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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the history of gender and sexual minorities in the Ottoman Empire. For the history of LGBT people in modern-day Turkey, see <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Turkey">LGBT history in Turkey</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Binding_of_Nev%27izade_Atayi%27s_Hamse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Binding_of_Nev%27izade_Atayi%27s_Hamse.jpg/300px-Binding_of_Nev%27izade_Atayi%27s_Hamse.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="481" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Binding_of_Nev%27izade_Atayi%27s_Hamse.jpg/450px-Binding_of_Nev%27izade_Atayi%27s_Hamse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Binding_of_Nev%27izade_Atayi%27s_Hamse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nev%27%C3%AEz%C3%A2de_At%C3%A2y%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nev'îzâde Atâyî (page does not exist)">Nev'îzâde Atâyî</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nev%27%C3%AEz%C3%A2de_At%C3%A2y%C3%AE" class="extiw" title="tr:Nev'îzâde Atâyî">tr</a>]</span>'s manuscript <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamse (page does not exist)">Hamse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamse" class="extiw" title="tr:Hamse">tr</a>]</span></i>, which contains several accounts of moral tales with the final chapter detailing a tale of same-sex male lovers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, which existed from the 14th century until the early 20th century, had a complex and varied approach to issues related to sexuality and gender, including those of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_minority" title="Sexual minority">gender and sexual minorities</a>. </p><p>Concepts such as <a href="/wiki/Gay_men" title="Gay men">gay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> did not exist in the Ottoman era. <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a> was <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> governed by a blend of <i><a href="/wiki/Qanun_(law)" title="Qanun (law)">Qanun</a></i> (sultanic law) and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic religious laws">Islamic religious laws</a>, which translated to negative legalistic perspectives, but also lenient-to-nonexistent enforcement. Therefore, negative perspectives often did not lead to legal sanctions, with rare exceptions. Public norms exhibited fluid <a href="/wiki/Gender_expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender expressions">gender expressions</a> (particularly for younger males), and attitudes toward same-sex relationships were diverse, often categorized by age and expected roles. Literature and art flourished as significant mediums for discussing gender and sexuality, with Ottoman poets openly exploring <a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">same-sex love in the arts</a> until the 19th century, when Westernization led to the stigmatization of homosexuality, potentially influencing the censorship of certain literary scenes. </p><p>The 19th-century ushered in transformative changes marked by <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a>; these changes largely stigmatized homosexuality. The 1858 Ottoman Penal Code is a pivotal moment, often cited as signaling private decriminalization. However, previous laws against homosexuality were rarely invoked by the Ottomans, and this liberalization came amid heightening <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormativity</a> and anxieties about open same-sex expression among men, leading many scholars to question the validity of the "decriminalization" paradigm used for the Ottoman Empire. </p><p>Beyond its borders, the perception of homosexuality in the Ottoman Empire became entwined with <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist tropes</a>, perpetuating stereotypes of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_perversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual perversion">sexual perversion</a> in Western discourse. This representation reflected attempts to assert the moral superiority of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_legal_status">History and legal status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and legal status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Law of the Ottoman Empire">late Ottoman Empire was governed</a> by the authority of the <i><a href="/wiki/Qanun_(law)" title="Qanun (law)">Qanun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Siyasa" title="Siyasa">sultanic law</a>), based on <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a> law of the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>sharīʿah</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Groot2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Groot2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While legal perspectives on homosexuality were negative, actual legal persecution was rare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElif2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElif2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public perceptions of homosexual acts and gender norms were varied and often ambivalent; some acts were seen as more normative than others, and some could be celebrated in literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElif2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElif2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These norms changed drastically in the 19th century, during the Westernization and collapse of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">Mukhannathun</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مخنثون</span></span> "effeminate ones", "ones who resemble women", singular <i>mukhannath</i>) was a term used in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Effeminacy" title="Effeminacy">effeminate</a> men or people of ambiguous sex characteristics who appeared feminine or functioned socially in roles typically carried out by women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowson1991_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowson1991-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Iranian scholar Mehrdad Alipour, "in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_Islamic_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-modern Islamic societies">premodern period</a>, Muslim societies were aware of five manifestations of gender ambiguity: This can be seen through figures such as the <i>khasi</i> (eunuch), the <i><a href="/wiki/Hijra_(South_Asia)" title="Hijra (South Asia)">hijra</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mukhannath" title="Mukhannath">mukhannath</a></i>, the <i>mamsuh</i> and the <i>khuntha</i> (hermaphrodite/<a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a>)."