak-2015_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yopak-2015-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharks found in deeper waters also have larger olfactory bulbs.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharks have the ability to determine the direction of a given scent based on the timing of scent detection in each nostril.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is similar to the method mammals use to determine direction of sound. </p><p>They are more attracted to the chemicals found in the intestines of many species, and as a result often linger near or in <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> outfalls. Some species, such as <a href="/wiki/Nurse_shark" title="Nurse shark">nurse sharks</a>, have external <a href="/wiki/Barbels" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbels">barbels</a> that greatly increase their ability to sense prey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sight">Sight</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG/220px-Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG/330px-Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG/440px-Hexanchus_nakamurai_JNC2615_Eye.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Eye of a <a href="/wiki/Bigeyed_sixgill_shark" title="Bigeyed sixgill shark">bigeyed sixgill shark</a> (<i>Hexanchus nakamurai</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Shark <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a> are similar to the eyes of other <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, including similar <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornea" title="Cornea">corneas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinas</a>, though their eyesight is well adapted to the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> environment with the help of a tissue called <a href="/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum" title="Tapetum lucidum">tapetum lucidum</a>. This tissue is behind the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> and reflects light back to it, thereby increasing visibility in the dark waters. The effectiveness of the tissue varies, with some sharks having stronger <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> adaptations. Many sharks can contract and dilate their <a href="/wiki/Pupil" title="Pupil">pupils</a>, like humans, something no <a href="/wiki/Teleost_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleost fish">teleost fish</a> can do. Sharks have eyelids, but they do not blink because the surrounding water cleans their eyes. To protect their eyes some species have <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">nictitating membranes</a>. This membrane covers the eyes while hunting and when the shark is being attacked. However, some species, including the <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> (<i>Carcharodon carcharias</i>), do not have this membrane, but instead roll their eyes backwards to protect them when striking prey. The importance of sight in shark hunting behavior is debated. Some believe that <a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">electro-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoreception">chemoreception</a> are more significant, while others point to the nictating membrane as evidence that sight is important, since presumably the shark would not protect its eyes were they unimportant. The use of sight probably varies with species and water conditions. The shark's field of vision can swap between <a href="/wiki/Monocular_vision" title="Monocular vision">monocular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">stereoscopic</a> at any time.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">micro-spectrophotometry</a> study of 17 species of sharks found 10 had only <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rod photoreceptors</a> and no cone cells in their <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retinas</a> giving them good night vision while making them <a href="/wiki/Colorblind" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorblind">colorblind</a>. The remaining seven species had in addition to rods a single type of <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone photoreceptor</a> sensitive to green and, seeing only in shades of grey and green, are believed to be effectively colorblind. The study indicates that an object's contrast against the background, rather than colour, may be more important for object detection.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hearing">Hearing</h3></div> <p>Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks, they may have a sharp <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">sense of hearing</a> and can possibly hear prey from many miles away.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hearing sensitivity for most shark species lies between 20 and 1000 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-Casper_2006_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casper_2006-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small opening on each side of their heads (not the spiracle) leads directly into the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a> through a thin channel. The <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">lateral line</a> shows a similar arrangement, and is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line <a href="/wiki/Canal_pore" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal pore">pores</a>. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system. In bony fish and <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a> the external opening into the inner ear has been lost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electroreception">Electroreception</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of shark head." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg/300px-Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg/450px-Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg/600px-Electroreceptors_in_a_sharks_head.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Electromagnetic field receptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) and motion detecting canals in the head of a shark</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">ampullae of Lorenzini</a> are the electroreceptor organs. They number in the hundreds to thousands. Sharks use the ampullae of Lorenzini to detect the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic fields</a> that all living things produce.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This helps sharks (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead shark</a>) find prey. The shark has the greatest electrical sensitivity of any animal. Sharks find prey hidden in sand by detecting the <a href="/wiki/Electric_field" title="Electric field">electric fields</a> they produce. <a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Ocean currents</a> moving in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">magnetic field of the Earth</a> also generate electric fields that sharks can use for orientation and possibly navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lateral_line">Lateral line</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></div> <p>This system is found in most fish, including sharks. It is a tactile sensory system which allows the organism to detect water speed and pressure changes near by.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main component of the system is the neuromast, a cell similar to <a href="/wiki/Hair_cell" title="Hair cell">hair cells</a> present in the vertebrate ear that interact with the surrounding aquatic environment. This helps sharks distinguish between the currents around them, obstacles off on their periphery, and struggling prey out of visual view. The shark can sense frequencies in the range of 25 to 50 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_history">Life history</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wobbegong_claspers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo showing claspers of bottom-resting shark." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wobbegong_claspers.jpg/220px-Wobbegong_claspers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wobbegong_claspers.jpg/330px-Wobbegong_claspers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Wobbegong_claspers.jpg/440px-Wobbegong_claspers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The claspers of male <a href="/wiki/Spotted_wobbegong" title="Spotted wobbegong">spotted wobbegong</a></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scyliorhinus_canicula_foetus_in_an_egg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Scyliorhinus_canicula_foetus_in_an_egg.jpg/220px-Scyliorhinus_canicula_foetus_in_an_egg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Scyliorhinus_canicula_foetus_in_an_egg.jpg/330px-Scyliorhinus_canicula_foetus_in_an_egg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Scyliorhinus_canicula_foetus_in_an_egg.jpg/440px-Scyliorhinus_canicula_foetus_in_an_egg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Shark egg</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) egg case adjacent to ruler, the egg case is a brown ovalish shape, with a spiral band running around it from top to bottom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG/220px-PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG/330px-PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG/440px-PortJacksonShark%27sEgg20050417c.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The spiral <a href="/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)" title="Egg case (Chondrichthyes)">egg case</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_shark" title="Port Jackson shark">Port Jackson shark</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Shark lifespans vary by species. Most live 20 to 30 years. The <a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" title="Spiny dogfish">spiny dogfish</a> has one of the longest lifespans at more than 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Whale_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Whale sharks">Whale sharks</a> (<i>Rhincodon typus</i>) may also live over 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier estimates suggested the <a href="/wiki/Greenland_shark" title="Greenland shark">Greenland shark</a> (<i>Somniosus microcephalus</i>) could reach about 200 years, but a recent study found that a 5.02-metre-long (16.5 ft) specimen was 392 ± 120 years old (i.e., at least 272 years old), making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_longest-living_organisms" title="List of longest-living organisms">longest-lived</a> vertebrate known.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3></div> <p>Unlike most <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a>, sharks are <a href="/wiki/R/K_selection_theory" title="R/K selection theory">K-selected</a> reproducers, meaning that they produce a small number of well-developed young as opposed to a large number of poorly developed young. <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">Fecundity</a> in sharks ranges from 2 to over 100 young per reproductive cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharks mature slowly relative to many other fish. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lemon_shark" title="Lemon shark">lemon sharks</a> reach sexual maturity at around age 13–15.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual">Sexual</h4></div> <p>Sharks practice <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The posterior part of a male shark's pelvic fins are modified into a pair of <a href="/wiki/Intromittent_organ" title="Intromittent organ">intromittent organs</a> called <a href="/wiki/Clasper" title="Clasper">claspers</a>, analogous to a <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalian penis">mammalian penis</a>, of which one is used to deliver <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> into the female.<sup id="cite_ref-Mating_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mating-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">Mating</a> has rarely been observed in sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smaller <a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinidae" title="Scyliorhinidae">catsharks</a> often mate with the male curling around the female. In less flexible species the two sharks swim parallel to each other while the male inserts a clasper into the female's <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a>. Females in many of the larger species have bite marks that appear to be a result of a male grasping them to maintain position during <a href="/wiki/Mating" title="Mating">mating</a>. The bite marks may also come from courtship behavior: the male may bite the female to show his interest. In some species, females have evolved thicker skin to withstand these bites.<sup id="cite_ref-Mating_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mating-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asexual">Asexual</h4></div> <p>There have been a number of documented cases in which a female shark who has not been in contact with a male has conceived a pup on her own through <a href="/wiki/Parthenogenesis" title="Parthenogenesis">parthenogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The details of this process are not well understood, but <a href="/wiki/Genetic_fingerprinting" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic fingerprinting">genetic fingerprinting</a> showed that the pups had no paternal genetic contribution, ruling out <a href="/wiki/Female_sperm_storage" title="Female sperm storage">sperm storage</a>. The extent of this behavior in the wild is unknown. Mammals are now the only major <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> group in which <a href="/wiki/Asexual_reproduction" title="Asexual reproduction">asexual reproduction</a> has not been observed. </p><p>Scientists say that asexual reproduction in the wild is rare, and probably a last-ditch effort to reproduce when a mate is not present. Asexual reproduction diminishes <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetic diversity</a>, which helps build defenses against threats to the species. Species that rely solely on it risk extinction. Asexual reproduction may have contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Blue_shark" title="Blue shark">blue shark</a>'s decline off the <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brooding">Brooding</h3></div> <p>Sharks display three ways to bear their young, varying by species, <a href="/wiki/Oviparity" title="Oviparity">oviparity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous">viviparity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparity" title="Ovoviviparity">ovoviviparity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birth_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ovoviviparity">Ovoviviparity</h4></div> <p>Most sharks are <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovoviviparous">ovoviviparous</a>, meaning that the eggs hatch in the <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a> within the mother's body and that the egg's <a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">yolk</a> and fluids secreted by glands in the walls of the oviduct nourishes the embryos. The young continue to be nourished by the remnants of the yolk and the oviduct's fluids. As in viviparity, the young are born alive and fully functional. <a href="/wiki/Lamniforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamniforme">Lamniforme</a> sharks practice <i><a href="/wiki/Oophagy" title="Oophagy">oophagy</a></i>, where the first embryos to hatch eat the remaining eggs. Taking this a step further, <a href="/wiki/Sand_tiger_shark" title="Sand tiger shark">sand tiger shark</a> pups cannibalistically consume neighboring embryos. The survival strategy for ovoviviparous species is to <a href="/wiki/Broodiness" title="Broodiness">brood</a> the young to a comparatively large size before birth. The <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a> is now classified as ovoviviparous rather than oviparous, because extrauterine eggs are now thought to have been aborted. Most ovoviviparous sharks give birth in sheltered areas, including bays, river mouths and shallow reefs. They choose such areas for protection from predators (mainly other sharks) and the abundance of food. <a href="/wiki/Squalidae" title="Squalidae">Dogfish</a> have the longest known <a href="/wiki/Gestation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period">gestation period</a> of any shark, at 18 to 24 months. <a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">Basking sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frilled_shark" title="Frilled shark">frilled sharks</a> appear to have even longer gestation periods, but accurate data are lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-Birth_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oviparity">Oviparity</h4></div> <p>Some species are <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a>, laying their fertilized eggs in the water. In most oviparous shark species, an <a href="/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)" title="Egg case (Chondrichthyes)">egg case</a> with the consistency of <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> protects the developing embryo(s). These cases may be corkscrewed into crevices for protection. The egg case is commonly called a <i><a href="/wiki/Mermaid%27s_purse" class="mw-redirect" title="Mermaid's purse">mermaid's purse</a></i>. Oviparous sharks include the <a href="/wiki/Horn_shark" title="Horn shark">horn shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinidae" title="Scyliorhinidae">catshark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_shark" title="Port Jackson shark">Port Jackson shark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swellshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Swellshark">swellshark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birth_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viviparity">Viviparity</h4></div> <p>Viviparity is the gestation of young without the use of a traditional egg, and results in live birth.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrier-2012_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viviparity in sharks can be placental or aplacental.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrier-2012_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young are born fully formed and self-sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-Carrier-2012_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrier-2012-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hammerheads, the <a href="/wiki/Requiem_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Requiem sharks">requiem sharks</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_shark" title="Blue shark">blue sharks</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Smoothhound" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoothhound">smoothhounds</a> are viviparous.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birth_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birth-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2></div> <p>The classic view describes a solitary hunter, ranging the oceans in search of food. However, this applies to only a few species. Most live far more social, sedentary, <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> lives, and appear likely to have their own distinct personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even solitary sharks meet for breeding or at rich hunting grounds, which may lead them to cover thousands of miles in a year.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shark migration patterns may be even more complex than in birds, with many sharks covering entire <a href="/wiki/Ocean_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean basin">ocean basins</a>. </p><p>Sharks can be highly social, remaining in large schools. Sometimes more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Scalloped_hammerhead" title="Scalloped hammerhead">scalloped hammerheads</a> congregate around <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a> and islands, e.g., in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross-species social hierarchies exist. For example, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">oceanic whitetip sharks</a> dominate <a href="/wiki/Silky_shark" title="Silky shark">silky sharks</a> of comparable size during feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When approached too closely some sharks perform a <a href="/wiki/Shark_threat_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark threat display">threat display</a>. This usually consists of exaggerated swimming movements, and can vary in intensity according to the threat level.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed">Speed</h3></div> <p>In general, sharks swim ("cruise") at an average speed of 8 kilometres per hour (5.0 mph), but when feeding or attacking, the average shark can reach speeds upwards of 19 kilometres per hour (12 mph). The <a href="/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" title="Shortfin mako shark">shortfin mako shark</a>, the fastest shark and one of the fastest fish, can burst at speeds up to 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> is also capable of speed bursts. These exceptions may be due to the <a href="/wiki/Warm-blooded" title="Warm-blooded">warm-blooded</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Homeothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeothermic">homeothermic</a>, nature of these sharks' physiology. Sharks can travel 70 to 80 km in a day.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence">Intelligence</h3></div> <p>Sharks possess brain-to-body mass ratios that are similar to mammals and birds,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have exhibited apparent curiosity and behavior resembling play in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence that juvenile lemon sharks can use observational learning in their investigation of novel objects in their environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Guttridge_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guttridge-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sleep">Sleep</h3></div> <p>All sharks need to keep water flowing over their gills in order for them to breathe; however, not all species need to be moving to do this. Those that are able to breathe while not swimming do so by using their spiracles to force water over their gills, thereby allowing them to extract oxygen from the water. It has been recorded that their eyes remain open while in this state and actively follow the movements of divers swimming around them<sup id="cite_ref-Sleep_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as such they are not truly asleep. </p><p>Species that do need to swim continuously to breathe go through a process known as sleep swimming, in which the shark is essentially unconscious. It is known from experiments conducted on the <a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" title="Spiny dogfish">spiny dogfish</a> that its <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, rather than its brain, coordinates swimming, so <a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" title="Spiny dogfish">spiny dogfish</a> can continue to swim while sleeping, and this also may be the case in larger shark species.<sup id="cite_ref-Sleep_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sleep-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 a <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white shark</a> was captured on video for the first time in a state researchers believed was sleep swimming.