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</a> <ul id="toc-Sound_and_light_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DJs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DJs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 DJs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DJs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Fashion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drug_subculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drug_subculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Drug subculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drug_subculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eroticism_and_sexual_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eroticism_and_sexual_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Eroticism and sexual liberation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eroticism_and_sexual_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1940s–1960s:_First_discotheques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s–1960s:_First_discotheques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1940s–1960s: First discotheques </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s–1960s:_First_discotheques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s–1974:_Precursors_and_early_disco_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s–1974:_Precursors_and_early_disco_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 1960s–1974: Precursors and early disco music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s–1974:_Precursors_and_early_disco_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_disco_culture_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_disco_culture_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Early disco culture in the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_disco_culture_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_disco_culture_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_disco_culture_in_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Early disco culture in the United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_disco_culture_in_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1974–1977:_Rise_to_mainstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974–1977:_Rise_to_mainstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 1974–1977: Rise to mainstream </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974–1977:_Rise_to_mainstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Motown_turning_disco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motown_turning_disco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Motown turning disco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motown_turning_disco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Euro_disco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Euro_disco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Euro disco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Euro_disco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1977–1979:_Pop_preeminence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1977–1979:_Pop_preeminence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 1977–1979: Pop preeminence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1977–1979:_Pop_preeminence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Saturday_Night_Fever_(John_Badham,_1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturday_Night_Fever_(John_Badham,_1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Saturday Night Fever (John Badham, 1977) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturday_Night_Fever_(John_Badham,_1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disco_goes_mainstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disco_goes_mainstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Disco goes mainstream </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disco_goes_mainstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Parodies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1979–1981:_Controversy_and_decline_in_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1979–1981:_Controversy_and_decline_in_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 1979–1981: Controversy and decline in popularity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1979–1981:_Controversy_and_decline_in_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_on_the_music_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_the_music_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Impact on the music industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_the_music_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors_contributing_to_disco's_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_contributing_to_disco's_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Factors contributing to disco's decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_contributing_to_disco's_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981–1989:_Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981–1989:_Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 1981–1989: Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981–1989:_Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth_of_electronic_dance_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth_of_electronic_dance_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Birth of electronic dance music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth_of_electronic_dance_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DJ_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DJ_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 DJ culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DJ_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-disco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-disco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Post-disco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-disco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_hip_hop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_hip_hop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Early hip hop </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_hip_hop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-House_music_and_rave_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_music_and_rave_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 House music and rave culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_music_and_rave_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-punk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-punk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Post-punk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-punk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nu-disco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nu-disco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Nu-disco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nu-disco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revivals_and_return_to_mainstream_success" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revivals_and_return_to_mainstream_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Revivals and return to mainstream success </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revivals_and_return_to_mainstream_success-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Revivals and return to mainstream success subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Revivals_and_return_to_mainstream_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1990s_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 1990s resurgence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 2000s resurgence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 2010s resurgence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s_resurgence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s_resurgence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 2020s resurgence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s_resurgence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Disco</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="موسيقى الديسكو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى الديسكو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_discu" title="Música discu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Música discu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko" title="Disko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Disko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Диско – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диско" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_disco" title="Música disco – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Música disco" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgo" title="Disgo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Disgo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_(Musik)" title="Disco (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Disco (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskomuusika" title="Diskomuusika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Diskomuusika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_disco" title="Música disco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Música disco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diskoo" title="Diskoo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Diskoo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_musika" title="Disco musika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disco musika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="دیسکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیسکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosc%C3%B3" title="Dioscó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dioscó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_disco" title="Música disco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Música disco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94" title="디스코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디스코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="डिस्को – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डिस्को" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko" title="Disko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Disko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_disco" title="Musica disco – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Musica disco" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk%C3%B3" title="Diskó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Diskó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_music" title="Disco music – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Disco music" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95" title="דיסקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיסקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D" title="დისკო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დისკო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Диско – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Диско" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEsko" title="Dîsko – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîsko" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_discothecica" title="Musica discothecica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica discothecica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko" title="Disko – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Disko" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko" title="Disko – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Disko" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diszk%C3%B3" title="Diszkó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Diszkó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Диско – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Диско" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B" title="ഡിസ്കോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡിസ്കോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88" title="ديسكو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديسكو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko" title="Disko – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Disko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_(muziekgenre)" title="Disco (muziekgenre) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Disco (muziekgenre)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3_(%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD)" title="ディスコ (音楽) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ディスコ (音楽)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko" title="Disko – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Disko" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_disco" title="Música disco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Música disco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_disco" title="Muzică disco – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzică disco" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco_(musika_rikch%27aqmi)" title="Disco (musika rikch'aqmi) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Disco (musika rikch'aqmi)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Диско – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диско" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko" title="Disko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Disko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%86" title="دیسکۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیسکۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Диско музика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Диско музика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko_(musiikinlaji)" title="Disko (musiikinlaji) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Disko (musiikinlaji)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B" title="திசுக்கோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திசுக்கோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81" title="ดิสโก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดิสโก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disko" title="Disko – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Disko" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Диско – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Диско" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88" title="ڈسکو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈسکو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco" title="Disco – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Disco" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="迪斯科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="迪斯科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%84%E5%A3%AB%E9%AB%98%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="的士高音樂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="的士高音樂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91" title="迪斯科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迪斯科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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For the entertainment venue, see <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Disco_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Disco (disambiguation)">Disco (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Disco</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Disco_TGI_Bar_by_John_Vance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Disco_TGI_Bar_by_John_Vance.jpg/220px-Disco_TGI_Bar_by_John_Vance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Disco_TGI_Bar_by_John_Vance.jpg/330px-Disco_TGI_Bar_by_John_Vance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Disco_TGI_Bar_by_John_Vance.jpg/440px-Disco_TGI_Bar_by_John_Vance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2747" data-file-height="1819" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ceiling of a <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">discothèque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Texas" title="Arlington, Texas">Arlington, Texas</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_soul" title="Philadelphia soul">Philadelphia soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">psychedelic soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Late 1960s – early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europop" title="Europop">Europop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">dance-pop</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">garage house</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">post-disco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">synth-pop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">acid jazz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Afro/cosmic_music" title="Afro/cosmic music">Cosmic disco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eurodisco" title="Eurodisco">Eurodisco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco#Space_disco" title="Italo disco">Space disco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disco_polo" title="Disco polo">Disco polo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disco-pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Disco-pop">Disco-pop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">Funky house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Future_funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Future funk">Future funk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_school_hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Old school hip-hop">Disco-rap</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Euro_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro disco">Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disco_polo" title="Disco polo">Poland</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li>New York City</li><li>Philadelphia</li><li>Miami</li><li>Washington, D.C.</li><li>San Francisco</li><li>Los Angeles</li><li>Montreal</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Discothèques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists" title="List of disco artists">list of artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-school hip hop">old-school hip hop</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> Disco is a <a href="/wiki/Music_genre" title="Music genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> that emerged in the late 1960s from the United States' urban <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightlife</a> scene. Its sound is typified by <a href="/wiki/Four-on-the-floor_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-on-the-floor (music)">four-on-the-floor</a> beats, <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopated</a> <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a>, <a href="/wiki/String_section" title="String section">string sections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horn_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horn (musical instrument)">horns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric pianos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>, and electric <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_guitar" title="Rhythm guitar">rhythm guitars</a>. <a href="/wiki/Discoth%C3%A8ques" class="mw-redirect" title="Discothèques">Discothèques</a> as a venue were mostly a French invention, imported to the United States with the opening of <a href="/wiki/Le_Club" title="Le Club">Le Club</a>, a members-only restaurant and nightclub located at 416 East 55th Street in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, by French expatriate <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Coquelin" title="Olivier Coquelin">Olivier Coquelin</a>, on New Year's Eve 1960.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Disco music as a genre started as a mixture of music from venues popular among <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans#Cultural_matters" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Latino Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans#Influence_on_American_culture_and_society" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a><a href="#cite_note-Italian-6">[6]</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/1960s_in_music" title="1960s in music">1960s</a> to the mid-to-late 1970s. Disco can be seen as a reaction by the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a> to both the dominance of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> and the stigmatization of dance music at the time.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Several dance styles were developed during the period of '70s disco's popularity in the United States, including "the <a href="/wiki/Bump_(dance)" title="Bump (dance)">Bump</a>", "the <a href="/wiki/Hustle_(dance)" title="Hustle (dance)">Hustle</a>", "the Watergate", and "the Busstop".<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> During the 1970s, disco music was developed further, mainly by artists from the United States as well as from <a href="/wiki/Eurodisco" title="Eurodisco">Europe</a>. Well-known artists included the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor" title="Gloria Gaynor">Gloria Gaynor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baccara" title="Baccara">Baccara</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Michael" title="George Michael">George Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jacksons">The Jacksons</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Benson" title="George Benson">George Benson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boney_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Boney M">Boney M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_Wind_%26_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth Wind & Fire">Earth Wind & Fire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Cara" title="Irene Cara">Irene Cara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rick_James" title="Rick James">Rick James</a>, <a href="/wiki/ELO" class="mw-redirect" title="ELO">ELO</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Average_White_Band" title="Average White Band">Average White Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a>, <a href="/wiki/KC_and_the_Sunshine_Band" title="KC and the Sunshine Band">KC and the Sunshine Band</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Richie" title="Lionel Richie">Lionel Richie</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Commodores" class="mw-redirect" title="The Commodores">The Commodores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic" title="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Houston" title="Thelma Houston">Thelma Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sister_Sledge" title="Sister Sledge">Sister Sledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_(singer)" title="Sylvester (singer)">Sylvester</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Trammps" title="The Trammps">The Trammps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barry_White" title="Barry White">Barry White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang" title="Kool & the Gang">Kool & the Gang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Village_People" title="Village People">Village People</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> While performers garnered public attention, <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producers</a> working behind the scenes played an important role in developing the genre. By the late 1970s, most major U.S. cities had thriving disco club scenes, and <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJs</a> would <a href="/wiki/Audio_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio console">mix</a> dance records at clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Studio_54" title="Studio 54">Studio 54</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, a venue popular among <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrities</a>. Nightclub-goers often wore expensive, extravagant outfits, consisting predominantly of loose, flowing pants or dresses for ease of movement while dancing. There was also a thriving <a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">drug</a> <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a> in the disco scene, particularly for drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud music and the flashing lights, such as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaaludes" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaaludes">quaaludes</a>, the latter being so common in disco subculture that they were nicknamed "disco biscuits". Disco clubs were also associated with <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a> as a reflection of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a> of this era in popular history. Films such as <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a> (1977) and <a href="/wiki/Thank_God_It%27s_Friday_(film)" title="Thank God It's Friday (film)">Thank God It's Friday</a> (1978) contributed to disco's mainstream popularity. Disco declined as a major trend in popular music in the United States following the infamous <a href="/wiki/Disco_Demolition_Night" title="Disco Demolition Night">Disco Demolition Night</a> on July 12, 1979, and it continued to sharply decline in popularity in the U.S. during the early <a href="/wiki/1980s_in_music" title="1980s in music">1980s</a>; however, it remained popular in <a href="/wiki/Italo-disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-disco">Italy</a> and some European countries throughout the 1980s, and during this time also started becoming trendy in places elsewhere including <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> where aspects of disco were blended with regional folk styles such as <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">belly dancing</a>. Disco would eventually become a key influence in the development of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">new wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">dance-punk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">post-disco</a>. The style has had several revivals since the <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_music" title="1990s in music">1990s</a>, and the influence of disco remains strong across American and European pop music. A revival has been underway since the early <a href="/wiki/2010s_in_music" title="2010s in music">2010s</a>, coming to great popularity in the early <a href="/wiki/2020s_in_music" title="2020s in music">2020s</a>. Albums that have contributed to this revival include <a href="/wiki/Confessions_on_a_Dance_Floor" title="Confessions on a Dance Floor">Confessions on a Dance Floor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memories" title="Random Access Memories">Random Access Memories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Future_Nostalgia" title="Future Nostalgia">Future Nostalgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a>'s album itself titled <a href="/wiki/Disco_(Kylie_Minogue_album)" title="Disco (Kylie Minogue album)">Disco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Modern day artists like <a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizzo" title="Lizzo">Lizzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabrina_Carpenter" title="Sabrina Carpenter">Sabrina Carpenter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Mars" title="Bruno Mars">Bruno Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk_Sonic" title="Silk Sonic">Silk Sonic</a> have continued the genre's popularity, bringing it to a whole new younger generation.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The term "disco" is shorthand for the word discothèque, a French word for "library of phonograph records" derived from "bibliothèque". The word "discotheque" had the same meaning in English in the 1950s. "Discothèque" became used in French for a type of nightclub in Paris, after they had resorted to playing records during the Nazi occupation in the early 1940s. Some clubs used it as their proper name. In 1960, it was also used to describe a Parisian nightclub in an English magazine. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> defines Discotheque as "A dance hall, nightclub, or similar venue where recorded music is played for dancing, typically equipped with a large dance floor, an elaborate system of flashing coloured lights, and a powerful amplified sound system. " Its earliest example is use as the name of a particular venue in 1952, and other examples date from 1960 onwards. The entry is annotated as "Now somewhat dated".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> It defines Disco as "A genre of strongly rhythmical pop music mainly intended for dancing in nightclubs and particularly popular in the mid to late 1970s.", with use from 1975 onwards, describing the origin of the word as a shortened form of discotheque.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In the summer of 1964, a short sleeveless dress called the "discotheque dress" was briefly very popular in the United States. The earliest known use for the abbreviated form "disco" described this dress and has been found in <a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a> on July 12, 1964; <a href="/wiki/Playboy" title="Playboy">Playboy</a> magazine used it in September of the same year to describe Los Angeles nightclubs.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vince_Aletti" title="Vince Aletti">Vince Aletti</a> was one of the first to describe disco as a sound or a music genre. He wrote the 13 September 1973 feature article Discotheque Rock '72: Paaaaarty! that appeared in <a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a> magazine.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_characteristics">Musical characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Musical characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Characteristic_disco_bass_rhythm.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Characteristic_disco_bass_rhythm.PNG/250px-Characteristic_disco_bass_rhythm.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Characteristic_disco_bass_rhythm.PNG/500px-Characteristic_disco_bass_rhythm.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="132" /></a><figcaption>Disco bass pattern. <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/12\/Characteristic_disco_bass_rhythm.mid\/Characteristic_disco_bass_rhythm.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Characteristic disco bass rhythm.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Characteristic_disco_bass_rhythm.mid/Characteristic_disco_bass_rhythm.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Play</a><a href="/wiki/File:Characteristic_disco_bass_rhythm.mid" title="File:Characteristic disco bass rhythm.mid">ⓘ</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Characteristic_rock_and_disco_drum_patterns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Characteristic_rock_and_disco_drum_patterns.png/250px-Characteristic_rock_and_disco_drum_patterns.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Characteristic_rock_and_disco_drum_patterns.png/500px-Characteristic_rock_and_disco_drum_patterns.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Rock & disco drum patterns: disco features greater <a href="/wiki/Divisive_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisive rhythm">subdivision</a> of the beat, which is <a href="/wiki/Four-on-the-floor_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-on-the-floor (dance)">four-to-the-floor</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c9\/Characteristic_disco_drum_pattern.mid\/Characteristic_disco_drum_pattern.mid.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Play"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Characteristic disco drum pattern.mid"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Characteristic_disco_drum_pattern.mid/Characteristic_disco_drum_pattern.mid.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Play</a><a href="/wiki/File:Characteristic_disco_drum_pattern.mid" title="File:Characteristic disco drum pattern.mid">ⓘ</a></figcaption></figure> The music typically layered soaring, often-<a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverberated</a> vocals, often doubled by horns, over a background "pad" of <a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">electric pianos</a> and "chicken-scratch" <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_guitar" title="Rhythm guitar">rhythm guitars</a> played on an <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lead_guitar" title="Lead guitar">Lead guitar</a> features less frequently in disco than in <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>. "The "rooster scratch" sound is achieved by lightly pressing the guitar strings against the fretboard and then quickly releasing them just enough to get a slightly muted poker [sound] while constantly strumming very close to the bridge."<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Other backing keyboard instruments include the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_organ" title="Electric organ">electric organ</a> (during early years), <a href="/wiki/String_synthesizer" title="String synthesizer">string synthesizers</a>, and electromechanical keyboards such as the <a href="/wiki/Fender_Rhodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fender Rhodes">Fender Rhodes</a> electric piano, <a href="/wiki/Wurlitzer" title="Wurlitzer">Wurlitzer</a> electric piano, and Hohner <a href="/wiki/Clavinet" title="Clavinet">Clavinet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>'s 1977 song "<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_Love" title="I Feel Love">I Feel Love</a>", produced by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a> with a prominent <a href="/wiki/Moog_synthesizer" title="Moog synthesizer">Moog synthesizer</a> on the beat, was one of the first disco tracks to use the synthesizer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanneh2021375–376-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">rhythm</a> is laid down by prominent, syncopated <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a> (with heavy use of broken <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octaves</a>, that is, octaves with the notes sounded one after the other) played on the <a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">bass guitar</a> and by drummers using a <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drum kit</a>, African/<a href="/wiki/Latin_percussion" title="Latin percussion">Latin percussion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">electronic drums</a> such as Simmons and <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">drum modules</a>. In Philly dance and Salsoul disco, the sound was enriched with solo lines and <a href="/wiki/Harmony_part" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmony part">harmony parts</a> played by a variety of orchestral instruments, such as <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viola" title="Viola">viola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flugelhorn" title="Flugelhorn">flugelhorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">French horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_horn" class="mw-redirect" title="English horn">English horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">oboe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synth strings</a>, string section or a full <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">string orchestra</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Most disco songs have a steady <a href="/wiki/Four-on-the-floor_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-on-the-floor (music)">four-on-the-floor</a> beat set by a bass drum, a <a href="/wiki/Quaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaver">quaver</a> or semi-quaver <a href="/wiki/Hi-hat_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-hat (instrument)">hi-hat</a> pattern with an open hissing hi-hat on the off-beat, and a heavy, syncopated bass line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanneh2021364-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-lessons_from_disco_2-27">[27]</a> A recording error in the 1975 song "<a href="/wiki/Bad_Luck_(Harold_Melvin_%26_the_Blue_Notes_song)" title="Bad Luck (Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes song)">Bad Luck</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Melvin_%26_the_Blue_Notes" title="Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes">Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes</a> where <a href="/wiki/Earl_Young_(drummer)" title="Earl Young (drummer)">Earl Young</a>'s hi-hat was too loud in the recording is said to have established loud hi-hats in disco.