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class="mw-page-title-main">Four on the floor (music)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-to-the-floor" title="4-to-the-floor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="4-to-the-floor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_on_the_floor" title="Four on the floor – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Four on the floor" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-on-the-floor" title="Four-on-the-floor – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Four-on-the-floor" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Rhythm used in contemporary music</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Four to the floor" redirects here. For the song by Starsailor, see <a href="/wiki/Four_to_the_Floor" title="Four to the Floor">Four to the Floor</a>. For the British music television program, see <a href="/wiki/Four_to_the_Floor_(TV_series)" title="Four to the Floor (TV series)">Four to the Floor (TV series)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Four_on_the_Floor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Four on the Floor (disambiguation)">Four on the Floor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_to_the_floor_bass_dru.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Four_to_the_floor_bass_dru.png/330px-Four_to_the_floor_bass_dru.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Four_to_the_floor_bass_dru.png/495px-Four_to_the_floor_bass_dru.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Four_to_the_floor_bass_dru.png/660px-Four_to_the_floor_bass_dru.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="372" /></a><figcaption>"Four on the floor" on the bass drum <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/68\/Four_to_the_floor_beat.mid\/Four_to_the_floor_beat.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"play within typical rock beat"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Four to the floor beat.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/68/Four_to_the_floor_beat.mid/Four_to_the_floor_beat.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">play within typical rock beat</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_to_the_floor_beat.mid" title="File:Four to the floor beat.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> and <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/6e\/Four_to_the_floor_bass_drum_pattern.mid\/Four_to_the_floor_bass_drum_pattern.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play alone"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Four to the floor bass drum pattern.mid"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Four_to_the_floor_bass_drum_pattern.mid/Four_to_the_floor_bass_drum_pattern.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label">Play alone</span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_to_the_floor_bass_drum_pattern.mid" title="File:Four to the floor bass drum pattern.mid">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Four-on-the-floor</b> (or <b>four-to-the-floor</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> used primarily in dance genres such as <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>. It is a steady, uniformly accented <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)" title="Beat (music)">beat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a> is hit on every beat (1, 2, 3, 4).<sup id="cite_ref-Snoman_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snoman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was popularized in the <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> music of the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the term <i>four-on-the-floor</i> was widely used in that era, since the beat was played with the pedal-operated, drum-kit bass drum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four on the floor was common in <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> drumming until <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a> styles expanded rhythmic roles beyond the basics in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a> bands of the 1960s such as <a href="/wiki/The_Troggs" title="The Troggs">the Troggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Seeds" title="The Seeds">the Seeds</a> used four-on-the-floor on some of their hits.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Earl_Young_(drummer)" title="Earl Young (drummer)">Earl Young</a> is seen as the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> style of rock drumming (in <a href="/wiki/Harold_Melvin_%26_the_Blue_Notes" title="Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes">Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Love_I_Lost" title="The Love I Lost">The Love I Lost</a>" from 1973), as he was the first to make extensive and distinctive use of the <a href="/wiki/Hi-hat_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-hat (instrument)">hi-hat</a> cymbal throughout the playing time of an <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">R&B</a> recording.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many styles of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> use this beat as an important part of the rhythmic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Snoman_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snoman-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the term is used to refer to a 4/4 uniform drumming pattern for any drum.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A form of four-on-the-floor is also used in <a href="/wiki/Jazz_drumming" title="Jazz drumming">jazz drumming</a>. Instead of hitting the <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a> in a pronounced and therefore easily audible fashion, it is usually struck very lightly (referred to as "feathering") so that the sound of the drum is felt instead of heard by the listener. Typically, this is combined with a ride cymbal and hi-hat in <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a>. When a <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instrument</a> makes the rhythm (<a href="/wiki/Rhythm_guitar" title="Rhythm guitar">rhythm guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>), all four beats of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(music)" title="Bar (music)">measure</a> are played by identical downstrokes. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> drumming, the bass drum usually hits on the third beat but sometimes drummers play four on the floor. <a href="/wiki/Sly_Dunbar" title="Sly Dunbar">Sly Dunbar</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_Robbie" title="Sly and Robbie">Sly and Robbie</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> drummers who played mostly in this style. Also <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Barrett" title="Carlton Barrett">Carlton Barrett</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers" title="Bob Marley and the Wailers">Bob Marley and the Wailers</a> played four on the floor on several hits by the Wailers like "<a href="/wiki/Is_This_Love_(Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers_song)" title="Is This Love (Bob Marley and the Wailers song)">Is This Love</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Exodus_(Bob_Marley_and_the_Wailers_song)" title="Exodus (Bob Marley and the Wailers song)">Exodus</a>". In reggae, four on the floor usually goes by the hand with a low end and powerful bassline. Four on the floor can be found in more modern reggae derivative styles such as <a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">dancehall</a>, while it is less common to find it in <a href="/wiki/Roots_reggae" title="Roots reggae">roots reggae</a>. In the roots context, it is generally referred to as a "steppers" rhythm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stylistic_differences">Stylistic differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_on_the_floor_(music)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Stylistic differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_African_music">In African music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_on_the_floor_(music)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In African music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">Gqom</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gqom#Sgubhu" title="Gqom">Sgubhu</a>, a variant of <a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">gqom</a> and a type of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> electronic dance music, shares some traits with gqom but sets itself apart with its beat structure. Unlike standard gqom, sgubhu is characterized by a much steadier kick drum pattern although having a <a href="/wiki/Kick_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kick drum">kick</a> pattern reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Gqom#3-Step" title="Gqom">three-step rhythm</a>, often adhering to a consistent four-on-the-floor rhythm, which aligns more closely with traditional four-on-the-floor electronic dance music. There were several pioneers of the sgubhu genre, including record producer Emo Kid.