<sup id="cite_ref-npr_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about shark feeding. For the sport of shark feeding, see <a href="/wiki/Shark_baiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark baiting">Shark baiting</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of great white on surface with open jaws revealing meal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg/220px-Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg/330px-Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg/440px-Surfacing_great_white_shark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>A great white shark attacking bait at <a href="/wiki/Isla_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla Guadalupe">Isla Guadalupe</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Most sharks are <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Feeding_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeding-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">Basking sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale sharks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Megamouth_shark" title="Megamouth shark">megamouth sharks</a> have independently evolved different strategies for filter feeding <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>: basking sharks practice <a href="/wiki/Ram_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram feeding">ram feeding</a>, whale sharks use suction to take in plankton and small fishes, and megamouth sharks make <a href="/wiki/Suction_feeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Suction feeding">suction feeding</a> more efficient by using the <a href="/wiki/Luminescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Luminescent">luminescent</a> tissue inside of their mouths to attract prey in the deep ocean. This type of feeding requires <a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill rakers</a>—long, slender filaments that form a very efficient <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">sieve</a>—analogous to the <a href="/wiki/Baleen" title="Baleen">baleen</a> plates of the <a href="/wiki/Great_whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Great whale">great whales</a>. The shark traps the plankton in these filaments and swallows from time to time in huge mouthfuls. Teeth in these species are comparatively small because they are not needed for feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Feeding_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeding-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other highly specialized feeders include <a href="/wiki/Cookiecutter_shark" title="Cookiecutter shark">cookiecutter sharks</a>, which feed on flesh sliced out of other larger fish and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>. Cookiecutter teeth are enormous compared to the animal's size. The lower teeth are particularly sharp. Although they have never been observed feeding, they are believed to latch onto their prey and use their thick lips to make a seal, twisting their bodies to rip off flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some seabed–dwelling species are highly effective ambush predators. <a href="/wiki/Angel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel shark">Angel sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wobbegong" title="Wobbegong">wobbegongs</a> use camouflage to lie in wait and suck prey into their mouths.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> sharks feed solely on <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> which they crush with their flat <a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">molariform</a> teeth. </p><p>Other sharks feed on <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a> or fish, which they swallow whole. The <a href="/wiki/Viper_dogfish" title="Viper dogfish">viper dogfish</a> has teeth it can point outwards to strike and capture prey that it then swallows intact. The <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white</a> and other large predators either swallow small prey whole or take huge bites out of large animals. <a href="/wiki/Thresher_shark" title="Thresher shark">Thresher sharks</a> use their long tails to stun shoaling fishes, and <a href="/wiki/Sawshark" title="Sawshark">sawsharks</a> either stir prey from the seabed or slash at swimming prey with their tooth-studded <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostra</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bonnethead" title="Bonnethead">bonnethead</a> shark is the only known omnivorous species. Its main prey is crustaceans and mollusks, but it also eats a large amount of seagrass, and is able to digest and extract nutrients from about 50% of the seagrass it consume.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many sharks, including the <a href="/wiki/Whitetip_reef_shark" title="Whitetip reef shark">whitetip reef shark</a> are cooperative feeders and hunt in packs to herd and capture elusive prey. These social sharks are often migratory, traveling huge distances around <a href="/wiki/Ocean_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean basin">ocean basins</a> in large schools. These migrations may be partly necessary to find new food sources.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range_and_habitat">Range and habitat</h3></div> <p>Sharks are found in all seas. They generally do not live in fresh water, with a few exceptions such as the <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull shark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/River_shark" title="River shark">river shark</a> which can swim both in seawater and freshwater.<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_(Bull_sharks)_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW_(Bull_sharks)-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharks are common down to depths of 2,000 metres (7,000 ft), and some live even deeper, but they are almost entirely absent below 3,000 metres (10,000 ft). The deepest confirmed report of a shark is a <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dogfish" title="Portuguese dogfish">Portuguese dogfish</a> at 3,700 metres (12,100 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks">Attacks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shark_attack" title="Shark attack">Shark attack</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of sign." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg/220px-Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg/330px-Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg/440px-Shark_warning_-_Salt_Rock_South_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A sign warning about the presence of sharks in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Rock" title="Salt Rock">Salt Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of snorkeler with shark in shallow water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg/250px-Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg/375px-Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg/500px-Snorkeler_with_blacktip_reef_shark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Snorkeler swims near a <a href="/wiki/Blacktip_reef_shark" title="Blacktip reef shark">blacktip reef shark</a>. In rare circumstances involving poor visibility, blacktips may bite a human, mistaking it for prey. Under normal conditions they are harmless and shy.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2006 the <a href="/wiki/International_Shark_Attack_File" title="International Shark Attack File">International Shark Attack File</a> (ISAF) undertook an investigation into 96 alleged shark attacks, confirming 62 of them as unprovoked attacks and 16 as provoked attacks. The average number of fatalities worldwide per year between 2001 and 2006 from unprovoked shark attacks is 4.3.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to popular belief, only a few sharks are dangerous to humans. Out of more than 470 species, only four have been involved in a significant number of fatal, unprovoked attacks on humans: the <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">oceanic whitetip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">bull sharks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isaf_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isaf-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reefquest_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reefquest-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sharks are large, powerful predators, and may sometimes attack and kill people. Despite being responsible for attacks on humans they have all been filmed without using a protective cage.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perception of sharks as dangerous animals has been popularized by publicity given to a few isolated unprovoked attacks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Shore_shark_attacks_of_1916" title="Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916">Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916</a>, and through popular fictional works about shark attacks, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Jaws_(film)" title="Jaws (film)">Jaws</a></i> film series. <i>Jaws</i> author <a href="/wiki/Peter_Benchley" title="Peter Benchley">Peter Benchley</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Jaws_(film)" title="Jaws (film)"><i>Jaws</i></a> director <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>, later attempted to dispel the image of sharks as man-eating monsters.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To help avoid an unprovoked attack, humans should not wear jewelry or metal that is shiny and refrain from splashing around too much.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, sharks show little pattern of attacking humans specifically, part of the reason could be that sharks prefer the blood of fish and other common preys.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research indicates that when humans do become the object of a shark attack, it is possible that the shark has mistaken the human for species that are its normal prey, such as seals.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_2018_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_2018-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was further proven in a recent study conducted by researchers at the California State University's Shark Lab. According to footage caught by the Lab's drones, juveniles swam right up to humans in the water without any bites incidents. The lab stated that the results showed that humans and sharks can co-exist in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_captivity">In captivity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sharks_in_captivity" title="Sharks in captivity">Sharks in captivity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo showing visitors in shadow watching whale shark in front of many other fish." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg/220px-Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg/330px-Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg/440px-Male_whale_shark_at_Georgia_Aquarium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale shark</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Aquarium" title="Georgia Aquarium">Georgia Aquarium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Until recently, only a few <a href="/wiki/Benthic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic">benthic</a> species of shark, such as <a href="/wiki/Horn_shark" title="Horn shark">hornsharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard_shark" title="Leopard shark">leopard sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinidae" title="Scyliorhinidae">catsharks</a>, had survived in aquarium conditions for a year or more. This gave rise to the belief that sharks, as well as being difficult to capture and transport, were difficult to care for. More knowledge has led to more species (including the large <a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a> sharks) living far longer in captivity, along with safer transportation techniques that have enabled long-distance transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great white shark had never been successfully held in captivity for long periods of time until September 2004, when the <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_Aquarium" title="Monterey Bay Aquarium">Monterey Bay Aquarium</a> successfully kept a young female for 198 days before releasing her. </p><p>Most species are not suitable for home aquaria, and not every species sold by <a href="/wiki/Pet_store" title="Pet store">pet stores</a> are appropriate. Some species can flourish in home saltwater aquaria.<sup id="cite_ref-sharksathomeafm_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharksathomeafm-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uninformed or unscrupulous dealers sometimes sell juvenile sharks like the <a href="/wiki/Nurse_shark" title="Nurse shark">nurse shark</a>, which upon reaching adulthood is far too large for typical home aquaria.<sup id="cite_ref-sharksathomeafm_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharksathomeafm-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public aquaria generally do not accept donated specimens that have outgrown their housing. Some owners have been tempted to <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">release</a> them.<sup id="cite_ref-sharksathomeafm_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharksathomeafm-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species appropriate to home aquaria represent considerable spatial and financial investments as they generally approach adult lengths of 3 feet (90 cm) and can live up to 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-sharksathomeafm_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharksathomeafm-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_culture">In culture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hells_Angels,_Flying_Tigers_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hells_Angels%2C_Flying_Tigers_1942.jpg/220px-Hells_Angels%2C_Flying_Tigers_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hells_Angels%2C_Flying_Tigers_1942.jpg/330px-Hells_Angels%2C_Flying_Tigers_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Hells_Angels%2C_Flying_Tigers_1942.jpg/440px-Hells_Angels%2C_Flying_Tigers_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3832" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption>Shark-themed <a href="/wiki/Nose_art" title="Nose art">nose art</a>, made popular by the <a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a> (pictured), is commonly seen on military aircraft.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Hawaii">In Hawaii</h4></div> <p>Sharks figure prominently in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian mythology">Hawaiian mythology</a>. Stories tell of men with shark jaws on their back who could change between shark and human form. A common theme was that a shark-man would warn beach-goers of sharks in the waters. The beach-goers would laugh and ignore the warnings and get eaten by the shark-man who warned them. <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiian</a> mythology also includes many shark <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">gods</a>. Among a fishing people, the most popular of all <a href="/wiki/Aumakua" title="Aumakua">aumakua</a>, or deified ancestor guardians, are shark aumakua. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamaku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamaku (page does not exist)">Kamaku</a> describes in detail how to offer a corpse to become a shark. The body transforms gradually until the <a href="/wiki/Kahuna" title="Kahuna">kahuna</a> can point the awe-struck family to the markings on the shark's body that correspond to the clothing in which the beloved's body had been wrapped. Such a shark aumakua becomes the family pet, receiving food, and driving fish into the family net and warding off danger. Like all aumakua it had evil uses such as helping kill enemies. The ruling chiefs typically forbade such sorcery. Many Native Hawaiian families claim such an aumakua, who is known by name to the whole community.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kamohoalii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamohoalii">Kamohoali'i</a> is the best known and revered of the shark gods, he was the older and favored brother of <a href="/wiki/Pele_(deity)" title="Pele (deity)">Pele</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and helped and journeyed with her to Hawaii. He was able to assume all human and fish forms. A summit cliff on the crater of <a href="/wiki/Kilauea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kilauea</a> is one of his most sacred spots. At one point he had a <i><a href="/wiki/Heiau" title="Heiau">heiau</a></i> (temple or shrine) dedicated to him on every piece of land that jutted into the ocean on the island of <a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokai</a>. Kamohoali'i was an ancestral god, not a human who became a shark and banned the eating of humans after eating one herself.<sup id="cite_ref-oahustories_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oahustories-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-soh_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soh-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Fijian mythology, <a href="/wiki/Dakuwaqa" title="Dakuwaqa">Dakuwaqa</a> was a shark god who was the eater of lost souls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_American_Samoa">In American Samoa</h4></div> <p>On the island of <a href="/wiki/Tutuila" title="Tutuila">Tutuila</a> in <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territory</a>), there is a location called <a href="/wiki/Turtle_and_Shark" title="Turtle and Shark">Turtle and Shark</a> (<i>Laumei ma Malie</i>) which is important in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Samoa" title="Culture of Samoa">Samoan culture</a>—the location is the site of a legend called <i>O Le Tala I Le Laumei Ma Le Malie</i>, in which two humans are said to have transformed into a turtle and a shark.<sup id="cite_ref-American_Samoa_NPS_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Samoa_NPS-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Park Service">U.S. National Park Service</a>, "Villagers from nearby <a href="/wiki/Vaitogi,_American_Samoa" title="Vaitogi, American Samoa">Vaitogi</a> continue to reenact an important aspect of the legend at Turtle and Shark by performing a ritual song intended to summon the legendary animals to the ocean surface, and visitors are frequently amazed to see one or both of these creatures emerge from the sea in apparent response to this call."<sup id="cite_ref-American_Samoa_NPS_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-American_Samoa_NPS-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sharks_in_popular_culture" title="Sharks in popular culture">Sharks in popular culture</a></div> <p>In contrast to the complex portrayals by Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, the European and Western view of sharks has historically been mostly of fear and malevolence.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharks are used in popular culture commonly as eating machines, notably in the <i><a href="/wiki/Jaws_(novel)" title="Jaws (novel)">Jaws</a></i> novel and the <a href="/wiki/Jaws_(film)" title="Jaws (film)">film of the same name</a>, along with its <a href="/wiki/Jaws_(franchise)#Films" title="Jaws (franchise)">sequels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharks are threats in other films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Blue_Sea_(1999_film)" title="Deep Blue Sea (1999 film)">Deep Blue Sea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reef_(2010_film)" title="The Reef (2010 film)">The Reef</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_killer_shark_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of killer shark films">others</a>, although they are sometimes used for comedic effect such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Finding_Nemo" title="Finding Nemo">Finding Nemo</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Austin_Powers_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Powers (film series)">Austin Powers</a></i> series. Sharks tend to be seen quite often in cartoons whenever a scene involves the ocean. Such examples include the <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_and_Jerry" title="Tom and Jerry">Tom and Jerry</a></i> cartoons, <i><a href="/wiki/Jabberjaw" title="Jabberjaw">Jabberjaw</a></i>, and other shows produced by Hanna-Barbera. They also are used commonly as a clichéd means of killing off a character that is held up by a rope or some similar object as the sharks swim right below them, or the character may be standing on a <a href="/wiki/Walking_the_plank" title="Walking the plank">plank</a> above shark infested waters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Popular_misconceptions">Popular misconceptions</h4></div> <p>A popular myth is that sharks are immune to disease and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, but this is not scientifically supported. Sharks have been known to get cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both diseases and <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a> affect sharks. The evidence that sharks are at least resistant to cancer and disease is mostly <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anecdotal">anecdotal</a> and there have been few, if any, scientific or <a href="/wiki/Statistical" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical">statistical</a> studies that show sharks to have heightened immunity to disease.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other apparently false claims are that fins prevent <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and treat <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No scientific proof supports these claims; at least one study has shown shark cartilage of no value in cancer treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_to_sharks">Threats to sharks</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">List of threatened sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_shark_catch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Graph of shark catch from 1950, linear growth from less than 200,000 tons per year in 1950 to about 500,000 in 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_shark_catch.svg/250px-Global_shark_catch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_shark_catch.svg/375px-Global_shark_catch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Global_shark_catch.svg/500px-Global_shark_catch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The annual shark catch has increased rapidly over the last 60 years.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharksfin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of shark fin soup in bowl with Chinese spoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sharksfin.jpg/220px-Sharksfin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Sharksfin.jpg/330px-Sharksfin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Sharksfin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>The value of shark fins for <a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin soup</a> has led to an increase in shark catches where usually only the fins are taken, while the rest of the shark is discarded, typically into the sea; health concerns about <a href="/wiki/Beta-Methylamino-L-alanine" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Methylamino-L-alanine">BMAA</a> in the fins now exists regarding consumption of the soup</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiger_shark,_Hawaii_Aii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of suspended tiger shark next to four men." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tiger_shark%2C_Hawaii_Aii.jpg/170px-Tiger_shark%2C_Hawaii_Aii.