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanneh2021364-26">[26]</a> Other Latin rhythms such as the rhumba, the samba, and the cha-cha-cha are also found in disco recordings, and Latin <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">polyrhythms</a>, such as a rhumba beat layered over a merengue, are commonplace. The quaver pattern is often supported by other instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_guitar" title="Rhythm guitar">rhythm guitar</a> and may be implied rather than explicitly present. Songs often use <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a>, which is the accenting of unexpected beats. In general, the difference between disco, or any dance song, and a rock or pop song is that in dance music the <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a> hits four to the floor, at least once a beat (which in 4/4 time is 4 beats per measure).<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Disco is further characterized by a 16th note division of the quarter notes (as shown in the second drum pattern in the picture above, after a typical rock drum pattern). The orchestral sound usually known as "disco sound" relies heavily on string sections and horns playing linear phrases, in unison with the soaring, often reverberated vocals or playing instrumental fills, while electric pianos and chicken-scratch guitars create the background "pad" sound defining the <a href="/wiki/Chord_progression" title="Chord progression">harmony progression</a>. Typically, all of the doubling of parts and use of additional instruments creates a rich "<a href="/wiki/Wall_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall of sound">wall of sound</a>". There are, however, more minimalist flavors of disco with reduced, transparent instrumentation. Harmonically, disco music typically contains major and minor seven chords,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] which are found more often in jazz than pop music.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> The "disco sound" was much more costly to produce than many of the other popular music genres from the 1970s. Unlike the simpler, four-piece-band sound of <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a> of the late 1960s or the small <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_trio" title="Organ trio">organ trios</a>, disco music often included a large band, with several chordal instruments (guitar, keyboards, synthesizer), several drum or percussion instruments (drumkit, Latin percussion, electronic drums), a <a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">horn section</a>, a <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">string orchestra</a>, and a variety of "<a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a>" solo instruments (for example, flute, piccolo, and so on). Disco songs were <a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">arranged</a> and composed by experienced arrangers and <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestrators</a>, and record producers added their creative touches to the overall sound using <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> techniques and <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>. Recording complex arrangements with such a large number of instruments and sections required a team that included a <a href="/wiki/Conductor_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conductor (music)">conductor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copyist" title="Copyist">copyists</a>, record producers, and <a href="/wiki/Audio_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio engineering">mixing engineers</a>. Mixing engineers had an important role in the disco production process because disco songs used as many as 64 <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">tracks</a> of vocals and instruments. Mixing engineers and record producers, under the direction of arrangers, compiled these tracks into a fluid composition of verses, bridges, and refrains, complete with builds and <a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">breaks</a>. Mixing engineers and record producers helped to develop the "disco sound" by creating a distinctive-sounding, sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Disco_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Disco mix">disco mix</a>. Early records were the "standard" three-minute version until <a href="/wiki/Tom_Moulton" title="Tom Moulton">Tom Moulton</a> came up with a way to make songs longer so that he could take a crowd of dancers at a club to another level and keep them dancing longer. He found that it was impossible to make the 45-RPM vinyl <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">singles</a> of the time longer, as they could usually hold no more than five minutes of good-quality music. With the help of José Rodriguez, his remaster/mastering engineer, he pressed a single on a 10" disc instead of 7". They cut the next single on a 12" disc, the same format as a standard album. Moulton and Rodriguez discovered that these larger records could have much longer songs and remixes. <a href="/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single records</a>, also known as "<a href="/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi singles</a>", quickly became the standard format for all DJs of the disco genre.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Club_culture">Club culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Club culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightclubs">Nightclubs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nightclubs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Circuit_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit parties">Circuit parties</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_disco_quad_roller_skates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Blue_disco_quad_roller_skates.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="156" /></a><figcaption>Blue disco quad <a href="/wiki/Roller_skates" title="Roller skates">roller skates</a>.</figcaption></figure> By the late 1970s, most major US cities had thriving disco club scenes. The largest scenes were most notably in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> but also in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> The scene was centered on <a href="/wiki/Discotheque" class="mw-redirect" title="Discotheque">discotheques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> and private <a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">loft</a> parties. In the 1970s, notable discos included "<a href="/wiki/Crisco_Disco" title="Crisco Disco">Crisco Disco</a>", "The Sanctuary", "Leviticus", "<a href="/wiki/Studio_54" title="Studio 54">Studio 54</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Paradise_Garage" title="Paradise Garage">Paradise Garage</a>" in New York, "Artemis" in Philadelphia, "Studio One" in Los Angeles, "Dugan's Bistro" in Chicago, and "The Library" in Atlanta.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Disco197510-32">[32]</a> In the late 1970s, Studio 54 in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a> was arguably the best-known nightclub in the world. This club played a major formative role in the growth of disco music and <a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclub</a> culture in general. It was operated by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Rubell" title="Steve Rubell">Steve Rubell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Schrager" title="Ian Schrager">Ian Schrager</a> and was notorious for the <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a> that went on within: the balconies were known for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_encounters" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual encounters">sexual encounters</a> and drug use was rampant. Its dance floor was decorated with an image of the "<a href="/wiki/Man_in_the_Moon" title="Man in the Moon">Man in the Moon</a>" that included an animated <a href="/wiki/Cocaine_spoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocaine spoon">cocaine spoon</a>. The "<a href="/wiki/Copacabana_(nightclub)" title="Copacabana (nightclub)">Copacabana</a>", another New York nightclub dating to the 1940s, had a revival in the late 1970s when it embraced disco; it would become the setting of a <a href="/wiki/Barry_Manilow" title="Barry Manilow">Barry Manilow</a> <a href="/wiki/Copacabana_(At_the_Copa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Copacabana (At the Copa)">song of the same name</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, large disco clubs such as "The Pier" ("Pier 9") and "The Other Side", originally regarded exclusively as "<a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">gay bars</a>", became particularly popular among the capital area's gay and straight college students in the late '70s. By 1979 there were 15,000-20,000 disco nightclubs in the US, many of them opening in suburban shopping centers, hotels, and restaurants. The <a href="/wiki/2001_Club" title="2001 Club">2001 Club</a> franchises were the most prolific chain of disco clubs in the country.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Although many other attempts were made to franchise disco clubs, 2001 was the only one to successfully do so in this time frame.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_and_light_equipment">Sound and light equipment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sound and light equipment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_floor_2_by_harmon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dance_floor_2_by_harmon.jpg/250px-Dance_floor_2_by_harmon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dance_floor_2_by_harmon.jpg/330px-Dance_floor_2_by_harmon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Dance_floor_2_by_harmon.jpg/500px-Dance_floor_2_by_harmon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Major disco clubs had lighted dance floors, with the lights flashing to complement the beat.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZMF_2015_IMGP_0000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ZMF_2015_IMGP_0000.jpg/250px-ZMF_2015_IMGP_0000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ZMF_2015_IMGP_0000.jpg/330px-ZMF_2015_IMGP_0000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/ZMF_2015_IMGP_0000.jpg/500px-ZMF_2015_IMGP_0000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The reflective light <a href="/wiki/Disco_ball" title="Disco ball">disco ball</a> was a fixture on the ceilings of many discothèques.</figcaption></figure> Powerful, bass-heavy, <a href="/wiki/Hi-fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-fi">hi-fi</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">sound systems</a> were viewed as a key part of the disco club experience. <a href="/wiki/The_Loft_(New_York_City)" title="The Loft (New York City)">The Loft</a> party host <a href="/wiki/David_Mancuso" title="David Mancuso">David Mancuso</a> introduced the technologies of tweeter arrays (clusters of small loudspeakers, which emit high-end frequencies, positioned above the floor) and bass reinforcements (additional sets of <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofers</a> positioned at ground level) at the start of the 1970s to boost the treble and bass at opportune moments, and by the end of the decade <a href="/wiki/Sound_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound engineer">sound engineers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Long_(sound_designer)" title="Richard Long (sound designer)">Richard Long</a> had multiplied the effects of these innovations in venues such as the Garage."<a href="#cite_note-timlawrence.info-35">[35]</a> Typical lighting designs for disco dance floors include multi-colored lights that swirl around or flash to the beat, <a href="/wiki/Strobe_light" title="Strobe light">strobe lights</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_dance_floor" title="Illuminated dance floor">illuminated dance floor</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Disco_ball" title="Disco ball">mirror ball</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DJs">DJs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: DJs">edit</a>]</div> Disco-era <a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">disc jockeys</a> (DJs) would often remix existing songs using <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_tape_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel-to-reel tape recorder">reel-to-reel tape machines</a>, and add in percussion breaks, new sections, and new sounds. DJs would select songs and grooves according to what the dancers wanted, transitioning from one song to another with a <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a> and using a <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphone</a> to introduce songs and speak to the audiences. Other equipment was added to the basic DJ setup, providing unique sound manipulations, such as <a href="/wiki/Reverb" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverb">reverb</a>, equalization, and echo <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects unit</a>. Using this equipment, a DJ could do effects such as cutting out all but the bassline of a song and then slowly mixing in the beginning of another song using the DJ mixer's crossfader. Notable U.S. disco DJs include <a href="/wiki/Francis_Grasso" title="Francis Grasso">Francis Grasso</a> of The Sanctuary, <a href="/wiki/David_Mancuso" title="David Mancuso">David Mancuso</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Loft_(New_York_City)" title="The Loft (New York City)">The Loft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles" title="Frankie Knuckles">Frankie Knuckles</a> of the Chicago <a href="/wiki/Warehouse_(nightclub)" title="Warehouse (nightclub)">Warehouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Levan" title="Larry Levan">Larry Levan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Garage" title="Paradise Garage">Paradise Garage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Siano" title="Nicky Siano">Nicky Siano</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Gallery_(disco)" title="The Gallery (disco)">The Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gibbons" title="Walter Gibbons">Walter Gibbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Mixon_Cook" title="Karen Mixon Cook">Karen Mixon Cook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Burgess_(producer)" title="Jim Burgess (producer)">Jim Burgess</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_%22Jellybean%22_Benitez" class="mw-redirect" title="John "Jellybean" Benitez">John "Jellybean" Benitez</a>, Richie Kulala of <a href="/wiki/Studio_54" title="Studio 54">Studio 54</a>, and Rick Salsalini. Some DJs were also record producers who created and produced disco songs in the <a href="/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studio</a>. Larry Levan, for example, was a prolific <a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">record producer</a> as well as a DJ. Because record sales were often dependent on dance floor play by DJs in the nightclubs, DJs were also influential in the development and popularization of certain types of disco music being produced for record labels. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura162.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura162.JPG/250px-04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura162.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura162.JPG/330px-04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura162.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura162.JPG/500px-04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura162.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Disco dancers typically wore loose slacks for men and flowing dresses for women, which enabled ease of movement on the dance floor.</figcaption></figure> In the early years, dancers in discos danced in a "hang loose" or "freestyle" approach. At first, many dancers improvised their own dance styles and dance steps. Later in the disco era, popular dance styles were developed, including the "Bump", "Penguin", "Boogaloo", "Watergate", and "Robot". By October 1975 <a href="/wiki/Hustle_(dance)" title="Hustle (dance)">the Hustle</a> reigned. It was highly stylized, sophisticated, and overtly sexual. Variations included the Brooklyn Hustle, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Hustle" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Hustle">New York Hustle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Latin_Hustle" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Hustle">Latin Hustle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Disco197510-32">[32]</a> During the disco era, many nightclubs would commonly host disco dance competitions or offer free dance lessons. Some cities had disco dance instructors or dance schools, which taught people how to do popular disco dances such as "touch dancing", "the hustle", and "<a href="/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)" title="Cha-cha-cha (dance)">the cha cha</a>". The pioneer of disco dance instruction was Karen Lustgarten in San Francisco in 1973. Her book The Complete Guide to Disco Dancing (Warner Books 1978) was the first to name, break down and codify popular disco dances as dance forms and distinguish between disco freestyle, partner, and line dances. The book hit the New York Times bestseller list for 13 weeks and was translated into Chinese, German, and French. In Chicago, the Step By Step disco dance TV show was launched with the sponsorship support of the Coca-Cola company. Produced in the same studio that <a href="/wiki/Don_Cornelius" title="Don Cornelius">Don Cornelius</a> used for the nationally syndicated dance/music television show, <a href="/wiki/Soul_Train" title="Soul Train">Soul Train</a>, Step by Step's audience grew and the show became a success. The dynamic dance duo of Robin and Reggie led the show. The pair spent the week teaching disco dancing to dancers in the disco clubs. The instructional show aired on Saturday mornings and had a strong following. Its viewers would stay up all night on Fridays so they could be on the set the next morning, ready to return to the disco on Saturday night knowing with the latest personalized steps. The producers of the show, John Reid and Greg Roselli, routinely made appearances at disco functions with Robin and Reggie to scout out new dancing talent and promote upcoming events such as "Disco Night at White Sox Park". In Sacramento, California, Disco King Paul Dale Roberts danced for the Guinness Book of World Records. He danced for 205 hours, the equivalent of 8½ days. Other dance marathons took place afterward and Roberts held the world record for disco dancing for a short period of time.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Some notable professional dance troupes of the 1970s included <a href="/wiki/Pan%27s_People" title="Pan's People">Pan's People</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hot_Gossip" title="Hot Gossip">Hot Gossip</a>. For many dancers, a key source of inspiration for 1970s disco dancing was the film <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a> (1977). Further influence came from the music and dance style of such films as <a href="/wiki/Fame_(1980_film)" title="Fame (1980 film)">Fame</a> (1980), <a href="/wiki/Disco_Dancer" title="Disco Dancer">Disco Dancer</a> (1982), <a href="/wiki/Flashdance" title="Flashdance">Flashdance</a> (1983), and <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Disco" title="The Last Days of Disco">The Last Days of Disco</a> (1998). Interest in disco dancing also helped spawn <a href="/wiki/Reality_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Reality TV">dance competition TV shows</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Dance_Fever" title="Dance Fever">Dance Fever</a> (1979). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion">Fashion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fashion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_n-15_0000413_Disko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fotothek_df_n-15_0000413_Disko.jpg/250px-Fotothek_df_n-15_0000413_Disko.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fotothek_df_n-15_0000413_Disko.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_n-15_0000413_Disko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Fotothek_df_n-15_0000413_Disko.jpg/500px-Fotothek_df_n-15_0000413_Disko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Dancers at an <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> discothèque in 1977. Due to the constant scarcity of consumer goods in the then <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> part of Germany, particularly more exotic fashion items like disco wear, people often <a href="/wiki/Maker_culture" title="Maker culture">sewed them themselves</a>.</figcaption></figure> Disco fashions were very trendy in the late 1970s. Discothèque-goers often wore glamorous, expensive, and extravagant fashions for nights out at their local disco club. Some women would wear sheer, flowing dresses, such as <a href="/wiki/Halston" title="Halston">Halston</a> dresses, or loose, flared pants. Other women wore tight, revealing, sexy clothes, such as backless <a href="/wiki/Halter_top" class="mw-redirect" title="Halter top">halter tops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disco_pants" title="Disco pants">disco pants</a>, "hot pants", or body-hugging <a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">spandex</a> bodywear or "catsuits".<a href="#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-37">[37]</a> Men would wear shiny polyester <a href="/wiki/Qiana" title="Qiana">Qiana</a> shirts with colorful patterns and pointy, extra wide collars, preferably open at the chest. Men often wore <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cardin" title="Pierre Cardin">Pierre Cardin</a> suits, <a href="/wiki/Three_piece_suit" class="mw-redirect" title="Three piece suit">three piece suits</a> with a vest, and <a href="/wiki/Double_knitting" title="Double knitting">double-knit</a> polyester shirt jackets with matching trousers known as the <a href="/wiki/Leisure_suit" title="Leisure suit">leisure suit</a>. Men's leisure suits were typically form-fitted to some parts of the body, such as the waist and bottom while the lower part of the pants were flared in a <a href="/wiki/Bell_bottom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell bottom">bell bottom</a> style, to permit freedom of movement.<a href="#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-37">[37]</a> During the disco era, men engaged in elaborate grooming rituals and spent time choosing fashion clothing, activities that would have been considered "feminine" according to the gender stereotypes of the era.<a href="#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-37">[37]</a> Women dancers wore <a href="/wiki/Glitter" title="Glitter">glitter</a> makeup, <a href="/wiki/Sequin" title="Sequin">sequins</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gold_lam%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold lamé">gold lamé</a> clothing that would shimmer under the lights.<a href="#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-37">[37]</a> Bold colors were popular for both genders. <a href="/wiki/Platform_shoe" title="Platform shoe">Platform shoes</a> and boots for both genders and <a href="/wiki/High_heel" class="mw-redirect" title="High heel">high heels</a> for women were popular footwear.<a href="#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklaces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medal" title="Medal">medallions</a> were a common <a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">fashion accessory</a>. Less commonly, some disco dancers wore outlandish costumes, dressed in <a href="/wiki/Drag_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (clothing)">drag</a>, covered their bodies with gold or silver paint, or wore very skimpy outfits leaving them nearly nude; these uncommon get-ups were more likely to be seen at invitation-only <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> loft parties and disco clubs.<a href="#cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drug_subculture">Drug subculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Drug subculture">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the dance and fashion aspects of the disco club scene, there was also a thriving <a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">club drug</a> <a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">subculture</a>, particularly for drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud, bass-heavy music and the flashing colored lights, such as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-38">[38]</a> (nicknamed "blow"), amyl nitrite ("<a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a>"),<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-39">[39]</a> and the "... other quintessential 1970s club drug <a href="/wiki/Quaalude" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaalude">Quaalude</a>, which suspended <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">motor coordination</a> and gave the sensation that one's arms and legs had turned to '<a href="/wiki/Jell-O" title="Jell-O">Jell-O</a>.'"<a href="#cite_note-r1-40">[40]</a> Quaaludes were so popular at disco clubs that the drug was nicknamed "disco biscuits".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Paul Gootenberg states that "[t]he relationship of cocaine to 1970s disco culture cannot be stressed enough..."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-38">[38]</a> During the 1970s, the use of cocaine by well-to-do <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">celebrities</a> led to its "glamorization" and to the widely held view that it was a "soft drug".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amphetamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphetamines">"speed"</a> (amphetamines) were also popular in disco clubs, and the use of these drugs "...contributed to the hedonistic quality of the dance floor experience."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Since disco dances were typically held in <a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">liquor licensed</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">nightclubs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance club">dance clubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drinks</a> were also consumed by dancers; some users intentionally combined alcohol with the consumption of other drugs, such as Quaaludes, for a stronger effect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eroticism_and_sexual_liberation">Eroticism and sexual liberation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eroticism and sexual liberation">edit</a>]</div> According to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Braunstein" title="Peter Braunstein">Peter Braunstein</a>, the "massive quantities of <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> ingested in discothèques produced the next <a href="/wiki/Cultural_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural phenomenon">cultural phenomenon</a> of the disco era: rampant <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_sex" title="Public sex">public sex</a>. While the dance floor was the central arena of <a href="/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">seduction</a>, actual sex usually took place in the nether regions of the disco: bathroom stalls, exit <a href="/wiki/Stairwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Stairwell">stairwells</a>, and so on. In other cases the disco became a kind of 'main course' in a hedonist's menu for a night out."<a href="#cite_note-r1-40">[40]</a> At <a href="/wiki/The_Saint_(club)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Saint (club)">The Saint</a> nightclub, a high percentage of the <a href="/wiki/Gay_male" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay male">gay male</a> dancers and patrons would have sex in the club; they typically had <a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">unprotected sex</a>, because in 1980, <a href="/wiki/HIV-AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV-AIDS">HIV-AIDS</a> had not yet been identified.<a href="#cite_note-Tim_Lawrence_2011-44">[44]</a> At The Saint, "dancers would elope to an unpoliced upstairs balcony to engage in sex."<a href="#cite_note-Tim_Lawrence_2011-44">[44]</a> The promiscuity and public sex at discos was part of a broader trend towards exploring a freer sexual expression in the 1970s, an era that is also associated with "<a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">swingers clubs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_tub" title="Hot tub">hot tubs</a>, [and] <a href="/wiki/Group_sex#Key_party" title="Group sex">key parties</a>."<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In his paper, "In Defense of Disco" (1979), <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dyer" title="Richard Dyer">Richard Dyer</a> claims <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">eroticism</a> as one of the three main characteristics of disco.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer-46">[46]</a> As opposed to <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> which has a very <a href="/wiki/Phallocentrism" title="Phallocentrism">phallic centered</a> eroticism focusing on the sexual pleasure of men over other persons, Dyer describes disco as featuring a non-phallic full body eroticism.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer-46">[46]</a> Through a range of percussion instruments, a willingness to play with rhythm, and the endless repeating of phrases without cutting the listener off, disco achieved this full-body eroticism by restoring eroticism to the whole body for both sexes.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer-46">[46]</a> This allowed for the potential expression of sexualities not defined by the cock/penis, and the erotic pleasure of bodies that are not defined by a relationship to a penis.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer-46">[46]</a> The sexual liberation expressed through the rhythm of disco is further represented in the club spaces that disco grew within. In <a href="/wiki/Peter_Shapiro_(journalist)" title="Peter Shapiro (journalist)">Peter Shapiro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Modulations:_A_History_of_Electronic_Music" title="Modulations: A History of Electronic Music">Modulations: A History of Electronic Music</a>: Throbbing Words on Sound, he discusses eroticism through the technology disco utilizes to create its audacious sound.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The music, Shapiro states, is adjunct to "the pleasure-is-politics ethos of post-<a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall</a> culture." He explains how "mechano-eroticism", which links the technology used to create the unique mechanical sound of disco to eroticism, set the genre in a new dimension of reality living outside of naturalism and heterosexuality. Randy Jones and Mark Jacobsen echo this sentiment in BBC Radio's "The Politics of Dancing: How Disco Changed the World," describing the loose, hip-focused dance style as "a new kind of communion" that celebrates the sparks of liberation brought on the Stonewall riots.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> As New York state had laws against homosexual behavior in public, including dancing with a member of the same sex, the eroticism of disco served as resistance and an expression of sexual freedom.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> He uses Donna Summer's singles "<a href="/wiki/Love_to_Love_You_Baby_(song)" title="Love to Love You Baby (song)">Love to Love You Baby</a>" (1975) and "<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_Love" title="I Feel Love">I Feel Love</a>" (1977) as examples of the ever-present relationship between the synthesized bass lines and backgrounds to the simulated sounds of orgasms. Summer's voice echoes in the tracks, and likens them to the drug-fervent, sexually liberated fans of disco who sought to free themselves through disco's "aesthetic of machine sex."<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Shapiro sees this as an influence that creates sub-genres like <a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">hi-NRG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a>-disco, which allowed for eroticism and technology to be further explored through intense synth bass lines and alternative rhythmic techniques that tap into the entire body rather than the obvious erotic parts of the body. The New York nightclub The Sanctuary under resident DJ <a href="/wiki/Francis_Grasso" title="Francis Grasso">Francis Grasso</a> is a prime example of this sexual liberty. In their history of the disc jockey and club culture, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Brewster_(DJ)" title="Bill Brewster (DJ)">Bill Brewster</a> and Frank Broughton describe the Sanctuary as "poured full of newly liberated gay men, then shaken (and stirred) by a weighty concoction of dance music and pharmacoia of pills and potions, the result is a festivaly of carnality."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000134-51">[51]</a> The Sanctuary was the "first totally uninhibited gay discotheque in America" and while sex was not allowed on the dancefloor, the dark corners, bathrooms. and hallways of the adjacent buildings were all utilized for orgy-like sexual engagements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000134-51">[51]</a> By describing the music, drugs, and liberated mentality as a trifecta coming together to create the festival of carnality, Brewster and Broughton are inciting all three as stimuli for the dancing, sex, and other embodied movements that contributed to the corporeal vibrations within the Sanctuary. It supports the argument that disco music took a role in facilitating this sexual liberation that was experienced in the discotheques. The recent legalization of abortion and the introduction of antibiotics and <a href="/wiki/Birth_control_pill" class="mw-redirect" title="Birth control pill">the pill</a> facilitated a culture shift around sex from one of procreation to pleasure and enjoyment. Thus was fostered a very sex-positive framework around discotheques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000127-52">[52]</a> Further, in addition to gay sex being illegal in New York state, until 1973 the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a> classified homosexuality as an illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000134-51">[51]</a> This law and classification coupled together can be understood to have heavily dissuaded the expression of queerness in public, as such the liberatory dynamics of discotheques can be seen as having provided space for self-realization for queer persons. David Mancuso's club/house party, <a href="/wiki/The_Loft_(New_York_City)" title="The Loft (New York City)">The Loft</a>, was described as having a "<a href="/wiki/Pansexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Pansexual">pansexual</a> attitude [that] was revolutionary in a country where up until recently it had been illegal for two men to dance together unless there was a woman present; where women were legally obliged to wear at least one recognizable item of female clothing in public; and where men visiting gay bars usually carried bail money with them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000148-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s–1960s:_First_discotheques">1940s–1960s: First discotheques</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1940s–1960s: First discotheques">edit</a>]</div> Disco was mostly developed from music that was popular on the dance floor in clubs that started playing records instead of having a live band. The first discotheques mostly played <a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing music</a>. Later on, uptempo <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> became popular in American clubs and <a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">northern soul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">glam rock</a> records in the UK. In the early 1940s, nightclubs in Paris resorted to playing jazz records during the Nazi occupation. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9gine_Zylberberg" title="Régine Zylberberg">Régine Zylberberg</a> claimed to have started the first discotheque and to have been the first club DJ in 1953 in the "Whisky à Go-Go" in Paris. She installed a dance floor with colored lights and two turntables so she could play records without having a gap in the music.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In October 1959, the owner of the <a href="/wiki/Scotch_Club" title="Scotch Club">Scotch Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen, West Germany</a> chose to install a record player for the opening night instead of hiring a live band. The patrons were unimpressed until a young reporter, who happened to be covering the opening of the club, impulsively took control of the record player and introduced the records that he chose to play. Klaus Quirini later claimed to thus have been the world's first nightclub DJ.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s–1974:_Precursors_and_early_disco_music">1960s–1974: Precursors and early disco music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1960s–1974: Precursors and early disco music">edit</a>]</div> During the 1960s, discotheque dancing became a European trend that was enthusiastically picked up by the American press.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-22">[22]</a> At this time, when the discotheque culture from Europe became popular in the United States, several music genres with danceable rhythms rose to popularity and evolved into different sub-genres: <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">rhythm and blues</a> (originated in the 1940s), <a href="/wiki/Soul_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (music)">soul</a> (late 1950s and 1960s), funk (mid-1960s) and <a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">go-go</a> (mid-1960s and 1970s; more than "disco", the word "go-go" originally indicated a music club). Musical genres that were primarily performed by African-American musicians would influence much of early disco. Also during the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a> record label developed its own approach, described as having "1) simply structured songs with sophisticated melodies and chord changes, 2) a relentless four-beat drum pattern, 3) a gospel use of background voices, vaguely derived from the style of <a href="/wiki/The_Impressions" title="The Impressions">the Impressions</a>, 4) a regular and sophisticated use of both horns and strings, 5) lead singers who were halfway between pop and gospel music, 6) a group of accompanying musicians who were among the most dextrous, knowledgeable, and brilliant in all of popular music (Motown bassists have long been the envy of white rock bassists) and 7) a trebly style of mixing that relied heavily on electronic limiting and equalizing (boosting the high range frequencies) to give the overall product a distinctive sound, particularly effective for broadcast over AM radio."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Motown had many hits with disco elements by acts like <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Kendricks" title="Eddie Kendricks">Eddie Kendricks</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Girl_You_Need_a_Change_of_Mind" title="Girl You Need a Change of Mind">Girl You Need a Change of Mind</a>" in 1972, "<a href="/wiki/Keep_on_Truckin%27_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keep on Truckin' (song)">Keep on Truckin'</a>" in 1973,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Boogie_Down" title="Boogie Down">Boogie Down</a>" in 1974). At the end of the 1960s, musicians, and audiences from the Black, Italian, and Latino communities adopted several traits from the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychedelia" title="Psychedelia">psychedelia</a> subcultures. They included using music venues with a loud, overwhelming sound, free-form dancing, trippy lighting, colorful costumes, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallucinogenic">hallucinogenic</a> drugs.<a href="#cite_note-Partylikeits1975-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Traces-59">[59]</a> In addition, the perceived positivity, lack of irony, and earnestness of the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a> informed proto-disco music like <a href="/wiki/MFSB" title="MFSB">MFSB</a>'s album <a href="/wiki/Love_Is_the_Message_(MFSB_album)" title="Love Is the Message (MFSB album)">Love Is the Message</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Partylikeits1975-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Partly through the success of <a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a>, psychedelic elements that were popular in rock music of the late 1960s found their way into soul and early funk music and formed the subgenre <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">psychedelic soul</a>. Examples can be found in the music of <a href="/wiki/The_Chambers_Brothers" title="The Chambers Brothers">the Chambers Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(funk_musician)" title="George Clinton (funk musician)">George Clinton</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic" title="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</a> collective, <a href="/wiki/Sly_and_the_Family_Stone" title="Sly and the Family Stone">Sly and the Family Stone</a>, and the productions of <a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a> with <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a>. The long instrumental introductions and detailed orchestration found in psychedelic soul tracks by the Temptations are also considered as <a href="/wiki/Cinematic_soul" title="Cinematic soul">cinematic soul</a>. In the early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Mayfield" title="Curtis Mayfield">Curtis Mayfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Hayes" title="Isaac Hayes">Isaac Hayes</a> scored hits with cinematic soul songs that were actually composed for movie soundtracks: "<a href="/wiki/Superfly_(song)" title="Superfly (song)">Superfly</a>" (1972) and "<a href="/wiki/Theme_from_Shaft" title="Theme from Shaft">Theme from Shaft</a>" (1971). The latter is sometimes regarded as an early disco song.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> From the mid-1960s to early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_soul" title="Philadelphia soul">Philadelphia soul</a> developed as a sub-genre that also had lavish <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a>, lush <a href="/wiki/String_orchestra" title="String orchestra">string orchestra</a> arrangements, and expensive record production processes. In the early 1970s, the Philadelphia soul productions by <a href="/wiki/Gamble_and_Huff" title="Gamble and Huff">Gamble and Huff</a> evolved from the simpler arrangements of the late-1960s into a style featuring lush strings, thumping basslines, and sliding hi-hat rhythms. These elements would become typical for disco music and are found in several of the hits they produced in the early 1970s: <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Love_Train" title="Love Train">Love Train</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Jays" title="The O'Jays">the O'Jays</a> (with MFSB as the backup band) was released in 1972 and topped the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a> in March 1973</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Love_I_Lost" title="The Love I Lost">The Love I Lost</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Melvin_%26_the_Blue_Notes" title="Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes">Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes</a> (1973)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Now_That_We_Found_Love" title="Now That We Found Love">Now That We Found Love</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_O%27Jays" title="The O'Jays">The O'Jays</a> (1973), later a hit for <a href="/wiki/Third_World_(band)" title="Third World (band)">Third World</a> in 1978</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/TSOP_(The_Sound_of_Philadelphia)" title="TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)">TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)</a>" by <a href="/wiki/MFSB" title="MFSB">MFSB</a> with vocals by <a href="/wiki/The_Three_Degrees" title="The Three Degrees">The Three Degrees</a>, a wordless song written as the theme for <a href="/wiki/Soul_Train" title="Soul Train">Soul Train</a> and a #1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1974</li></ul> Other early disco tracks that helped shape disco and became popular on the dance floors of (underground) discotheque clubs and parties include: <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Jungle_Fever_(song)" title="Jungle Fever (song)">Jungle Fever</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Chakachas" title="The Chakachas">The Chakachas</a> was first released in Belgium in 1971 and later released in the U.S. in 1972, where it reached #8 on the Billboard Hot 100 that same year</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Soul_Makossa" title="Soul Makossa">Soul Makossa</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Manu_Dibango" title="Manu Dibango">Manu Dibango</a> was first released in France in 1972; it was picked up by the underground disco scene in New York and subsequently got a proper release in the U.S., reaching #35 on the Hot 100 in 1973</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Night_(Frankie_Valli_and_The_Four_Seasons_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Night (Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons song)">The Night</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(band)" title="The Four Seasons (band)">the Four Seasons</a> was released in 1972, but was not immediately popular; it appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern soul</a> scene and became a hit in the UK in 1975<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Theme" title="Love's Theme">Love's Theme</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Love_Unlimited_Orchestra" title="The Love Unlimited Orchestra">the Love Unlimited Orchestra</a>, conducted by <a href="/wiki/Barry_White" title="Barry White">Barry White</a>, an instrumental song originally featured on <a href="/wiki/Under_the_Influence_of..._Love_Unlimited" title="Under the Influence of... Love Unlimited">Under the Influence of... Love Unlimited</a> in July 1973 from which it was culled as a single in November of that year; subsequently, the conductor included it on his own debut album</li> <li>"Sound Your Funky Horn" by <a href="/wiki/KC_and_the_Sunshine_Band" title="KC and the Sunshine Band">KC and the Sunshine Band</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> in 1974</li> <li>"Rock Your Baby" by George McCrae in 1974</li> <li>"Do It" by <a href="/wiki/B.T._Express" class="mw-redirect" title="B.T. Express">B.T. Express</a> in 1974</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Boogie_Down" title="Boogie Down">Boogie Down</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Kendricks" title="Eddie Kendricks">Eddie Kendricks</a> in 1974</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/If_You_Talk_In_Your_Sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="If You Talk In Your Sleep">If You Talk In Your Sleep</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a> in 1974.</li></ul> Early disco was dominated by record producers and labels such as <a href="/wiki/Salsoul_Records" title="Salsoul Records">Salsoul Records</a> (Ken, Stanley, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cayre" title="Joseph Cayre">Joseph Cayre</a>), <a href="/wiki/West_End_Records" title="West End Records">West End Records</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mel_Cheren" title="Mel Cheren">Mel Cheren</a>), <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Records" title="Casablanca Records">Casablanca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neil_Bogart" title="Neil Bogart">Neil Bogart</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Prelude_Records_(record_label)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude Records (record label)">Prelude</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marvin_Schlachter" title="Marvin Schlachter">Marvin Schlachter</a>). The genre was also shaped by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Moulton" title="Tom Moulton">Tom Moulton</a>, who wanted to extend the enjoyment of dance songs — thus creating the extended mix or "<a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remix</a>", going from a three-minute 45 rpm single to the much longer 12" record. Other influential DJs and remixers who helped to establish what became known as the "disco sound" included <a href="/wiki/David_Mancuso" title="David Mancuso">David Mancuso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Siano" title="Nicky Siano">Nicky Siano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shep_Pettibone" title="Shep Pettibone">Shep Pettibone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Levan" title="Larry Levan">Larry Levan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gibbons" title="Walter Gibbons">Walter Gibbons</a>, and Chicago-based <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Knuckles" title="Frankie Knuckles">Frankie Knuckles</a>. Frankie Knuckles was not only an important disco DJ; he also helped to develop <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> in the 1980s. Disco hit the television airwaves as part of the music/dance variety show <a href="/wiki/Soul_Train" title="Soul Train">Soul Train</a> in 1971 hosted by <a href="/wiki/Don_Cornelius" title="Don Cornelius">Don Cornelius</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Marty_Angelo" title="Marty Angelo">Marty Angelo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Disco_Step-by-Step_Television_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Disco Step-by-Step Television Show">Disco Step-by-Step Television Show</a> in 1975, Steve Marcus's Disco Magic/Disco 77, Eddie Rivera's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soap_Factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soap Factory (page does not exist)">Soap Factory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Merv_Griffin" title="Merv Griffin">Merv Griffin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dance_Fever" title="Dance Fever">Dance Fever</a>, hosted by <a href="/wiki/Deney_Terrio" title="Deney Terrio">Deney Terrio</a>, who is credited with teaching actor <a href="/wiki/John_Travolta" title="John Travolta">John Travolta</a> to dance for his role in the film <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a> (1977), as well as DANCE, based out of <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a>. In 1974, New York City's <a href="/wiki/WPIX-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="WPIX-FM">WPIX-FM</a> premiered the first disco radio show.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_disco_culture_in_the_United_States">Early disco culture in the United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Early disco culture in the United States">edit</a>]</div> In the 1970s, the key <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture of the 1960s</a>, the hippie movement, was fading away. The economic prosperity of the previous decade had declined, and unemployment, inflation, and crime rates had soared. Political issues like the backlash from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> culminating in the form of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_riots#Civil_Rights_and_Black_Power_Movement's_Period:_1955–1977" title="List of ethnic riots">race riots</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassinations of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, left many feeling disillusioned and hopeless.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The start of the '70s was marked by a shift in the consciousness of the American people: the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a>, gangs, etc. very much shaped this era. Disco music and disco dancing provided an escape from negative social and economic issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiro20065–7-65">[65]</a> The non-partnered dance style of disco music allowed people of all races and sexual orientations to enjoy the dancefloor atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[66]</a> In Beautiful Things in Popular Culture, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Frith" title="Simon Frith">Simon Frith</a> highlights the sociability of disco and its roots in 1960s counterculture. "The driving force of the New York underground dance scene in which disco was forged was not simply that city's complex ethnic and sexual culture but also a 1960s notion of community, pleasure and generosity that can only be described as hippie", he says. "The best disco music contained within it a remarkably powerful sense of collective euphoria."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The explosion of disco is often claimed to be found in the private dance parties held by New York City DJ David Mancuso's home that became known as <a href="/wiki/The_Loft_(New_York_City)" title="The Loft (New York City)">The Loft</a>, an invitation-only non-commercial underground club that inspired many others.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-68">[68]</a> He organized the first major party in his Manhattan home on Valentine's Day 1970 with the name "Love Saves The Day". After some months the parties became weekly events and Mancuso continued to give regular parties into the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-lawrence-69">[69]</a> Mancuso required that the music played had to be soulful, rhythmic, and impart words of hope, redemption, or pride.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000148-53">[53]</a> When Mancuso threw his first informal house parties, the <a href="/wiki/Gay_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay community">gay community</a> (which made up much of The Loft's attendee roster) was often harassed in the <a href="/wiki/Gay_bar" title="Gay bar">gay bars and dance clubs</a>, with many gay men carrying <a href="/wiki/Bail" title="Bail">bail money</a> with them to gay bars. But at The Loft and many other early, private <a href="/wiki/Discotheque" class="mw-redirect" title="Discotheque">discotheques</a>, they could dance together without fear of police action thanks to Mancuso's underground, yet legal, policies. <a href="/wiki/Vince_Aletti" title="Vince Aletti">Vince Aletti</a> described it "like going to party, completely mixed, racially and sexually, where there wasn't any sense of someone being more important than anyone else," and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Rosner" title="Alex Rosner">Alex Rosner</a> reiterated this saying "It was probably about sixty percent black and seventy percent gay...There was a mix of sexual orientation, there was a mix of races, mix of economic groups. A real mix, where the common denominator was music."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000148-53">[53]</a> Film critic <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> called the popular embrace of disco's exuberant dance moves an escape from "the general depression and drabness of the political and musical atmosphere of the late seventies."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Kael" title="Pauline Kael">Pauline Kael</a>, writing about the disco-themed film <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a>, said the film and disco itself touched on "something deeply romantic, the need to move, to dance, and the need to be who you'd like to be. Nirvana is the dance; when the music stops, you return to being ordinary."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_disco_culture_in_the_United_Kingdom">Early disco culture in the United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Early disco culture in the United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1960s, uptempo soul with heavy beats and some associated dance styles and fashion were picked up in the British <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mod</a> scene and formed the <a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">northern soul</a> movement. Originating at venues such as the <a href="/wiki/Twisted_Wheel_Club" title="Twisted Wheel Club">Twisted Wheel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, it quickly spread to other UK dancehalls and nightclubs like the <a href="/wiki/Chateau_Impney" title="Chateau Impney">Chateau Impney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Droitwich_Spa" title="Droitwich Spa">Droitwich</a>), Catacombs (Wolverhampton), <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Mecca#Northern_soul_at_The_Highland_Room" title="Blackpool Mecca">the Highland Rooms</a> at <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Mecca" title="Blackpool Mecca">Blackpool Mecca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_Torch" title="Golden Torch">Golden Torch</a> (Stoke-on-Trent), and <a href="/wiki/Wigan_Casino" title="Wigan Casino">Wigan Casino</a>. As the favoured beat became more uptempo and frantic in the early 1970s, northern soul dancing became more athletic, somewhat resembling the later dance styles of disco and break dancing. Featuring <a href="/wiki/Turn_(dance_and_gymnastics)" title="Turn (dance and gymnastics)">spins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flip_(acrobatic)" title="Flip (acrobatic)">flips</a>, karate kicks, and backdrops, club dancing styles were often inspired by the stage performances of touring American soul acts such as <a href="/wiki/Little_Anthony_%26_the_Imperials" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Anthony & the Imperials">Little Anthony & the Imperials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Wilson" title="Jackie Wilson">Jackie Wilson</a>. In 1974, there were an estimated 25,000 <a href="/wiki/Mobile_discos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile discos">mobile discos</a> and 40,000 professional disc jockeys in the United Kingdom. Mobile discos were hired deejays that brought their own equipment to provide music for special events. <a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a> tracks were popular, with, for example, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Glitter" title="Gary Glitter">Gary Glitter</a>'s 1972 single "<a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Part_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock and Roll Part 2">Rock and Roll Part 2</a>" becoming popular on UK dance floors while it did not get much radio airplay.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1974–1977:_Rise_to_mainstream">1974–1977: Rise to mainstream</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1974–1977: Rise to mainstream">edit</a>]</div> From 1974 to 1977, disco music increased in popularity as many disco songs topped the charts. <a href="/wiki/The_Hues_Corporation" title="The Hues Corporation">The Hues Corporation</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rock_the_Boat_(The_Hues_Corporation_song)" title="Rock the Boat (The Hues Corporation song)">Rock the Boat</a>" (1974), a US number-one <a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">single</a> and million-seller, was one of the early disco songs to reach number one. The same year saw the release of "<a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_Fighting" title="Kung Fu Fighting">Kung Fu Fighting</a>", performed by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Douglas" title="Carl Douglas">Carl Douglas</a> and produced by <a href="/wiki/Biddu" title="Biddu">Biddu</a>, which reached number one in both the UK and US, and became the best-selling single of the year<a href="#cite_note-The_Book_of_Golden_Discs-73">[73]</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_worldwide" class="mw-redirect" title="List of best-selling singles worldwide">best-selling singles of all time</a> with 11 million records sold worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-metro_biddu-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-times_2004-75">[75]</a> helping to popularize disco to a great extent.<a href="#cite_note-metro_biddu-74">[74]</a> Another notable disco success that year was <a href="/wiki/George_McCrae" title="George McCrae">George McCrae</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Rock_Your_Baby" title="Rock Your Baby">Rock Your Baby</a>":<a href="#cite_note-Moore-Gilbert-76">[76]</a> it became the United Kingdom's first number one disco single.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore-Gilbert-76">[76]</a> In the northwestern sections of the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">northern soul</a> explosion, which started in the late 1960s and peaked in 1974, made the region receptive to disco, which the region's disc jockeys were bringing back from New York City. The shift by some DJs to the newer sounds coming from the U.S. resulted in a split in the scene, whereby some abandoned the 1960s soul and pushed a modern soul sound which tended to be more closely aligned with disco than soul. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloria_Gaynor_(1976).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gloria_Gaynor_%281976%29.jpg/250px-Gloria_Gaynor_%281976%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gloria_Gaynor_%281976%29.jpg/330px-Gloria_Gaynor_%281976%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gloria_Gaynor_%281976%29.jpg/500px-Gloria_Gaynor_%281976%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor" title="Gloria Gaynor">Gloria Gaynor</a> in 1976</figcaption></figure> In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor" title="Gloria Gaynor">Gloria Gaynor</a> released her first side-long <a href="/wiki/Gramophone_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramophone record">vinyl</a> <a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">album</a>, which included a remake of <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">the Jackson 5</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye" title="Never Can Say Goodbye">Never Can Say Goodbye</a>" (which, in fact, is also the <a href="/wiki/Never_Can_Say_Goodbye_(Gloria_Gaynor_album)" title="Never Can Say Goodbye (Gloria Gaynor album)">album title</a>) and two other songs, "Honey Bee" and her disco version of "<a href="/wiki/Reach_Out_I%27ll_Be_There" title="Reach Out I'll Be There">Reach Out (I'll Be There)</a>". The album first topped the Billboard disco/dance charts in November 1974. Later in 1978, Gaynor's number-one disco song was "<a href="/wiki/I_Will_Survive" title="I Will Survive">I Will Survive</a>", which was seen as a symbol of female strength and a gay anthem,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> like her further disco hit, a 1983 remake of "<a href="/wiki/I_Am_What_I_Am_(Broadway_musical_song)" title="I Am What I Am (Broadway musical song)">I Am What I Am</a>". In 1979 she released "<a href="/wiki/Let_Me_Know_(I_Have_a_Right)" class="mw-redirect" title="Let Me Know (I Have a Right)">Let Me Know (I Have a Right)</a>", a single which gained popularity in the civil rights movements. Also in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Montana_Jr." title="Vincent Montana Jr.">Vincent Montana Jr.</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Salsoul_Orchestra" title="Salsoul Orchestra">Salsoul Orchestra</a> contributed with their Latin-flavored orchestral dance song "Salsoul Hustle", reaching number four on the Billboard Dance Chart; their 1976 hits were "<a href="/wiki/Tangerine_(1941_song)" title="Tangerine (1941 song)">Tangerine</a>" and "Nice 'n' Naasty", the first being a cover of a 1941 song.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fly,_Robin,_Fly_-_Cash_Box_ad_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fly%2C_Robin%2C_Fly_-_Cash_Box_ad_1975.jpg/250px-Fly%2C_Robin%2C_Fly_-_Cash_Box_ad_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fly%2C_Robin%2C_Fly_-_Cash_Box_ad_1975.jpg/330px-Fly%2C_Robin%2C_Fly_-_Cash_Box_ad_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Fly%2C_Robin%2C_Fly_-_Cash_Box_ad_1975.jpg/500px-Fly%2C_Robin%2C_Fly_-_Cash_Box_ad_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3418" data-file-height="4595" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Silver_Convention" title="Silver Convention">Silver Convention</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Fly,_Robin,_Fly" title="Fly, Robin, Fly">Fly, Robin, Fly</a>", October 18, 1975</figcaption></figure> Songs such as <a href="/wiki/Van_McCoy" title="Van McCoy">Van McCoy</a>'s 1975 "<a href="/wiki/The_Hustle_(song)" title="The Hustle (song)">The Hustle</a>" and the humorous <a href="/wiki/Joe_Tex" title="Joe Tex">Joe Tex</a> 1977 "<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Bump_No_More_(With_No_Big_Fat_Woman)" title="Ain't Gonna Bump No More (With No Big Fat Woman)">Ain't Gonna Bump No More (With No Big Fat Woman)</a>" gave names to the popular disco dances "the Bump" and "the Hustle". Other notable early successful disco songs include <a href="/wiki/Barry_White" title="Barry White">Barry White</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/You%27re_the_First,_the_Last,_My_Everything" title="You're the First, the Last, My Everything">You're the First, the Last, My Everything</a>" (1974); <a href="/wiki/Labelle" title="Labelle">Labelle</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Lady_Marmalade" title="Lady Marmalade">Lady Marmalade</a>" (1974)'; <a href="/wiki/Disco-Tex_and_the_Sex-O-Lettes" title="Disco-Tex and the Sex-O-Lettes">Disco-Tex and the Sex-O-Lettes</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Get_Dancin%27" title="Get Dancin'">Get Dancin'</a>" (1974); <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Shining_Star_(Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire_song)" title="Shining Star (Earth, Wind & Fire song)">Shining Star</a>" (1975); <a href="/wiki/Silver_Convention" title="Silver Convention">Silver Convention</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Fly,_Robin,_Fly" title="Fly, Robin, Fly">Fly, Robin, Fly</a>" (1975) and "<a href="/wiki/Get_Up_and_Boogie_(song)" title="Get Up and Boogie (song)">Get Up and Boogie</a>" (1976); <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Sue_Robinson" title="Vicki Sue Robinson">Vicki Sue Robinson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Turn_the_Beat_Around" title="Turn the Beat Around">Turn the Beat Around</a>" (1976); and "<a href="/wiki/More,_More,_More" title="More, More, More">More, More, More</a>" (1976) by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_True" title="Andrea True">Andrea True</a> (a former pornographic actress during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a>, an era largely contemporaneous with the height of disco). Formed by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Wayne_Casey" title="Harry Wayne Casey">Harry Wayne Casey</a> (a.k.a. "KC") and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Finch_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Finch (musician)">Richard Finch</a>, Miami's <a href="/wiki/KC_and_the_Sunshine_Band" title="KC and the Sunshine Band">KC and the Sunshine Band</a> had a string of disco-definitive top-five singles between 1975 and 1977, including "<a href="/wiki/Get_Down_Tonight" title="Get Down Tonight">Get Down Tonight</a>", "<a href="/wiki/That%27s_the_Way_(I_Like_It)" title="That's the Way (I Like It)">That's the Way (I Like It)</a>", "<a href="/wiki/(Shake,_Shake,_Shake)_Shake_Your_Booty" title="(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty">(Shake, Shake, Shake) Shake Your Booty</a>", "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Your_Boogie_Man" title="I'm Your Boogie Man">I'm Your Boogie Man</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Boogie_Shoes" title="Boogie Shoes">Boogie Shoes</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Keep_It_Comin%27_Love" title="Keep It Comin' Love">Keep It Comin' Love</a>". In this period, rock bands like the English <a href="/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra" title="Electric Light Orchestra">Electric Light Orchestra</a> featured in their songs a violin sound that became a staple of disco music, as in the 1975 hit "<a href="/wiki/Evil_Woman_(Electric_Light_Orchestra_song)" title="Evil Woman (Electric Light Orchestra song)">Evil Woman</a>", although the genre was correctly described as <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">orchestral rock</a>. Other disco producers such as <a href="/wiki/Tom_Moulton" title="Tom Moulton">Tom Moulton</a> took ideas and techniques from <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub music</a> (which came with the increased <a href="/wiki/Jamaicans" title="Jamaicans">Jamaican</a> migration to New York City in the 1970s) to provide alternatives to the "four on the floor" style that dominated. DJ Larry Levan utilized styles from <a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">dub</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and remixing techniques to create early versions of <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> that sparked the genre.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Motown_turning_disco">Motown turning disco</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Motown turning disco">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Whitfield" title="Norman Whitfield">Norman Whitfield</a> was an influential producer and songwriter at <a href="/wiki/Motown_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown records">Motown records</a>, renowned for creating innovative "<a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">psychedelic soul</a>" songs with many hits for <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Velvelettes" title="The Velvelettes">The Velvelettes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">The Temptations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight_%26_the_Pips" title="Gladys Knight & the Pips">Gladys Knight & the Pips</a>. From around the production of the Temptations album <a href="/wiki/Cloud_Nine_(The_Temptations_album)" title="Cloud Nine (The Temptations album)">Cloud Nine</a> in 1968, he incorporated some psychedelic influences and started to produce longer, dance-friendly tracks, with more room for elaborate rhythmic instrumental parts. An example of such a long psychedelic soul track is "<a href="/wiki/Papa_Was_a_Rollin%27_Stone" title="Papa Was a Rollin' Stone">Papa Was a Rollin' Stone</a>", which appeared as a single edit of almost seven minutes and an approximately 12-minute-long 12" version in 1972. By the early 1970s, many of Whitfield's productions evolved more and more towards <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a> and disco, as heard on albums by <a href="/wiki/The_Undisputed_Truth" title="The Undisputed Truth">the Undisputed Truth</a> and the 1973 album <a href="/wiki/G.I.T.:_Get_It_Together" title="G.I.T.: Get It Together">G.I.T.: Get It Together</a> by <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Undisputed_Truth" title="The Undisputed Truth">The Undisputed Truth</a>, a Motown recording act assembled by Whitfield to experiment with his psychedelic soul production techniques, found success with their 1971 song "<a href="/wiki/Smiling_Faces_Sometimes" title="Smiling Faces Sometimes">Smiling Faces Sometimes</a>". Their disco single "You + Me = Love" (number 43) was produced by Whitfield and made number 2 on the <a href="/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs" title="Dance Club Songs">US dance chart</a> in 1976. In 1975, Whitfield left Motown and founded his own label <a href="/wiki/Whitfield_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitfield records">Whitfield records</a>, on which also "You + Me = Love" was released. Whitfield produced some more disco hits, including "<a href="/wiki/Car_Wash_(song)" title="Car Wash (song)">Car Wash</a>" (1976) by <a href="/wiki/Rose_Royce" title="Rose Royce">Rose Royce</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Car_Wash:_Original_Motion_Picture_Soundtrack" class="mw-redirect" title="Car Wash: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack">album soundtrack</a> to the 1976 film <a href="/wiki/Car_Wash_(film)" title="Car Wash (film)">Car Wash</a>. In 1977, singer, songwriter, and producer <a href="/wiki/Willie_Hutch" title="Willie Hutch">Willie Hutch</a>, who had been signed to Motown since 1970, now signed with Whitfield's new label, and scored a successful disco single with his song <a href="/wiki/In_and_Out_(Willie_Hutch_song)" title="In and Out (Willie Hutch song)">"In and Out"</a> in 1982. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diana_Ross_1976.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Diana_Ross_1976.jpg/250px-Diana_Ross_1976.