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlipour2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlipour2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <i>mukhannathun</i> were initially considered to desire females, they were later considered to desire males instead and became associated with homosexuality,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowson1991675–676_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowson1991675–676-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly the <a href="/wiki/Receptive_partner" class="mw-redirect" title="Receptive partner">receptive partner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gay_sexual_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay sexual practices">gay sexual practices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe1997305–310_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe1997305–310-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_period">Pre-modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For men, the terms <i>gulampare</i> was used to mean "male-lover" (men loving men), and <i>zenpare</i> to mean "woman-lover" (men loving women).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvas20148_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvas20148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concepts of '<a href="/wiki/Lesbian" title="Lesbian">lesbian</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a>' identities did not exist. Instead, identity was based on <a href="/wiki/Gay_sex_roles" title="Gay sex roles">sexual roles</a>, i.e. whether one was considered <i>active</i> or <i>passive</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElif2020_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElif2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boys and men without beards (<i>emred</i>) were considered sexually desirable and feminine, which allowed them to be "penetrable" and the objects of desire for older men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKayaal202034_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKayaal202034-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Will Roscoe and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_O._Murray" title="Stephen O. Murray">Stephen O. Murray</a> contend that the division between <a href="/wiki/Gender_variance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender variance">gender variance</a> and sexual object choice occurred in the early 20th century. Until the late 1940s, sexual minoritization was associated with being a non-masculine man or a non-feminine woman, while those considered "normal" were 'masculine' men and 'feminine' women. This historical view of homosexuality, they say, was prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, particularly during the <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> period (the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe19977_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe19977-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, adolescent men were socially permitted to desire older men or women. After puberty, they were expected to desire young boys or women. Being in both roles could have led to social censure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElif2020_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElif2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence, however, that egalitarian same-sex relations also occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe199723-25_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe199723-25-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guillaume_de_Vaudoncourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guillaume de Vaudoncourt (page does not exist)">Guillaume de Vaudoncourt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Fran%C3%A7ois_Guillaume_de_Vaudoncourt" class="extiw" title="fr:Frédéric François Guillaume de Vaudoncourt">fr</a>]</span> wrote that <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali Pasha</a> (the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman-controlled Albania</a> 1788–1822) was "almost exclusively given up to the Socratic pleasures, and for this purpose keeps up a seraglio of youths, from among whom he selects his confidants, and even his principal officers";<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Vaudoncourt1816278_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Vaudoncourt1816278-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his son <a href="/wiki/Veli_Pasha" title="Veli Pasha">Veli Pasha</a> was also said to share an "appetite for boys".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray200262_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray200262-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in most cases, these relationships were temporary, Ottoman Albania at this time also had a concept similar to <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex unions">same-sex unions</a>, among both <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray200260-61_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray200260-61-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuchek_Hanem_-_19th_century_dancer_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kuchek_Hanem_-_19th_century_dancer_01.jpg/220px-Kuchek_Hanem_-_19th_century_dancer_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Kuchek_Hanem_-_19th_century_dancer_01.jpg/330px-Kuchek_Hanem_-_19th_century_dancer_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Kuchek_Hanem_-_19th_century_dancer_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">cross-dressing</a> dancer (<i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">köçek</a></i>)</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Legal_concept_of_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal concept of gender">legal concept of gender</a> was <a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">binary</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Gender_expression" title="Gender expression">gender expression</a> could be more fluid in some locations and contexts. <i><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%A7ek" title="Köçek">Köçek</a></i> was a term for male dancers;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvas20148_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvas20148-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkish musicologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eehvar_Be%C5%9Firo%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şehvar Beşiroğlu (page does not exist)">Şehvar Beşiroğlu</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehvar_Be%C5%9Firo%C4%9Flu" class="extiw" title="tr:Şehvar Beşiroğlu">tr</a>]</span> notes that <i>köçekler</i> (plural of <i>köçek</i>) were typically handsome, young, and effeminate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeşiroğlu20196_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeşiroğlu20196-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They usually <a href="/wiki/Cross-dressing" title="Cross-dressing">dressed in feminine clothes</a> and were employed as entertainers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeşiroğlu2019_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeşiroğlu2019-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men watching the <i>köçekler</i> would allegedly go wild, breaking their glasses, shouting themselves voiceless, or fighting and sometimes killing each other vying for the opportunity to rape, molest, or otherwise force the young men into sexual servitude.