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tiger_shark%2C_Hawaii_Aii.jpg/255px-Tiger_shark%2C_Hawaii_Aii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tiger_shark%2C_Hawaii_Aii.jpg/340px-Tiger_shark%2C_Hawaii_Aii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>A 4.3-metre (14 ft), 540-kilogram (1,200 lb) <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a> caught in <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ne%27ohe_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāne'ohe Bay">Kāne'ohe Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a> in 1966</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishery">Fishery</h3></div> <p>In 2008, it was estimated that nearly 100 million sharks were being killed by people every year, due to commercial and recreational fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sharkfinsoupcnn_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharkfinsoupcnn-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, it was estimated that the population of oceanic sharks and rays had dropped by 71% over the previous half-century.<sup id="cite_ref-Einhorn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Einhorn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shark finning yields are estimated at 1.44 million metric tons (1.59 million short tons) for 2000, and 1.41 million metric tons (1.55 million short tons) for 2010. Based on an analysis of average shark weights, this translates into a total annual mortality estimate of about 100 million sharks in 2000, and about 97 million sharks in 2010, with a total range of possible values between 63 and 273 million sharks per year.<sup id="cite_ref-MarinePolicy201212_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarinePolicy201212-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eLife2014_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eLife2014-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharks are a common seafood in many places, including <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. In southern Australia, shark is commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">fish and chips</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which fillets are battered and <a href="/wiki/Deep_frying" title="Deep frying">deep-fried</a> or crumbed and grilled. In fish and chip shops, shark is called <a href="/wiki/Flake_(fish)" title="Flake (fish)">flake</a>. In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, small sharks or baby sharks (called sora in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu language</a>) are sold in local markets. Since the flesh is not developed, cooking the flesh breaks it into powder, which is then fried in oil and spices (called sora puttu/sora poratu). The soft bones can be easily chewed, they are considered a delicacy in coastal <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelanders</a> ferment <a href="/wiki/Greenland_shark" title="Greenland shark">Greenland sharks</a> to produce a delicacy called <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">hákarl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herz2012_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herz2012-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a four-year period from 1996 to 2000, an estimated 26 to 73 million sharks were killed and traded annually in commercial markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakalar_10_12_2006_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakalar_10_12_2006-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sharks are often killed for <a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin soup</a>. Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and dump the finless animal back into the water. <a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a> involves removing the fin with a hot metal blade.<sup id="cite_ref-sharkfinsoupcnn_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharkfinsoupcnn-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting immobile shark soon dies from suffocation or predators.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shark fin has become a major trade within black markets all over the world. Fins sell for about $300/lb in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-sharkconservation1_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharkconservation1-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poachers illegally fin millions each year. Few governments enforce laws that protect them.<sup id="cite_ref-eLife2014_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eLife2014-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010 Hawaii became the first U.S. state to prohibit the possession, sale, trade or distribution of shark fins.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1996 to 2000, an estimated 38 million sharks had been killed per year for harvesting shark fins.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakalar_10_12_2006_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakalar_10_12_2006-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated by <a href="/wiki/Traffic_(conservation_programme)" title="Traffic (conservation programme)">TRAFFIC</a> that over 14,000 tonnes of shark fins were exported into Singapore between 2005–2007 and 2012–2014.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shark fin soup is a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a> in Asian countries and is erroneously considered healthy and full of nutrients. Scientific research has revealed, however, that high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/BMAA" class="mw-redirect" title="BMAA">BMAA</a> are present in shark fins.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because BMAA is a <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a>, consumption of <a href="/wiki/Shark_fin_soup" title="Shark fin soup">shark fin soup</a> and cartilage pills, therefore, may pose a health risk.<sup id="cite_ref-ScienceDaily_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ScienceDaily-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BMAA is under study for its pathological role in neurodegenerative diseases such as <a href="/wiki/ALS" title="ALS">ALS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>. </p><p>Sharks are also killed for <a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">meat</a>. European diners consume <a href="/wiki/Squalidae" title="Squalidae">dogfishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoothhound" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoothhound">smoothhounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinidae" title="Scyliorhinidae">catsharks</a>, makos, porbeagle and also skates and rays.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> lists sharks as one of four fish (with <a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">swordfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_mackerel" title="King mackerel">king mackerel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tilefish" title="Tilefish">tilefish</a>) whose high <a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">mercury content</a> is hazardous to children and pregnant women. </p><p>Sharks generally reach <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other harvested fish. Harvesting sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations. Capture induced premature birth and abortion (collectively called capture-induced parturition) occurs frequently in sharks/rays when fished.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Capture-induced parturition is rarely considered in fisheries management despite being shown to occur in at least 12% of live bearing sharks and rays (88 species to date).<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of shark fisheries have little monitoring or management. The rise in demand for shark products increases pressure on fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-ParttGruberTaniuchi_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParttGruberTaniuchi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded—some species have been depleted by over 90% over the past 20–30 years with population declines of 70% not unusual.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> suggests that one quarter of all known species of sharks and rays are threatened by extinction and 25 species were classified as critically endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-xray_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xray-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shark_culling">Shark culling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">Shark culling</a></div> <p>In 2014, a <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_shark_cull" title="Western Australian shark cull">shark cull in Western Australia</a> killed dozens of sharks (mostly <a href="/wiki/Tiger_sharks" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger sharks">tiger sharks</a>) using <a href="/wiki/Drum_line_(shark_control)" title="Drum line (shark control)">drum lines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until it was cancelled after public protests and a decision by the Western Australia EPA; from 2014 to 2017, there was an "imminent threat" policy in Western Australia in which sharks that "threatened" humans in the ocean were shot and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "imminent threat" policy was criticized by senator Rachel Siewart for killing endangered sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "imminent threat" policy was cancelled in March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2018, the Western Australia government announced a plan to re-introduce drum lines (though, this time the drum lines are "SMART" drum lines).<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1962 to the present,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the government of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> has targeted and killed sharks in large numbers by using <a href="/wiki/Drum_line_(shark_control)" title="Drum line (shark control)">drum lines</a>, under a "shark control" program—this program has also inadvertently killed large numbers of other animals such as <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>; it has also killed endangered <a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead sharks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sealifetrust_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sealifetrust-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ntd_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntd-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queensland's drum line program has been called "outdated, cruel and ineffective".<sup id="cite_ref-ntd_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ntd-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2001 to 2018, a total of 10,480 sharks were killed on lethal drum lines in Queensland, including in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1962 to 2018, roughly 50,000 sharks were killed by Queensland authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Decline_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decline-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> has a program that deliberately kills sharks using <a href="/wiki/Shark_net" title="Shark net">nets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sealifetrust_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sealifetrust-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current net program in New South Wales has been described as being "extremely destructive" to marine life, including sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1950 and 2008, 352 <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger sharks</a> and 577 <a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">great white sharks</a> were killed in the nets in New South Wales—also during this period, a total of 15,135 marine animals were killed in the nets, including dolphins, whales, turtles, dugongs, and critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey nurse shark">grey nurse sharks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a very large decrease in the number of sharks in eastern Australia, and the shark-killing programs in Queensland and New South Wales are partly responsible for this decrease.<sup id="cite_ref-Decline_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Decline-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kwazulu-Natal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwazulu-Natal">Kwazulu-Natal</a>, an area of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, has a shark-killing program using nets and drum lines—these nets and drum lines have killed turtles and dolphins, and have been criticized for killing wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-sharkangels_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharkangels-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a 30-year period, more than 33,000 sharks have been killed in KwaZulu-Natal's shark-killing program—during the same 30-year period, 2,211 turtles, 8,448 rays, and 2,310 dolphins were killed in KwaZulu-Natal.<sup id="cite_ref-sharkangels_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharkangels-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authorities on the French island of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> kill about 100 sharks per year.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Killing sharks negatively affects the marine ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-pursuit_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pursuit-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jessica Morris of <a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_International" title="Humane Society International">Humane Society International</a> calls shark culling a "knee-jerk reaction" and says, "sharks are top order predators that play an important role in the functioning of marine ecosystems. We need them for healthy oceans."<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_H._Burgess" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Burgess">George H. Burgess</a>, the former<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> director of the <a href="/wiki/International_Shark_Attack_File" title="International Shark Attack File">International Shark Attack File</a>, "describes [shark] culling as a form of revenge, satisfying a public demand for blood and little else";<sup id="cite_ref-thestar_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thestar-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also said shark culling is a "retro-type move reminiscent of what people would have done in the 1940s and 50s, back when we didn't have an ecological conscience and before we knew the consequences of our actions."<sup id="cite_ref-thestar_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thestar-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jane Williamson, an associate professor in marine ecology at Macquarie University, says "There is no scientific support for the concept that culling sharks in a particular area will lead to a decrease in shark attacks and increase ocean safety."<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_threats">Other threats</h3></div> <p>Other threats include habitat alteration, damage and loss from coastal development, pollution and the impact of fisheries on the seabed and prey species.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2007 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Sharkwater" title="Sharkwater">Sharkwater</a></i> exposed how sharks are being hunted to extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">List of threatened sharks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></div> <p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> was the first country in the world to declare Great White sharks a legally protected species<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (however, the <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_Sharks_Board" title="KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board">KwaZulu-Natal Sharks Board</a> is allowed to kill great white sharks in its "<a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">shark control</a>" program in eastern South Africa).<sup id="cite_ref-sharkangels_160-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sharkangels-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intending to ban the practice of shark finning while at sea, the United States Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Shark_Finning_Prohibition_Act" title="Shark Finning Prohibition Act">Shark Finning Prohibition Act</a> in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-HR5461_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR5461-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later the Act saw its first legal challenge in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Approximately_64,695_Pounds_of_Shark_Fins" title="United States v. Approximately 64,695 Pounds of Shark Fins">United States v. Approximately 64,695 Pounds of Shark Fins</a></i>. In 2008 a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Appeals_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Appeals Court">Federal Appeals Court</a> ruled that a <a href="/wiki/Loophole" title="Loophole">loophole</a> in the law allowed non-fishing vessels to <i>purchase</i> shark fins from <a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing vessels">fishing vessels</a> while on the high seas.<sup id="cite_ref-Appeals_court_decision_979_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Appeals_court_decision_979-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeking to close the loophole, the <a href="/wiki/Shark_Conservation_Act" title="Shark Conservation Act">Shark Conservation Act</a> was passed by Congress in December 2010, and it was signed into law in January 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-HR81_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR81-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, the European Union introduced a general shark finning ban for all vessels of all nationalities in Union waters and for all vessels flying a flag of one of its member states.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This prohibition was amended in June 2013 to close remaining loopholes.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> of Endangered Species</i> named 64 species, one-third of all oceanic shark species, as being at risk of extinction due to fishing and shark finning.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCNRedList_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNRedList-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GuardianSharks_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GuardianSharks-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (<a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>) rejected proposals from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of <a href="/wiki/Scalloped_hammerhead" title="Scalloped hammerhead">scalloped hammerhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">oceanic whitetip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiny dogfish shark">spiny dogfish sharks</a>. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegates, approved the proposal. <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, by far the world's largest shark market, and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, which battles all attempts to extend the convention to marine species, led the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-cites_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cites-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2013, three endangered commercially valuable sharks, the <a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerheads</a>, the oceanic whitetip and <a href="/wiki/Porbeagle" title="Porbeagle">porbeagle</a> were added to Appendix 2 of <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>, bringing shark fishing and commerce of these species under licensing and regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, Greenpeace International added the <a href="/wiki/School_shark" title="School shark">school shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" title="Shortfin mako shark">shortfin mako shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackerel shark">mackerel shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">tiger shark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" title="Spiny dogfish">spiny dogfish</a> to its seafood red list, a list of common <a href="/wiki/Supermarket" title="Supermarket">supermarket</a> fish that are often sourced from unsustainable fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Shark_Trust" title="Shark Trust">Shark Trust</a> campaigns to limit shark fishing. Advocacy group <a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a> directs American consumers to not eat sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Species_of_Wild_Animals" title="Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals">Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals</a> (CMS), also known as the Bonn Convention, the <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_Understanding_on_the_Conservation_of_Migratory_Sharks" title="Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks">Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks</a> was concluded and came into effect in March 2010. It was the first global instrument concluded under CMS and aims at facilitating international coordination for the protection, conservation and management of migratory sharks, through multilateral, intergovernmental discussion and scientific research. </p><p>In July 2013, New York state, a major market and entry point for shark fins, banned the shark fin trade joining seven other states of the United States and the three Pacific U.S. territories in providing legal protection to sharks.<sup id="cite_ref-Humane_184-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Humane-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and as of January 16, 2019, 12 states including (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>) along with 3 <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>) have passed laws against the sale or possession of shark fins.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several regions now have <a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">shark sanctuaries</a> or have banned shark fishing—these regions include <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2020 researchers reported to have traced the origins of <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">shark fins</a> of endangered <a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">hammerhead sharks</a> from a retail market in Hong Kong back to their source populations and therefore the approximate locations where the sharks were first caught using <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2020 scientists reported results of a survey of 371 reefs in 58 nations estimating the <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">conservation status of reef sharks globally</a>. No sharks have been observed on almost 20% of the surveyed reefs and shark depletion was strongly associated with both socio-economic conditions and conservation measures.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharks are considered to be a vital part of the ocean <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a>. </p><p>According to a 2021 study in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> has resulted in a 71% global decline in the number of oceanic sharks and <a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a> over the preceding 50 years. The oceanic whitetip, and both the scalloped hammerhead and <a href="/wiki/Great_hammerhead" title="Great hammerhead">great hammerheads</a> are now classified as <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_2021_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs_2021-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sharks in <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical waters</a> have declined more rapidly than those in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate zones">temperate zones</a> during the period studied.