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_on_the_floor_(music)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Snoman-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snoman_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snoman_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Dance Music Manual: Tools, Toys and Techniques," <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rick_Snoman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rick Snoman (page does not exist)">Rick Snoman</a> (2004) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51915-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51915-9">0-240-51915-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Shapiro_(journalist)" title="Peter Shapiro (journalist)">Shapiro, Peter</a>. (2000) <i><a href="/wiki/Modulations:_A_History_of_Electronic_Music" title="Modulations: A History of Electronic Music">Modulations: a History of Electronic Music: Throbbing Words on Sound</a></i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Art_Publishers" title="Distributed Art Publishers">Distributed Art Publishers</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891024-06-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-891024-06-X">1-891024-06-X</a>, p. 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drummingreview.com/four-on-the-floor/">"Four On the Floor: Modern Music's Most Popular Rhythmic Pattern"</a>. <i>DrummingReview.com</i>. 9 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DrummingReview.com&rft.atitle=Four+On+the+Floor%3A+Modern+Music%27s+Most+Popular+Rhythmic+Pattern&rft.date=2022-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrummingreview.com%2Ffour-on-the-floor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+on+the+floor+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masterclass.com/articles/four-on-the-floor-rhythm-explained">"Four-on-the-Floor Rhythm Explained"</a>. <i>MasterClass.com</i>. 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MasterClass.com&rft.atitle=Four-on-the-Floor+Rhythm+Explained&rft.date=2022-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masterclass.com%2Farticles%2Ffour-on-the-floor-rhythm-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+on+the+floor+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsby2002" class="citation book cs1">Goldsby, John (2002). <i>The Jazz Bass Book: Technique and Tradition</i>. Hal Leonard. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879307165" title="Special:BookSources/9780879307165"><bdi>9780879307165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jazz+Bass+Book%3A+Technique+and+Tradition&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780879307165&rft.aulast=Goldsby&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+on+the+floor+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masterclass.com/articles/four-on-the-floor-rhythm-explained">"Four-on-the-Floor Rhythm Explained"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Masterclass.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Masterclass.com">masterclass.com</a></i>. June 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=masterclass.com&rft.atitle=Four-on-the-Floor+Rhythm+Explained&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masterclass.com%2Farticles%2Ffour-on-the-floor-rhythm-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+on+the+floor+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lawrence, Tim (2003). <i>Love saves the day: a history of American dance music culture, 1970-1979</i>. Duke University Press. pp. 120–122. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-3198-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-3198-5">0-8223-3198-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AYu_kak6lyE">"Disco" on NED1, originally broadcast November 29, 2013.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Michael. <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Playing Drums</i>, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59257-162-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59257-162-X">1-59257-162-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith2017" class="citation web cs1">Keith, James (11 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.complex.com/music/a/james-keith/premiere-emo-kid-asbambeki-interview">"Premiere: Emo Kid Explains South African Club Sound 'Sghubu', Shares New Track "Asbambeki"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Complex</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complex&rft.atitle=Premiere%3A+Emo+Kid+Explains+South+African+Club+Sound+%27Sghubu%27%2C+Shares+New+Track+%22Asbambeki%22&rft.date=2017-10-11&rft.aulast=Keith&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.complex.com%2Fmusic%2Fa%2Fjames-keith%2Fpremiere-emo-kid-asbambeki-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFour+on+the+floor+%28music%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afropop.org/audio-programs/the-gqom-generation-of-durban-south-africa">"Afropop Worldwide | The Gqom Generation of Durban, South Africa"</a>. <i>Afropop Worldwide</i>. 21 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Roller_disco" title="Roller disco">Roller disco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discofox" title="Discofox">Discofox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hustle_(dance)" title="Hustle (dance)">Hustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">Popping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waacking" title="Waacking">Waacking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro/cosmic_music" title="Afro/cosmic music">Afro/cosmic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodisco" title="Eurodisco">Eurodisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco#Space_disco" title="Italo disco">Space disco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">City pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Future funk">Future funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">Funky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_house" title="Italo house">Italo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Manila sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">Post-disco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>List of disco artists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(A%E2%80%93E)" title="List of disco artists (A–E)">A–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(F%E2%80%93K)" title="List of disco artists (F–K)">F–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(L%E2%80%93R)" title="List of disco artists (L–R)">L–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of disco artists (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Four on the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_music" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT music">LGBT music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Disco mix">Mix</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Disco" title="Category:Disco">Category</a></b></li></ul> 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