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarayanni200678,_82–83_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarayanni200678,_82–83-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This association with <a href="/wiki/Sexual_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual exploitation">sexual exploitation</a> resulted in suppression of the practice under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeşiroğlu20199_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeşiroğlu20199-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As gender and sexual roles were conflated at this time, the feminine <i>köçek</i> identity was associated with being the receptive partner in homosexual intercourse, which was seen as feminine or feminizing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe199732_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe199732-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his work <i>Sexuality in Islam,</i> <a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Bouhdiba" title="Abdelwahab Bouhdiba">Abdelwahab Bouhdiba</a> cites the <i><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">hamam</a></i> (public bathhouses) as a place where homosexual encounters in general can take place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouhdiba2008167_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouhdiba2008167-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayes2000206_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2000206-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that some historians found evidence of <i>hamam</i> as spaces for sexual expression among women, which they believed was a result of the universality of nudity in these spaces. <i>Hamam</i> have also been associated with male homosexuality over the centuries and up to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouhdiba2008167_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouhdiba2008167-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPasin201614_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasin201614-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGermen2015_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGermen2015-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Westernization">Westernization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Westernization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 19th-century brought complex changes, marked by heightened <a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">heteronormativity</a>, despite <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> changes that could be seen as liberalizing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOzsoy2021_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzsoy2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1858, Ottoman society constructed a reform to their penal code that was fairly similar to the 1810 French Penal Code. The 1858 Ottoman Penal Code stated the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Art. 202—The person who dares to commit the abominable act publicly contrary to modesty and sense of shame is to be imprisoned for from three months to one year and a fine of from one Mejidieh gold piece to ten Mejidieh gold pieces is to be levied.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Penal Code of the Ottoman Empire, 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrachey_BucknillApisoghom_S._Utidjian1913_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrachey_BucknillApisoghom_S._Utidjian1913-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>This law, which nullified earlier rulings, is often cited as private <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">decriminalization</a>. However, as the previous laws were very rarely invoked and this reform was implemented during a time of heightening heteronormativity, some have claimed the 'criminalization-decriminalization' paradigm as inappropriate for the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOzsoy2021_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOzsoy2021-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Dror_Ze%27evi" title="Dror Ze'evi">Dror Ze'evi</a>, European pressure shaped the nineteenth century, resulting in the reinterpretation of local cultural material and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European travelers denounced the Ottomans for their ostensibly 'corrupt' sexual proclivities, and Ze'evi argues that the literate classes of the empire responded by 'reinventing' their own sexual norms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new discourse was created to assert an idealized, <a href="/wiki/Heteronormative" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteronormative">heteronormative</a> Ottoman world that surpassed Europe in its ostensible sexual 'morality', while local practices and discourses were actively suppressed to align with this invented tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spurred in large part by these changes, homosexual contact started to decline in the late 19th-century, and the focus of desire turned to young girls. <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevdet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevdet Pasha">Ahmed Cevdet Pasha</a> stated:</p><blockquote><p>"Woman-lovers (<i>zendost</i>) have increased in number, while boy-beloveds (<i>mahbub</i>) have decreased. It is as if the <a href="/wiki/People_of_Lot" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Lot">People of Lot</a> have been swallowed by the earth. The love and affinity that were, in Istanbul, notoriously and customarily directed towards young men have now been redirected towards girls, in accordance with the state of nature."