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Diana_Ross_1976.jpg/330px-Diana_Ross_1976.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Diana_Ross_1976.jpg/500px-Diana_Ross_1976.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1353" data-file-height="1581" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> in 1976</figcaption></figure> Other Motown artists turned to disco as well. <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> embraced the disco sound with her successful 1976 outing "<a href="/wiki/Love_Hangover" title="Love Hangover">Love Hangover</a>" from her self-titled album. Her 1980 dance classics "<a href="/wiki/Upside_Down_(Diana_Ross_song)" title="Upside Down (Diana Ross song)">Upside Down</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Coming_Out" title="I'm Coming Out">I'm Coming Out</a>" were written and produced by <a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Edwards" title="Bernard Edwards">Bernard Edwards</a> of the group <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Supremes" title="The Supremes">The Supremes</a>, the group that made Ross famous, scored a handful of hits in the disco clubs without her, most notably 1976's "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Gonna_Let_My_Heart_Do_the_Walking" title="I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking">I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking</a>" and, their last charted single before disbanding, 1977's "You're My Driving Wheel". At the request of Motown that he produce songs in the disco genre, <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Gaye" title="Marvin Gaye">Marvin Gaye</a> released "<a href="/wiki/Got_to_Give_It_Up" title="Got to Give It Up">Got to Give It Up</a>" in 1978, despite his dislike of disco. He vowed not to record any songs in the genre and actually wrote the song as a parody. However, several of Gaye's songs have disco elements, including "<a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_(Marvin_Gaye_song)" title="I Want You (Marvin Gaye song)">I Want You</a>" (1975). <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> released the disco single "<a href="/wiki/Sir_Duke" title="Sir Duke">Sir Duke</a>" in 1977 as a tribute to <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, the influential <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> legend who had died in 1974. <a href="/wiki/Smokey_Robinson" title="Smokey Robinson">Smokey Robinson</a> left the Motown group <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">The Miracles</a> for a solo career in 1972 and released his third solo album <a href="/wiki/A_Quiet_Storm" title="A Quiet Storm">A Quiet Storm</a> in 1975, which spawned and lent its name to the "<a href="/wiki/Quiet_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet Storm">Quiet Storm</a>" musical programming format and subgenre of R&B. It contained the disco single "<a href="/wiki/Baby_That%27s_Backatcha" title="Baby That's Backatcha">Baby That's Backatcha</a>". Other Motown artists who scored disco hits were Robinson's former group, the Miracles, with <a href="/wiki/Love_Machine_(The_Miracles_song)" title="Love Machine (The Miracles song)">"Love Machine"</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Kendricks" title="Eddie Kendricks">Eddie Kendricks</a> with <a href="/wiki/Keep_On_Truckin%27_(song)" title="Keep On Truckin' (song)">"Keep On Truckin'"</a> (1973), <a href="/wiki/The_Originals_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Originals (band)">the Originals</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Down_to_Love_Town" title="Down to Love Town">Down to Love Town</a>" (1976), and <a href="/wiki/Thelma_Houston" title="Thelma Houston">Thelma Houston</a> with her cover of the <a href="/wiki/Harold_Melvin_and_the_Blue_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes">Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Leave_Me_This_Way" title="Don't Leave Me This Way">Don't Leave Me This Way</a>" (1976). The label continued to release successful songs into the 1980s with <a href="/wiki/Rick_James" title="Rick James">Rick James</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Super_Freak" title="Super Freak">Super Freak</a>" (1981), and the <a href="/wiki/Commodores" title="Commodores">Commodores</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Lady_(You_Bring_Me_Up)" title="Lady (You Bring Me Up)">Lady (You Bring Me Up)</a>" (1981). Several of Motown's solo artists who left the label went on to have successful disco songs. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wells" title="Mary Wells">Mary Wells</a>, Motown's first female superstar with her signature song "<a href="/wiki/My_Guy" title="My Guy">My Guy</a>" (written by Smokey Robinson), abruptly left the label in 1964. She briefly reappeared on the charts with the disco song <a href="/wiki/Gigolo_(Mary_Wells_song)" title="Gigolo (Mary Wells song)">"Gigolo"</a> in 1980. <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Ruffin" title="Jimmy Ruffin">Jimmy Ruffin</a>, the elder brother of <a href="/wiki/The_Temptations" title="The Temptations">the Temptations</a> lead singer <a href="/wiki/David_Ruffin" title="David Ruffin">David Ruffin</a>, was also signed to Motown and released his most successful and well-known song "<a href="/wiki/What_Becomes_of_the_Brokenhearted" title="What Becomes of the Brokenhearted">What Becomes of the Brokenhearted</a>" as a single in 1966. Ruffin eventually left the record label in the mid-1970s, but saw success with the 1980 disco song "<a href="/wiki/Hold_On_(To_My_Love)" title="Hold On (To My Love)">Hold On (To My Love)</a>", which was written and produced by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Gibb" title="Robin Gibb">Robin Gibb</a> of the Bee Gees, for his album <a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(Jimmy_Ruffin_album)" title="Sunrise (Jimmy Ruffin album)">Sunrise</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Starr" title="Edwin Starr">Edwin Starr</a>, known for his Motown protest song "<a href="/wiki/War_(The_Temptations_song)" title="War (The Temptations song)">War</a>" (1970), reentered the charts in 1979 with a pair of disco songs, "<a href="/wiki/Contact_(Edwin_Starr_song)" title="Contact (Edwin Starr song)">Contact</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/H.A.P.P.Y._Radio_(song)" title="H.A.P.P.Y. Radio (song)">H.A.P.P.Y. Radio</a>". <a href="/wiki/Kiki_Dee" title="Kiki Dee">Kiki Dee</a> became the first white British singer to sign with Motown in the US, and released one album, Great Expectations (1970), and two singles "The Day Will Come Between Sunday and Monday" (1970) and "Love Makes the World Go Round" (1971), the latter giving her first-ever chart entry (number 87 on the US Chart). She soon left the company and signed with <a href="/wiki/Elton_John" title="Elton John">Elton John</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Rocket_Record_Company" title="The Rocket Record Company">The Rocket Record Company</a>, and in 1976 had her biggest and best-known single, "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Go_Breaking_My_Heart" title="Don't Go Breaking My Heart">Don't Go Breaking My Heart</a>", a disco duet with John. The song was intended as an affectionate disco-style pastiche of the Motown sound, in particular the various duets recorded by Marvin Gaye with <a href="/wiki/Tammi_Terrell" title="Tammi Terrell">Tammi Terrell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Weston" title="Kim Weston">Kim Weston</a>. Many Motown groups who had left the record label charted with disco songs. <a href="/wiki/The_Jackson_5" title="The Jackson 5">The Jackson 5</a>, one of Motown's premier acts in the early 1970s, left the record company in 1975 (<a href="/wiki/Jermaine_Jackson" title="Jermaine Jackson">Jermaine Jackson</a>, however, remained with the label) after successful songs like "<a href="/wiki/I_Want_You_Back" title="I Want You Back">I Want You Back</a>" (1969) and "<a href="/wiki/ABC_(The_Jackson_5_song)" title="ABC (The Jackson 5 song)">ABC</a>" (1970), and even the disco song "<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Machine" title="Dancing Machine">Dancing Machine</a>" (1974). Renamed as 'the Jacksons' (as Motown owned the name 'the Jackson 5'), they went on to find success with disco songs like "Blame It on the Boogie" (1978), "<a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Body_(Down_to_the_Ground)" title="Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)">Shake Your Body (Down to the Ground)</a>" (1979), and "Can You Feel It?" (1981) on the Epic label. <a href="/wiki/The_Isley_Brothers" title="The Isley Brothers">The Isley Brothers</a>, whose short tenure at the company had produced the song "<a href="/wiki/This_Old_Heart_of_Mine_(Is_Weak_for_You)" title="This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)">This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)</a>" in 1966, went on release successful disco songs like "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Disco_Night_(Rock_Don%27t_Stop)" title="It's a Disco Night (Rock Don't Stop)">It's a Disco Night (Rock Don't Stop)</a>" (1979). <a href="/wiki/Gladys_Knight_%26_the_Pips" title="Gladys Knight & the Pips">Gladys Knight & the Pips</a>, who recorded the most successful version of "<a href="/wiki/I_Heard_It_Through_the_Grapevine" title="I Heard It Through the Grapevine">I Heard It Through the Grapevine</a>" (1967) before Marvin Gaye, scored commercially successful singles such as "Baby, Don't Change Your Mind" (1977) and "Bourgie, Bourgie" (1980) in the disco era. <a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_Spinners" class="mw-redirect" title="The Detroit Spinners">The Detroit Spinners</a> were also signed to the Motown label and saw success with the Stevie Wonder-produced song "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_a_Shame_(The_Spinners_song)" title="It's a Shame (The Spinners song)">It's a Shame</a>" in 1970. They left soon after, on the advice of fellow <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> native <a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a>, and there had disco songs like "<a href="/wiki/The_Rubberband_Man" title="The Rubberband Man">The Rubberband Man</a>" (1976). In 1979, they released a successful cover of Elton John's "<a href="/wiki/Are_You_Ready_for_Love" title="Are You Ready for Love">Are You Ready for Love</a>", as well as a medley of <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Seasons_(band)" title="The Four Seasons (band)">the Four Seasons</a>' song "<a href="/wiki/Working_My_Way_Back_to_You" title="Working My Way Back to You">Working My Way Back to You</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Zager" title="Michael Zager">Michael Zager's</a> "Forgive Me, Girl". The Four Seasons themselves were briefly signed to Motown's MoWest label, a short-lived subsidiary for R&B and soul artists based on the West Coast, and there the group produced one album, <a href="/wiki/Chameleon_(The_Four_Seasons_album)" title="Chameleon (The Four Seasons album)">Chameleon</a> (1972) – to little commercial success in the US. However, one single, <a href="/wiki/The_Night_(Frankie_Valli_and_the_Four_Seasons_song)" title="The Night (Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons song)">"The Night"</a>, was released in Britain in 1975, and thanks to popularity from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Soul">Northern Soul</a> circuit, reached number seven on the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a>. The Four Seasons left Motown in 1974 and went on to have a disco hit with their song "<a href="/wiki/December,_1963_(Oh,_What_a_Night)" title="December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)">December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)</a>" (1975) for <a href="/wiki/Warner_Curb_Records" title="Warner Curb Records">Warner Curb Records</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Euro_disco">Euro disco</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Euro disco">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Euro_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro disco">Euro disco</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png/250px-ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png/330px-ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png/500px-ABBA_-_TopPop_1974_5.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a> in 1974.</figcaption></figure> By far the most successful Euro disco act was <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a> (1972–1982). This Swedish quartet, which sang primarily in English, found success with singles such as "<a href="/wiki/Waterloo_(ABBA_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo (ABBA song)">Waterloo</a>" (1974), "<a href="/wiki/Take_a_Chance_on_Me" title="Take a Chance on Me">Take a Chance on Me</a>" (1978), "<a href="/wiki/Gimme!_Gimme!_Gimme!_(A_Man_After_Midnight)" title="Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)">Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)</a>" (1979), "<a href="/wiki/Super_Trouper_(song)" title="Super Trouper (song)">Super Trouper</a>" (1980), and their signature smash hit "<a href="/wiki/Dancing_Queen" title="Dancing Queen">Dancing Queen</a>" (1976). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgio_Moroder_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Giorgio_Moroder_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Giorgio_Moroder_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Giorgio_Moroder_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Giorgio_Moroder_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Giorgio_Moroder_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Giorgio_Moroder_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Italian composer <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a> is known as the "Father of Disco".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donna_Summer_1977.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Donna_Summer_1977.JPG/180px-Donna_Summer_1977.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Donna_Summer_1977.JPG/270px-Donna_Summer_1977.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Donna_Summer_1977.JPG/360px-Donna_Summer_1977.JPG 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a> in 1977</figcaption></figure> In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich, West Germany</a>, music producers <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Bellotte" title="Pete Bellotte">Pete Bellotte</a> made a decisive contribution to disco music with a string of hits for <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>, which became known as the "Munich Sound".<a href="#cite_note-munichsound-81">[81]</a> In 1975, Summer suggested the lyric "<a href="/wiki/Love_to_Love_You_Baby_(song)" title="Love to Love You Baby (song)">Love to Love You Baby</a>" to Moroder and Bellotte, who turned the lyric into a full disco song. The final product, which contained the vocalizations of a series of simulated <a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">orgasms</a>, initially was not intended for release, but when Moroder played it in the clubs it caused a sensation and he released it. The song became an international hit, reaching the charts in many European countries and the US (No. 2). It has been described as the arrival of the expression of raw female sexual desire in pop music. A nearly 17-minute <a href="/wiki/12-inch_single" class="mw-redirect" title="12-inch single">12-inch single</a> was released. The 12" single became and remains a standard in discos today.<a href="#cite_note-mixmag_moroder-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Donna Summer's "Love to Love You Baby" peaking on the Billboard charts at No.2 in 1976, is considered a feminist anthem and staple in the genre. Billboard recently ranked the song #1 on their list of "The 34 Top Disco Songs of All Time." Summer is featured at all top six spots on the list.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 1976 Donna Summer's version of "<a href="/wiki/Could_It_Be_Magic" title="Could It Be Magic">Could It Be Magic</a>" brought disco further into the mainstream. In 1977 Summer, Moroder and Bellotte further released "<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_Love" title="I Feel Love">I Feel Love</a>", as the B-side of "Can't We Just Sit Down (And Talk It Over)", which revolutionized dance music with its mostly <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> production and was a massive worldwide success, spawning the <a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a> subgenre.<a href="#cite_note-mixmag_moroder-82">[82]</a> Giorgio Moroder was described by <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> as "one of the principal architects of the disco sound".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Another successful disco music project by Moroder at that time was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Munich_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Munich Machine (page does not exist)">Munich Machine</a> (1976–1980). <a href="/wiki/Boney_M." title="Boney M.">Boney M.</a> (1974–1986) was a West German Euro disco group of four West Indian singers and dancers masterminded by record producer <a href="/wiki/Frank_Farian" title="Frank Farian">Frank Farian</a>. Boney M. charted worldwide with such songs as "<a href="/wiki/Daddy_Cool_(Boney_M._song)" title="Daddy Cool (Boney M. song)">Daddy Cool</a>" (1976) "<a href="/wiki/Ma_Baker" title="Ma Baker">Ma Baker</a>" (1977) and "<a href="/wiki/Rivers_Of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivers Of Babylon">Rivers Of Babylon</a>" (1978). Another successful West German Euro disco recording act was <a href="/wiki/Silver_Convention" title="Silver Convention">Silver Convention</a> (1974–1979). The German group <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk" title="Kraftwerk">Kraftwerk</a> also had an influence on Euro disco. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalida19673.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dalida19673.jpg/200px-Dalida19673.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dalida19673.jpg/300px-Dalida19673.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Dalida19673.jpg/400px-Dalida19673.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3723" data-file-height="3754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dalida" title="Dalida">Dalida</a> in 1967.</figcaption></figure> In France, <a href="/wiki/Dalida" title="Dalida">Dalida</a> released "<a href="/wiki/J%27attendrai" title="J'attendrai">J'attendrai</a>" ("I Will Wait") in 1975, which also became successful in Canada, Europe, and Japan. <a href="/wiki/Dalida" title="Dalida">Dalida</a> successfully adjusted herself to disco and released at least a dozen of songs that charted in the top 10 in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois" title="Claude François">Claude François</a>, who re-invented himself as the "king of French disco", released "La plus belle chose du monde", a French version of the Bee Gees song "<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_(Bee_Gees_song)" title="Massachusetts (Bee Gees song)">Massachusetts</a>", which became successful in Canada and Europe and "Alexandrie Alexandra" was posthumously released on the day of his burial and became a worldwide success. <a href="/wiki/Cerrone" title="Cerrone">Cerrone</a>'s early songs, "Love in C Minor" (1976), "<a href="/wiki/Supernature_(Cerrone_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernature (Cerrone song)">Supernature</a>" (1977), and "Give Me Love" (1978) were successful in the US and Europe. Another Euro disco act was the French diva <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Lear" title="Amanda Lear">Amanda Lear</a>, where Euro disco sound is most heard in "<a href="/wiki/Enigma_(Give_a_Bit_of_Mmh_to_Me)" title="Enigma (Give a Bit of Mmh to Me)">Enigma (Give a Bit of Mmh to Me)</a>" (1978). French producer <a href="/wiki/Alec_R._Costandinos" title="Alec R. Costandinos">Alec Costandinos</a> assembled the Euro disco group <a href="/wiki/Love_%26_Kisses" title="Love & Kisses">Love and Kisses</a> (1977–1982). In Italy <a href="/wiki/Raffaella_Carr%C3%A0" title="Raffaella Carrà">Raffaella Carrà</a> was the most successful Euro disco act, alongside <a href="/wiki/La_Bionda" title="La Bionda">La Bionda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermanas_Goggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermanas Goggi (page does not exist)">Hermanas Goggi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guido_%26_Maurizio_De_Angelis" title="Guido & Maurizio De Angelis">Oliver Onions</a>. Her greatest international single was "Tanti Auguri" ("Best Wishes"), which has become a popular song with <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a> audiences. The song is also known under its Spanish title "Para hacer bien el amor hay que venir al sur" (which refers to Southern Europe, since the song was recorded and taped in Spain). The Estonian version of the song "Jätke võtmed väljapoole" was performed by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Veski" title="Anne Veski">Anne Veski</a>. "<a href="/wiki/A_far_l%27amore_comincia_tu" title="A far l'amore comincia tu">A far l'amore comincia tu</a>" ("To make love, your move first") was another success for her internationally, known in Spanish as "En el amor todo es empezar", in German as "Liebelei", in French as "Puisque tu l'aimes dis le lui", and in English as "Do It, Do It Again". It was her only entry to the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a>, reaching number 9, where she remains a <a href="/wiki/One-hit_wonder" title="One-hit wonder">one-hit wonder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-86">[86]</a> In 1977, she recorded another successful single, "Fiesta" ("The Party" in English) originally in Spanish, but then recorded it in French and Italian after the song hit the charts. "A far l'amore comincia tu" has also been covered in Turkish by a Turkish popstar <a href="/wiki/Ajda_Pekkan" title="Ajda Pekkan">Ajda Pekkan</a> as "Sakın Ha" in 1977. Recently, Carrà has gained new attention for her appearance as the female dancing soloist in a 1974 TV performance of the <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a> <a href="/wiki/Gibberish" title="Gibberish">gibberish</a> song "<a href="/wiki/Prisencolinensinainciusol" title="Prisencolinensinainciusol">Prisencolinensinainciusol</a>" (1973) by <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Celentano" title="Adriano Celentano">Adriano Celentano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> A remixed video featuring her dancing went <a href="/wiki/Viral_video" title="Viral video">viral</a> on the internet in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2008 a video of a performance of her only successful UK single, "Do It, Do It Again", was featured in the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who" title="Doctor Who">Doctor Who</a> episode "<a href="/wiki/Midnight_(Doctor_Who)" title="Midnight (Doctor Who)">Midnight</a>". Rafaella Carrà worked with <a href="/wiki/Bob_Sinclar" title="Bob Sinclar">Bob Sinclar</a> on the new single "<a href="/wiki/Far_l%27Amore" class="mw-redirect" title="Far l'Amore">Far l'Amore</a>" which was released on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> on March 17, 2011. The song charted in different European countries.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Also prominent European disco acts are <a href="/wiki/Spargo_(band)" title="Spargo (band)">Spargo (band)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Bandits_(band)" title="Time Bandits (band)">Time Bandits (band)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luv%27" title="Luv'">Luv'</a> from the Netherlands. Euro disco continued evolving within the broad mainstream pop music scene, even when disco's popularity sharply declined in the United States, abandoned by major U.S. record labels and producers.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a>, it also played a role in the evolution of early <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house music</a> in the early 1980s and later forms of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>, including early '90s <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1977–1979:_Pop_preeminence">1977–1979: Pop preeminence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1977–1979: Pop preeminence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saturday_Night_Fever_(John_Badham,_1977)">Saturday Night Fever (John Badham, 1977)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Saturday Night Fever (John Badham, 1977)">edit</a>]</div> In December 1977, the film <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a> was released. It was a huge success and its <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtrack</a> became one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">best-selling albums</a> of all time. The idea for the film was sparked by a 1976 <a href="/wiki/New_York_(magazine)" title="New York (magazine)">New York</a> magazine<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> article titled "<a href="/wiki/Tribal_Rites_of_the_New_Saturday_Night" title="Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night">Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night</a>" which supposedly chronicled the disco culture in mid-1970s New York City, but was later revealed to have been fabricated.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Some critics said the film "mainstreamed" disco, making it more acceptable to heterosexual white males.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Many music historians believe the success of the movie and soundtrack extended the life of the disco era by several years. Organized around the culture of suburban discotheques and the character of Tony Manero, portrayed by <a href="/wiki/John_Travolta" title="John Travolta">John Travolta</a>, Saturday Night Fever became a cultural phenomenon that recast the dance floor as a site for patriarchal masculinity and heterosexual courtship. This transformation aligned disco with the interests of the perceived mass market, specifically targeting suburban and Middle American audiences.<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[66]</a> The portrayal of the dance floor in Saturday Night Fever marked a reappropriation by straight male culture, turning it into a space for men to showcase their prowess and pursue partners of the opposite sex. The film popularized the hustle, a Latin social dance, reinforcing the centrality of the straight-dancing couple in the disco exchange. Notably, the soundtrack, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a>, risked presenting disco as a new incarnation of shrill white pop, deviating from its diverse and inclusive origins.<a href="#cite_note-:0-66">[66]</a> The success of Saturday Night Fever was unprecedented, breaking box office and album sale records. Unfortunately, its impact went beyond mere popularity. The film established a template for disco that was easily reproducible, yet thoroughly de-queered in its outlook. By narrowing the narrative to fit into the conventional ideals of suburban heterosexual culture, the film contributed to a distorted and commodified version of disco. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disco_goes_mainstream">Disco goes mainstream</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Disco goes mainstream">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bee_Gees_1977.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bee_Gees_1977.JPG/250px-Bee_Gees_1977.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bee_Gees_1977.JPG/330px-Bee_Gees_1977.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bee_Gees_1977.JPG/500px-Bee_Gees_1977.JPG 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bee_Gees" title="Bee Gees">Bee Gees</a> had several disco hits on the soundtrack to <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a> in 1977.</figcaption></figure>The Bee Gees used <a href="/wiki/Barry_Gibb" title="Barry Gibb">Barry Gibb</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">falsetto</a> to garner hits such as "<a href="/wiki/You_Should_Be_Dancing" title="You Should Be Dancing">You Should Be Dancing</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Stayin%27_Alive" title="Stayin' Alive">Stayin' Alive</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Night_Fever" title="Night Fever">Night Fever</a>", "<a href="/wiki/More_Than_a_Woman_(Bee_Gees_song)" title="More Than a Woman (Bee Gees song)">More Than A Woman</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Love_You_Inside_Out" title="Love You Inside Out">Love You Inside Out</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Tragedy_(Bee_Gees_song)" title="Tragedy (Bee Gees song)">Tragedy</a>". <a href="/wiki/Andy_Gibb" title="Andy Gibb">Andy Gibb</a>, a younger brother to the Bee Gees, followed with similarly styled solo singles such as "<a href="/wiki/I_Just_Want_to_Be_Your_Everything" title="I Just Want to Be Your Everything">I Just Want to Be Your Everything</a>", "<a href="/wiki/(Love_Is)_Thicker_Than_Water" title="(Love Is) Thicker Than Water">(Love Is) Thicker Than Water</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Shadow_Dancing_(song)" title="Shadow Dancing (song)">Shadow Dancing</a>". In 1978, Donna Summer's multi-million-selling vinyl single disco version of "<a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Park_(song)#Donna_Summer_version" title="MacArthur Park (song)">MacArthur Park</a>" was number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for three weeks and was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Best_Female_Pop_Vocal_Performance" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Female Pop Vocal Performance">Best Female Pop Vocal Performance</a>. The recording, which was included as part of the "MacArthur Park Suite" on her double live album <a href="/wiki/Live_and_More" title="Live and More">Live and More</a>, was eight minutes and 40 seconds long on the album. The shorter seven-inch vinyl single version of MacArthur Park was Summer's first single to reach number one on the Hot 100; it does not include the balladic second movement of the song, however. A 2013 remix of "MacArthur Park" by Summer topped the Billboard Dance Charts marking five consecutive decades with a number-one song on the charts.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> From mid-1978 to late 1979, Summer continued to release singles such as "<a href="/wiki/Last_Dance_(Donna_Summer_song)" title="Last Dance (Donna Summer song)">Last Dance</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Heaven_Knows_(Donna_Summer_song)" title="Heaven Knows (Donna Summer song)">Heaven Knows</a>" (with <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dreams" title="Brooklyn Dreams">Brooklyn Dreams</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Hot_Stuff_(Donna_Summer_song)" title="Hot Stuff (Donna Summer song)">Hot Stuff</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Bad_Girls_(Donna_Summer_song)" title="Bad Girls (Donna Summer song)">Bad Girls</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Dim_All_the_Lights" title="Dim All the Lights">Dim All the Lights</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Radio_(Donna_Summer_song)" title="On the Radio (Donna Summer song)">On the Radio</a>", all very successful songs, landing in the top five or better, on the Billboard pop charts. The band Chic was formed mainly by guitarist <a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a>—a self-described "street hippie" from late 1960s New York—and bassist <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Edwards" title="Bernard Edwards">Bernard Edwards</a>. Their popular 1978 single, "<a href="/wiki/Le_Freak" title="Le Freak">Le Freak</a>", is regarded as an iconic song of the genre. Other successful songs by Chic include the often-sampled "<a href="/wiki/Good_Times_(Chic_song)" title="Good Times (Chic song)">Good Times</a>" (1979), "<a href="/wiki/I_Want_Your_Love_(Chic_song)" title="I Want Your Love (Chic song)">I Want Your Love</a>" (1979), and "<a href="/wiki/Everybody_Dance_(Chic_song)" title="Everybody Dance (Chic song)">Everybody Dance</a>" (1979). The group regarded themselves as the disco movement's rock band that made good on the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> movement's ideals of peace, love, and freedom. Every song they wrote was written with an eye toward giving it "deep hidden meaning" or D.H.M.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_(singer)" title="Sylvester (singer)">Sylvester</a>, a flamboyant and openly gay singer famous for his soaring falsetto voice, scored his biggest disco hits in late 1978 with "<a href="/wiki/You_Make_Me_Feel_(Mighty_Real)" title="You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)">You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Dance_(Disco_Heat)" title="Dance (Disco Heat)">Dance (Disco Heat)</a>". His singing style was said to have influenced the singer <a href="/wiki/Prince_(musician)" title="Prince (musician)">Prince</a>. At that time, disco was one of the forms of music most open to gay performers.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Village_People" title="Village People">Village People</a> were a singing/dancing group created by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Morali" title="Jacques Morali">Jacques Morali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Belolo" title="Henri Belolo">Henri Belolo</a> to target disco's gay audience. They were known for their onstage costumes of typically male-associated jobs and ethnic minorities and achieved mainstream success with their 1978 hit song "<a href="/wiki/Macho_Man_(song)" title="Macho Man (song)">Macho Man</a>". Other songs include "<a href="/wiki/Y.M.C.A._(song)" title="Y.M.C.A. (song)">Y.M.C.A.</a>" (1979) and "<a href="/wiki/In_the_Navy" title="In the Navy">In the Navy</a>" (1979). Also noteworthy are <a href="/wiki/The_Trammps" title="The Trammps">The Trammps</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Disco_Inferno" title="Disco Inferno">Disco Inferno</a>" (1976), (1978, reissue due to the popularity gained from the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack), <a href="/wiki/Heatwave_(band)" title="Heatwave (band)">Heatwave</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Boogie_Nights_(song)" title="Boogie Nights (song)">Boogie Nights</a>" (1977), <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_King_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn King (singer)">Evelyn "Champagne" King</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Shame_(Evelyn_King_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shame (Evelyn King song)">Shame</a>" (1977), <a href="/wiki/A_Taste_of_Honey_(band)" title="A Taste of Honey (band)">A Taste of Honey</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Boogie_Oogie_Oogie" title="Boogie Oogie Oogie">Boogie Oogie Oogie</a>" (1978), <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Lynn" title="Cheryl Lynn">Cheryl Lynn</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Got_to_Be_Real" title="Got to Be Real">Got to Be Real</a>" (1978), <a href="/wiki/Alicia_Bridges" title="Alicia Bridges">Alicia Bridges</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/I_Love_the_Nightlife" title="I Love the Nightlife">I Love the Nightlife</a>" (1978), <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hernandez" title="Patrick Hernandez">Patrick Hernandez</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Born_to_Be_Alive_(song)" title="Born to Be Alive (song)">Born to Be Alive</a>" (1978), <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/September_(Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire_song)" title="September (Earth, Wind & Fire song)">September</a>" (1978) and "<a href="/wiki/Boogie_Wonderland" title="Boogie Wonderland">Boogie Wonderland</a>" (1979), <a href="/wiki/Peaches_%26_Herb" title="Peaches & Herb">Peaches & Herb</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Shake_Your_Groove_Thing" title="Shake Your Groove Thing">Shake Your Groove Thing</a>" (1978), <a href="/wiki/Sister_Sledge" title="Sister Sledge">Sister Sledge</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/We_Are_Family_(song)" title="We Are Family (song)">We Are Family</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/He%27s_the_Greatest_Dancer" title="He's the Greatest Dancer">He's the Greatest Dancer</a>" (both 1979), <a href="/wiki/McFadden_and_Whitehead" class="mw-redirect" title="McFadden and Whitehead">McFadden and Whitehead</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_No_Stoppin%27_Us_Now" title="Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now">Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now</a>" (1979), <a href="/wiki/Anita_Ward" title="Anita Ward">Anita Ward</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ring_My_Bell" title="Ring My Bell">Ring My Bell</a>" (1979), <a href="/wiki/Kool_%26_the_Gang" title="Kool & the Gang">Kool & the Gang</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Night_(song)" title="Ladies' Night (song)">Ladies' Night</a>" (1979) and "<a href="/wiki/Celebration_(Kool_%26_the_Gang_song)" title="Celebration (Kool & the Gang song)">Celebration</a>" (1980), <a href="/wiki/The_Whispers" title="The Whispers">The Whispers</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/And_the_Beat_Goes_On_(The_Whispers_song)" title="And the Beat Goes On (The Whispers song)">And the Beat Goes On</a>" (1979), <a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Mills" title="Stephanie Mills">Stephanie Mills</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/What_Cha_Gonna_Do_with_My_Lovin%27_(song)" title="What Cha Gonna Do with My Lovin' (song)">What Cha Gonna Do with My Lovin'</a>" (1979), <a href="/wiki/Lipps_Inc." title="Lipps Inc.">Lipps Inc.