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardson_2021_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardson_2021-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2021 study published in <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a></i> found that overfishing is currently driving over one-third of sharks and rays to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/32px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/48px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/64px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fish" title="Portal:Fish">Fish portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/53/Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg/31px-Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Greyreefsharksmall2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sharks" title="Portal:Sharks">Sharks portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sharks" title="List of sharks">List of sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_cartilaginous_fish_genera" title="List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera">List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Osteichthyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Marine vertebrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sharks" title="Outline of sharks">Outline of sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_meat" title="Shark meat">Shark meat</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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(2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8149952">"The Making of Calibration Sausage Exemplified by Recalibrating the Transcriptomic Timetree of Jawed Vertebrates"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Genetics</i>. <b>12</b>. 521693. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffgene.2021.521693">10.3389/fgene.2021.521693</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-8021">1664-8021</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8149952">8149952</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34054911">34054911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Calibration+Sausage+Exemplified+by+Recalibrating+the+Transcriptomic+Timetree+of+Jawed+Vertebrates&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=521693&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8149952%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-8021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34054911&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffgene.2021.521693&rft.aulast=Marjanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8149952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimientoCantalapiedraShimadaField2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pimiento, Catalina; Cantalapiedra, Juan L.; Shimada, Kenshu; Field, Daniel J.; Smaers, Jeroen B. (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/289161">"Evolutionary pathways toward gigantism in sharks and rays"</a>. <i>Evolution</i>. <b>73</b> (2): 588–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fevo.13680">10.1111/evo.13680</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30675721">30675721</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59224442">59224442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolution&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+pathways+toward+gigantism+in+sharks+and+rays&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=588-599&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59224442%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30675721&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fevo.13680&rft.aulast=Pimiento&rft.aufirst=Catalina&rft.au=Cantalapiedra%2C+Juan+L.&rft.au=Shimada%2C+Kenshu&rft.au=Field%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Smaers%2C+Jeroen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1810%2F289161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1999" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Thomas B. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sharkalmanac0000alle"><i>The Shark Almanac</i></a></span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Xoc%2C+the+Sharke%2C+and+the+Sea+Dogs%3A+An+Historical+Encounter&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Fpari%2Fpublications%2FRT07%2F211-Xoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/m/mec/med-idx?type=id&id=MED39794&egs=all&egdisplay=open">"Shark"</a>. <i>Middle English Dictionary</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Do+Sharks+Hold+Secret+to+Human+Cancer+Fight%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F08%2F0820_030820_sharkcancer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080602134207/http://www.prostatecancertreatment.co.uk/treatment-options/alternative-approaches">"Alternative approaches to prostate cancer treatment"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prostatecancertreatment.co.uk/treatment-options/alternative-approaches">the original</a> on June 2, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alternative+approaches+to+prostate+cancer+treatment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prostatecancertreatment.co.uk%2Ftreatment-options%2Falternative-approaches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack2007" class="citation news cs1">Pollack, Andrew (3 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/health/03cancer.html">"Shark Cartilage, Not a Cancer Therapy"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211030840/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/03/health/03cancer.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shark+Cartilage%2C+Not+a+Cancer+Therapy&rft.date=2007-06-03&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F06%2F03%2Fhealth%2F03cancer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The results of a study sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/National_Cancer_Institute" title="National Cancer Institute">National Cancer Institute</a>, and led by Dr. Charles Lu of the <a href="/wiki/M.D._Anderson_Cancer_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="M.D. Anderson Cancer Center">M.D. Anderson Cancer Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>, were presented at the annual meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Clinical_Oncology" title="American Society of Clinical Oncology">American Society of Clinical Oncology</a> on June 2, 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=38+Million+Sharks+Killed+for+Fins+Annually%2C+Experts+Estimate&rft.date=2006-10-12&rft.aulast=Bakalar&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F10%2F061012-shark-fin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sharktrust.org/content.asp?did=26881">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804143851/http://www.sharktrust.org/content.asp?did=26881">Archived</a> August 4, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sharkconservation1-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sharkconservation1_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130903003354/http://actionnetwork.org/pewenvironmentgroup/notice-description.tcl?newsletter_id=35263072">Ask your senator to support the Shark Conservation Act</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/us/29brfs-SHARKFINSOUP_BRF.html">"Hawaii: Shark Fin Soup Is Off the Menu"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Associated Press. May 28, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701073502/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/29/us/29brfs-SHARKFINSOUP_BRF.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hawaii%3A+Shark+Fin+Soup+Is+Off+the+Menu&rft.date=2010-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F05%2F29%2Fus%2F29brfs-SHARKFINSOUP_BRF.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span> Research exemptions are available.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110234829/https://www.traffic.org/what-we-do/species/sharks-and-rays/">"Sharks and Rays - Species we work with at TRAFFIC"</a>. <i>www.traffic.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Neurotoxins+in+shark+fins%3A+A+human+health+concern&rft.pub=Science+Daily&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2012%2F02%2F120223182516.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sharkalliance.org/do_download.asp?did=1090">"Shark fisheries and trade in Europe: Fact sheet on Italy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005153/http://www.sharkalliance.org/do_download.asp?did=1090">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xray-mag.com/content/one-quarter-sharks-and-rays-face-extinction">the original</a> on 2014-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Extinction+Threatens+1%2F4+of+Sharks+and+Rays+on+Red+List&rft.aulast=Morales&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2014-01-21%2Fextinction-threatens-1-4-of-sharks-and-rays-on-red-list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2014" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Sophie (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2014/05/08/world/asia/australia-shark-cull/index.html">"Australia: Over 170 sharks caught under controversial cull program"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%3A+Over+170+sharks+caught+under+controversial+cull+program&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2014%2F05%2F08%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Faustralia-shark-cull%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilman2014" class="citation news cs1">Milman, Oliver (23 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/24/wa-abandons-shark-culling-program-but-reserves-right-to-kill-again">"WA abandons shark culling program, but reserves right to kill again"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126065452/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/oct/24/wa-abandons-shark-culling-program-but-reserves-right-to-kill-again">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=WA+abandons+shark+culling+program%2C+but+reserves+right+to+kill+again&rft.date=2014-10-23&rft.aulast=Milman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2014%2Foct%2F24%2Fwa-abandons-shark-culling-program-but-reserves-right-to-kill-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWahlquist2015" class="citation news cs1">Wahlquist, Calla (12 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/feb/12/was-serious-threat-shark-policy-condemned-by-senate">"Western Australia's 'serious threat' shark policy condemned by Senate"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161126194934/https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2015/feb/12/was-serious-threat-shark-policy-condemned-by-senate">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Western+Australia%27s+%27serious+threat%27+shark+policy+condemned+by+Senate&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.aulast=Wahlquist&rft.aufirst=Calla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Faustralia-news%2F2015%2Ffeb%2F12%2Fwas-serious-threat-shark-policy-condemned-by-senate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercer2017" class="citation web cs1">Mercer, Daniel (19 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewest.com.au/news/sharks/premier-mark-mcgowans-shark-plan-not-enough-to-protect-us-ng-b88448984z">"Premier Mark McGowan's shark plan not enough to protect us"</a>. <i>The West Australian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909155357/https://thewest.com.au/news/sharks/premier-mark-mcgowans-shark-plan-not-enough-to-protect-us-ng-b88448984z">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". <i>Nature</i>. <b>589</b> (7843): 567–571. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Natur.589..567P">2021Natur.589..567P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03173-9">10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10871%2F124531">10871/124531</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33505035">33505035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231723355">231723355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Half+a+century+of+global+decline+in+oceanic+sharks+and+rays&rft.volume=589&rft.issue=7843&rft.pages=567-571&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10871%2F124531&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231723355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Natur.589..567P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33505035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03173-9&rft.aulast=Pacoureau&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Rigby%2C+Cassandra+L.&rft.au=Kyne%2C+Peter+M.&rft.au=Sherley%2C+Richard+B.&rft.au=Winker%2C+Henning&rft.au=Carlson%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Fordham%2C+Sonja+V.&rft.au=Barreto%2C+Rodrigo&rft.au=Fernando%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Francis%2C+Malcolm+P.&rft.au=Jabado%2C+Rima+W.&rft.au=Herman%2C+Katelyn+B.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Kwang-Ming&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Andrea+D.&rft.au=Pollom%2C+Riley+A.&rft.au=Romanov%2C+Evgeny+V.&rft.au=Simpfendorfer%2C+Colin+A.&rft.au=Yin%2C+Jamie+S.&rft.au=Kindsvater%2C+Holly+K.&rft.au=Dulvy%2C+Nicholas+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs_2021-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_2021_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2021" class="citation web cs1">Briggs, Helen (28 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-55830732">"Extinction: 'Time is running out' to save sharks and rays"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Extinction%3A+%27Time+is+running+out%27+to+save+sharks+and+rays&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-55830732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardson_2021-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richardson_2021_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2021" class="citation web cs1">Richardson, Holly (27 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-28/alarming-70pc-decline-in-shark-and-ray-numbers-study-says/13096442">"Shark, ray populations have declined by 'alarming' 70 per cent since 1970s, study finds"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Shark%2C+ray+populations+have+declined+by+%27alarming%27+70+per+cent+since+1970s%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2021-01-27&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2021-01-28%2Falarming-70pc-decline-in-shark-and-ray-numbers-study-says%2F13096442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulvyPacoureau2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dulvy, Nicholas K.; Pacoureau, Nathan; et al. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.08.062">"Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Biology" title="Current Biology">Current Biology</a></i>. <b>31</b> (21): 4773–4787. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CBio...31E4773D">2021CBio...31E4773D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.08.062">10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34492229">34492229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237443284">237443284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Overfishing+drives+over+one-third+of+all+sharks+and+rays+toward+a+global+extinction+crisis&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=4773-4787&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.08.062&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237443284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34492229&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021CBio...31E4773D&rft.aulast=Dulvy&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+K.&rft.au=Pacoureau%2C+Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2021.08.062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro1983" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Jose (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sharksofnorthame00jose"><i>The Sharks of North American Waters</i></a></span>. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-143-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-143-8"><bdi>978-0-89096-143-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/183037060">183037060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sharks+of+North+American+Waters&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183037060&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-143-8&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Jose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsharksofnorthame00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1987" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, John D. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sharks00stev"><i>Sharks</i></a></span>. New York: NY Facts on File Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1800-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1800-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-1800-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15163749">15163749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharks&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NY+Facts+on+File+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15163749&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-1800-0&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsharks00stev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoughJanisHeiser2005" class="citation book cs1">Pough, F. H.; Janis, C. M.; Heiser, J. B. (2005). <i>Vertebrate Life</i> (7th ed.). New Jersey: Pearson Education Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-127836-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-127836-3"><bdi>978-0-13-127836-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54822028">54822028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Life&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54822028&rft.isbn=978-0-13-127836-3&rft.aulast=Pough&rft.aufirst=F.+H.&rft.au=Janis%2C+C.+M.&rft.au=Heiser%2C+J.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClover2004" class="citation book cs1">Clover, Charles (2004). <i>The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat</i>. London: Ebury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-189780-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-189780-2"><bdi>978-0-09-189780-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Line%3A+How+overfishing+is+changing+the+world+and+what+we+eat&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ebury+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-09-189780-2&rft.aulast=Clover&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2009" class="citation book cs1">Owen, David (2009). <i>Shark: In Peril in the Sea</i>. New South Wales: Allen and Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-032-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74175-032-4"><bdi>978-1-74175-032-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shark%3A+In+Peril+in+the+Sea&rft.place=New+South+Wales&rft.pub=Allen+and+Unwin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-74175-032-4&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalma2021" class="citation web cs1">Calma, Justine (16 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/22623363/shark-sightings-drones-us-beaches">"How drones are changing our view of sharks"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=How+drones+are+changing+our+view+of+sharks&rft.date=2021-08-16&rft.aulast=Calma&rft.aufirst=Justine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F22623363%2Fshark-sightings-drones-us-beaches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShark" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/mar/22/sharks-critical-restoring-climate-damaged-ecosystems-study">Sharks 'critical' to restoring damaged ecosystems, finds study</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, 22 March 2021</li> <li>Musick, John A and Musick, Susanna (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2389e/i2389e.zip">"Sharks"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170625/http://www.fao.org/docrep/015/i2389e/i2389e.zip">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <i>Review of the state of world marine fishery resources</i>, pages 245–254, FAO Fisheries technical paper 569, FAO, Rome. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-107023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-107023-9">978-92-5-107023-9</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060521074305/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2002/06/0603_020603_shark1_2.html">"Sharks Falling Prey To Humans' Appetites"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>, 28 October 2010.