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreilSorberaTolino202291_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreilSorberaTolino202291-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Research shows that the decline is in close relationship to increasing criminalization of homosexuality in the Western world at the time, which was followed by repression of gender and sexual minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchick2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchick2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_art">Literature and art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature and art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg/220px-An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg/330px-An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg/440px-An_ottoman_miniature_from_the_book_Sawaqub_al-Manaquib_depicting_Homosexuality.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>An Ottoman miniature from the book <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sawaqub_al-Manaquib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sawaqub al-Manaquib (page does not exist)">Sawaqub al-Manaquib</a></i> depicting sex between two men</figcaption></figure> <p>Ottoman literary culture, particularly poetry, openly discussed gender and sexuality (including same-sex love and desire) until the 19th century. Various poets debated the most beautiful form of love, whether female or male. Some poets focused only on the love between men and women, some on the love between women, and some only on love between men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvas2014145_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvas2014145-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most preferred form of writing and poetry in classical culture was within traditional <a href="/wiki/Sufi_literature" title="Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a> as well as the classical <i><a href="/wiki/Gazel" title="Gazel">gazel</a></i>. The love of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> was sometimes likened by male poets to the love of other males;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe1997132–133_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe1997132–133-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohr2017_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohr2017-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yahya_bey_Dukagjini" title="Yahya bey Dukagjini">Yahya bey Dukagjini</a> states in his poems that he does not like <i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">mas̲navī</a></i>, which use love of the opposite sex instead of love of the same sex as the basis of love stories. According to him, homoerotic love is superior and purer than cross-gender love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvas2014149–154_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvas2014149–154-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homoerotic metaphors in poetry were often preferred due to the segregation of males and females,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchick200489–90_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchick200489–90-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these did not necessarily express homosexual desires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohr2017_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohr2017-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most famous writers of homoerotic literature in the Ottoman Empire was <a href="/wiki/Ender%C3%BBnlu_F%C3%A2z%C4%B1l" title="Enderûnlu Fâzıl">Enderûnlu Fâzıl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2021264_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2021264-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fâzıl wrote erotically about the beauty of men from different nations in <i>Hubânnâme</i> (Book of [Male] Beauties). Fâzil's <i>Zenânnâme</i> (Book of Women) describes the characteristics of the women of different nationalities. There was a long-standing belief that the homoerotic poems were exclusively <a href="/wiki/Pederastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pederastic">pederastic</a>. While this was the norm, variations from this existed, including relationships between post-pubescent males of similar ages, or of younger males taking on the insertive role in anal intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe199722–23,_33–34_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayRoscoe199722–23,_33–34-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtanSchick2013167_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtanSchick2013167-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 18th century Ottoman poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nev%27%C3%AEz%C3%A2de_At%C3%A2y%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nev'îzâde Atâyî (page does not exist)">Nev'îzâde Atâyî</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nev%27%C3%AEz%C3%A2de_At%C3%A2y%C3%AE" class="extiw" title="tr:Nev'îzâde Atâyî">tr</a>]</span> detailed same-sex relationships in his manuscript <i>Hamse</i>. <i>Hamse</i> included stories of individuals inside the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a>, and discussed social values of the century, as well as moral and ethical codes. It features two young male characters who travel by sea to Egypt, before being captured and enslaved by European soldiers. While they are enslaved, the European kidnappers fall in love with their prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErdman2019_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErdman2019-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such homoerotic imagery is also typical of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamse (page does not exist)">hamse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/hamse" class="extiw" title="tr:hamse">tr</a>]</span></i> <a href="/wiki/Pentalogies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentalogies">pentalogies</a>, which featured erotic miniature paintings of sexual scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtanSchick2013157_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtanSchick2013157-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homosexuality in the Ottoman Empire was not only between men. Although less visible than between men, sexuality between women has also been the subject of poetry. In the poems of female poets it is usually not clear whether the lover is a woman or a man. <a href="/wiki/Mihri_Hatun" title="Mihri Hatun">Mihri Hatun</a>, a highly educated unmarried female poet, wrote a poem where she pretends to be a man in love with a woman. Some interpret this as expressing her own love for women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvas2014153_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvas2014153-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHavlioğlu2010_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHavlioğlu2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Western_perceptions">Western perceptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Western perceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the West, <a href="/wiki/Homoeroticism" title="Homoeroticism">homoerotic</a> depictions of the Orient (including the Ottoman Empire) have been considered an aspect of literary <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>, which has made Western discussion on Islamic gender and sexual identity difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoone2014113–114_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoone2014113–114-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shepherd_Creasy" title="Edward Shepherd Creasy">Edward Shepherd Creasy</a> wrote in 1835 that "it became Turkish practice to procure by treaty, by purchase, by force or by fraud bands of the fairest children of the conquered Christians who were placed in the palaces of the Sultan, his viziers, and his pachas, under the title of pages, but too often really to serve as the helpless materials of abomination".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunne199072_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunne199072-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Howe_Lybyer" title="Albert Howe Lybyer">Albert Howe Lybyer</a> claimed that "the vice which takes its name from Sodom was very prevalent among the Ottomans, especially among those in high positions".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Western observers such as <a href="/wiki/Lady_Mary_Wortley_Montagu" title="Lady Mary Wortley Montagu">Lady Mary Wortley Montagu</a> (1689–1762), the British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, denied that lesbian sexual activity occurred in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hammams" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammams">hammams</a></i> (traditional gender-segregated public bathhouses);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2007104_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2007104-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other observers also made assertions of <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_sexual_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian sexual practices">lesbian sexual practices</a> in Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Seraglio" title="Seraglio">seraglios</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2007103_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2007103-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was in part due to Western perceptions of the Ottomans as being prone to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_perversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual perversion">sexual perversion</a>, but was also borne from criticism of <a href="/wiki/Gender_segregation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender segregation">gender segregation</a> in Ottoman society, with many aspects of same-sex activity being attributed to <a href="/wiki/Situational_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational homosexuality">situational homosexuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvas2014146_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvas2014146-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman official <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Cemaleddin_Efendi" title="Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi">Mehmet Cemaleddin Efendi</a> was offered <a href="/wiki/Male_prostitutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Male prostitutes">male prostitutes</a> while on his stay in Paris between 1903 and 1906 by his hosts, who thought that being Turkish, he would be interested. This discomfited him, who later wrote that the streets of Paris had "1500 boys exclusively occupied in sodomy" with their availability and prices advertised on printed cards, which was far more blatant in France than anywhere in the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray2007104_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray2007104-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This perception altered societal norms and attitudes (including the presentation of same-sex desire in literature) as the Ottoman Empire sought to become more Western.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvas2014146_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvas2014146-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a> of the Ottoman Empire, homosexuality began to be regarded in nineteenth-century Ottoman society as a <a href="/wiki/Sexual_deviancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual deviancy">deviant</a> form of sexual expression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArvas2014145_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArvas2014145-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also possible that some literary scenes of a homosexual nature were removed by censors at a later date, when heterosexuality became more normative in Ottoman society.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtanSchick2013187_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtanSchick2013187-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the West, <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Barks" title="Coleman Barks">Coleman Barks</a>'s versions of <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>'s works popularised his <i>gazel</i> literature. However, in recent years these versions have been criticised for their inaccuracy,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had the effect of "reducing the divine to the sexual", according to translation and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_literature" title="Comparative literature">comparative literature</a> experts <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omid_Azadibougar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omid Azadibougar (page does not exist)">Omid Azadibougar</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Patton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Patton (page does not exist)">Simon Patton</a>, as well as ignoring cultural context in his versions of Rumi's work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAzadibougarPatton2015177_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAzadibougarPatton2015177-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translator <a href="/wiki/Dick_Davis_(translator)" title="Dick Davis (translator)">Dick Davis</a> also notes the difficulty in translating <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> poetry into <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Gender_pronouns" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender pronouns">gender pronouns</a> in Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMohr2017_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMohr2017-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Homosexuality was discussed in the <i>bāhnāmes</i> ("part-medical, part-erotic treatises"), with a specific focus on male homosexuality, including those adopted by the scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmed_Gaz%C3%A2l%C3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmed Gazâlî (page does not exist)">Mehmed Gazâlî</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmed_Gaz%C3%A2l%C3%AE" class="extiw" title="tr:Mehmed Gazâlî">tr</a>]</span>, tailored for Prince <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehzade_Korkut" title="Şehzade Korkut">Şehzade Korkut</a>, the son of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a>. The original composition, <i>Alfiyya va Shalfiyya</i>, was commissioned by the Seljuk <a href="/wiki/Toghan-Shah" title="Toghan-Shah">Toghan-Shah</a> is described by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Hammer-Purgstall" title="Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall">Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall</a> as a renowned "<a href="/wiki/Sotadic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotadic">sotadic</a>" work (referencing a geographic zone in which pederasty is allegedly prevalent and celebrated among the indigenous inhabitants).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArtanSchick2013157–8_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArtanSchick2013157–8-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/27px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/40px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/54px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History of human sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Turkey">LGBT rights in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Prostitution in the Ottoman Empire">Prostitution in the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatz2009_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKatz2009">Katz 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Groot2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Groot2010_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Groot2010">de Groot 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElif2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElif2020_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElif2020_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElif2020_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElif2020_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElif2020">Elif 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELapidusLena2014_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLapidusLena2014">Lapidus & Lena 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Gorgias Press. pp. 95–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463226022-008">10.31826/9781463226022-008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781463226022" title="Special:BookSources/9781463226022"><bdi>9781463226022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+The+Historical+Development+of+the+Capitulatory+Regime+in+the+Ottoman+Middle+East+from+the+Fifteenth+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.btitle=The+Netherlands+and+Turkey&rft.pages=95-128&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2010-08-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463226022-008&rft.isbn=9781463226022&rft.aulast=de+Groot&rft.aufirst=Alexander+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavlioğlu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Havlioğlu, Didem (1 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/10628/margins_lines.pdf">"On the margins and between the lines: Ottoman women poets from the fifteenth to the twentieth centuries"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Historical_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Historical Review (page does not exist)">Turkish Historical Review</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): 25–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187754610X494969">10.1163/187754610X494969</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10161%2F10628">10161/10628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Turkish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=On+the+margins+and+between+the+lines%3A+Ottoman+women+poets+from+the+fifteenth+to+the+twentieth+centuries&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-54&rft.date=2010-05-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10161%2F10628&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187754610X494969&rft.aulast=Havlio%C4%9Flu&rft.aufirst=Didem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdukespace.lib.duke.edu%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10161%2F10628%2Fmargins_lines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2000" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Jarrod (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJQrcxq2TPcC&dq=hammam+homosexuality&pg=PA65"><i>Queer Nations: Marginal Sexualities in the Maghreb</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32105-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32105-9"><bdi>978-0-226-32105-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queer+Nations%3A+Marginal+Sexualities+in+the+Maghreb&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-32105-9&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Jarrod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrJQrcxq2TPcC%26dq%3Dhammam%2Bhomosexuality%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarayanni2006" class="citation book cs1">Karayanni, Stavros Stavrou (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=088920926X"><i>Dancing Fear & Desire: Race, Sexuality and Imperial Politics in Middle Eastern Dance</i></a>. WLU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/088920926X" title="Special:BookSources/088920926X"><bdi>088920926X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dancing+Fear+%26+Desire%3A+Race%2C+Sexuality+and+Imperial+Politics+in+Middle+Eastern+Dance&rft.pub=WLU+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=088920926X&rft.aulast=Karayanni&rft.aufirst=Stavros+Stavrou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D088920926X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Nider_Katz" title="Stanley Nider Katz">Katz, Stanley Nider</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195134056.001.0001/acref-9780195134056-e-601"><i>Ottoman Empire: Islamic Law in Asia Minor (Turkey) and the Ottoman Empire - Oxford Reference</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195134056" title="Special:BookSources/9780195134056"><bdi>9780195134056</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Empire%3A+Islamic+Law+in+Asia+Minor+%28Turkey%29+and+the+Ottoman+Empire+-+Oxford+Reference&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195134056&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Nider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195134056.001.0001%2Facref-9780195134056-e-601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayaal2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kayaal, Tuğçe (2020). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Twisted Desires," Boy-Lovers, and Male–Male Cross-Generational Sex in the Late Ottoman Empire (1912–1918)". <i>Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques</i>. <b>46</b>: 31–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fhrrh.2020.460103">10.3167/hrrh.2020.460103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226128832">226128832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Reflections%2FR%C3%A9flexions+Historiques&rft.atitle=%22Twisted+Desires%2C%22+Boy-Lovers%2C+and+Male%E2%80%93Male+Cross-Generational+Sex+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire+%281912%E2%80%931918%29&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=31-46&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fhrrh.2020.460103&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226128832%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kayaal&rft.aufirst=Tu%C4%9F%C3%A7e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreilSorberaTolino2022" class="citation book cs1">Kreil, Aymon; Sorbera, Lucia; Tolino, Serena (30 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xZ4EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91"><i>Sex and Desire in Muslim Cultures: Beyond Norms and Transgression from the Abbasids to the Present Day</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-3713-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-3713-3"><bdi>978-0-7556-3713-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Desire+in+Muslim+Cultures%3A+Beyond+Norms+and+Transgression+from+the+Abbasids+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-3713-3&rft.aulast=Kreil&rft.aufirst=Aymon&rft.au=Sorbera%2C+Lucia&rft.au=Tolino%2C+Serena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xZ4EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLapidusLena2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ira_M._Lapidus" title="Ira M. Lapidus">Lapidus, Ira M.</a>; Lena, Salaymeh (2014). <i>A History of Islamic Societies</i>. Cambridge University Press (Kindle edition). pp. 361–362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51430-9"><bdi>978-0-521-51430-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies&rft.pages=361-362&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28Kindle+edition%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51430-9&rft.aulast=Lapidus&rft.aufirst=Ira+M.&rft.au=Lena%2C+Salaymeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohr2017" class="citation news cs1">Mohr, Melanie Christina (9 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qantara.de/en/article/homoerotic-poetry-islam-reeling-desire">"Homoerotic poetry in Islam: Reeling with desire"</a>. <i>Qantara.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-44151-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-44151-2"><bdi>978-1-000-44151-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Literary+Translingualism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-000-44151-2&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6B8-EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrachey_BucknillApisoghom_S._Utidjian1913" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Alexander_Strachey_Bucknill" title="John Alexander Strachey Bucknill">Strachey Bucknill, John Alexander</a>; Apisoghom S. Utidjian, Haig (1913). "The Imperial Ottoman Penal Code". <i>The Turkish Text</i>. Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, Amen Corner, London, E.C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Turkish+Text&rft.atitle=The+Imperial+Ottoman+Penal+Code&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Strachey+Bucknill&rft.aufirst=John+Alexander&rft.au=Apisoghom+S.+Utidjian%2C+Haig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Vaudoncourt1816" class="citation book cs1">de Vaudoncourt, Guillaume (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nThgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA278"><i>Memoirs on the Ionian Islands, Considered in a Commercial, Political, and Military, Point of View, ... Translated by William Walton</i></a>. Cradock and Joy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+on+the+Ionian+Islands%2C+Considered+in+a+Commercial%2C+Political%2C+and+Military%2C+Point+of+View%2C+...+Translated+by+William+Walton&rft.pub=Cradock+and+Joy&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=de+Vaudoncourt&rft.aufirst=Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnThgAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLena_Mattheis2023" class="citation podcast cs1">Lena Mattheis (7 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spreaker.com/user/14328383/queer-lit-tugce">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Queerness in the Ottoman Empire" with Tuğçe Kayaal"</a>. <i>Queer Lit</i> (Podcast).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Queerness+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%22+with+Tu%C4%9F%C3%A7e+Kayaal&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft.au=Lena+Mattheis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spreaker.com%2Fuser%2F14328383%2Fqueer-lit-tugce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGender+and+sexual+minorities+in+the+Ottoman+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&oldid=1257787325">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gender_and_sexual_minorities_in_the_Ottoman_Empire&oldid=1257787325</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_and_Islam" title="Category:LGBTQ and Islam">LGBTQ and Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history_by_former_country" title="Category:LGBTQ history by former country">LGBTQ history by former country</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_history_in_Asia" title="Category:LGBTQ history in Asia">LGBTQ history in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_in_Turkey" title="Category:LGBTQ in Turkey">LGBTQ in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_history_of_Turkey" title="Category:Social history of Turkey">Social history of Turkey</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 November 2024, at 17:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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