</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Funkytown" title="Funkytown">Funkytown</a>" (1980), <a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Johnson" title="The Brothers Johnson">The Brothers Johnson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Stomp!_(Brothers_Johnson_song)" title="Stomp! (Brothers Johnson song)">Stomp!</a>" (1980), <a href="/wiki/George_Benson" title="George Benson">George Benson</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Give_Me_the_Night_(George_Benson_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Give Me the Night (George Benson song)">Give Me the Night</a>" (1980), <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sunset_People" title="Sunset People">Sunset People</a>" (1980), and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Murphy" title="Walter Murphy">Walter Murphy</a>'s various attempts to bring <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> to the mainstream, most notably the disco song "<a href="/wiki/A_Fifth_of_Beethoven" title="A Fifth of Beethoven">A Fifth of Beethoven</a>" (1976), which was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_fifth_symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven's fifth symphony">Beethoven's fifth symphony</a>. At the height of its popularity, many non-disco artists recorded songs with disco elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a> with his "<a href="/wiki/Da_Ya_Think_I%27m_Sexy%3F" title="Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?">Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?</a>" in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Even <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">mainstream rock</a> artists adopted elements of disco. <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a> group <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> used disco-like drums and guitar in their song "<a href="/wiki/Another_Brick_in_the_Wall" title="Another Brick in the Wall">Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2</a>" (1979),<a href="#cite_note-choir_and_disco-98">[98]</a> which became their only number-one single in both the US and UK. The <a href="/wiki/Eagles_(band)" title="Eagles (band)">Eagles</a> referenced disco with "<a href="/wiki/One_of_These_Nights_(Eagles_song)" title="One of These Nights (Eagles song)">One of These Nights</a>" (1975)<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/The_Long_Run_(album)" title="The Long Run (album)">Disco Strangler</a>" (1979), <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCartney_%26_Wings" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul McCartney & Wings">Paul McCartney & Wings</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Silly_Love_Songs" title="Silly Love Songs">Silly Love Songs</a>" (1976) and "<a href="/wiki/Goodnight_Tonight" title="Goodnight Tonight">Goodnight Tonight</a>" (1979), <a href="/wiki/Queen_(band)" title="Queen (band)">Queen</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Another_One_Bites_the_Dust" title="Another One Bites the Dust">Another One Bites the Dust</a>" (1980), <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Miss_You_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miss You (The Rolling Stones song)">Miss You</a>" (1978) and "<a href="/wiki/Emotional_Rescue_(song)" title="Emotional Rescue (song)">Emotional Rescue</a>" (1980), <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Stills" title="Stephen Stills">Stephen Stills</a> with his album <a href="/wiki/Thoroughfare_Gap" title="Thoroughfare Gap">Thoroughfare Gap</a> (1978), <a href="/wiki/Electric_Light_Orchestra" title="Electric Light Orchestra">Electric Light Orchestra</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Shine_a_Little_Love" title="Shine a Little Love">Shine a Little Love</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Last_Train_to_London" title="Last Train to London">Last Train to London</a>" (both 1979), <a href="/wiki/Chicago_(band)" title="Chicago (band)">Chicago</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Chicago_13" title="Chicago 13">Street Player</a>" (1979), <a href="/wiki/The_Kinks" title="The Kinks">the Kinks</a> with "<a href="/wiki/(Wish_I_Could_Fly_Like)_Superman" title="(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman">(Wish I Could Fly Like) Superman</a>" (1979), the <a href="/wiki/Grateful_Dead" title="Grateful Dead">Grateful Dead</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Shakedown_Street_(song)" title="Shakedown Street (song)">Shakedown Street</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">The Who</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Eminence_Front" title="Eminence Front">Eminence Front</a>" (1982), and the <a href="/wiki/J._Geils_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Geils Band">J. Geils Band</a> with "<a href="/wiki/Come_Back_(The_J._Geils_Band_song)" title="Come Back (The J. Geils Band song)">Come Back</a>" (1980). Even <a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">hard rock</a> group <a href="/wiki/Kiss_(band)" title="Kiss (band)">KISS</a> jumped in with "<a href="/wiki/I_Was_Made_for_Lovin%27_You" title="I Was Made for Lovin' You">I Was Made for Lovin' You</a>" (1979),<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ringo_Starr" title="Ringo Starr">Ringo Starr</a>'s album <a href="/wiki/Ringo_the_4th" title="Ringo the 4th">Ringo the 4th</a> (1978) features a strong disco influence. The disco sound was also adopted by artists from other genres, including the 1979 U.S. number one hit "<a href="/wiki/No_More_Tears_(Enough_Is_Enough)" title="No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)">No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">easy listening</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Barbra_Streisand" title="Barbra Streisand">Barbra Streisand</a> in a duet with Donna Summer. In <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>, in an attempt to appeal to the more mainstream market, artists began to add pop/disco influences to their music. <a href="/wiki/Dolly_Parton" title="Dolly Parton">Dolly Parton</a> launched a successful crossover onto the pop/dance charts, with her albums <a href="/wiki/Heartbreaker_(Dolly_Parton_album)" title="Heartbreaker (Dolly Parton album)">Heartbreaker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Balls_of_Fire_(Dolly_Parton_album)" title="Great Balls of Fire (Dolly Parton album)">Great Balls of Fire</a> containing songs with a disco flair. In particular, a disco remix of the track "<a href="/wiki/Baby_I%27m_Burnin%27" title="Baby I'm Burnin'">Baby I'm Burnin'</a>" peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Dance Club Songs chart; ultimately becoming one of the year's biggest club hits.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Connie_Smith" title="Connie Smith">Connie Smith</a> covered Andy Gibb's "I Just Want to Be Your Everything" in 1977, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Anderson_(singer)" title="Bill Anderson (singer)">Bill Anderson</a> recorded "Double S" in 1978, and <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Milsap" title="Ronnie Milsap">Ronnie Milsap</a> released "Get It Up" and covered <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> singer <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tucker_(singer)" title="Tommy Tucker (singer)">Tommy Tucker</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Hi-Heel_Sneakers" title="Hi-Heel Sneakers">Hi-Heel Sneakers</a>" in 1979. Pre-existing non-disco songs, standards, and TV themes were frequently "disco-ized" in the 1970s, such as the <a href="/wiki/I_Love_Lucy" title="I Love Lucy">I Love Lucy</a> theme (recorded as "Disco Lucy" by the <a href="/wiki/Wilton_Place_Street_Band" title="Wilton Place Street Band">Wilton Place Street Band</a>), "<a href="/wiki/Aquarela_do_Brasil" title="Aquarela do Brasil">Aquarela do Brasil</a>" (recorded as "Brazil" by <a href="/wiki/The_Ritchie_Family" title="The Ritchie Family">The Ritchie Family</a>), and "<a href="/wiki/Baby_Face_(song)" title="Baby Face (song)">Baby Face</a>" (recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Wing_and_a_Prayer_Fife_and_Drum_Corps" title="Wing and a Prayer Fife and Drum Corps">Wing and a Prayer Fife and Drum Corps</a>). The rich orchestral accompaniment that became identified with the disco era conjured up the memories of the <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">big band</a> era—which brought out several artists that recorded and disco-ized some big band arrangements, including <a href="/wiki/Perry_Como" title="Perry Como">Perry Como</a>, who re-recorded his 1945 song "<a href="/wiki/Temptation_(Nacio_Herb_Brown_and_Arthur_Freed_song)" title="Temptation (Nacio Herb Brown and Arthur Freed song)">Temptation</a>", in 1975, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a>, who released an album of disco songs entitled <a href="/wiki/The_Ethel_Merman_Disco_Album" title="The Ethel Merman Disco Album">The Ethel Merman Disco Album</a> in 1979. <a href="/wiki/Myron_Floren" title="Myron Floren">Myron Floren</a>, second-in-command on <a href="/wiki/The_Lawrence_Welk_Show" title="The Lawrence Welk Show">The Lawrence Welk Show</a>, released a recording of the "<a href="/wiki/Clarinet_Polka" title="Clarinet Polka">Clarinet Polka</a>" entitled "Disco Accordion." Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Vinton" title="Bobby Vinton">Bobby Vinton</a> adapted "<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Polka" title="Pennsylvania Polka">The Pennsylvania Polka</a>" into a song named "Disco Polka". Easy listening icon <a href="/wiki/Percy_Faith" title="Percy Faith">Percy Faith</a>, in one of his last recordings, released an album entitled <a href="/wiki/Disco_Party_(album)" title="Disco Party (album)">Disco Party</a> (1975) and recorded a disco version of his "<a href="/wiki/Theme_from_A_Summer_Place" title="Theme from A Summer Place">Theme from A Summer Place</a>" in 1976. Even classical music was adapted for disco, notably <a href="/wiki/Walter_Murphy" title="Walter Murphy">Walter Murphy</a>'s "A Fifth of Beethoven" (1976, based on the first movement of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)">5th Symphony</a>) and "Flight 76" (1976, based on <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Bumblebee" title="Flight of the Bumblebee">Flight of the Bumblebee</a>"), and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Clark" title="Louis Clark">Louis Clark</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hooked_On_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooked On Classics">Hooked On Classics</a> series of albums and singles. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhattan_Transfer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Manhattan_Transfer.jpg/250px-Manhattan_Transfer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Manhattan_Transfer.jpg/500px-Manhattan_Transfer.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> group <a href="/wiki/The_Manhattan_Transfer" title="The Manhattan Transfer">the Manhattan Transfer</a> had a disco hit with the 1979 "Twilight Zone/Twilight Tone" theme.</figcaption></figure> Many original <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> <a href="/wiki/Theme_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme songs">theme songs</a> of the era also showed a strong disco influence, such as <a href="/wiki/S.W.A.T._(1975_TV_series)" title="S.W.A.T. (1975 TV series)">S.W.A.T.</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman_(TV_series)" title="Wonder Woman (TV series)">Wonder Woman</a> (1975), <a href="/wiki/Charlie%27s_Angels" title="Charlie's Angels">Charlie's Angels</a> (1976), NBC Saturday Night At The Movies (1976), <a href="/wiki/The_Love_Boat" title="The Love Boat">The Love Boat</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/The_Donahue_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="The Donahue Show">The Donahue Show</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/CHiPs" title="CHiPs">CHiPs</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/The_Professionals_(TV_series)" title="The Professionals (TV series)">The Professionals</a> (1977), <a href="/wiki/Dallas_(1978_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas (1978 TV series)">Dallas</a> (1978), <a href="/wiki/NBC_Sports" title="NBC Sports">NBC Sports</a> broadcasts (1978), <a href="/wiki/Kojak" title="Kojak">Kojak</a> (1977), and <a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Squares" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hollywood Squares">The Hollywood Squares</a> (1979). Disco <a href="/wiki/Jingle" title="Jingle">jingles</a> also made their way into many TV commercials, including <a href="/wiki/Ralston_Purina" title="Ralston Purina">Purina's</a> 1979 "Good Mews" cat food commercial<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and an "IC Light" commercial by <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iron_City_Brewing_Company" title="Iron City Brewing Company">Iron City Brewing Company</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parodies">Parodies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Parodies">edit</a>]</div> Several parodies of the disco style were created. <a href="/wiki/Rick_Dees" title="Rick Dees">Rick Dees</a>, at the time a radio DJ in <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, recorded "<a href="/wiki/Disco_Duck" title="Disco Duck">Disco Duck</a>" (1976) and "Dis-Gorilla" (1977); <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a> parodied the lifestyles of disco dancers in "<a href="/wiki/Disco_Boy_(song)" title="Disco Boy (song)">Disco Boy</a>" on his 1976 <a href="/wiki/Zoot_Allures" title="Zoot Allures">Zoot Allures</a> album and in "<a href="/wiki/Dancin%27_Fool" title="Dancin' Fool">Dancin' Fool</a>" on his 1979 <a href="/wiki/Sheik_Yerbouti" title="Sheik Yerbouti">Sheik Yerbouti</a> album. <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a>'s <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic_(album)" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic (album)">eponymous 1983 debut album</a> includes a disco song called "Gotta Boogie", an extended pun on the similarity of the disco move to the American slang word "<a href="/wiki/Dried_nasal_mucus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dried nasal mucus">booger</a>". Comedian <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a> devoted his entire 1977 album <a href="/wiki/Disco_Bill" title="Disco Bill">Disco Bill</a> to disco parodies. In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Mad_(magazine)" title="Mad (magazine)">Mad Magazine</a> released a flexi-disc titled Mad Disco featuring six full-length parodies of the genre. <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> songs critical of disco included <a href="/wiki/Bob_Seger" title="Bob Seger">Bob Seger</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Old_Time_Rock_and_Roll" title="Old Time Rock and Roll">Old Time Rock and Roll</a>" and, especially, <a href="/wiki/The_Who" title="The Who">the Who</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sister_Disco" title="Sister Disco">Sister Disco</a>" (both 1978)—although the Who's "<a href="/wiki/Eminence_Front" title="Eminence Front">Eminence Front</a>" (four years later) had a disco feel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1979–1981:_Controversy_and_decline_in_popularity">1979–1981: Controversy and decline in popularity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1979–1981: Controversy and decline in popularity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rich_Carey,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rich_Carey%2C_1977.jpg/250px-Rich_Carey%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rich_Carey%2C_1977.jpg/330px-Rich_Carey%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Rich_Carey%2C_1977.jpg/500px-Rich_Carey%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1465" /></a><figcaption>A man wearing a "disco sucks" T-shirt.</figcaption></figure> By the end of the 1970s, anti-disco sentiment developed among <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> fans and musicians, particularly in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-allmusicdisco-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Disco was criticized as mindless, <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overproduction_(music)" title="Overproduction (music)">overproduced</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escapism" title="Escapism">escapist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The slogans "Disco sucks" and "Death to disco"<a href="#cite_note-allmusicdisco-103">[103]</a> became common. Rock artists such as <a href="/wiki/Rod_Stewart" title="Rod Stewart">Rod Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> who added disco elements to their music were accused of <a href="/wiki/Selling_out" title="Selling out">selling out</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christgau-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-espn-107">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">punk subculture</a> in the United States and the United Kingdom was often hostile to disco,<a href="#cite_note-allmusicdisco-103">[103]</a> although, in the UK, many early <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a> fans such as the <a href="/wiki/Bromley_Contingent" title="Bromley Contingent">Bromley Contingent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pamela_Rooke" title="Pamela Rooke">Jordan</a> liked disco, often congregating at nightclubs such as Louise's in Soho and the Sombrero in Kensington. The track "<a href="/wiki/Love_Hangover" title="Love Hangover">Love Hangover</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a>, the house anthem at the former, was cited as a particular favourite by many early UK punks.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The film <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Swindle" title="The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle">The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Swindle_(album)" title="The Great Rock 'n' Roll Swindle (album)">its soundtrack album</a> contained a disco medley of Sex Pistols songs, entitled Black Arabs and credited to a group of the same name. However, <a href="/wiki/Jello_Biafra" title="Jello Biafra">Jello Biafra</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Kennedys" title="Dead Kennedys">Dead Kennedys</a>, in the song "Saturday Night Holocaust", likened disco to the <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> culture of <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> for its apathy towards government policies and its escapism. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mothersbaugh" title="Mark Mothersbaugh">Mark Mothersbaugh</a> of <a href="/wiki/Devo" title="Devo">Devo</a> said that disco was "like a beautiful woman with a great body and no brains", and a product of political apathy of that era.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> New Jersey rock critic Jim Testa wrote "Put a Bullet Through the Jukebox", a vitriolic screed attacking disco that was considered a punk call to arms.<a href="#cite_note-Testa-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Hillage" title="Steve Hillage">Steve Hillage</a>, shortly prior to his transformation from a <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> musician into an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic</a> artist at the end of the 1970s with the inspiration of disco, disappointed his <a href="/wiki/Rockism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockism">rockist</a> fans by admitting his love for disco, with Hillage recalling "it's like I'd killed their pet cat."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Anti-disco sentiment was expressed in some television shows and films. A recurring theme on the show <a href="/wiki/WKRP_in_Cincinnati" title="WKRP in Cincinnati">WKRP in Cincinnati</a> was a hostile attitude towards disco music. In one scene of the 1980 comedy film <a href="/wiki/Airplane!" title="Airplane!">Airplane!</a>, a wayward airplane slices a radio tower with its wing, knocking out an all-disco radio station.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> July 12, 1979, became known as "the day disco died" because of the <a href="/wiki/Disco_Demolition_Night" title="Disco Demolition Night">Disco Demolition Night</a>, an anti-disco demonstration in a <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> double-header at <a href="/wiki/Comiskey_Park" title="Comiskey Park">Comiskey Park</a> in Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-Campion-113">[113]</a> Rock station DJs <a href="/wiki/Steve_Dahl" title="Steve Dahl">Steve Dahl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garry_Meier" title="Garry Meier">Garry Meier</a>, along with Michael Veeck, son of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox" title="Chicago White Sox">Chicago White Sox</a> owner <a href="/wiki/Bill_Veeck" title="Bill Veeck">Bill Veeck</a>, staged the promotional event for disgruntled rock fans between the games of a White Sox doubleheader which involved exploding disco records in <a href="/wiki/Baseball_field" title="Baseball field">centerfield</a>. As the second game was about to begin, the raucous crowd <a href="/wiki/Pitch_invasion" title="Pitch invasion">stormed onto the field</a> and proceeded to set <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">fires</a> and tear out seats and pieces of turf. The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Police_Department" title="Chicago Police Department">Chicago Police Department</a> made numerous arrests, and the extensive damage to the field forced the White Sox to forfeit the second game to the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Tigers" title="Detroit Tigers">Detroit Tigers</a>, who had won the first game. Disco's decline in popularity after Disco Demolition Night was rapid. On July 12, 1979, the top six records on the U.S. music charts were disco songs.<a href="#cite_note-ComiskyThriller-114">[114]</a> By September 22, there were no disco songs in the US Top 10 chart, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Herb_Alpert" title="Herb Alpert">Herb Alpert</a>'s instrumental "<a href="/wiki/Rise_(instrumental)" title="Rise (instrumental)">Rise</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">smooth jazz</a> composition with some disco overtones.<a href="#cite_note-ComiskyThriller-114">[114]</a> Some in the media, in celebratory tones, declared disco dead and rock revived.<a href="#cite_note-ComiskyThriller-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karen_Mixon_Cook" title="Karen Mixon Cook">Karen Mixon Cook</a>, the first female disco DJ, stated that people still pause every July 12 for a moment of silence in honor of disco. Dahl stated in a 2004 interview that disco was "probably on its way out [at the time]. But I think it [Disco Demolition Night] hastened its demise".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_on_the_music_industry">Impact on the music industry</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Impact on the music industry">edit</a>]</div> The anti-disco movement, combined with other societal and radio industry factors, changed the face of pop radio in the years following Disco Demolition Night. Starting in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> began a slow rise on the pop chart. Emblematic of country music's rise to mainstream popularity was the commercially successful 1980 movie <a href="/wiki/Urban_Cowboy" title="Urban Cowboy">Urban Cowboy</a>. The continued popularity of <a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">power pop</a> and the revival of <a href="/wiki/Oldies" title="Oldies">oldies</a> in the late 1970s was also related to disco's decline; the 1978 film <a href="/wiki/Grease_(film)" title="Grease (film)">Grease</a> was emblematic of this trend. Coincidentally, the star of both films was <a href="/wiki/John_Travolta" title="John Travolta">John Travolta</a>, who in 1977 had starred in <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a>, which remains one of the most iconic disco films of the era. During this period of decline in disco's popularity, several record companies folded, were reorganized, or were sold. In 1979, <a href="/wiki/MCA_Records" title="MCA Records">MCA Records</a> purchased <a href="/wiki/ABC_Records" title="ABC Records">ABC Records</a>, absorbed some of its artists and then shut the label down. <a href="/wiki/Midsong_International_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Midsong International Records">Midsong International Records</a> ceased operations in 1980. <a href="/wiki/RSO_Records" title="RSO Records">RSO Records</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stigwood" title="Robert Stigwood">Robert Stigwood</a> left the label in 1981 and <a href="/wiki/TK_Records" title="TK Records">TK Records</a> closed in the same year. <a href="/wiki/Salsoul_Records" title="Salsoul Records">Salsoul Records</a> continues to exist in the 2000s, but primarily is used as a reissue brand.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Records" title="Casablanca Records">Casablanca Records</a> had been releasing fewer records in the 1980s, and was shut down in 1986 by parent company <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a>. Many groups that were popular during the disco period subsequently struggled to maintain their success—even ones who tried to adapt to evolving musical tastes. <a href="/wiki/The_Bee_Gees" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bee Gees">The Bee Gees</a>, for instance, had only one top-10 entry (1989's "<a href="/wiki/One_(Bee_Gees_song)" title="One (Bee Gees song)">One</a>") and three more top-40 songs, even though numerous songs they wrote and had other artists perform were successful, and the band itself had largely abandoned disco in its 1980s and 1990s songs. <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a> never hit the top-40 again after "<a href="/wiki/Good_Times_(Chic_song)" title="Good Times (Chic song)">Good Times</a>" topped the chart in August 1979. Of the handful of groups not taken down by disco's fall from favor, <a href="/wiki/Kool_and_the_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool and the Gang">Kool and the Gang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donna_Summer" title="Donna Summer">Donna Summer</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Jacksons" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jacksons">the Jacksons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor" title="Gloria Gaynor">Gloria Gaynor</a> in particular, stand out. In spite of having helped define the disco sound early on,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> they continued to make popular and danceable, if more refined, songs for yet another generation of music fans in the 1980s and beyond. <a href="/wiki/Earth,_Wind_%26_Fire" title="Earth, Wind & Fire">Earth, Wind & Fire</a> also survived the anti-disco trend and continued to produce successful singles at roughly the same pace for several more years, in addition to an even longer string of R&B chart hits that lasted into the 1990s. Some popular disco tracks released after Disco Demolition Night include "<a href="/wiki/Steppin%27_Out_(Kool_%26_the_Gang_song)" title="Steppin' Out (Kool & the Gang song)">Steppin' Out</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Kool_and_the_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool and the Gang">Kool and the Gang</a> (1981), "In the Middle" by <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_Touch" title="Unlimited Touch">Unlimited Touch</a> (1981), "<a href="/wiki/I%27m_Coming_Out" title="I'm Coming Out">I'm Coming Out</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross" title="Diana Ross">Diana Ross</a> (1980), "<a href="/wiki/My_Feet_Keep_Dancing" title="My Feet Keep Dancing">My Feet Keep Dancing</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Chic_(band)" title="Chic (band)">Chic</a> (1980), "<a href="/wiki/Funkytown" title="Funkytown">Funkytown</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Lipps_Inc." title="Lipps Inc.">Lipps Inc.</a> (1980), "<a href="/wiki/Lady_(You_Bring_Me_Up)" title="Lady (You Bring Me Up)">Lady (You Bring Me Up)</a>" by The <a href="/wiki/Commodores" title="Commodores">Commodores</a> (1981) and "<a href="/wiki/All_American_Girls_(song)" title="All American Girls (song)">All American Girls</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Sister_Sledge" title="Sister Sledge">Sister Sledge</a> (1981). Six months prior to Disco Demolition Night (in December 1978), popular progressive rock radio station WDAI (<a href="/wiki/WLS-FM" title="WLS-FM">WLS-FM</a>) had suddenly switched to an all-disco format, disenfranchising thousands of Chicago rock fans and leaving Dahl unemployed. WDAI, who survived the change of public sentiment and still had good ratings at this point, continued to play disco until it flipped to a short-lived hybrid Top 40/rock format in May 1980. Another disco outlet that competed against WDAI at the time, <a href="/wiki/WGCI-FM" title="WGCI-FM">WGCI-FM</a>, would later incorporate <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">R&B</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> songs into the format, eventually evolving into an <a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">urban contemporary</a> outlet that it continues with today. The latter also helped bring the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago house</a> genre to the airwaves.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Factors_contributing_to_disco's_decline">Factors contributing to disco's decline</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Factors contributing to disco's decline">edit</a>]</div> Factors that have been cited as leading to the decline of disco in the United States include economic and political changes at the end of the 1970s, as well as <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">burnout</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonistic</a> lifestyles led by participants.<a href="#cite_note-BeeGees-118">[118]</a> In the years since Disco Demolition Night, some social critics have described the "Disco sucks" movement as implicitly <a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">macho</a> and bigoted, and an attack on non-white and non-heterosexual cultures.<a href="#cite_note-allmusicdisco-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-espn-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Campion-113">[113]</a> It was also linked to a wider cultural "backlash", the move towards conservatism,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> that also made its way into US politics with the election of conservative president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1980, which also led to Republican control of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> for the first time since 1954, plus the subsequent rise of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Religious Right</a> around the same time. In January 1979, rock critic <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, and most likely <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, were reasons behind the movement,<a href="#cite_note-Christgau-106">[106]</a> a conclusion seconded by <a href="/wiki/John_Rockwell" title="John Rockwell">John Rockwell</a>. Craig Werner wrote: "The Anti-disco movement represented an unholy alliance of <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funkateers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminist" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist">feminists</a>, progressives, and <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">puritans</a>, rockers and reactionaries. Nonetheless, the attacks on disco gave respectable voice to the ugliest kinds of unacknowledged racism, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> and homophobia."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legs_McNeil" title="Legs McNeil">Legs McNeil</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">fanzine</a> <a href="/wiki/Punk_(magazine)" title="Punk (magazine)">Punk</a>, was quoted in an interview as saying, "the <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippies</a> always wanted to be black. We were going, 'fuck the blues, fuck the black experience.'" He also said that disco was the result of an "<a href="/wiki/Unholy_alliance_(geopolitical)" title="Unholy alliance (geopolitical)">unholy</a>" union between homosexuals and blacks.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds154-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steve_Dahl" title="Steve Dahl">Steve Dahl</a>, who had spearheaded Disco Demolition Night, denied any racist or homophobic undertones to the promotion, saying, "It's really easy to look at it historically, from this perspective, and attach all those things to it. But we weren't thinking like that,"<a href="#cite_note-espn-107">[107]</a> it was "just kids pissing on a musical genre".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> It has been noted that British <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> critics of disco were very supportive of the pro-black/anti-racist <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> genre as well as the more pro-gay <a href="/wiki/New_romantic" class="mw-redirect" title="New romantic">new romantics</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-allmusicdisco-103">[103]</a> Christgau and Jim Testa have said that there were legitimate artistic reasons for being critical of disco.<a href="#cite_note-Christgau-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Testa-110">[110]</a> In 1979, the music industry in the United States underwent its worst slump in decades, and disco, despite its mass popularity, was blamed. The producer-oriented sound was having difficulty mixing well with the industry's artist-oriented marketing system.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Harold Childs, senior vice president at <a href="/wiki/A%26M_Records" title="A&M Records">A&M Records</a>, reportedly told the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> that "radio is really desperate for rock product" and "they're all looking for some white rock-n-roll".<a href="#cite_note-Campion-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Gaynor" title="Gloria Gaynor">Gloria Gaynor</a> argued that the music industry supported the destruction of disco because rock music producers were losing money and rock musicians were losing the spotlight.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1981–1989:_Aftermath">1981–1989: Aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1981–1989: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birth_of_electronic_dance_music">Birth of electronic dance music</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Birth of electronic dance music">edit</a>]</div> Disco was instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> genres like <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a>. The Eurodisco song <a href="/wiki/I_Feel_Love" title="I Feel Love">I Feel Love</a>, produced by Giorgio Moroder for Donna Summer in 1976, has been described as a milestone and blueprint for electronic dance music because it was the first to combine repetitive synthesizer loops with a continuous <a href="/wiki/Four_on_the_floor_(music)" title="Four on the floor (music)">four-on-the-floor</a> bass drum and an <a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#On-beat_and_off-beat" title="Beat (music)">off-beat</a> <a href="/wiki/Hi-hat_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi-hat (instrument)">hi-hat</a>, which would become a main feature of techno and house ten years later.