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Shark_(fish)" class="extiw" title="q:Shark (fish)">Shark (fish)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Selachimorpha" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Selachimorpha">Selachimorpha</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Dichotomous_Key/Selachimorpha" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Dichotomous Key/Selachimorpha">Selachimorpha</a> at Wikibooks</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sharks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shark_nav" title="Template:Shark nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shark_nav" title="Template talk:Shark nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shark_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shark nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sharks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sharks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sharks" title="Outline of sharks">Outline of sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_anatomy" title="Shark anatomy">Shark anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tooth" title="Shark tooth">Shark tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)" title="Egg case (Chondrichthyes)">Egg case (Chondrichthyes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_threat_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Shark threat display">Threat display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taxonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcharhiniformes" title="Carcharhiniformes">Carcharhiniformes (Ground sharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_shark" title="Bullhead shark">Heterodontiformes (Bullhead sharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexanchiformes" title="Hexanchiformes">Hexanchiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamniformes" title="Lamniformes">Lamniformes (Mackerel sharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_shark" title="Carpet shark">Orectolobiformes (Carpet sharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawshark" title="Sawshark">Pristiophoriformes (Sawsharks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squaliformes" title="Squaliformes">Squaliformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelshark" title="Angelshark">Squatiniformes (Angelsharks)</a></li> <li>† <a href="/wiki/Cladoselachiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cladoselachiformes">Cladoselachiformes</a></li> <li>† <a href="/wiki/Hybodontiformes" title="Hybodontiformes">Hybodontiformes</a></li> <li>† <a href="/wiki/Symmoriida" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmoriida">Symmoriida</a></li> <li>† <a href="/wiki/Xenacanthida" title="Xenacanthida">Xenacanthida (Xenacantiformes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sharks" title="List of sharks">List of sharks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human<br />interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shark_attack" title="Shark attack">Shark attack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shark_attacks_in_Australia" title="Shark attacks in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatal_shark_attacks_in_R%C3%A9union" title="List of fatal shark attacks in Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatal_shark_attacks_in_South_Africa" title="List of fatal shark attacks in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_attacks_in_South_Australia" title="Shark attacks in South Australia">South Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fatal_shark_attacks_in_the_United_States" title="List of fatal shark attacks in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_attack_prevention" title="Shark attack prevention">Shark attack prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_cage_diving" title="Shark cage diving">Shark cage diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">Shark culling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_line_(shark_control)" title="Drum line (shark control)">Drum lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_net" title="Shark net">Shark net</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tourism" title="Shark tourism">Shark tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharks_in_popular_culture" title="Sharks in popular culture">Sharks in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Alliance" title="Shark Alliance">Shark Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_Conservation_Act" title="Shark Conservation Act">U.S. Shark Conservation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Grey nurse shark conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Seas_Foundation" title="Save Our Seas Foundation">Save Our Seas Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sharks" title="Category:Sharks">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sharks" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sharks">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_shark_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Selachimorpha" title="Template:Selachimorpha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Selachimorpha" title="Template talk:Selachimorpha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Selachimorpha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Selachimorpha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_shark_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">shark</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #ffffff;"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Subphylum <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrata</a></li> <li>Class <a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Chondrichthyes</a></li> <li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Elasmobranchii" title="Elasmobranchii">Elasmobranchii</a></li> <li>Subdivision <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Selachii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Order_Carcharhiniformes_(Ground_sharks)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order <a href="/wiki/Carcharhiniformes" title="Carcharhiniformes">Carcharhiniformes <small>(Ground sharks)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemigaleidae" title="Hemigaleidae">Hemigaleidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Weasel sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Snaggletooth_shark" title="Snaggletooth shark">Hemipristis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snaggletooth_shark" title="Snaggletooth shark">Snaggletooth shark (<i>H. elongata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hooktooth_shark" title="Hooktooth shark">Chaenogaleus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooktooth_shark" title="Hooktooth shark">Hooktooth shark (<i>C. macrostoma</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hemigaleus" title="Hemigaleus">Hemigaleus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_weasel_shark" title="Australian weasel shark">Australian weasel shark (<i>H. australiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicklefin_weasel_shark" title="Sicklefin weasel shark">Sicklefin weasel shark (<i>H. microstoma</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Paragaleus" title="Paragaleus">Paragaleus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitetip_weasel_shark" title="Whitetip weasel shark">Whitetip weasel shark (<i>P. leucolomatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_weasel_shark" title="Atlantic weasel shark">Atlantic weasel shark (<i>P. pectoralis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_weasel_shark" title="Slender weasel shark">Slender weasel shark (<i>P. randalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight-tooth_weasel_shark" title="Straight-tooth weasel shark">Straight-tooth weasel shark (<i>P. tengi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barbeled_houndshark" title="Barbeled houndshark">Leptochariidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Leptocharias" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbeled_houndshark" title="Barbeled houndshark">Leptocharias</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbeled_houndshark" title="Barbeled houndshark">Barbeled houndshark (<i>L. smithii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proscylliidae" title="Proscylliidae">Proscylliidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Finback sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Harlequin_catshark" title="Harlequin catshark">Ctenacis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlequin_catshark" title="Harlequin catshark">Harlequin catshark (<i>C. fehlmanni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Proscylliidae" title="Proscylliidae">Eridacnis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_ribbontail_catshark" title="Cuban ribbontail catshark">Cuban ribbontail catshark (<i>E. barbouri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_ribbontail_catshark" title="Pygmy ribbontail catshark">Pygmy ribbontail catshark (<i>E. radcliffei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_ribbontail_catshark" title="African ribbontail catshark">African ribbontail catshark (<i>E. sinuans</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Proscylliidae" title="Proscylliidae">Proscyllium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graceful_catshark" title="Graceful catshark">Graceful catshark (<i>P. habereri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proscyllium_venustum" title="Proscyllium venustum"><i>P. venustum</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudotriakidae" title="Pseudotriakidae">Pseudotriakidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Slender_smooth-hound" title="Slender smooth-hound">Gollum</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slender_smooth-hound" title="Slender smooth-hound">Slender smooth-hound (<i>G. attenuatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/False_catshark" title="False catshark">Pseudotriakis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_catshark" title="False catshark">False catshark (<i>P. microdon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">Sphyrnidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Hammerhead sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Winghead_shark" title="Winghead shark">Eusphyra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winghead_shark" title="Winghead shark">Winghead shark (<i>E. blochii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hammerhead_shark" title="Hammerhead shark">Sphyrna</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scalloped_bonnethead" title="Scalloped bonnethead">Scalloped bonnethead (<i>S. corona</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefin_hammerhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitefin hammerhead">Whitefin hammerhead (<i>S. couardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalloped_hammerhead" title="Scalloped hammerhead">Scalloped hammerhead (<i>S. lewini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoophead" title="Scoophead">Scoophead (<i>S. media</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_hammerhead" title="Great hammerhead">Great hammerhead (<i>S. mokarran</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnethead" title="Bonnethead">Bonnethead (<i>S. tiburo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalleye_hammerhead" title="Smalleye hammerhead">Smalleye hammerhead (<i>S. tudes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_hammerhead" title="Smooth hammerhead">Smooth hammerhead (<i>S. zygaena</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Houndshark" title="Houndshark">Triakidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Houndsharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Whiskery_shark" title="Whiskery shark">Furgaleus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskery_shark" title="Whiskery shark">Whiskery shark (<i>F. macki</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/School_shark" title="School shark">Galeorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_shark" title="School shark">School shark (<i>G. galeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sailback_houndshark" title="Sailback houndshark">Gogolia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sailback_houndshark" title="Sailback houndshark">Sailback houndshark (<i>G. filewoodi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hemitriakis" title="Hemitriakis">Hemitriakis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_sicklefin_hound_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Deepwater sicklefin hound shark">Deepwater sicklefin hound shark (<i>H. abdita</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicklefin_hound_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicklefin hound shark">Sicklefin hound shark (<i>H. falcata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_topeshark" title="Japanese topeshark">Japanese topeshark (<i>H. japanica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefin_topeshark" title="Whitefin topeshark">Whitefin topeshark (<i>H. leucoperiptera</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocellate_topeshark" title="Ocellate topeshark">Ocellate topeshark (<i>Hemitriakis Sp.A</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blacktip_tope" title="Blacktip tope">Hypogaleus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacktip_tope" title="Blacktip tope">Blacktip tope (<i>H. hyugaensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Iago_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iago (genus)">Iago</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longnose_houndshark" title="Longnose houndshark">Longnose houndshark (<i>I. garricki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_houndshark" title="Bigeye houndshark">Bigeye houndshark (<i>I. omanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowfin_houndshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowfin houndshark">Lowfin houndshark (<i>Iago Sp.A</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Smooth-hound" title="Smooth-hound">Mustelus</a></i> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Smooth-hounds)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustelus_albipinnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelus albipinnis"><i>M. albipinnis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gummy_shark" title="Gummy shark">Gummy shark (<i>M. antarcticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starry_smooth-hound" title="Starry smooth-hound">Starry smooth-hound (<i>M. asterias</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_smooth-hound" title="Gray smooth-hound">Gray smooth-hound (<i>M. californicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusky_smooth-hound" title="Dusky smooth-hound">Dusky smooth-hound (<i>M. canis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharptooth_smooth-hound" title="Sharptooth smooth-hound">Sharptooth smooth-hound (<i>M. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striped_smooth-hound" title="Striped smooth-hound">Striped smooth-hound (<i>M. fasciatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotless_smooth-hound" title="Spotless smooth-hound">Spotless smooth-hound (<i>M. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_smooth-hound" title="Brown smooth-hound">Brown smooth-hound (<i>M. henlei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalleye_smooth-hound" title="Smalleye smooth-hound">Smalleye smooth-hound (<i>M. higmani</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_estuary_smooth-hound" title="Spotted estuary smooth-hound">Spotted estuary smooth-hound (<i>M. lenticulatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicklefin_smooth-hound" title="Sicklefin smooth-hound">Sicklefin smooth-hound (<i>M. lunulatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspotted_smooth-hound" title="Starspotted smooth-hound">Starspotted smooth-hound (<i>M. manazo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speckled_smooth-hound" title="Speckled smooth-hound">Speckled smooth-hound (<i>M. mento</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustelus_minicanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelus minicanis"><i>M. minicanis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_smooth-hound" title="Arabian smooth-hound">Arabian smooth-hound (<i>M. mosis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_smooth-hound" title="Common smooth-hound">Common smooth-hound (<i>M. mustelus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowfin_smooth-hound" title="Narrowfin smooth-hound">Narrowfin smooth-hound (<i>M. norrisi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespotted_smooth-hound" title="Whitespotted smooth-hound">Whitespotted smooth-hound (<i>M. palumbes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackspotted_smooth-hound" title="Blackspotted smooth-hound">Blackspotted smooth-hound (<i>M. punctulatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustelus_ravidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelus ravidus"><i>M. ravidus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrownose_smooth-hound" title="Narrownose smooth-hound">Narrownose smooth-hound (<i>M. schmitti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_smoothhound" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf smoothhound">Gulf smoothhound (<i>M. sinusmexicanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humpback_smooth-hound" title="Humpback smooth-hound">Humpback smooth-hound (<i>M. whitneyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustelus_widodoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustelus widodoi"><i>M. widodoi</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Flapnose_houndshark" title="Flapnose houndshark">Scylliogaleus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flapnose_houndshark" title="Flapnose houndshark">Flapnose houndshark (<i>S. quecketti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Triakis" title="Triakis">Triakis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharpfin_houndshark" title="Sharpfin houndshark">Sharpfin houndshark (<i>T. acutipinna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_houndshark" title="Spotted houndshark">Spotted houndshark (<i>T. maculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharptooth_houndshark" title="Sharptooth houndshark">Sharptooth houndshark (<i>T. megalopterus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_houndshark" title="Banded houndshark">Banded houndshark (<i>T. scyllium</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_shark" title="Leopard shark">Leopard shark (<i>T. semifasciata</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Requiem_shark" title="Requiem shark">Carcharhinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Large family listed below</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinidae" title="Scyliorhinidae">Scyliorhinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Large family listed below</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Carcharhinidae_(Requiem_sharks)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Requiem_shark" title="Requiem shark">Carcharhinidae <small>(Requiem sharks)</small></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Carcharhinus" title="Carcharhinus">Carcharhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blacknose_shark" title="Blacknose shark">Blacknose shark (<i>C. acronotus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvertip_shark" title="Silvertip shark">Silvertip shark (<i>C. albimarginatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignose_shark" title="Bignose shark">Bignose shark (<i>C. altimus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graceful_shark" title="Graceful shark">Graceful shark (<i>C. amblyrhynchoides</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_reef_shark" title="Grey reef shark">Grey reef shark (<i>C. amblyrhynchos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeye_shark" title="Pigeye shark">Pigeye shark (<i>C. amboinensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_shark" title="Borneo shark">Borneo shark (<i>C. borneensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_shark" title="Copper shark">Copper shark (<i>C. brachyurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner_shark" title="Spinner shark">Spinner shark (<i>C. brevipinna</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_shark" title="Nervous shark">Nervous shark (<i>C. cautus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitecheek_shark" title="Whitecheek shark">Whitecheek shark (<i>C. dussumieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silky_shark" title="Silky shark">Silky shark (<i>C. falciformis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_whaler" title="Creek whaler">Creek whaler (<i>C. fitzroyensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galapagos_shark" title="Galapagos shark">Galapagos shark (<i>C. galapagenisis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pondicherry_shark" title="Pondicherry shark">Pondicherry shark (<i>C. hemiodon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finetooth_shark" title="Finetooth shark">Finetooth shark (<i>C. isodon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothtooth_blacktip_shark" title="Smoothtooth blacktip shark">Smoothtooth blacktip shark (<i>C. leiodon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_shark" title="Bull shark">Bull shark (<i>C. leucas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacktip_shark" title="Blacktip shark">Blacktip shark (<i>C. limbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">Oceanic whitetip shark (<i>C. longimanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnose_shark" title="Hardnose shark">Hardnose shark (<i>C. macloti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacktip_reef_shark" title="Blacktip reef shark">Blacktip reef shark (<i>C. melanopterus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusky_shark" title="Dusky shark">Dusky shark (<i>C. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_reef_shark" title="Caribbean reef shark">Caribbean reef shark (<i>C. perezii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandbar_shark" title="Sandbar shark">Sandbar shark (<i>C. plumbeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalltail_shark" title="Smalltail shark">Smalltail shark (<i>C. porosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackspot_shark" title="Blackspot shark">Blackspot shark (<i>C. sealei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_shark" title="Night shark">Night shark (<i>C. signatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spottail_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Spottail shark">Spottail shark (<i>C. sorrah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_blacktip_shark" title="Australian blacktip shark">Australian blacktip shark (<i>C. tilstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">Galeocerdo</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_shark" title="Tiger shark">Tiger shark (<i>G. cuvier</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/River_shark" title="River shark">Glyphis</a></i> <br /> <span class="nobold">(River sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_shark" title="Ganges shark">Ganges shark (<i>G. gangeticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_river_shark" title="Northern river shark">Northern river shark (<i>G. garricki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speartooth_shark" title="Speartooth shark">Speartooth shark (<i>G. glyphis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_river_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrawaddy river shark">Irrawaddy river shark (<i>G. siamensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_river_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo river shark">Borneo river shark (<i>Glyphis sp. B</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Daggernose_shark" title="Daggernose shark">Isogomphodon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daggernose_shark" title="Daggernose shark">Daggernose shark (<i>I. oxyrhynchus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Broadfin_shark" title="Broadfin shark">Lamiopsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadfin_shark" title="Broadfin shark">Broadfin shark (<i>L. temminckii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sliteye_shark" title="Sliteye shark">Loxodon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sliteye_shark" title="Sliteye shark">Sliteye shark (<i>L. macrorhinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Whitenose_shark" title="Whitenose shark">Nasolamia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitenose_shark" title="Whitenose shark">Whitenose shark (<i>N. velox</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Negaprion" title="Negaprion">Negaprion</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sicklefin_lemon_shark" title="Sicklefin lemon shark">Sicklefin lemon shark (<i>N. acutidens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_shark" title="Lemon shark">Lemon shark (<i>N. brevirostris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_shark" title="Blue shark">Prionace</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_shark" title="Blue shark">Blue shark (<i>P. glauca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizoprionodon" title="Rhizoprionodon">Rhizoprionodon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milk_shark" title="Milk shark">Milk shark (<i>R. acutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sharpnose_shark" title="Brazilian sharpnose shark">Brazilian sharpnose shark (<i>R. lalandii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_sharpnose_shark" title="Pacific sharpnose shark">Pacific sharpnose shark (<i>R. longurio</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_sharpnose_shark" title="Grey sharpnose shark">Grey sharpnose shark (<i>R. oligolinx</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_sharpnose_shark" title="Caribbean sharpnose shark">Caribbean sharpnose shark (<i>R. porosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sharpnose_shark" title="Australian sharpnose shark">Australian sharpnose shark (<i>R. taylori</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_sharpnose_shark" title="Atlantic sharpnose shark">Atlantic sharpnose shark (<i>R. terraenovae</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Spadenose_shark" title="Spadenose shark">Scoliodon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spadenose_shark" title="Spadenose shark">Spadenose shark (<i>S. laticaudus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Whitetip_reef_shark" title="Whitetip reef shark">Triaenodon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitetip_reef_shark" title="Whitetip reef shark">Whitetip reef shark (<i>T. obesus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Scyliorhinidae_(Catsharks)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinidae" title="Scyliorhinidae">Scyliorhinidae <small>(Catsharks)</small></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Apristurus" title="Apristurus">Apristurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatnose_cat_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Flatnose cat shark">Flatnose cat shark (<i>A. acanutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apristurus_albisoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Apristurus albisoma"><i>A. albisoma</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apristurus_aphyodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Apristurus aphyodes"><i>A. aphyodes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_ghost_catshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic ghost catshark">Atlantic ghost catshark (<i>A. atlanticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_catshark" title="Brown catshark">Brown catshark (<i>A. brunneus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoary_catshark" title="Hoary catshark">Hoary catshark (<i>A. canutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaccid_catshark" title="Flaccid catshark">Flaccid catshark (<i>A. exsanguis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apristurus_fedorovi" class="mw-redirect" title="Apristurus fedorovi"><i>A. fedorovi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humpback_cat_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Humpback cat shark">Humpback cat shark (<i>A. gibbosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfin_catshark" title="Longfin catshark">Longfin catshark (<i>A. herklotsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallbelly_catshark" title="Smallbelly catshark">Smallbelly catshark (<i>A. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apristurus_internatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Apristurus internatus"><i>A. internatus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadnose_catshark" title="Broadnose catshark">Broadnose catshark (<i>A. investigatoris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_catshark" title="Japanese catshark">Japanese catshark (<i>A. japonicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longnose_catshark" title="Longnose catshark">Longnose catshark (<i>A. kampae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_catshark" title="Iceland catshark">Iceland catshark (<i>A. laurussonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhead_catshark" title="Longhead catshark">Longhead catshark (<i>A. longicephalus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flathead_catshark" title="Flathead catshark">Flathead catshark (<i>A. macrorhynchus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadmouth_cat_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadmouth cat shark">Broadmouth cat shark (<i>A. macrostomus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_catshark" title="Ghost catshark">Ghost catshark (<i>A. manis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_roughscale_catshark" title="Black roughscale catshark">Black roughscale catshark (<i>A. melanoasper</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalleye_catshark" title="Smalleye catshark">Smalleye catshark (<i>A. microps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalldorsal_cat_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Smalldorsal cat shark">Smalldorsal cat shark (<i>A. micropterygeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largenose_catshark" title="Largenose catshark">Largenose catshark (<i>A. nasutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallfin_catshark" title="Smallfin catshark">Smallfin catshark (<i>A. parvipinnis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apristurus_pinguis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apristurus pinguis"><i>A. pinguis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatulasnout_catshark" title="Spatulasnout catshark">Spatulasnout catshark (<i>A. platyrhynchus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepwater_catshark" title="Deepwater catshark">Deepwater catshark (<i>A. profundorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadgill_catshark" title="Broadgill catshark">Broadgill catshark (<i>A. riveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saldanha_catshark" title="Saldanha catshark">Saldanha catshark (<i>A. saldanha</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_catshark" title="Pale catshark">Pale catshark (<i>A. sibogae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_catshark" title="South China catshark">South China catshark (<i>A. sinensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spongehead_catshark" title="Spongehead catshark">Spongehead catshark (<i>A. spongiceps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_ghost_catshark" title="Panama ghost catshark">Panama ghost catshark (<i>A. stenseni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Asymbolus" title="Asymbolus">Asymbolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_spotted_catshark" title="Australian spotted catshark">Australian spotted catshark (<i>A. analis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymbolus_funebris" title="Asymbolus funebris"><i>A. funebris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_catshark" title="Western spotted catshark">Western spotted catshark (<i>A. occiduus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_spotted_catshark" title="Pale spotted catshark">Pale spotted catshark (<i>A. pallidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymbolus_parvus" title="Asymbolus parvus"><i>A. parvus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_spotted_catshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange spotted catshark"><i>A. rubiginosus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variegated_catshark" title="Variegated catshark">Variegated catshark (<i>A. submaculatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_catshark" title="Gulf catshark">Gulf catshark (<i>A. vincenti</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Atelomycterus" title="Atelomycterus">Atelomycterus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bali_catshark" title="Bali catshark"><i>A. baliensis</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_sand_catshark" title="Banded sand catshark">Banded sand catshark (<i>A. fasciatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_marbled_catshark" title="Australian marbled catshark">Australian marbled catshark (<i>A. macleayi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_catshark" title="Coral catshark">Coral catshark (<i>A. marmoratus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Aulohalaelurus" title="Aulohalaelurus">Aulohalaelurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_catshark" title="New Caledonia catshark">New Caledonia catshark (<i>A. kanakorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_blackspotted_catshark" title="Australian blackspotted catshark">Australian blackspotted catshark (<i>A. labiosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cephaloscyllium" title="Cephaloscyllium">Cephaloscyllium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitefin_swellshark" title="Whitefin swellshark">Whitefin swellshark (<i>C. albipinnum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle-blotch_pygmy_swellshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle-blotch pygmy swellshark">Circle-blotch pygmy swellshark (<i>C. circulopullum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook%27s_swellshark" title="Cook's swellshark">Cook's swellshark (<i>C. cooki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_swellshark" title="Reticulated swellshark">Reticulated swellshark (<i>C. fasciatum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_swellshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa swellshark">Formosa swellshark (<i>C. formosanum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_reticulate_swellshark" title="Australian reticulate swellshark">Australian reticulate swellshark (<i>C. hicosellum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draughtsboard_shark" title="Draughtsboard shark">Draughtsboard shark (<i>C. isabellum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_swellshark" title="Australian swellshark">Australian swellshark (<i>C. laticeps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_swellshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted swellshark">Spotted swellshark (<i>C. maculatum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard-spotted_swellshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopard-spotted swellshark">Leopard-spotted swellshark (<i>C. pardelotum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_swellshark" title="Painted swellshark">Painted swellshark (<i>C. pictum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_pygmy_swellshark" title="Sarawak pygmy swellshark">Sarawak pygmy swellshark (<i>C. sarawakensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagtail_swellshark" title="Flagtail swellshark">Flagtail swellshark (<i>C. signourum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_swellshark" title="Indian swellshark">Indian swellshark (<i>C. silasi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speckled_swellshark" title="Speckled swellshark">Speckled swellshark (<i>C. speccum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balloon_shark" title="Balloon shark">Balloon shark (<i>C. sufflans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotchy_swell_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Blotchy swell shark">Blotchy swellshark (<i>C. umbratile</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddled_swellshark" title="Saddled swellshark">Saddled swellshark (<i>C. variegatum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swellshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Swellshark">Swellshark (<i>C. ventriosum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowbar_swellshark" title="Narrowbar swellshark">Narrowbar swellshark (<i>C. zebrum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lollipop_catshark" title="Lollipop catshark">Cephalurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop_catshark" title="Lollipop catshark">Lollipop catshark (<i>C. cephalus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Figaro_(genus)" title="Figaro (genus)">Figaro</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_sawtail_catshark" title="Australian sawtail catshark">Australian sawtail catshark (<i>F. boardmani</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_sawtail_catshark" title="Northern sawtail catshark">Northern sawtail catshark (<i>F. striatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Galeus" title="Galeus">Galeus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antilles_catshark" title="Antilles catshark">Antilles catshark (<i>G. antillensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughtail_catshark" title="Roughtail catshark">Roughtail catshark (<i>G. arae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_sawtail_catshark" title="Atlantic sawtail catshark">Atlantic sawtail cat shark (<i>G. atlanticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfin_sawtail_catshark" title="Longfin sawtail catshark">Longfin sawtail cat shark (<i>G. cadenati</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gecko_catshark" title="Gecko catshark">Gecko catshark (<i>G. eastmani</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_sawtail_catshark" title="Slender sawtail catshark">Slender sawtail catshark (<i>G. gracilis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longnose_sawtail_catshark" title="Longnose sawtail catshark">Longnose sawtail cat shark (<i>G. longirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmouth_catshark" title="Blackmouth catshark">Blackmouth catshark (<i>G. melastomus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_sawtail_catshark" title="Southern sawtail catshark">Southern sawtail catshark (<i>G. mincaronei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_catshark" title="Mouse catshark">Mouse catshark (<i>G. murinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadfin_sawtail_catshark" title="Broadfin sawtail catshark">Broadfin sawtail catshark (<i>G. nipponensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppered_catshark" title="Peppered catshark">Peppered catshark (<i>G. piperatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_sawtail_catshark" title="African sawtail catshark">African sawtail catshark (<i>G. polli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeus_priapus" class="mw-redirect" title="Galeus priapus"><i>G. priapus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacktip_sawtail_catshark" title="Blacktip sawtail catshark">Blacktip sawtail catshark (<i>G. sauteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_sawtail_catshark" title="Dwarf sawtail catshark">Dwarf sawtail catshark (<i>G. schultzi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springer%27s_sawtail_catshark" title="Springer's sawtail catshark">Springer's sawtail cat shark (<i>G. springeri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Halaelurus" title="Halaelurus">Halaelurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_catshark" title="Arabian catshark">Arabian catshark (<i>H. alcockii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speckled_catshark" title="Speckled catshark">Speckled catshark (<i>H. boesemani</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackspotted_catshark" title="Blackspotted catshark">Blackspotted catshark (<i>H. buergeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusky_catshark" title="Dusky catshark">Dusky catshark (<i>H. canescens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadhead_cat_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadhead cat shark">Broadhead cat shark (<i>H. clevai</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_catshark" title="New Zealand catshark">New Zealand catshark (<i>H. dawsoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristly_catshark" title="Bristly catshark">Bristly catshark (<i>H. hispidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotless_catshark" title="Spotless catshark">Spotless catshark (<i>H. immaculatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lined_catshark" title="Lined catshark">Lined catshark (<i>H. lineatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bythaelurus_lutarius" title="Bythaelurus lutarius">Mud catshark (<i>H. lutarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_catshark" title="Tiger catshark">Tiger catshark (<i>H. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quagga_catshark" title="Quagga catshark">Quagga catshark (<i>H. quagga</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Haploblepharus" title="Haploblepharus">Haploblepharus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puffadder_shyshark" title="Puffadder shyshark">Puffadder shyshark (<i>H. edwardsii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_shyshark" title="Brown shyshark">Brown shyshark (<i>H. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natal_shyshark" title="Natal shyshark">Natal shyshark (<i>H. kistnasamyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_shyshark" title="Dark shyshark">Dark shyshark (<i>H. pictus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Holohalaelurus" title="Holohalaelurus">Holohalaelurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_Izak" title="Honeycomb Izak"><i>H. favus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinning_Izak" title="Grinning Izak"><i>H. grennian</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crying_Izak" title="Crying Izak">Crying izak (<i>H. melanostigma</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-spotted_Izak" title="White-spotted Izak">African spotted catshark (<i>H. punctatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izak_catshark" title="Izak catshark">Izak catshark (<i>H. regani</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parmaturus" title="Parmaturus">Parmaturus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-tip_catshark" title="White-tip catshark">White-tip catshark (<i>P. albimarginatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-clasper_catshark" title="White-clasper catshark">White-clasper catshark (<i>P. albipenis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beige_catshark" title="Beige catshark">Beige catshark (<i>P. bigus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_catshark" title="Campeche catshark">Campeche catshark (<i>P. campechiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_catshark" title="Velvet catshark">Velvet catshark (<i>P. lanatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMillan%27s_cat_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="McMillan's cat shark">McMillan's catshark (<i>P. macmillani</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackgill_catshark" title="Blackgill catshark">Blackgill catshark (<i>P. melanobranchus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamander_shark" title="Salamander shark">Salamander shark (<i>P. pilosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filetail_catshark" title="Filetail catshark">Filetail catshark (<i>P. xaniurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beige_catshark" title="Beige catshark">Shorttail catshark (<i>Parmaturus sp. A</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Onefin_catshark" title="Onefin catshark">Pentanchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onefin_catshark" title="Onefin catshark">Onefin catshark (<i>P. profundicolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Poroderma" title="Poroderma">Poroderma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyjama_shark" title="Pyjama shark">Pyjama catshark (<i>P. africanum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopard_catshark" title="Leopard catshark">Leopard catshark (<i>P. pantherinum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Schroederichthys" title="Schroederichthys">Schroederichthys</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrowmouthed_catshark" title="Narrowmouthed catshark">Narrowmouthed catshark (<i>S. bivius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redspotted_catshark" title="Redspotted catshark">Redspotted catshark (<i>S. chilensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowtail_catshark" title="Narrowtail catshark">Narrowtail catshark (<i>S. maculatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_catshark" title="Lizard catshark">Lizard catshark (<i>S. saurisqualus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_catshark" title="Slender catshark">Slender catshark (<i>S. tenuis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><i><a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinus" title="Scyliorhinus">Scyliorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polkadot_catshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Polkadot catshark">Polkadot catshark (<i>S. besnardi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boa_catshark" title="Boa catshark">Boa catshark (<i>S. boa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-spotted_catshark" title="Small-spotted catshark">Small-spotted catshark (<i>S. canicula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowspotted_catshark" title="Yellowspotted catshark">Yellowspotted catshark (<i>S. capensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_catshark" title="West African catshark">West African catshark (<i>S. cervigoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoro_cat_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Comoro cat shark">Comoro cat shark (<i>S. comoroensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownspotted_catshark" title="Brownspotted catshark">Brownspotted catshark (<i>S. garmani</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freckled_catshark" title="Freckled catshark">Freckled catshark (<i>S. haeckelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesaddled_catshark" title="Whitesaddled catshark">Whitesaddled catshark (<i>S. hesperius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinus_meadi" title="Scyliorhinus meadi">Blotched catshark (<i>S. meadi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_catshark" title="Chain catshark">Chain catshark (<i>S. retifer</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursehound" title="Nursehound">Nursehound (<i>S. stellaris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izu_catshark" title="Izu catshark">Izu cat shark (<i>S. tokubee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudy_catshark" title="Cloudy catshark">Cloudy catshark (<i>S. torazame</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_catshark" title="Dwarf catshark">Dwarf catshark (<i>S. torrei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Order_Echinorhiniformes_(Bramble_sharks)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order <a href="/wiki/Echinorhinus" title="Echinorhinus">Echinorhiniformes <small>(Bramble sharks)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Echinorhinidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinorhinus" title="Echinorhinus">Echinorhinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Echinorhinus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Echinorhinus" title="Echinorhinus">Echinorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bramble_shark" title="Bramble shark">Bramble shark (<i>E. brucus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prickly_shark" title="Prickly shark">Prickly shark (<i>E. cookei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Order_Heterodontiformes_(Bullhead_sharks)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order <a href="/wiki/Bullhead_shark" title="Bullhead shark">Heterodontiformes <small>(Bullhead sharks)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Heterodontidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_shark" title="Bullhead shark">Heterodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Heterodontus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_shark" title="Bullhead shark">Heterodontus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_shark" title="Horn shark">Horn shark (<i>H. francisci</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crested_bullhead_shark" title="Crested bullhead shark">Crested bullhead shark (<i>H. galeatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_bullhead_shark" title="Japanese bullhead shark">Japanese bullhead shark (<i>H. japonicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_hornshark" title="Mexican hornshark">Mexican hornshark (<i>H. mexicanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman_bullhead_shark" title="Oman bullhead shark">Oman bullhead shark (<i>H. omanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson_shark" title="Port Jackson shark">Port Jackson shark (<i>H. portusjacksoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galapagos_bullhead_shark" title="Galapagos bullhead shark">Galapagos bullhead shark (<i>H. quoyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespotted_bullhead_shark" title="Whitespotted bullhead shark">Whitespotted bullhead shark (<i>H. ramalheira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_bullhead_shark" title="Zebra bullhead shark">Zebra bullhead shark (<i>H. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Order_Hexanchiformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order <a href="/wiki/Hexanchiformes" title="Hexanchiformes">Hexanchiformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frilled_shark" title="Frilled shark">Chlamydoselachidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chlamydoselachus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Frilled_shark" title="Frilled shark">Chlamydoselachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frilled_shark" title="Frilled shark">Frilled shark (<i>C. anguineus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_frilled_shark" title="Southern African frilled shark">Southern African frilled shark (<i>C. africana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cow_shark" title="Cow shark">Hexanchidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Cow sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sharpnose_sevengill_shark" title="Sharpnose sevengill shark">Heptranchias</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharpnose_sevengill_shark" title="Sharpnose sevengill shark">Sharpnose sevengill shark (<i>H. perlo</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hexanchus" title="Hexanchus">Hexanchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluntnose_sixgill_shark" title="Bluntnose sixgill shark">Bluntnose sixgill shark (<i>H. griseus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeyed_sixgill_shark" title="Bigeyed sixgill shark">Bigeyed sixgill shark (<i>H. nakamurai</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Broadnose_sevengill_shark" title="Broadnose sevengill shark">Notorynchus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadnose_sevengill_shark" title="Broadnose sevengill shark">Broadnose sevengill shark (<i>N. cepedianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Order_Lamniformes_(Mackerel_sharks)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order <a href="/wiki/Lamniformes" title="Lamniformes">Lamniformes <small>(Mackerel sharks)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thresher_shark" title="Thresher shark">Alopiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alopias_(Thresher_sharks)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Thresher_shark" title="Thresher shark">Alopias</a></i> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Thresher sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_thresher" title="Pelagic thresher">Pelagic thresher (<i>A. pelagicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_thresher" title="Bigeye thresher">Bigeye thresher (<i>A. superciliosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_thresher" title="Common thresher">Common thresher (<i>A. vulpinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alopias_sp." class="mw-redirect" title="Alopias sp.">Alopias sp. (<i>A. sp.</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">Cetorhinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cetorhinus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">Cetorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">Basking shark (<i>C. maximus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamnidae" title="Lamnidae">Lamnidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lamnidae" title="Lamnidae">Carcharodon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_white_shark" title="Great white shark">Great white shark (<i>C. carcharias</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Isurus" title="Isurus">Isurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shortfin_mako_shark" title="Shortfin mako shark">Shortfin mako shark (<i>I. oxyrinchus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfin_mako_shark" title="Longfin mako shark">Longfin mako shark (<i>I. paucus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lamna" title="Lamna">Lamna</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_shark" title="Salmon shark">Salmon shark (<i>L. ditropis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porbeagle" title="Porbeagle">Porbeagle (<i>L. nasus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megamouth_shark" title="Megamouth shark">Megachasmidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Megachasma" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Megamouth_shark" title="Megamouth shark">Megachasma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megamouth_shark" title="Megamouth shark">Megamouth shark (<i>M. pelagios</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mitsukurinidae" title="Mitsukurinidae">Mitsukurinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mitsukurina" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goblin_shark" title="Goblin shark">Mitsukurina</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goblin_shark" title="Goblin shark">Goblin shark (<i>M. owstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sand_shark" title="Sand shark">Odontaspididae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Carcharias" title="Carcharias">Carcharias</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey nurse shark">Grey nurse shark (<i>C. taurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_sand_tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian sand tiger"> Indian sand tiger (<i>C. tricuspidatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odontaspis" title="Odontaspis">Odontaspis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smalltooth_sand_tiger" title="Smalltooth sand tiger">Smalltooth sand tiger (<i>O. ferox</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_sand_tiger" title="Bigeye sand tiger">Bigeye sand tiger (<i>O. noronhai</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_shark" title="Crocodile shark">Pseudocarchariidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pseudocarcharias" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_shark" title="Crocodile shark">Pseudocarcharias</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_shark" title="Crocodile shark">Crocodile shark (<i>P. kamoharai</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Order_Orectolobiformes_(Carpet_sharks)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order <a href="/wiki/Carpet_shark" title="Carpet shark">Orectolobiformes <small>(Carpet sharks)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachaeluridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachaeluridae">Brachaeluridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blind_shark" title="Blind shark">Brachaelurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blind_shark" title="Blind shark">Blind shark (<i>B. waddi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bluegrey_carpetshark" title="Bluegrey carpetshark">Heteroscyllium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrey_carpetshark" title="Bluegrey carpetshark">Bluegrey carpetshark (<i>H. colcloughi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ginglymostomatidae" title="Ginglymostomatidae">Ginglymostomatidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Nurse sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nurse_shark" title="Nurse shark">Ginglymostoma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nurse_shark" title="Nurse shark">Nurse shark (<i>G. cirratum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tawny_nurse_shark" title="Tawny nurse shark">Nebrius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawny_nurse_shark" title="Tawny nurse shark">Tawny nurse shark (<i>N. ferrugineus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Short-tail_nurse_shark" title="Short-tail nurse shark">Pseudoginglymostoma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short-tail_nurse_shark" title="Short-tail nurse shark">Short-tail nurse shark (<i>P. brevicaudatum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemiscylliidae" title="Hemiscylliidae">Hemiscylliidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Bamboo sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chiloscyllium" title="Chiloscyllium">Chiloscyllium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_carpetshark" title="Arabian carpetshark">Arabian carpetshark (<i>C. arabicum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_bamboo_shark" title="Burmese bamboo shark">Burmese bamboo shark (<i>C. burmensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluespotted_bamboo_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluespotted bamboo shark">Bluespotted bamboo shark (<i>C. caerulopunctatum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_bamboo_shark" title="Grey bamboo shark">Grey bamboo shark (<i>C. griseum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasselt%27s_bamboo_shark" title="Hasselt's bamboo shark">Hasselt's bamboo shark (<i>C. hasseltii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_bamboo_shark" title="Slender bamboo shark">Slender bamboo shark (<i>C. indicum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespotted_bamboo_shark" title="Whitespotted bamboo shark">Whitespotted bamboo shark (<i>C. plagiosum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownbanded_bamboo_shark" title="Brownbanded bamboo shark">Brownbanded bamboo shark (<i>C. punctatum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hemiscyllium" title="Hemiscyllium">Hemiscyllium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_speckled_carpetshark" title="Indonesian speckled carpetshark">Indonesian speckled carpetshark (<i>H. freycineti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiscyllium_galei" title="Hemiscyllium galei"><i>H. galei</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_epaulette_shark" title="Papuan epaulette shark">Papuan epaulette shark (<i>H. hallstromi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemiscyllium_henryi" title="Hemiscyllium henryi"><i>H. henryi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaulette_shark" title="Epaulette shark">Epaulette shark (<i>H. ocellatum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooded_carpetshark" title="Hooded carpetshark">Hooded carpetshark (<i>H. strahani</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speckled_carpetshark" title="Speckled carpetshark">Speckled carpetshark (<i>H. trispeculare</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wobbegong" title="Wobbegong">Orectolobidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Wobbegongs)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tasselled_wobbegong" title="Tasselled wobbegong">Eucrossorhinus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasselled_wobbegong" title="Tasselled wobbegong">Tasselled wobbegong (<i>E. dasypogon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Orectolobus" title="Orectolobus">Orectolobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floral_banded_wobbegong" title="Floral banded wobbegong">Floral banded wobbegong (<i>O. floridus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orectolobus_halei" class="mw-redirect" title="Orectolobus halei">Banded wobbegong (<i>O. halei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orectolobus_hutchinsi" title="Orectolobus hutchinsi">Western wobbegong (<i>O. hutchinsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_wobbegong" title="Japanese wobbegong">Japanese wobbegong (<i>O. japonicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotted_wobbegong" title="Spotted wobbegong">Spotted wobbegong (<i>O. maculatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornate_wobbegong" title="Ornate wobbegong">Ornate wobbegong (<i>O. ornatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_spotted_wobbegong" title="Dwarf spotted wobbegong">Dwarf spotted wobbegong (<i>O. parvimaculatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orectolobus_reticulatus" title="Orectolobus reticulatus">Network wobbegong (<i>O. reticulatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_wobbegong" title="Northern wobbegong">Northern wobbegong (<i>O. wardi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cobbler_wobbegong" title="Cobbler wobbegong">Sutorectus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobbler_wobbegong" title="Cobbler wobbegong">Cobbler wobbegong (<i>S. tentaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parascylliidae" title="Parascylliidae">Parascylliidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Collared carpet sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cirrhoscyllium" title="Cirrhoscyllium">Cirrhoscyllium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbelthroat_carpetshark" title="Barbelthroat carpetshark">Barbelthroat carpetshark (<i>C. expolitum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_saddled_carpetshark" title="Taiwan saddled carpetshark">Taiwan saddled carpetshark (<i>C. formosanum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_carpetshark" title="Saddle carpetshark">Saddle carpetshark (<i>C. japonicum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parascyllium" title="Parascyllium">Parascyllium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_carpetshark" title="Collared carpetshark">Collared carpetshark (<i>P. collare</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusty_carpetshark" title="Rusty carpetshark">Rusty carpetshark (<i>P. ferrugineum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger_carpetshark" title="Ginger carpetshark">Ginger carpetshark (<i>P. sparsimaculatum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace_carpetshark" title="Necklace carpetshark">Necklace carpetshark (<i>P. variolatum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">Rhincodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rhincodon" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">Rhincodon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">Whale shark (<i>R. typus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zebra_shark" title="Zebra shark">Stegostomatidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stegostoma" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:13em"><i><a href="/wiki/Zebra_shark" title="Zebra shark">Stegostoma</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_shark" title="Zebra shark">Zebra shark (<i>S. fasciatum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Order_Pristiophoriformes_(Sawsharks)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order <a href="/wiki/Sawshark" title="Sawshark">Pristiophoriformes <small>(Sawsharks)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pristiophoridae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sawshark" title="Sawshark">Pristiophoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sixgill_sawshark" title="Sixgill sawshark">Pliotrema</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixgill_sawshark" title="Sixgill sawshark">Sixgill sawshark (<i>P. warreni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pristiophorus" title="Pristiophorus">Pristiophorus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longnose_sawshark" title="Longnose sawshark">Longnose sawshark (<i>P. cirratus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_sawshark" title="Tropical sawshark">Tropical sawshark (<i>P. delicatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sawshark" title="Japanese sawshark">Japanese sawshark (<i>P. japonicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortnose_sawshark" title="Shortnose sawshark">Shortnose sawshark (<i>P. nudipinnis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas_sawshark" title="Bahamas sawshark">Bahamas sawshark (<i>P. schroederi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Australian_sawshark" title="Eastern Australian sawshark">Eastern Australian sawshark (<i>Pristiophorus peroniensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_sawshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine sawshark">Philippine sawshark (<i>Pristiophorus sp. C</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_sawshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf sawshark">Dwarf sawshark (<i>Pristiophorus sp. D</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Order_Squaliformes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order <a href="/wiki/Squaliformes" title="Squaliformes">Squaliformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Centrophoridae" title="Centrophoridae">Centrophoridae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Gulper sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Centrophorus" title="Centrophorus">Centrophorus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Needle_dogfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Needle dogfish">Needle dogfish (<i>C. acus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_gulper_shark" title="Dwarf gulper shark">Dwarf gulper shark (<i>C. atromarginatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulper_shark" title="Gulper shark">Gulper shark (<i>C. granulosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumb_gulper_shark" title="Dumb gulper shark">Dumb gulper shark (<i>C. harrissoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfin_gulper_shark" title="Blackfin gulper shark">Blackfin gulper shark (<i>C. isodon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowfin_gulper_shark" title="Lowfin gulper shark">Lowfin gulper shark (<i>C. lusitanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallfin_gulper_shark" title="Smallfin gulper shark">Smallfin gulper shark (<i>C. moluccensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_gulper_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan gulper shark">Taiwan gulper shark (<i>C. niaukang</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leafscale_gulper_shark" title="Leafscale gulper shark">Leafscale gulper shark (<i>C. squamosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_gulper_shark" title="Mosaic gulper shark">Mosaic gulper shark (<i>C. tessellatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_gulper_shark" title="Little gulper shark">Little gulper shark (<i>C. uyato</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Deania" title="Deania">Deania</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdbeak_dogfish" title="Birdbeak dogfish">Birdbeak dogfish (<i>D. calcea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_longnose_dogfish" title="Rough longnose dogfish">Rough longnose dogfish (<i>D. hystricosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_dogfish" title="Arrowhead dogfish">Arrowhead dogfish (<i>D. profundorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longsnout_dogfish" title="Longsnout dogfish">Longsnout dogfish (<i>D. quadrispinosum</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dalatiidae" title="Dalatiidae">Dalatiidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taillight_shark" title="Taillight shark">Euprotomicroides</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taillight_shark" title="Taillight shark">Taillight shark (<i>E. zantedeschia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Longnose_pygmy_shark" title="Longnose pygmy shark">Heteroscymnoides</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longnose_pygmy_shark" title="Longnose pygmy shark">Longnose pygmy shark (<i>H. marleyi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pocket_shark" title="Pocket shark">Mollisquama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_shark" title="Pocket shark">Pocket shark (<i>M. parini</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kitefin_shark" title="Kitefin shark">Dalatias</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitefin_shark" title="Kitefin shark">Kitefin shark (<i>D. licha</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Isistius" title="Isistius">Isistius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookiecutter_shark" title="Cookiecutter shark">Cookiecutter shark (<i>I. brasiliensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_cookiecutter_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="South China cookiecutter shark">South China cookiecutter shark (<i>I. labialis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largetooth_cookiecutter_shark" title="Largetooth cookiecutter shark">Largetooth cookiecutter shark (<i>I. plutodus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_shark" title="Pygmy shark">Euprotomicrus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_shark" title="Pygmy shark">Pygmy shark (<i>E. bispinatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Squaliolus" title="Squaliolus">Squaliolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smalleye_pygmy_shark" title="Smalleye pygmy shark">Smalleye pygmy shark (<i>S. aliae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spined_pygmy_shark" title="Spined pygmy shark">Spined pygmy shark (<i>S. laticaudus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Etmopteridae" title="Etmopteridae">Etmopteridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hooktooth_dogfish" title="Hooktooth dogfish">Aculeola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hooktooth_dogfish" title="Hooktooth dogfish">Hooktooth dogfish (<i>A. nigra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Centroscyllium" title="Centroscyllium">Centroscyllium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highfin_dogfish" title="Highfin dogfish">Highfin dogfish (<i>C. excelsum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dogfish" title="Black dogfish">Black dogfish (<i>C. fabricii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_dogfish" title="Granular dogfish">Granular dogfish (<i>C. granulatum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareskin_dogfish" title="Bareskin dogfish">Bareskin dogfish (<i>C. kamoharai</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combtooth_dogfish" title="Combtooth dogfish">Combtooth dogfish (<i>C. nigrum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornate_dogfish" title="Ornate dogfish">Ornate dogfish (<i>C. ornatum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefin_dogfish" title="Whitefin dogfish">Whitefin dogfish (<i>C. ritteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Etmopterus" title="Etmopterus">Etmopterus</a></i> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Lantern sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_lanternshark" title="New Zealand lanternshark">New Zealand lanternshark (<i>E. baxteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blurred_lanternshark" title="Blurred lanternshark">Blurred lanternshark (<i>E. bigelowi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorttail_lanternshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorttail lanternshark">Shorttail lanternshark (<i>E. brachyurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lined_lanternshark" title="Lined lanternshark">Lined lanternshark (<i>E. bullisi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etmopterus_burgessi" title="Etmopterus burgessi"><i>E. burgessi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_lanternshark" title="Cylindrical lanternshark">Cylindrical lanternshark (<i>E. carteri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailspot_lanternshark" title="Tailspot lanternshark">Tailspot lanternshark (<i>E. caudistigmus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combtooth_lanternshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Combtooth lanternshark">Combtooth lanternshark (<i>E. decacuspidatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_lanternshark" title="Pink lanternshark">Pink lanternshark (<i>E. dianthus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etmopterus_dislineatus" title="Etmopterus dislineatus"><i>E. dislineatus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackmouth_lanternshark" title="Blackmouth lanternshark">Blackmouth lanternshark (<i>E. evansi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_lanternshark" title="Pygmy lanternshark">Pygmy lanternshark (<i>E. fusus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadbanded_lanternshark" title="Broadbanded lanternshark">Broadbanded lanternshark (<i>E. gracilispinis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_lanternshark" title="Southern lanternshark">Southern lanternshark (<i>E. granulosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_lanternshark" title="Caribbean lanternshark">Caribbean lanternshark (<i>E. hillianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalleye_lantern_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Smalleye lantern shark">Smalleye lantern shark (<i>E. litvinovi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackbelly_lanternshark" title="Blackbelly lanternshark">Blackbelly lanternshark (<i>E. lucifer</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slendertail_lanternshark" title="Slendertail lanternshark">Slendertail lanternshark (<i>E. molleri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_lanternshark" title="Dwarf