<a href="#cite_note-munichsound-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-mixmag_moroder-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZPKM-125">[125]</a> During the first years of the 1980s, the traditional disco sound characterized by complex arrangements performed by <a href="/wiki/Big_band" title="Big band">large ensembles</a> of studio session musicians (including a <a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">horn section</a> and an orchestral string section) began to be phased out, and faster tempos and synthesized effects, accompanied by guitar and simplified backgrounds, moved dance music toward electronic and pop genres, starting with <a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">hi-NRG</a>. Despite its decline in popularity, so-called club music and European-style disco remained relatively successful in the early-to-mid 1980s with songs like <a href="/wiki/Aneka" title="Aneka">Aneka</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Japanese_Boy" title="Japanese Boy">Japanese Boy</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Girls" title="The Weather Girls">The Weather Girls</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Raining_Men" title="It's Raining Men">It's Raining Men</a>", <a href="/wiki/Stacey_Q" title="Stacey Q">Stacey Q</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Two_of_Hearts_(song)" title="Two of Hearts (song)">Two of Hearts</a>", <a href="/wiki/Dead_or_Alive_(band)" title="Dead or Alive (band)">Dead or Alive</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/You_Spin_Me_Round_(Like_a_Record)" title="You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)">You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)</a>", <a href="/wiki/Laura_Branigan" title="Laura Branigan">Laura Branigan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Self_Control_(Raf_song)" title="Self Control (Raf song)">Self Control</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Baltimora" title="Baltimora">Baltimora</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Tarzan_Boy" title="Tarzan Boy">Tarzan Boy</a>". However, a revival of the traditional-style disco called <a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">nu-disco</a> has been popular since the 1990s. House music displayed a strong disco influence, which is why house music, regarding its enormous success in shaping electronic dance music and contemporary club culture, is often described being "disco's revenge."<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive four-on-the-floor beats, rhythms mainly provided by <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-allmusic-127">[127]</a> off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalist,<a href="#cite_note-allmusic-127">[127]</a> and the repetitive rhythm of house was more important than the song itself. As well, house did not use the lush string sections that were a key part of the disco sound. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DJ_culture">DJ culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: DJ culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_DJ_Station_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vintage_DJ_Station_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg/250px-Vintage_DJ_Station_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Vintage_DJ_Station_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg/500px-Vintage_DJ_Station_2019_by_Glenn_Francis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="5232" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Classic DJ Station. A <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a> is placed between two <a href="/wiki/Technics_SL-1200" title="Technics SL-1200">Technics SL-1200 MK 2</a> turntables.</figcaption></figure> The rising popularity of disco came in tandem with developments in the role of the DJ. DJing developed from the use of multiple record turntables and <a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixers</a> to create a continuous, seamless mix of songs, with one song transitioning to another with no break in the music to interrupt the dancing. The resulting <a href="/wiki/DJ_mix" title="DJ mix">DJ mix</a> differed from previous forms of dance music in the 1960s, which were oriented towards live performances by musicians. It, in turn, affected the arrangement of dance music, since songs in the disco era typically contained beginnings and endings marked by a simple beat or riff that could be easily used to transition to a new song. The development of DJing was also influenced by new <a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">turntablism</a> techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/Beatmatching" title="Beatmatching">beatmatching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scratching" title="Scratching">scratching</a>, a process facilitated by the introduction of new turntable technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Technics_SL-1200" title="Technics SL-1200">Technics SL-1200 MK 2</a>, first sold in 1978, which had a precise variable <a href="/wiki/Pitch_control" title="Pitch control">pitch control</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Direct_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct drive">direct drive</a> motor. DJs were often avid record collectors, who would hunt through used record stores for obscure <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a> records and vintage funk recordings. DJs helped to introduce rare records and new artists to club audiences. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diskotanssiesitys_Kontulan_30-vuotisp%C3%A4ivill%C3%A4_1994._-_N262306_(hkm.HKMS000005-km0036in).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Diskotanssiesitys_Kontulan_30-vuotisp%C3%A4ivill%C3%A4_1994._-_N262306_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0036in%29.jpg/250px-Diskotanssiesitys_Kontulan_30-vuotisp%C3%A4ivill%C3%A4_1994._-_N262306_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0036in%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Diskotanssiesitys_Kontulan_30-vuotisp%C3%A4ivill%C3%A4_1994._-_N262306_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0036in%29.jpg/500px-Diskotanssiesitys_Kontulan_30-vuotisp%C3%A4ivill%C3%A4_1994._-_N262306_%28hkm.HKMS000005-km0036in%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2413" /></a><figcaption>Disco dance performance at the 30th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Kontula,_Helsinki" title="Kontula, Helsinki">Kontula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, in 1994</figcaption></figure> In the 1970s, individual DJs became more prominent, and some DJs, such as Larry Levan, the resident at <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Garage" title="Paradise Garage">Paradise Garage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Burgess_(producer)" title="Jim Burgess (producer)">Jim Burgess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tee_Scott" title="Tee Scott">Tee Scott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Grasso" title="Francis Grasso">Francis Grasso</a> became famous in the disco scene. Levan, for example, developed a <a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">cult following</a> among clubgoers, who referred to his DJ sets as "<a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Saturday Mass</a>". Some DJs would use <a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_tape_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Reel-to-reel tape recorder">reel-to-reel tape recorders</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remixes</a> and tape edits of songs. Some DJs who were making remixes made the transition from the DJ booth to becoming a record producer, notably Burgess. Scott developed several innovations. He was the first disco DJ to use three turntables as sound sources, the first to simultaneously play two beat-matched records, the first to use electronic <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a> in his mixes, and he was an innovator in mixing dialogue in from well-known movies, typically over a percussion break. These mixing techniques were also applied to radio DJs, such as Ted Currier of <a href="/wiki/WKTU" title="WKTU">WKTU</a> and <a href="/wiki/WBLS" title="WBLS">WBLS</a>. Grasso is particularly notable for taking the DJ "profession out of servitude and [making] the DJ the musical head chef."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000129-128">[128]</a> Once he entered the scene, the DJ was no longer responsible for waiting on the crowd hand and foot, meeting their every song request. Instead, with increased agency and visibility, the DJ was now able to use their own technical and creative skills to whip up a nightly special of innovative mixes, refining their personal sound and aesthetic, and building their own reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanneh2021369-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-disco">Post-disco</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Post-disco">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">Post-disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">alternative dance</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">post-disco</a> sound and genres associated with it originated in the 1970s and early 1980s with R&B and post-punk musicians focusing on a more electronic and experimental side of disco, spawning <a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">boogie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">alternative dance</a>. Drawing from a diverse range of non-disco influences and techniques, such as the "<a href="/wiki/Multi-instrumentalist" title="Multi-instrumentalist">one-man band</a>" style of <a href="/wiki/Kashif_(musician)" title="Kashif (musician)">Kashif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a> and alternative approaches of <a href="/wiki/Parliament-Funkadelic" title="Parliament-Funkadelic">Parliament-Funkadelic</a>, it was driven by synthesizers, <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a>. Post-disco acts include <a href="/wiki/D_Train_(music_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="D Train (music group)">D. Train</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Rushen" title="Patrice Rushen">Patrice Rushen</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESG_(band)" title="ESG (band)">ESG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Laswell" title="Bill Laswell">Bill Laswell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Russell_(musician)" title="Arthur Russell (musician)">Arthur Russell</a>. Post-disco had an important influence on <a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">dance-pop</a> and was bridging classical disco and later forms of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AMG1-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_hip_hop">Early hip hop</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Early hip hop">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school hip hop</a></div> The disco sound had a strong influence on early <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>. Most of the early hip-hop songs were created by isolating existing disco bass guitar lines and dubbing over them with MC rhymes. <a href="/wiki/The_Sugarhill_Gang" title="The Sugarhill Gang">The Sugarhill Gang</a> used Chic's "<a href="/wiki/Good_Times_(Chic_song)" title="Good Times (Chic song)">Good Times</a>" as the foundation for their 1979 song "<a href="/wiki/Rapper%27s_Delight" title="Rapper's Delight">Rapper's Delight</a>", generally considered to be the song that first popularized rap music in the United States and around the world. With synthesizers and <a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a> influences that replaced the previous disco foundation, a new genre was born when <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> released the single "<a href="/wiki/Planet_Rock_(song)" title="Planet Rock (song)">Planet Rock</a>", spawning a <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance</a> trend that includes songs such as <a href="/wiki/Planet_Patrol" title="Planet Patrol">Planet Patrol</a>'s "Play at Your Own Risk" (1982), <a href="/wiki/C-Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Bank">C-Bank</a>'s "One More Shot" (1982), <a href="/wiki/Cerrone" title="Cerrone">Cerrone</a>'s "Club Underworld" (1984), <a href="/wiki/Shannon_(American_singer)" title="Shannon (American singer)">Shannon</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Let_the_Music_Play_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Let the Music Play (song)">Let the Music Play</a>" (1983), <a href="/wiki/Freeez" title="Freeez">Freeez</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/I.O.U._(Freeez_song)" title="I.O.U. (Freeez song)">I.O.U.</a>" (1983), <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Star_(band)" title="Midnight Star (band)">Midnight Star</a>'s "Freak-a-Zoid" (1983), and <a href="/wiki/Chaka_Khan" title="Chaka Khan">Chaka Khan</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/I_Feel_For_You" class="mw-redirect" title="I Feel For You">I Feel For You</a>" (1984). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_music_and_rave_culture">House music and rave culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: House music and rave culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miguel_Migs_by_Peter_Chiapperino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Miguel_Migs_by_Peter_Chiapperino.jpg/250px-Miguel_Migs_by_Peter_Chiapperino.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Miguel_Migs_by_Peter_Chiapperino.jpg/500px-Miguel_Migs_by_Peter_Chiapperino.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Like disco, house music was based around <a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJs</a> creating mixes for dancers in clubs. Pictured is DJ <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Migs" title="Miguel Migs">Miguel Migs</a>, mixing using <a href="/wiki/CDJ" title="CDJ">CDJ</a> players.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House music</a> is a genre of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> that originated in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in the early 1980s (also see: <a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago house</a>). It quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, where it developed into the harder and more industrial <a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>, New York City (also see: <a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">garage house</a>), and Newark – all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s, house music became popular in Europe as well as major cities in South America and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-unesco_4-131">[131]</a> Early house music commercial success in Europe saw songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Pump_Up_the_Volume_(song)" title="Pump Up the Volume (song)">Pump Up The Volume</a>" by <a href="/wiki/MARRS" title="MARRS">MARRS</a> (1987), "House Nation" by <a href="/wiki/Farley_%22Jackmaster%22_Funk" title="Farley "Jackmaster" Funk">House Master Boyz and the Rude Boy of House</a> (1987), "<a href="/wiki/Theme_from_S%27Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme from S'Express">Theme from S'Express</a>" by <a href="/wiki/S%27Express" title="S'Express">S'Express</a> (1988) and "<a href="/wiki/Doctorin%27_the_House" title="Doctorin' the House">Doctorin' the House</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Coldcut" title="Coldcut">Coldcut</a> (1988) in the pop charts. Since the early to mid-1990s, house music has been infused in mainstream <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a> worldwide. House music in the 2010s, while keeping several of these core elements, notably the prominent <a href="/wiki/Kick_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kick drum">kick drum</a> on every beat, varies widely in style and influence, ranging from the soulful and atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Deep_house" title="Deep house">deep house</a> to the more aggressive <a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">acid house</a> or the minimalist <a href="/wiki/Microhouse" title="Microhouse">microhouse</a>. House music has also fused with several other genres creating fusion subgenres,<a href="#cite_note-allmusic-127">[127]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">euro house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tech_house" title="Tech house">tech house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electro_house" title="Electro house">electro house</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jump_House_(music_genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jump House (music genre)">jump house</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RaveOn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RaveOn.jpg/220px-RaveOn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RaveOn.jpg/330px-RaveOn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/RaveOn.jpg/440px-RaveOn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Strobing lights flash at a <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> dance event in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, 2005</figcaption></figure> In the late 1980s and early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">rave</a> culture began to emerge from the house and acid house scene.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Like house, it incorporated disco culture's same love of dance music played by DJs over powerful <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">sound systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drug">recreational drug</a> and club drug exploration, sexual promiscuity, and <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a>. Although disco culture started out underground, it eventually thrived in the mainstream by the late 1970s, and major labels commodified and packaged the music for <a href="/wiki/Mass_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass consumption">mass consumption</a>. In contrast, the rave culture started out underground and stayed (mostly) underground. In part, this was to avoid the animosity that was still surrounding disco and dance music. The rave scene also stayed underground to avoid <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> attention that was directed at the rave culture due to its use of secret, unauthorized warehouses for some dance events and its association with illegal club drugs like <a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecstasy (drug)">ecstasy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-punk">Post-punk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Post-punk">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">dance-punk</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> movement that originated in the late 1970s both supported <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a>'s rule-breaking while rejecting its move back to raw <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-133">[133]</a> Post-punk's mantra of constantly moving forward lent itself to both openness to and experimentation with elements of disco and other styles.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Image_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Image Limited">Public Image Limited</a> is considered the first post-punk group.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-133">[133]</a> The group's second album <a href="/wiki/Metal_Box" title="Metal Box">Metal Box</a> fully embraced the "studio as instrument" methodology of disco.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-133">[133]</a> The group's founder <a href="/wiki/John_Lydon" title="John Lydon">John Lydon</a>, the former lead singer for the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Pistols" title="Sex Pistols">Sex Pistols</a>, told the press that disco was the only music he cared for at the time. <a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a> was a subgenre of post-punk centered in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-133">[133]</a> For shock value, <a href="/wiki/James_Chance" title="James Chance">James Chance</a>, a notable member of the no wave scene, penned an article in the East Village Eye urging his readers to move uptown and get "trancin' with some superradioactive disco voodoo funk". His band <a href="/wiki/James_White_and_the_Blacks" class="mw-redirect" title="James White and the Blacks">James White and the Blacks</a> wrote a disco album titled <a href="/wiki/Off_White" title="Off White">Off White</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-133">[133]</a> Their performances resembled those of disco performers (horn section, dancers and so on).<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-133">[133]</a> In 1981 <a href="/wiki/ZE_Records" title="ZE Records">ZE Records</a> led the transition from no wave into the more subtle <a href="/wiki/Mutant_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutant disco">mutant disco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Post-disco#Dance-rock" title="Post-disco">post-disco/punk</a>) genre.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-133">[133]</a> Mutant disco acts such as <a href="/wiki/Kid_Creole_and_the_Coconuts" title="Kid Creole and the Coconuts">Kid Creole and the Coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Was_Not_Was" class="mw-redirect" title="Was Not Was">Was Not Was</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESG_(band)" title="ESG (band)">ESG</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Liquid" title="Liquid Liquid">Liquid Liquid</a> influenced several British post-punk acts such as <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(band)" title="New Order (band)">New Order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Juice_(band)" title="Orange Juice (band)">Orange Juice</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Certain_Ratio" title="A Certain Ratio">A Certain Ratio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Nu-disco">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</a></div> Nu-disco is a 21st-century dance music genre associated with the renewed interest in 1970s and early 1980s disco,<a href="#cite_note-reynolds2001-134">[134]</a> mid-1980s Italo disco, and the synthesizer-heavy Euro disco aesthetics.<a href="#cite_note-spin200802-135">[135]</a> The moniker appeared in print as early as 2002, and by mid-2008 was used by record shops such as the online retailers Juno and Beatport.<a href="#cite_note-beatport-136">[136]</a> These vendors often associate it with re-edits of original-era disco music, as well as with music from European producers who make dance music inspired by original-era American disco, electro, and other genres popular in the late 1970s and early 1980s. It is also used to describe the music on several American labels who were previously associated with the genres <a href="/wiki/Electroclash" title="Electroclash">electroclash</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French house</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revivals_and_return_to_mainstream_success">Revivals and return to mainstream success</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Revivals and return to mainstream success">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s_resurgence">1990s resurgence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: 1990s resurgence">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/60px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/120px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Disco" title="Special:EditPage/Disco">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (October 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the 1990s, after a decade of backlash, disco and its legacy became more accepted by pop music artists and listeners alike, as more songs, films, and compilations were released that referenced disco. This was part of a wave of <a href="/wiki/1970s_nostalgia" title="1970s nostalgia">1970s nostalgia</a> that was taking place in popular culture at the time. Some commentators attributed the revival of the genre to frequent use of disco music in fashion shows.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Examples of songs during this time that were influenced by disco included <a href="/wiki/Deee-Lite" title="Deee-Lite">Deee-Lite</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Groove_Is_in_the_Heart" title="Groove Is in the Heart">Groove Is in the Heart</a>" (1990), <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Lemon_(U2_song)" title="Lemon (U2 song)">Lemon</a>" (1993), <a href="/wiki/Blur_(band)" title="Blur (band)">Blur</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Girls_%26_Boys_(Blur_song)" title="Girls & Boys (Blur song)">Girls & Boys</a>" (1994) and "Entertain Me" (1995), <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(band)" title="Pulp (band)">Pulp</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Disco_2000_(song)" title="Disco 2000 (song)">Disco 2000</a>" (1995), and <a href="/wiki/Jamiroquai" title="Jamiroquai">Jamiroquai</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Canned_Heat_(song)" title="Canned Heat (song)">Canned Heat</a>" (1999), while films such as <a href="/wiki/Boogie_Nights" title="Boogie Nights">Boogie Nights</a> (1997) and <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_Disco" title="The Last Days of Disco">The Last Days of Disco</a> (1998) featured primarily disco soundtracks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s_resurgence">2000s resurgence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: 2000s resurgence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura159.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura159.JPG/250px-04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura159.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura159.JPG/375px-04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura159.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura159.JPG/500px-04232012dae_jpg_semana_de_la_cultura159.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Students from <a href="/wiki/Monterrey_Institute_of_Technology_and_Higher_Education,_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City">Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City</a> dancing to disco during a cultural event on campus</figcaption></figure> In the early 2000s, an updated genre of disco called "nu-disco" began breaking into the mainstream. A few examples like <a href="/wiki/Daft_Punk" title="Daft Punk">Daft Punk</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/One_More_Time_(Daft_Punk_song)" title="One More Time (Daft Punk song)">One More Time</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Love_at_First_Sight_(Kylie_Minogue_song)" title="Love at First Sight (Kylie Minogue song)">Love at First Sight</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Get_You_Out_of_My_Head" title="Can't Get You Out of My Head">Can't Get You Out of My Head</a>" became club favorites and commercial successes. Several nu-disco songs were crossovers with <a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">funky house</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Spiller" title="Spiller">Spiller</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Groovejet_(If_This_Ain%27t_Love)" title="Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)">Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Modjo" title="Modjo">Modjo</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Lady_(Hear_Me_Tonight)" title="Lady (Hear Me Tonight)">Lady (Hear Me Tonight)</a>", both songs sampling older disco songs and both reaching number one on the <a href="/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Singles Chart">UK Singles Chart</a> in 2000. <a href="/wiki/Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a>'s disco single "<a href="/wiki/Rock_DJ" title="Rock DJ">Rock DJ</a>" was the UK's fourth best-selling single the same year. <a href="/wiki/Jamiroquai" title="Jamiroquai">Jamiroquai</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Little_L" title="Little L">Little L</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Murder_on_the_Dancefloor" title="Murder on the Dancefloor">Murder on the Dancefloor</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Ellis-Bextor" title="Sophie Ellis-Bextor">Sophie Ellis-Bextor</a> were hits in 2001. Rock band <a href="/wiki/Manic_Street_Preachers" title="Manic Street Preachers">Manic Street Preachers</a> released a disco song, "Miss Europa Disco Dancer", in the same year. The song's disco influence, which appears on <a href="/wiki/Know_Your_Enemy_(Manic_Street_Preachers_album)" title="Know Your Enemy (Manic Street Preachers album)">Know Your Enemy</a>, was described as being "much-discussed".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> In 2005, Madonna immersed herself in the disco music of the 1970s and released her album <a href="/wiki/Confessions_on_a_Dance_Floor" title="Confessions on a Dance Floor">Confessions on a Dance Floor</a> to rave reviews. One of the singles from the album, "<a href="/wiki/Hung_Up" title="Hung Up">Hung Up</a>", which samples <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a>'s 1979 song "<a href="/wiki/Gimme!_Gimme!_Gimme!_(A_Man_After_Midnight)" title="Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)">Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)</a>", became a major club staple. In addition to Madonna's disco-influenced attire to award shows and interviews, her <a href="/wiki/Confessions_Tour" title="Confessions Tour">Confessions Tour</a> incorporated various elements of the 1970s, such as disco balls, a mirrored stage design, and the <a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">roller derby</a>. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Simpson" title="Jessica Simpson">Jessica Simpson</a> released her album <a href="/wiki/A_Public_Affair" title="A Public Affair">A Public Affair</a> inspired by disco and the 1980s music. The first single of the album, <a href="/wiki/A_Public_Affair_(song)" title="A Public Affair (song)">"</a><a href="/wiki/A_Public_Affair_(song)" title="A Public Affair (song)">A Public Affair"</a>, was reviewed as a disco-dancing competition influenced by Madonna's early works. The video of the song was filmed on a skating rink and features a line dance of hands.<a href="#cite_note-Billboardbooks-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The success of the "nu-disco" revival of the early 2000s was described by music critic Tom Ewing as more interpersonal than the pop music of the 1990s: "The revival of disco within pop put a spotlight on something that had gone missing over the 90s: a sense of music not just for dancing, but for dancing with someone. Disco was a music of mutual attraction: cruising, flirtation, negotiation. Its dancefloor is a space for immediate pleasure, but also for promises kept and otherwise. It's a place where things start, but their resolution, let alone their meaning, is never clear. All of 2000's great disco number ones explore how to play this hand. <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue_(band)" title="Madison Avenue (band)">Madison Avenue</a> look to impose their will upon it, to set terms and roles. Spiller is less rigid. 'Groovejet' accepts the night's changeability, happily sells out certainty for an amused smile and a few great one-liners."<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s_resurgence">2010s resurgence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: 2010s resurgence">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, K-pop girl group <a href="/wiki/T-ara" title="T-ara">T-ara</a> released <a href="/wiki/Roly-Poly_(T-ara_song)" title="Roly-Poly (T-ara song)">Roly-Poly</a> as a part of their EP <a href="/wiki/John_Travolta_Wannabe" title="John Travolta Wannabe">John Travolta Wannabe</a>. The song accumulated over 4,000,000 units in digital downloads, which became the highest number of downloads for a K-pop girl group single on the Gaon Digital Chart in the 2010s. In 2013, with several 1970s-style disco and funk being released, the pop charts had more dance songs than at any other point since the late 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-McKinley-143">[143]</a> The biggest disco song of the year was "<a href="/wiki/Get_Lucky_(Daft_Punk_song)" title="Get Lucky (Daft Punk song)">Get Lucky</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Daft_Punk" title="Daft Punk">Daft Punk</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a> on guitar. Its parent album, <a href="/wiki/Random_Access_Memories" title="Random Access Memories">Random Access Memories</a>, ended up winning Album of the Year at the 2014 Grammys.<a href="#cite_note-McKinley-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hot100-144">[144]</a> Other disco-styled songs that made it into the top 40 that year were <a href="/wiki/Robin_Thicke" title="Robin Thicke">Robin Thicke</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Blurred_Lines" title="Blurred Lines">Blurred Lines</a>" (number one), <a href="/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Take_Back_the_Night_(song)" title="Take Back the Night (song)">Take Back the Night</a>" (number 29), <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Mars" title="Bruno Mars">Bruno Mars</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Treasure_(Bruno_Mars_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasure (Bruno Mars song)">Treasure</a>" (number five)<a href="#cite_note-McKinley-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hot100-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arcade_Fire" title="Arcade Fire">Arcade Fire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reflektor" title="Reflektor">Reflektor</a> featured strong disco elements. In 2014, disco music could be found in <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Artpop" title="Artpop">Artpop</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katy_Perry" title="Katy Perry">Katy Perry</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Birthday_(Katy_Perry_song)" title="Birthday (Katy Perry song)">Birthday</a>".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Other disco songs from 2014 include "<a href="/wiki/I_Want_It_All_(Karmin_song)" title="I Want It All (Karmin song)">I Want It All</a>" By <a href="/wiki/Karmin" title="Karmin">Karmin</a>, '<a href="/wiki/Wrong_Club" title="Wrong Club">Wrong Club</a>" by <a href="/wiki/The_Ting_Tings" title="The Ting Tings">the Ting Tings</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Blow_(Beyonc%C3%A9_song)" title="Blow (Beyoncé song)">Blow</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9" title="Beyoncé">Beyoncé</a> and the William Orbit mix of "<a href="/wiki/Let_Me_in_Your_Heart_Again" title="Let Me in Your Heart Again">Let Me in Your Heart Again</a>" by Queen. In 2014 Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Globo_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Globo TV">Globo TV</a>, the second biggest television network in the world, aired <a href="/wiki/Boogie_Oogie" title="Boogie Oogie">Boogie Oogie</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovela</a> about the Disco Era that takes place between 1978 and 1979, from the hit fever to the decadence. The show's success was responsible for a Disco revival across the country, bringing back to the stage and to Brazilian record charts local disco divas like <a href="/wiki/Lady_Zu" title="Lady Zu">Lady Zu</a> and <a href="/wiki/As_Fren%C3%A9ticas" title="As Frenéticas">As Frenéticas</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Top-10 entries from 2015 such as <a href="/wiki/Mark_Ronson" title="Mark Ronson">Mark Ronson</a>'s disco groove-infused "<a href="/wiki/Uptown_Funk" title="Uptown Funk">Uptown Funk</a>", <a href="/wiki/Maroon_5" title="Maroon 5">Maroon 5</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Sugar_(Maroon_5_song)" title="Sugar (Maroon 5 song)">Sugar</a>", <a href="/wiki/The_Weeknd" title="The Weeknd">the Weeknd</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Feel_My_Face" title="Can't Feel My Face">Can't Feel My Face</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Jason_Derulo" title="Jason Derulo">Jason Derulo</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Want_to_Want_Me" title="Want to Want Me">Want To Want Me</a>" also have a strong disco influence. Disco mogul and producer Giorgio Moroder also re-appeared in 2015 with his new album <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_Vu_(Giorgio_Moroder_album)" title="Déjà Vu (Giorgio Moroder album)">Déjà Vu</a>, which proved to be a modest success. Other songs from 2015 like "<a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Like_It,_I_Love_It" title="I Don't Like It, I Love It">I Don't Like It, I Love It</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Flo_Rida" title="Flo Rida">Flo Rida</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Adventure_of_a_Lifetime" title="Adventure of a Lifetime">Adventure of a Lifetime</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Back_Together_(Robin_Thicke_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Back Together (Robin Thicke song)">Back Together</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Thicke" title="Robin Thicke">Robin Thicke</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Levels_(Nick_Jonas_song)" title="Levels (Nick Jonas song)">Levels</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Nick_Jonas" title="Nick Jonas">Nick Jonas</a> feature disco elements as well. In 2016, disco songs or disco-styled pop songs continued showing a strong presence on the music charts as a possible backlash to the 1980s-styled synthpop, electro house, and dubstep that had been dominating the charts up until then.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Justin Timberlake's 2016 song "<a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_the_Feeling!" title="Can't Stop the Feeling!">Can't Stop the Feeling!</a>", which shows strong elements of disco, became the 26th song to debut at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 in the history of the chart. <a href="/wiki/The_Martian_(film)" title="The Martian (film)">The Martian</a>, a 2015 film, extensively uses disco music as a soundtrack, although for the main character, astronaut Mark Watney, there's only one thing worse than being stranded on Mars: it's being stranded on Mars with nothing but disco music.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Kill_the_Lights_(Alex_Newell_%26_DJ_Cassidy_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kill the Lights (Alex Newell & DJ Cassidy song)">Kill the Lights</a>", featured on an episode of the HBO television series "<a href="/wiki/Vinyl_(TV_series)" title="Vinyl (TV series)">Vinyl</a>" (2016) and with <a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Nile Rodgers</a>' guitar licks, hit number one on the US Dance chart in July 2016. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s_resurgence">2020s resurgence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: 2020s resurgence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg/250px-Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg/330px-Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg/500px-Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>British singer <a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a> has been credited by music critics with leading the revival of disco following the widespread international success of her single "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Start_Now" title="Don't Start Now">Don't Start Now</a>" and her album <a href="/wiki/Future_Nostalgia" title="Future Nostalgia">Future Nostalgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DL-149">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2020, disco continued its mainstream popularity and became a prominent trend in popular music.<a href="#cite_note-DI-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In early 2020, disco-influenced hits such as <a href="/wiki/Doja_Cat" title="Doja Cat">Doja Cat</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Say_So" title="Say So">Say So</a>", <a href="/wiki/Lady_Gaga" title="Lady Gaga">Lady Gaga</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Stupid_Love_(Lady_Gaga_song)" title="Stupid Love (Lady Gaga song)">Stupid Love</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Start_Now" title="Don't Start Now">Don't Start Now</a>" experienced widespread success on global music charts, charting at numbers 1, 5 and 2, respectively, on the US <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a> chart. At the time, <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>, declared that Lipa was "leading the charge toward disco-influenced production" a day after her retro and disco-influenced album <a href="/wiki/Future_Nostalgia" title="Future Nostalgia">Future Nostalgia</a> was released on March 27, 2020.<a href="#cite_note-DL-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-KillTheLights-152">[152]</a> By the end of 2020, multiple disco albums had been released, including <a href="/wiki/Adam_Lambert" title="Adam Lambert">Adam Lambert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Velvet_(Adam_Lambert_album)" title="Velvet (Adam Lambert album)">Velvet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Ware" title="Jessie Ware">Jessie Ware</a>'s <a href="/wiki/What%27s_Your_Pleasure%3F" title="What's Your Pleasure?">What's Your Pleasure?</a>, and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3is%C3%ADn_Murphy" title="Róisín Murphy">Róisín Murphy</a>'s discothèque mixtape, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3is%C3%ADn_Machine" title="Róisín Machine">Róisín Machine</a>. In early September 2020, South Korean group <a href="/wiki/BTS" title="BTS">BTS</a> debuted at number 1 in the US with their English–language disco single "<a href="/wiki/Dynamite_(BTS_song)" title="Dynamite (BTS song)">Dynamite</a>" having sold 265,000 downloads in its first week in the US, marking the biggest pure sales week since Taylor Swift's "<a href="/wiki/Look_What_You_Made_Me_Do" title="Look What You Made Me Do">Look What You Made Me Do</a>" (2017).<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In July 2020, Australian singer <a href="/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a> announced she would be releasing her fifteenth studio album, <a href="/wiki/Disco_(Kylie_Minogue_album)" title="Disco (Kylie Minogue album)">Disco</a>, on November 6, 2020. The album was preceded by two singles. The lead single, "<a href="/wiki/Say_Something_(Kylie_Minogue_song)" title="Say Something (Kylie Minogue song)">Say Something</a>", was released on July 23 and premiered on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">BBC Radio 2</a>;<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> the second single, "<a href="/wiki/Magic_(Kylie_Minogue_song)" title="Magic (Kylie Minogue song)">Magic</a>", was released on September 24.<a href="#cite_note-Magic-155">[155]</a> Both singles received critical acclaim, with critics praising Minogue for returning to disco roots, which were prominent in her albums <a href="/wiki/Light_Years_(Kylie_Minogue_album)" title="Light Years (Kylie Minogue album)">Light Years</a> (2000), <a href="/wiki/Fever_(Kylie_Minogue_album)" title="Fever (Kylie Minogue album)">Fever</a> (2001), and <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite_(Kylie_Minogue_album)" title="Aphrodite (Kylie Minogue album)">Aphrodite</a> (2010). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Mr._Smiley_Face.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/40px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mr._Smiley_Face.svg/60px-Mr._Smiley_Face.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="414" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:1970s" title="Portal:1970s">1970s portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Club_Kids" title="Club Kids">Club Kids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_singles_of_1977_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of number-one dance singles of 1977 (U.S.)">List of number-one dance singles of 1977 (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_singles_of_1978_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of number-one dance singles of 1978 (U.S.)">List of number-one dance singles of 1978 (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_number-one_dance_singles_of_1979_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of number-one dance singles of 1979 (U.S.)">List of number-one dance singles of 1979 (U.S.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_disco" title="Roller disco">Roller disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_disco" title="Stealth disco">Stealth disco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrewsterBroughton2000" class="citation book cs1">Brewster, Bill; Broughton, Frank (2000) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastnightdjsaved00brew">Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey</a> (2nd ed.). New York: Headline Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80213-6886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80213-6886"><bdi>978-0-80213-6886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Night+a+DJ+Saved+My+Life%3A+The+History+of+the+Disc+Jockey&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Headline+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-80213-6886&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Broughton%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastnightdjsaved00brew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanneh2021" class="citation book cs1">Sanneh, Kelefa (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8UXEAAAQBAJ">Major Labels: A History of Popular Music in Seven Genres</a>. New York: Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-55959-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-55959-7"><bdi>978-0-525-55959-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Major+Labels%3A+A+History+of+Popular+Music+in+Seven+Genres&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-525-55959-7&rft.aulast=Sanneh&rft.aufirst=Kelefa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8UXEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2006" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Peter (2006) [2005]. <a href="/wiki/Turn_the_Beat_Around:_The_Secret_History_of_Disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Turn the Beat Around: The Secret History of Disco">Turn the Beat Around: The Secret History of Disco</a> (Paperback ed.). New York: Faber And Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-952-4"><bdi>978-0-86547-952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turn+the+Beat+Around%3A+The+Secret+History+of+Disco&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Faber+And+Faber&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-952-4&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shsu.edu/~lis_fwh/book/hybrid_children_of_rock/Disco2.htm">"Disco Music"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University" title="Sam Houston State University">Sam Houston State University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127014352/https://www.shsu.edu/~lis_fwh/book/hybrid_children_of_rock/Disco2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disco+Music&rft.pub=Sam+Houston+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~lis_fwh%2Fbook%2Fhybrid_children_of_rock%2FDisco2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZaleski,_Anne2015" class="citation web cs1">Zaleski, Anne (February 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avclub.com/article/where-start-80s-uk-synth-pop-215560">"Where to start with '80s U.K. synth-pop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227045111/http://www.avclub.com/article/where-start-80s-uk-synth-pop-215560">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+to+start+with+%2780s+U.K.+synth-pop&rft.pub=The+A.V.+Club&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft.au=Zaleski%2C+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Farticle%2Fwhere-start-80s-uk-synth-pop-215560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/22/arts/bernard-edwards-43-musician-in-disco-band-and-pop-producer.html">"Bernard Edwards, 43, Musician In Disco Band and Pop Producer"</a>. The New York Times. April 22, 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190424121257/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/22/arts/bernard-edwards-43-musician-in-disco-band-and-pop-producer.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2022. <q>As disco waned in the late 70's, so did Chic's album sales. But its influence lingered on as new wave, rap and dance-pop bands found inspiration in Chic's club anthems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bernard+Edwards%2C+43%2C+Musician+In+Disco+Band+and+Pop+Producer&rft.date=1996-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F04%2F22%2Farts%2Fbernard-edwards-43-musician-in-disco-band-and-pop-producer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/dance-pop-ma0000004548">"Dance-pop"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. 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Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009, 199–214"</a>. Tim Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614135534/http://www.timlawrence.info/articles2/2013/7/16/beyond-the-hustle-seventies-social-dancing-discotheque-culture-and-the-emergence-of-the-contemporary-club-dancer">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2017. 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Retrieved August 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.valcomnews.com&rft.atitle=Former+Pocket+area+resident+was+Sacto%27s+%22disco+king%22+%7C+Valley+Community+Newspapers%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.valcomnews.com%2Fformer-pocket-area-resident-was-sacto%25E2%2580%2599s-%25E2%2580%259Cdisco-king%25E2%2580%259D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ultimatehistoryproject.com-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_37-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultimatehistoryproject.com_37-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimatehistoryproject.com/disco-fashion.html">"Disco Fashion: That's the way They Liked It"</a>. The Ultimate History Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006032157/http://ultimatehistoryproject.com/disco-fashion.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Ultimate+History+Project&rft.atitle=Disco+Fashion%3A+That%27s+the+way+They+Liked+It&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimatehistoryproject.com%2Fdisco-fashion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-1">b</a> Gootenberg, Paul 1954– – Between Coca and Cocaine: A Century or More of U.S.-Peruvian Drug Paradoxes, 1860–1980 – Hispanic American Historical Review – 83:1, February 2003, pp. 119–150. "The relationship of cocaine to 1970s disco culture cannot be stressed enough ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-39"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_39-0">^</a> Amyl, butyl and isobutyl nitrite (collectively known as alkyl nitrites) are clear, yellow liquids inhaled for their intoxicating effects. Nitrites originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open. This led to nitrites being given the name 'poppers' but this form of the drug is rarely found in the UK. The drug became popular in the UK first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s and then at dance and rave venues in the 1980s and 1990s. </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-r1_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-r1_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraunstein1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Braunstein, Peter (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100205223044/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1999/7/1999_7_43.shtml">"DISCO"</a>. American Heritage. Vol. 50, no. 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/1999/7/1999_7_43.shtml">the original</a> on February 5, 2010. 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December 30, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171027232147/https://www.thefix.com/content/where-are-they-now-drugs-edition7098">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thefix.com&rft.atitle=PCP%2C+Quaaludes%2C+Mescaline.+What+Became+of+Yesterday%27s+%27It%27+Drugs%3F+%E2%80%93+The+Fix&rft.date=2011-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefix.com%2Fcontent%2Fwhere-are-they-now-drugs-edition7098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Brownstein, Henry H. The Handbook of Drugs and Society. John Wiley & Sons, 2015. p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Tim Lawrence: "Beyond the Hustle: Seventies Social Dancing, Discothèque Culture and the Emergence of the Contemporary Club Dancer." In Julie Malnig ed. Ballroom, Boogie, Shimmy Sham, Shake: A Social and Popular Dance Reader. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2009, pp. 199–214. Online version: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timlawrence.info/articles2/2013/7/16/beyond-the-hustle-seventies-social-dancing-discotheque-culture-and-the-emergence-of-the-contemporary-club-dancer">"Beyond the Hustle: Seventies Social Dancing, Discotheque Culture and the Emergence of the Contemporary Club Dancer"</a>. Timlawrence.info. September 19, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012053538/http://www.timlawrence.info/articles2/2013/7/16/beyond-the-hustle-seventies-social-dancing-discotheque-culture-and-the-emergence-of-the-contemporary-club-dancer">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timlawrence.info&rft.atitle=Beyond+the+Hustle%3A+Seventies+Social+Dancing%2C+Discotheque+Culture+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Contemporary+Club+Dancer&rft.date=2013-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timlawrence.info%2Farticles2%2F2013%2F7%2F16%2Fbeyond-the-hustle-seventies-social-dancing-discotheque-culture-and-the-emergence-of-the-contemporary-club-dancer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tim_Lawrence_2011-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_Lawrence_2011_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tim_Lawrence_2011_44-1">b</a> Tim Lawrence. "The Forging of a White Gay Aesthetic at the Saint, 1980–84". In: Dancecult, 3, 1, 2011, pp. 1–24. Online version: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timlawrence.info/articles2/2013/7/2/the-forging-of-a-white-gay-aesthetic-at-the-saint-1980-84-dancecult">"The Forging of a White Gay Aesthetic at the Saint, 1980–84"</a>. Timlawrence.info. July 2, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031074802/http://www.timlawrence.info/articles2/2013/7/2/the-forging-of-a-white-gay-aesthetic-at-the-saint-1980-84-dancecult">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timlawrence.info&rft.atitle=The+Forging+of+a+White+Gay+Aesthetic+at+the+Saint%2C+1980%E2%80%9384&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timlawrence.info%2Farticles2%2F2013%2F7%2F2%2Fthe-forging-of-a-white-gay-aesthetic-at-the-saint-1980-84-dancecult&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flashbak.com/the-decade-of-decadence-a-quick-look-at-the-sexual-revolution-29469/">"The Decade of Decadence: A Quick Look at The Sexual Revolution – Flashbak"</a>. Flashbak.com. March 2, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028094117/https://flashbak.com/the-decade-of-decadence-a-quick-look-at-the-sexual-revolution-29469/">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flashbak.com&rft.atitle=The+Decade+of+Decadence%3A+A+Quick+Look+at+The+Sexual+Revolution+%E2%80%93+Flashbak&rft.date=2015-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fflashbak.com%2Fthe-decade-of-decadence-a-quick-look-at-the-sexual-revolution-29469%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyer-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_46-3">d</a> Richard Dyer: "In Defense of Disco." In: Gay Left, 8, Summer 1979, pp. 20-23. Reprinted in: Mark J. Butler (ed): Electronica, Dance and Club Music. New York/London: Routledge 2017, pp. 121-127. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2000" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modulationshisto00shap">Modulations : a history of electronic music : throbbing words on sound</a>. Caipirinha Productions. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modulationshisto00shap/page/40">40</a>–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891024-06-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-891024-06-X"><bdi>1-891024-06-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modulations+%3A+a+history+of+electronic+music+%3A+throbbing+words+on+sound&rft.pages=40-49&rft.pub=Caipirinha+Productions&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-891024-06-X&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodulationshisto00shap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b0124284">"The Politics of Dancing: How Disco Changed the World - BBC Sounds"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522075951/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b0124284">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved December 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Dancing%3A+How+Disco+Changed+the+World+-+BBC+Sounds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsounds%2Fplay%2Fb0124284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/gay-rights/the-stonewall-riots">"1969 Stonewall Riots - Origins, Timeline & Leaders"</a>. June 23, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626084016/https://www.history.com/topics/gay-rights/the-stonewall-riots">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1969+Stonewall+Riots+-+Origins%2C+Timeline+%26+Leaders&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fgay-rights%2Fthe-stonewall-riots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2000" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modulationshisto00shap">Modulations : a history of electronic music : throbbing words on sound</a>. Caipirinha Productions. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modulationshisto00shap/page/44">44</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-891024-06-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-891024-06-X"><bdi>1-891024-06-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modulations+%3A+a+history+of+electronic+music+%3A+throbbing+words+on+sound&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Caipirinha+Productions&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-891024-06-X&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodulationshisto00shap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000134-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000134_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000134_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000134_51-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrewsterBroughton2000">Brewster & Broughton 2000</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000127-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000127_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrewsterBroughton2000">Brewster & Broughton 2000</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000148-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000148_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000148_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000148_53-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrewsterBroughton2000">Brewster & Broughton 2000</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrithBrennanWebster2016" class="citation book cs1">Frith, Simon; Brennan, Matt; Webster, Emma (March 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zoK1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">The History of Live Music in Britain, Volume I: 1950-1967: From Dance Hall to the 100 Club</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317028871" title="Special:BookSources/9781317028871"><bdi>9781317028871</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522075959/https://books.google.com/books?id=zoK1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA176#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 1, 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Live+Music+in+Britain%2C+Volume+I%3A+1950-1967%3A+From+Dance+Hall+to+the+100+Club&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft.isbn=9781317028871&rft.aulast=Frith&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Brennan%2C+Matt&rft.au=Webster%2C+Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzoK1CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214230027/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/the-motown-story-how-berry-gordy-jr-created-the-legendary-label-178066/">"The Motown Story"</a>. Rolling Stone. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/the-motown-story-19710513">the original</a> on December 14, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=The+Motown+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-motown-story-19710513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBreihan2019" class="citation web cs1">Breihan, Tom (April 25, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stereogum.com/2041127/the-number-ones-eddie-kendricks-keep-on-truckin/columns/the-number-ones/">"The Number Ones: Eddie Kendricks' "Keep On Truckin'""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stereogum" title="Stereogum">Stereogum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522075956/https://www.stereogum.com/2041127/the-number-ones-eddie-kendricks-keep-on-truckin/columns/the-number-ones/">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved December 28, 2023. <q>Keep On Truckin'," the first disco record ever to hit #1...Eddie Kendricks "Keep On Truckin'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stereogum&rft.atitle=The+Number+Ones%3A+Eddie+Kendricks%27+%22Keep+On+Truckin%27%22&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.aulast=Breihan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereogum.com%2F2041127%2Fthe-number-ones-eddie-kendricks-keep-on-truckin%2Fcolumns%2Fthe-number-ones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Partylikeits1975-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Partylikeits1975_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Partylikeits1975_57-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/2001-07-10/news/disco-double-take/2">Disco Double Take: New York Parties Like It's 1975</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150130151059/http://www.villagevoice.com/2001-07-10/news/disco-double-take/2">Archived</a> January 30, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Village_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Voice">Village Voice</a>.com. Retrieved on August 9, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_58-0">^</a> (1998) "The Cambridge History of American Music", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45429-2">978-0-521-45429-2</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45429-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45429-2">978-0-521-45429-2</a>, p.372: "Initially, disco musicians and audiences alike belonged to marginalized communities: women, gay, black, and Latinos" </li> <li id="cite_note-Traces-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Traces_59-0">^</a> (2002) "Traces of the Spirit: The Religious Dimensions of Popular Music", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9809-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9809-6">978-0-8147-9809-6</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9809-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9809-6">978-0-8147-9809-6</a>, p.117: "New York City was the primary center of disco, and the original audience was primarily gay African Americans and Latinos." </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> "But the pre-Saturday Night Fever dance underground was actually sweetly earnest and irony-free in its hippie-dippie positivity, as evinced by anthems like <a href="/wiki/MFSB" title="MFSB">MFSB</a>'s Love Is the Message." – Village Voice, July 10, 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEchols2010" class="citation book cs1">Echols, Alice (March 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hotstuffdiscorem00echo">Hot Stuff: Disco and the Remaking of American Culture</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hotstuffdiscorem00echo/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393066753" title="Special:BookSources/9780393066753"><bdi>9780393066753</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive. <q>shaft disco.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hot+Stuff%3A+Disco+and+the+Remaking+of+American+Culture&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010-03-29&rft.isbn=9780393066753&rft.aulast=Echols&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhotstuffdiscorem00echo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19750504/7501/">"Official Singles Chart Top 50 - 04 May 1975 - 10 May 1975"</a>. officialchart.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075900/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/singles-chart/19750504/7501/">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2021. Retrieved January 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=officialchart.com&rft.atitle=Official+Singles+Chart+Top+50+-+04+May+1975+-+10+May+1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialcharts.com%2Fcharts%2Fsingles-chart%2F19750504%2F7501%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/kc-the-sunshine-band-mn0000299668">KC and the Sunshine Band</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230531232955/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/kc-the-sunshine-band-mn0000299668">Archived</a> May 31, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> allmusic.com Retrieved 29 December 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discosavvy.com/discoearly70s.html">"The First Years of Disco (1972-1974)"</a>. discosavvy.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427024520/http://www.discosavvy.com/discoearly70s.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved June 18, 2019. <q>In November 1974, WPIX FM launched the world's first disco radio show, "Disco 102", hosted by Steve Andrews for 4 hours every Saturday night.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=discosavvy.com&rft.atitle=The+First+Years+of+Disco+%281972-1974%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discosavvy.com%2Fdiscoearly70s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiro20065–7-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShapiro20065–7_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShapiro2006">Shapiro 2006</a>, pp. 5–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lawrence, Tim (March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09502386.2011.535989">"Disco and the Queering of the Dance Floor"</a>. Cultural Studies. 25 (2): 230–243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09502386.2011.535989">10.1080/09502386.2011.535989</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-2386">0950-2386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143682409">143682409</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427000421/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09502386.2011.535989">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Studies&rft.atitle=Disco+and+the+Queering+of+the+Dance+Floor&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143682409%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0950-2386&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09502386.2011.535989&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09502386.2011.535989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Alan McKee, Beautiful Things in Popular Culture. John Wiley & Sons, April 15, 2008, p.196 </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-68"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/10/arts/arts-in-america-here-s-to-disco-it-never-could-say-goodbye.html">"ARTS IN AMERICA; Here's to Disco, It Never Could Say Goodbye"</a>, The New York Times, USA, December 10, 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106064333/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/10/arts/arts-in-america-here-s-to-disco-it-never-could-say-goodbye.html">archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2015, retrieved August 25, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times%2C+USA&rft.atitle=ARTS+IN+AMERICA%3B+Here%27s+to+Disco%2C+It+Never+Could+Say+Goodbye&rft.date=2002-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F12%2F10%2Farts%2Farts-in-america-here-s-to-disco-it-never-could-say-goodbye.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lawrence-69"><a href="#cite_ref-lawrence_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050730075122/http://www.timlawrence.info/articles/2005/mancuso_VV.php">"Tim Lawrence"</a>. tim lawrence. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timlawrence.info/">the original</a> on July 30, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tim+lawrence&rft.atitle=Tim+Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timlawrence.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachrock.org/lesson/the-rise-of-disco/">"The Rise of Disco"</a>. teachrock.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170618001058/http://teachrock.org/lesson/the-rise-of-disco">Archived</a> from the original on June 18, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Disco&rft.pub=teachrock.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachrock.org%2Flesson%2Fthe-rise-of-disco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Pauline Kael, For Keeps, Dutton, 1994, p. 767 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Reynolds, Simon (2016). Shock and Awe: Glam Rock and Its Legacy from the Seventies to the Twenty-First Century, pages 206–208, Dey Street Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062279804" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062279804">978-0062279804</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Book_of_Golden_Discs-73"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Book_of_Golden_Discs_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurrells1978" class="citation book cs1">Murrells, Joseph (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/344">The Book of Golden Discs</a> (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/344">344</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-20512-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-214-20512-6"><bdi>0-214-20512-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Golden+Discs&rft.place=London&rft.pages=344&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Barrie+and+Jenkins+Ltd&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-214-20512-6&rft.aulast=Murrells&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofgoldendisc00murr%2Fpage%2F344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-metro_biddu-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-metro_biddu_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-metro_biddu_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllis2009" class="citation web cs1">Ellis, James (October 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu">"Biddu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)" title="Metro (British newspaper)">Metro</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110902182831/http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/interviews/412-biddu">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=Biddu&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.co.uk%2Fshowbiz%2Finterviews%2F412-biddu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-times_2004-75"><a href="#cite_ref-times_2004_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2004" class="citation web cs1">Browne, Malika (August 20, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/its-a-big-step-from-disco-to-sanskrit-chants-but-biddu-has-made-it-n796tx7klww">"It's a big step from disco to Sanskrit chants, but Biddu has made it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>. Retrieved May 30, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=It%27s+a+big+step+from+disco+to+Sanskrit+chants%2C+but+Biddu+has+made+it&rft.date=2004-08-20&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Malika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farticle%2Fits-a-big-step-from-disco-to-sanskrit-chants-but-biddu-has-made-it-n796tx7klww&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-Gilbert-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore-Gilbert_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore-Gilbert_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoore-Gilbert2002" class="citation book cs1">Moore-Gilbert, Bart (March 11, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eWo7eGPx8AC&q=%22list+of+1970s+best-sellers%22">The Arts in the 1970s: Cultural Closure</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415099066" title="Special:BookSources/9780415099066"><bdi>9780415099066</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522080000/https://books.google.com/books?id=7eWo7eGPx8AC&q=%22list+of+1970s+best-sellers%22">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved May 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arts+in+the+1970s%3A+Cultural+Closure&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-03-11&rft.isbn=9780415099066&rft.aulast=Moore-Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7eWo7eGPx8AC%26q%3D%2522list%2Bof%2B1970s%2Bbest-sellers%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurrells1978" class="citation book cs1">Murrells, Joseph (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr">The Book of Golden Discs</a> (2, illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Barrie_%26_Jenkins" title="Barrie & Jenkins">Barrie & Jenkins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-214-20480-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-214-20480-4"><bdi>0-214-20480-4</bdi></a>. <q>Biggest selling singles discs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Golden+Discs&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Jenkins&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-214-20480-4&rft.aulast=Murrells&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofgoldendisc00murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubbs2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hubbs, Nadine (May 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905142529/https://zenodo.org/record/854793/files/article.pdf">"'I Will Survive': musical mappings of queer social space in a disco anthem"</a> (PDF). Popular Music. 