lanternshark">Dwarf lanternshark (<i>E. perryi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_lanternshark" title="African lanternshark">African lanternshark (<i>E. polli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_lanternshark" title="Great lanternshark">Great lanternshark (<i>E. princeps</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_lanternshark" title="False lanternshark">False lanternshark (<i>E. pseudosqualiolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_lanternshark" title="Smooth lanternshark">Smooth lanternshark (<i>E. pusillus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dense-scale_lantern_shark" title="Dense-scale lantern shark">Dense-scale lantern shark (<i>E. pycnolepis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_lanternshark" title="West Indian lanternshark">West Indian lanternshark (<i>E. robinsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringefin_lanternshark" title="Fringefin lanternshark">Fringefin lanternshark (<i>E. schultzi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorny_lanternshark" title="Thorny lanternshark">Thorny lanternshark (<i>E. sentosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_belly_lantern_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Velvet belly lantern shark">Velvet belly lantern shark (<i>E. spinax</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splendid_lanternshark" title="Splendid lanternshark">Splendid lanternshark (<i>E. splendidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_lanternshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Tasmanian lanternshark">Tasmanian lanternshark (<i>E. tasmaniensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_lanternshark" title="Brown lanternshark">Brown lanternshark (<i>E. unicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_lanternshark" title="Hawaiian lanternshark">Hawaiian lanternshark (<i>E. villosus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_lanternshark" title="Green lanternshark">Green lanternshark (<i>E. virens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rasptooth_dogfish" title="Rasptooth dogfish">Miroscyllium</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasptooth_dogfish" title="Rasptooth dogfish">Rasptooth dogfish (<i>M. sheikoi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Viper_dogfish" title="Viper dogfish">Trigonognathus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viper_dogfish" title="Viper dogfish">Viper dogfish (<i>T. kabeyai</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxynotus" title="Oxynotus">Oxynotidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Rough sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Oxynotus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxynotus" title="Oxynotus">Oxynotus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prickly_dogfish" title="Prickly dogfish">Prickly dogfish (<i>O. bruniensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_roughshark" title="Caribbean roughshark">Caribbean roughshark (<i>O. caribbaeus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_roughshark" title="Angular roughshark">Angular roughshark (<i>O. centrina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_roughshark" title="Japanese roughshark">Japanese roughshark (<i>O. japonicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailfin_roughshark" title="Sailfin roughshark">Sailfin roughshark (<i>O. paradoxus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somniosidae" title="Somniosidae">Somniosidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Sleeper sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Centroscymnus" title="Centroscymnus">Centroscymnus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dogfish" title="Portuguese dogfish">Portuguese dogfish (<i>C. coelolepis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortnose_velvet_dogfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortnose velvet dogfish">Shortnose velvet dogfish (<i>C. cryptacanthus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughskin_dogfish" title="Roughskin dogfish">Roughskin dogfish (<i>C. owstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Longnose_velvet_dogfish" title="Longnose velvet dogfish">Centroselachus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longnose_velvet_dogfish" title="Longnose velvet dogfish">Longnose velvet dogfish (<i>C. crepidater</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Proscymnodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Proscymnodon">Proscymnodon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Largespine_velvet_dogfish" title="Largespine velvet dogfish">Largespine velvet dogfish (<i>P. macracanthus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunket_shark" title="Plunket shark">Plunket shark (<i>P. plunketi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Scymnodalatias" title="Scymnodalatias">Scymnodalatias</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whitetail_dogfish" title="Whitetail dogfish">Whitetail dogfish (<i>S. albicauda</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_dogfish" title="Azores dogfish">Azores dogfish (<i>S. garricki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparsetooth_dogfish" title="Sparsetooth dogfish">Sparsetooth dogfish (<i>S. oligodon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwood_dogfish" title="Sherwood dogfish">Sherwood dogfish (<i>S. sherwoodi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Scymnodon" title="Scymnodon">Scymnodon</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smallmouth_velvet_dogfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallmouth velvet dogfish">Smallmouth velvet dogfish (<i>S. obscurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knifetooth_dogfish" title="Knifetooth dogfish">Knifetooth dogfish (<i>S. ringens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Somniosus" title="Somniosus">Somniosus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_sleeper_shark" title="Southern sleeper shark">Southern sleeper shark (<i>S. antarcticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_shark" title="Frog shark">Frog shark (<i>S. longus </i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_shark" title="Greenland shark">Greenland shark (<i>S. microcephalus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_sleeper_shark" title="Pacific sleeper shark">Pacific sleeper shark (<i>S. pacificus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_sleeper_shark" title="Little sleeper shark">Little sleeper shark (<i>S. rostratus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Zameus" class="mw-redirect" title="Zameus">Zameus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_velvet_dogfish" title="Japanese velvet dogfish">Japanese velvet dogfish (<i>Z. ichiharai</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_dogfish" title="Velvet dogfish">Velvet dogfish (<i>Z. squamulosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squalidae" title="Squalidae">Squalidae</a> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Dogfish sharks)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cirrhigaleus" title="Cirrhigaleus">Cirrhigaleus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roughskin_spurdog" title="Roughskin spurdog">Roughskin spurdog (<i>C. asper</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_dogfish" title="Mandarin dogfish">Mandarin dogfish (<i>C. barbifer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><i><a href="/wiki/Spurdog" title="Spurdog">Squalus</a></i> <br /> <span class="nobold">(Spurdogs)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spiny_dogfish" title="Spiny dogfish">Spiny dogfish (<i>S. acanthias</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_highfin_spurdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern highfin spurdog">Eastern highfin spurdog (<i>S. albifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squalus_acutirostris" class="mw-redirect" title="Squalus acutirostris"><i>S. acutirostris</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_highfin_spurdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Western highfin spurdog">Western highfin spurdog (<i>S. altipinnis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longnose_spurdog" title="Longnose spurdog">Longnose spurdog (<i>S. blainville</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatspine_spurdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatspine spurdog">Fatspine spurdog (<i>S. crassispinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_dogfish" title="Cuban dogfish">Cuban dogfish (<i>S. cubensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_longnose_spurdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern longnose spurdog">Eastern longnose spurdog (<i>S. grahami</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_spurdog" title="Japanese spurdog">Japanese spurdog (<i>S. japonicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortnose_spurdog" title="Shortnose spurdog">Shortnose spurdog (<i>S. megalops</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacktailed_spurdog" title="Blacktailed spurdog">Blacktailed spurdog (<i>S. melanurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortspine_spurdog" title="Shortspine spurdog">Shortspine spurdog (<i>S. mitsukurii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartail_spurdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartail spurdog">Bartail spurdog (<i>S. notocaudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_longnose_spurdog" class="mw-redirect" title="Western longnose spurdog">Western longnose spurdog (<i>S. nasutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_spurdog" title="Cyrano spurdog">Cyrano spurdog (<i>S. rancureli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_spiny_dogfish" title="Pacific spiny dogfish">Pacific spiny dogfish (<i>S. suckleyi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Order_Squatiniformes_(Angel_sharks)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Order <a href="/wiki/Angel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel shark">Squatiniformes <small>(Angel sharks)</small></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Squatinidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel shark">Squatinidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Squatina" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Angel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel shark">Squatina</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sawback_angelshark" title="Sawback angelshark">Sawback angelshark (<i>S. aculeata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_angelshark" title="African angelshark">African angelshark (<i>S. africana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Australian_angelshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Australian angelshark">Eastern Australian angelshark (<i>Squatina albipunctata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_angelshark" title="Argentine angelshark">Argentine angelshark (<i>S. argentina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_angelshark" title="Chilean angelshark">Chilean angelshark (<i>S. armata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_angelshark" title="Australian angelshark">Australian angelshark (<i>S. australis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_angelshark" title="Pacific angelshark">Pacific angelshark (<i>S. californica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_devil" title="Sand devil">Sand devil (<i>S. dumeril</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_angelshark" title="Taiwan angelshark">Taiwan angelshark (<i>S. formosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angular_angel_shark" class="mw-redirect" title="Angular angel shark">Angular angel shark (<i>S. guggenheim</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squatina_heteroptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatina heteroptera">S. heteroptera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_angelshark" title="Japanese angelshark">Japanese angelshark (<i>S. japonica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_angelshark" title="Indonesian angelshark">Indonesian angelshark (<i>S. legnota</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_angelshark" title="Pacific angelshark">Cortez angelshark (<i>S. mexicana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clouded_angelshark" title="Clouded angelshark">Clouded angelshark (<i>S. nebulosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothback_angelshark" title="Smoothback angelshark">Smoothback angelshark (<i>S. oculata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatina_punctata" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatina punctata"><i>S. punctata</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_angelshark" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Australian angelshark">Western Australian angelshark (<i>Squatina pseudocellata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatina_squatina" title="Squatina squatina">Angelshark (<i>S. squatina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornate_angelshark" title="Ornate angelshark">Ornate angelshark (<i>S. tergocellata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocellated_angelshark" title="Ocellated angelshark">Ocellated angelshark (<i>S. tergocellatoides</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fish" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template talk:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fish" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoichthyology" title="Ethnoichthyology">Ethnoichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">- as food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_fish" title="Fear of fish">Fear of -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">Hypoxia in -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antennarius_striatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striated frogfish"><img alt="Striated frogfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/140px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/210px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/280px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Anatomy</a><br /> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_determination_in_fish" title="Age determination in fish">Age determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilliformity" title="Anguilliformity">Anguilliformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_bone" title="Fish bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_bone" title="Dermal bone">dermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification" title="Intramembranous ossification">intramembranous ossification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">Cleithrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">Fins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_gill" title="Fish gill">Gill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill raker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobranch" title="Pseudobranch">pseudobranch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossohyal" title="Glossohyal">Glossohyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_jaw" title="Fish jaw">Jaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyomandibula" title="Hyomandibula">hyomandibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_jaw" title="Pharyngeal jaw">pharyngeal jaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leydig%27s_organ" title="Leydig's organ">Leydig's organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthner_cell" title="Mauthner cell">Mauthner cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristics" title="Meristics">Meristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">Operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_papillare" title="Operculum papillare">papillare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilla_(fish_anatomy)" title="Papilla (fish anatomy)">Papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_effect" title="Root effect">Root effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_cartilage" title="Shark cartilage">Shark cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">Scales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganoine" title="Ganoine">ganoine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_valve" title="Spiral valve">Spiral valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckermouth" title="Suckermouth">Suckermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">Swim bladder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physoclisti" title="Physoclisti">physoclisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostome" title="Physostome">physostome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">Teeth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_teeth" title="Pharyngeal teeth">pharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tooth" title="Shark tooth">shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleost_leptins" title="Teleost leptins">Teleost leptins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Fish_Library" title="Digital Fish Library">Digital Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_systems_in_fish" title="Sensory systems in fish">Sensory<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbel (anatomy)">Barbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_reception" title="Hydrodynamic reception">Hydrodynamic reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Capacity for pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schreckstoff" title="Schreckstoff">Schreckstoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection_by_animals" title="Surface wave detection by animals">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision in fishes">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">Reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_nest" title="Bubble nest">Bubble nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clasper" title="Clasper">Clasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)" title="Egg case (Chondrichthyes)">Egg case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_development" title="Fish development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">Life history theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt" title="Milt">Milt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthbrooder" title="Mouthbrooder">Mouthbrooder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_fish" title="Polyandry in fish">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_in_fish" title="Pregnancy in fish">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">triggers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion" title="Fin and flipper locomotion">Fin and flipper locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_fish" title="Amphibious fish">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_fish" title="Walking fish">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water" title="Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboTuna" title="RoboTuna">RoboTuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">Bait ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">Cleaner fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corallivore" title="Corallivore">Corallivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">Electric fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">Filter feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paedophagy" title="Paedophagy">Paedophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">Scale eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Schooling fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_fish" title="Sleep in fish">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_intelligence" title="Fish intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">Euryhaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundfish">Groundfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">Coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Genetically modified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_fish" title="Hallucinogenic fish">Hallucinogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">Oily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisonous_fish" title="Poisonous fish">Poisonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_fish" title="Rough fish">Rough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Salmonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">lampreys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">chimaeras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">spiny-finned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">fleshy-finned</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_aquarium_life" title="Lists of aquarium life">Aquarium life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_fish" title="Blind fish">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_common_names" title="List of fish common names">Fish common names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_families" title="List of fish families">Fish families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Glossary of ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_fish" title="List of largest fish">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_fish" title="List of smallest fish">Smallest</a></li> <li>Threatened <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish" title="Lists of prehistoric fish">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fishes" title="Category:Lists of fishes">more lists...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fish" title="Category:Fish">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fishes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Selachimorpha</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7372" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q7372">Q7372</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Selachimorpha" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Selachimorpha">Selachimorpha</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/46559672">46559672</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=159787">159787</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000186986">NBNSYS0000186986</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=119203">119203</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=218949">218949</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=368408">368408</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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[\"CITEREFGray2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffith1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGruber2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuttridge,_T.L.van_Dijk,_S.Stamhuis,_E.J.Krause,_J.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamlett1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamlett1999f\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandwerk2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHubbard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonNelson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJolly2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJønAich2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalmijn_AJ1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard_J._V._Compagno1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMCGrath,_Matt2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacNeilChapmanHeupelSimpfendorfer2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarjanović2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin\"] = 11,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarx1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMercer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer_CGHolland_KNPapastamatiou_YP2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilman2014\"] = 1,\n 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