26 (2): 231–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0261143007001250">10.1017/S0261143007001250</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146390768">146390768</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/854793">the original</a> on September 5, 2017. Retrieved September 6, 2019 – via Cambridge Core.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Music&rft.atitle=%27I+Will+Survive%27%3A+musical+mappings+of+queer+social+space+in+a+disco+anthem&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2007-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0261143007001250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146390768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hubbs&rft.aufirst=Nadine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F854793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2000" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/impossibledancec00buck">Modulations: A History of Electronic Music</a>. Caipirinha Productions, Inc. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6498-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6498-6"><bdi>978-0-8195-6498-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modulations%3A+A+History+of+Electronic+Music&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Caipirinha+Productions%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6498-6&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimpossibledancec00buck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> see p.45, 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> "This record was a collaboration between Philip Oakey, the big-voiced lead singer of the techno-pop band the Human League, and Giorgio Moroder, the Italian-born father of disco who spent the 1980s writing synth-based pop and film music." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCater" class="citation web cs1">Cater, Evan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r59464">"Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder: Overview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a>. Retrieved December 21, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Philip+Oakey+%26+Giorgio+Moroder%3A+Overview&rft.aulast=Cater&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fr59464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-munichsound-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-munichsound_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-munichsound_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrettenauer2017" class="citation book cs1">Krettenauer, Thomas (2017). "Hit Men: Giorgio Moroder, Frank Farian and the eurodisco sound of the 1970s/80s". In Ahlers, Michael; Jacke, Christoph (eds.). Perspectives on German Popular Music. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 77–78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-7962-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4724-7962-4"><bdi>978-1-4724-7962-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hit+Men%3A+Giorgio+Moroder%2C+Frank+Farian+and+the+eurodisco+sound+of+the+1970s%2F80s&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+German+Popular+Music&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4724-7962-4&rft.aulast=Krettenauer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mixmag_moroder-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mixmag_moroder_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mixmag_moroder_82-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mixmag_moroder_82-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrewster2017" class="citation web cs1">Brewster, Bill (June 22, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mixmag.net/feature/i-feel-love-donna-summer-and-giorgio-moroder-created-the-template-for-dance-music-as-we-know-it">"I feel love: Donna Summer and Giorgio Moroder created the template for dance music as we know it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mixmag" title="Mixmag">Mixmag</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622124251/https://mixmag.net/feature/i-feel-love-donna-summer-and-giorgio-moroder-created-the-template-for-dance-music-as-we-know-it">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I+feel+love%3A+Donna+Summer+and+Giorgio+Moroder+created+the+template+for+dance+music+as+we+know+it&rft.pub=Mixmag&rft.date=2017-06-22&rft.aulast=Brewster&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmixmag.net%2Ffeature%2Fi-feel-love-donna-summer-and-giorgio-moroder-created-the-template-for-dance-music-as-we-know-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/donna-summer-was-the-queen-who-made-disco-work-on-the-radio/story-fnb64oi6-1226360052284">"Subscribe – theaustralian"</a>. theaustralian.com.au. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521034952/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/donna-summer-was-the-queen-who-made-disco-work-on-the-radio/story-fnb64oi6-1226360052284">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved June 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theaustralian.com.au&rft.atitle=Subscribe+%E2%80%93+theaustralian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theaustralian.com.au%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fdonna-summer-was-the-queen-who-made-disco-work-on-the-radio%2Fstory-fnb64oi6-1226360052284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoroder2022" class="citation magazine cs1">Moroder, Giorgio (January 6, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/lists/top-disco-songs-all-time/donna-summer-bad-girls/">"The 34 Top Disco Songs of All Time"</a>. Billboard. Retrieved January 23, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=The+34+Top+Disco+Songs+of+All+Time&rft.date=2022-01-06&rft.aulast=Moroder&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Flists%2Ftop-disco-songs-all-time%2Fdonna-summer-bad-girls%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p23915">Giorgio Moroder</a> Allmusic.com </li> <li id="cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-86"><a href="#cite_ref-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5"><bdi>1-904994-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Hit+Singles+%26+Albums&rft.place=London&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=19th&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records+Limited&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-904994-10-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2012/11/04/164206468/its-gibberish-but-italian-pop-song-still-means-something">"It's Gibberish, But Italian Pop Song Still Means Something"</a>. NPR.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170318092600/http://www.npr.org/2012/11/04/164206468/its-gibberish-but-italian-pop-song-still-means-something/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=It%27s+Gibberish%2C+But+Italian+Pop+Song+Still+Means+Something&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2012%2F11%2F04%2F164206468%2Fits-gibberish-but-italian-pop-song-still-means-something&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEogw6w5d_jNGyUvjmdcDdJgqG40Wl-eN">"Popular Videos – Prisencolinensinainciusol – YouTube"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410161344/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLEogw6w5d_jNGyUvjmdcDdJgqG40Wl-eN">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+Videos+%E2%80%93+Prisencolinensinainciusol+%E2%80%93+YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fplaylist%3Flist%3DPLEogw6w5d_jNGyUvjmdcDdJgqG40Wl-eN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultratop.be/fr/song/c8d07/Bob-Sinclar-&-Raffaella-Carra-Far-l'amore">"Bob Sinclar & Raffaella Carrà – Far l'amore"</a>. ultratop.be. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705005907/http://www.ultratop.be/fr/song/c8d07/Bob-Sinclar-%26-Raffaella-Carra-Far-l%27amore">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved January 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ultratop.be&rft.atitle=Bob+Sinclar+%26+Raffaella+Carr%C3%A0+%E2%80%93+Far+l%27amore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultratop.be%2Ffr%2Fsong%2Fc8d07%2FBob-Sinclar-%26-Raffaella-Carra-Far-l%27amore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/10/arts/arts-in-america-here-s-to-disco-it-never-could-say-goodbye.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm">"ARTS IN AMERICA; Here's to Disco, It Never Could Say Goodbye"</a>. New York Times. December 10, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224103954/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/10/arts/arts-in-america-here-s-to-disco-it-never-could-say-goodbye.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=ARTS+IN+AMERICA%3B+Here%27s+to+Disco%2C+It+Never+Could+Say+Goodbye&rft.date=2002-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2002%2F12%2F10%2Farts%2Farts-in-america-here-s-to-disco-it-never-could-say-goodbye.html%3Fpagewanted%3D3%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohn2008" class="citation web cs1">Cohn, Nik (April 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/nightlife/features/45933/">"Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night"</a>. New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929174704/http://nymag.com/nightlife/features/45933/">Archived</a> from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York&rft.atitle=Tribal+Rites+of+the+New+Saturday+Night&rft.date=2008-04-08&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Nik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnightlife%2Ffeatures%2F45933%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharlie1996" class="citation news cs1">Charlie, LeDuff (June 9, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/09/nyregion/saturday-night-fever-the-life.html">"Saturday Night Fever: The Life"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011182214/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/09/nyregion/saturday-night-fever-the-life.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved October 2, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Saturday+Night+Fever%3A+The+Life&rft.date=1996-06-09&rft.aulast=Charlie&rft.aufirst=LeDuff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F06%2F09%2Fnyregion%2Fsaturday-night-fever-the-life.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEchols2017" class="citation book cs1">Echols, Alice (June 5, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slVWT5EDdbIC&q=reasons+for+disco&pg=PT234">Hot Stuff: Disco and the Remaking of American Culture</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393338911" title="Special:BookSources/9780393338911"><bdi>9780393338911</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522081458/https://books.google.com/books?id=slVWT5EDdbIC&q=reasons+for+disco&pg=PT234#v=snippet&q=reasons%20for%20disco&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 5, 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hot+Stuff%3A+Disco+and+the+Remaking+of+American+Culture&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft.isbn=9780393338911&rft.aulast=Echols&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DslVWT5EDdbIC%26q%3Dreasons%2Bfor%2Bdisco%26pg%3DPT234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720151423/http://hangout.altsounds.com/news/163401-donna-summers-macarthur-park-2013-remix-1-a.html">"Donna Summer's 'Macarthur Park 2013' Remix #1 on Billboard's Dance Club Songs Chart - #AltSounds"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hangout.altsounds.com/news/163401-donna-summers-macarthur-park-2013-remix-1-a.html">the original</a> on July 20, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Donna+Summer%27s+%27Macarthur+Park+2013%27+Remix+%231+on+Billboard%27s+Dance+Club+Songs+Chart+-+%23AltSounds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhangout.altsounds.com%2Fnews%2F163401-donna-summers-macarthur-park-2013-remix-1-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/books/review/le-freak-an-upside-down-story-of-family-disco-and-destiny-by-nile-rodgers-book-review.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2">The Rock Days of Disco</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170626185303/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/04/books/review/le-freak-an-upside-down-story-of-family-disco-and-destiny-by-nile-rodgers-book-review.html?pagewanted=1&_r=2">Archived</a> June 26, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, December 2, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popmatters.com/column/167895-queen-of-disco-the-legend-of-sylvester/">"Queen of Disco: The Legend of Sylvester"</a>. popmatters.com. February 12, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203185623/http://www.popmatters.com/column/167895-queen-of-disco-the-legend-of-sylvester/">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=popmatters.com&rft.atitle=Queen+of+Disco%3A+The+Legend+of+Sylvester&rft.date=2013-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopmatters.com%2Fcolumn%2F167895-queen-of-disco-the-legend-of-sylvester%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbjorensen2017" class="citation book cs1">Abjorensen, Norman (2017). Historical Dictionary of Popular Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781538102152" title="Special:BookSources/9781538102152"><bdi>9781538102152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Popular+Music&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781538102152&rft.aulast=Abjorensen&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-choir_and_disco-98"><a href="#cite_ref-choir_and_disco_98-0">^</a> It was producer <a href="/wiki/Bob_Ezrin" title="Bob Ezrin">Bob Ezrin</a>'s idea to incorporate a disco <a href="/wiki/Riff" title="Riff">riff</a>, as well as a second-verse children's choir, into "Another Brick in the Wall, Part 2".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmons,_Sylvie2009" class="citation journal cs1">Simmons, Sylvie, ed. (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513090114/http://www.guitarworld.com/article/pink_floyd_goodbye_blue_sky?page=0%2C3">""Good Bye Blue Sky", (Pink Floyd: 30th Anniversary, The Wall Revisited.)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guitar_World" title="Guitar World">Guitar World</a>. 30 (10). Future: 79–80. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guitarworld.com/article/pink_floyd_goodbye_blue_sky?page=0%2C3">the original</a> on May 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guitar+World&rft.atitle=%22Good+Bye+Blue+Sky%22%2C+%28Pink+Floyd%3A+30th+Anniversary%2C+The+Wall+Revisited.%29&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guitarworld.com%2Farticle%2Fpink_floyd_goodbye_blue_sky%3Fpage%3D0%252C3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> A few other Pink Floyd songs of the 1970s incorporated disco elements, especially songs like Part 8 of "<a href="/wiki/Shine_On_You_Crazy_Diamond" title="Shine On You Crazy Diamond">Shine On You Crazy Diamond</a>" (1975), "<a href="/wiki/Pigs_(Three_Different_Ones)" title="Pigs (Three Different Ones)">Pigs (Three Different Ones)</a>" (1977), and "<a href="/wiki/Young_Lust_(song)" title="Young Lust (song)">Young Lust</a>" (1979), which all featured a funky, syncopated bass line. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Don_Henley" title="Don Henley">Don Henley</a> commented on "One of These Nights"'s disco connection in the liner notes of <a href="/wiki/The_Very_Best_Of_(Eagles_album)" title="The Very Best Of (Eagles album)">The Very Best Of</a>, 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Stanley" title="Paul Stanley">Paul Stanley</a>, a guitarist for the rock group Kiss became friends with <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Child" title="Desmond Child">Desmond Child</a> and, as Child remembered in Billboard, "Paul and I talked about how dance music at that time didn't have any rock elements." To counteract the synthesized disco music dominating the airwaves, Stanley and Child wrote, "I Was Made For Loving You." So, "we made history," Child further remembered in Billboard, "because we created the first rock-disco song." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Barnes, Terry (November 27, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gggEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA47">"Gifted Child"</a>. Billboard. Vol. 111, no. 48. pp. DC-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522081459/https://books.google.com/books?id=gggEAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA47#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved February 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Gifted+Child&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=DC-23&rft.date=1999-11-27&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgggEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Zac. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/heartbreaker-mw0000253166">"Heartbreaker - Dolly Parton | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407194525/https://www.allmusic.com/album/heartbreaker-mw0000253166">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2022. Retrieved August 2, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Heartbreaker+-+Dolly+Parton+%7C+Songs%2C+Reviews%2C+Credits+%7C+AllMusic&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Zac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Falbum%2Fheartbreaker-mw0000253166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190520154001/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtKOGvHqgvg&gl=US&hl=en">"1979 Purina Good Mews cat food TV commercial"</a>. August 15, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GtKOGvHqgvg">the original</a> on May 20, 2019. Retrieved March 9, 2019 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1979+Purina+Good+Mews+cat+food+TV+commercial&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGtKOGvHqgvg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusicdisco-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allmusicdisco_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusicdisco_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusicdisco_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusicdisco_103-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusicdisco_103-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/disco-ma0000002552">"Disco Music Genre Overview – AllMusic"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019012752/https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/disco-ma0000002552">Archived</a> from the original on October 19, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Disco+Music+Genre+Overview+%E2%80%93+AllMusic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsubgenre%2Fdisco-ma0000002552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Culture, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16161-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16161-9">978-0-415-16161-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16161-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16161-9">978-0-415-16161-9</a> (2001) p. 217: "In fact, by 1977, before <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> spread, there was a 'disco sucks' movement sponsored by radio stations that attracted some suburban white youth, who thought that disco was escapist, synthetic, and overproduced." </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2014/05/27/paranoia-at-the-disco">"Disco Doesn't Suck. Here's Why"</a>. Reason. May 27, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123422/http://reason.com/archives/2014/05/27/paranoia-at-the-disco">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=Disco+Doesn%27t+Suck.+Here%27s+Why.&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2014%2F05%2F27%2Fparanoia-at-the-disco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> Also see Encyclopedia of Contemporary American Culture, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16161-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16161-9">978-0-415-16161-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16161-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16161-9">978-0-415-16161-9</a> (2001) p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-Christgau-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christgau_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christgau_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christgau_106-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pj78.php">Robert Christgau: Pazz & Jop 1978: New Wave Hegemony and the Bebop Question</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004025459/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pj78.php">Archived</a> October 4, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Christgau" title="Robert Christgau">Robert Christgau</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Village_Voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Voice">Village Voice</a> Pop & Jop Poll January 22, 1978, 1979 </li> <li id="cite_note-espn-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-espn_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-espn_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-espn_107-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100504172447/http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page3/story?page=behrens%2F040809">"Top Sports Searches – ESPN"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/page3/story?page=behrens/040809">the original</a> on May 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+Sports+Searches+%E2%80%93+ESPN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsports.espn.go.com%2Fespn%2Fpage3%2Fstory%3Fpage%3Dbehrens%2F040809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> England's Dreaming, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Savage" title="Jon Savage">Jon Savage</a> Faber & Faber 1991, pp 93, 95, 185–186 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juicemagazine.com/home/devo/">"DEVO"</a>. Juicemagazine.com. September 1, 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620165319/http://juicemagazine.com/home/devo/">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Juicemagazine.com&rft.atitle=DEVO&rft.date=2001-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjuicemagazine.com%2Fhome%2Fdevo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Testa-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Testa_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Testa_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndersenJenkins2003" class="citation book cs1">Andersen, Mark; Jenkins, Mark (August 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CU1jKq0TlvQC&pg=PA17">Dance of days: two decades of punk in the nation's capital</a>. Akashic Books. pp. 17–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888451-44-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888451-44-3"><bdi>978-1-888451-44-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522081459/https://books.google.com/books?id=CU1jKq0TlvQC&pg=PA17">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved March 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dance+of+days%3A+two+decades+of+punk+in+the+nation%27s+capital&rft.pages=17-&rft.pub=Akashic+Books&rft.date=2003-08-01&rft.isbn=978-1-888451-44-3&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCU1jKq0TlvQC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrascope.co.uk/Features/Steve_Hillage_feature.htm">"Steve Hillage Terrascope Feature"</a>. terrascope.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104140430/http://www.terrascope.co.uk/Features/Steve_Hillage_feature.htm">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=terrascope.co.uk&rft.atitle=Steve+Hillage+Terrascope+Feature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrascope.co.uk%2FFeatures%2FSteve_Hillage_feature.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster2012" class="citation web cs1">Foster, Buzz (May 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtsQI2IeM5U">"Disco Lives Forever!"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/vtsQI2IeM5U">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved November 4, 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disco+Lives+Forever%21&rft.date=2012-05-17&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Buzz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DvtsQI2IeM5U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campion-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campion_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campion_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campion_113-2">c</a> Campion, Chris Walking on the Moon: The Untold Story of the Police and the Rise of New Wave Rock. John Wiley & Sons, (2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-28240-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-28240-3">978-0-470-28240-3</a> pp. 82–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-ComiskyThriller-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ComiskyThriller_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ComiskyThriller_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ComiskyThriller_114-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnyc.org/shows/soundcheck/2009/jul/14/disco-demolition-night/">From Comiskey Park to Thriller: The Effect of "Disco Sucks" on Pop</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119085207/http://www.wnyc.org/shows/soundcheck/2009/jul/14/disco-demolition-night/">Archived</a> November 19, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Greenberg_(record_producer)" title="Steve Greenberg (record producer)">Steve Greenberg</a> founder and CEO of <a href="/wiki/S-Curve_Records" title="S-Curve Records">S-Curve Records</a> July 10, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5429592">"'Countdown with Keith Olbermann' Complete Transcript for July 12, 2004"</a>. NBC News. July 12, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924003428/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5429592">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved February 15, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Countdown+with+Keith+Olbermann%27+Complete+Transcript+for+July+12%2C+2004&rft.date=2004-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2Fwbna5429592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disco-disco.com/labels/salsoul.shtml">"Salsoul Records @ Disco-Disco.com"</a>. disco-disco.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014151424/http://www.disco-disco.com/labels/salsoul.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=disco-disco.com&rft.atitle=Salsoul+Records+%40+Disco-Disco.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disco-disco.com%2Flabels%2Fsalsoul.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackson_5:_The_Ultimate_Collection" title="Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection">Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection</a> (1996), liner notes. </li> <li id="cite_note-BeeGees-118"><a href="#cite_ref-BeeGees_118-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3652">Allmusic BeeGees bio</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2009/jun/18/disco-sucks">Ben Myers: "Why 'Disco sucks!' sucked"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320111407/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2009/jun/18/disco-sucks">Archived</a> March 20, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in: <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, June 18, 2009, accessed on March 26, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Easlea, Daryl, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/disco-inferno-680390.html">Disco Inferno</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110913220555/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/disco-inferno-680390.html">Archived</a> September 13, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>, December 11, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds154-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds154_121-0">^</a> Rip it Up and Start Again POSTPUNK 1978–1984 by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Simon Reynolds</a> p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20230922-the-night-angry-rock-fans-destroyed-disco-music">"The 1979 riot that 'killed' disco"</a>. BBC. September 22, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231102120513/https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20230922-the-night-angry-rock-fans-destroyed-disco-music">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+1979+riot+that+%27killed%27+disco&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2F20230922-the-night-angry-rock-fans-destroyed-disco-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> "Are We Not New Wave Modern Pop at the Turn of the 1980s Theo Cateforis Page 36 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03470-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-03470-3">978-0-472-03470-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emplive.org/exhibits/index.asp?articleID=622">"empsfm.org – EXHIBITIONS – Featured Exhibitions"</a>. emplive.org. Retrieved June 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=emplive.org&rft.atitle=empsfm.org+%E2%80%93+EXHIBITIONS+%E2%80%93+Featured+Exhibitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emplive.org%2Fexhibits%2Findex.asp%3FarticleID%3D622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ZPKM-125"><a href="#cite_ref-ZPKM_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://songlexikon.de/songs/ifeellove/">"Donna Summer: I Feel Love"</a> (in German). Zentrum für Populäre Kultur und Musik. May 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524182438/https://songlexikon.de/songs/ifeellove/">Archived</a> from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved May 26, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Donna+Summer%3A+I+Feel+Love&rft.pub=Zentrum+f%C3%BCr+Popul%C3%A4re+Kultur+und+Musik&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsonglexikon.de%2Fsongs%2Fifeellove%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pg85ab/house-music-is-discos-revenge-a-look-at-the-early-days-of-american-house">"House Music is Disco's Revenge: A Look at the Early Days of American House"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200903213850/https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/pg85ab/house-music-is-discos-revenge-a-look-at-the-early-days-of-american-house">Archived</a> September 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in: <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a> magazine, September 9, 2014, accessed on March 26, 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_127-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/house-ma0000002651">"House : Significant Albums, Artists and Songs, Most Viewed"</a>. AllMusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006233620/http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/house-ma0000002651">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=House+%3A+Significant+Albums%2C+Artists+and+Songs%2C+Most+Viewed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fsubgenre%2Fhouse-ma0000002651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000129-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewsterBroughton2000129_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrewsterBroughton2000">Brewster & Broughton 2000</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESanneh2021369-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanneh2021369_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanneh2021">Sanneh 2021</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-AMG1-130"><a href="#cite_ref-AMG1_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/style/post-disco-ma0000012124">"Post-disco"</a>. Allmusic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190606095555/https://www.allmusic.com/style/post-disco-ma0000012124">Archived</a> from the original on June 6, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allmusic&rft.atitle=Post-disco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fstyle%2Fpost-disco-ma0000012124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco_4-131"><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_4_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFikentscher2000" class="citation journal cs1">Fikentscher, Kai (July–August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001201/120152e.pdf">"The club DJ: a brief history of a cultural icon"</a> (PDF). UNESCO Courier. UNESCO: 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181437/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001201/120152e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 7, 2016. <q>Around 1986/7, after the initial explosion of house music in Chicago, it became clear that the major recording companies and media institutions were reluctant to market this genre of music, associated with gay African Americans, on a mainstream level. House artists turned to Europe, chiefly London but also cities such as Amsterdam, Berlin, Manchester, Milan, Zurich, and Tel Aviv. ... A third axis leads to Japan where, since the late 1980s, New York club DJs have had the opportunity to play guest-spots.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+Courier&rft.atitle=The+club+DJ%3A+a+brief+history+of+a+cultural+icon&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2000-07%2F2000-08&rft.aulast=Fikentscher&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0012%2F001201%2F120152e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheeseman-fu" class="citation magazine cs1">Cheeseman-fu, Phil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.hyperreal.org/library/history_of_house.html">"The History Of House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DJ_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ Magazine">DJ Magazine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906062503/http://music.hyperreal.org/library/history_of_house.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved August 13, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DJ+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+History+Of+House&rft.aulast=Cheeseman-fu&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusic.hyperreal.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistory_of_house.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_133-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_133-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_133-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_133-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_133-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_133-8">i</a> Rip It Up and Start Again POSTPUNK 1978–1984 by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Reynolds" title="Simon Reynolds">Simon Reynolds</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-reynolds2001-134"><a href="#cite_ref-reynolds2001_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2001" class="citation journal cs1">Reynolds, Simon (July 11, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energyflashbysimonreynolds.blogspot.com/2008/06/disco-double-take-new-york-parties-like.html">"Disco Double Take: New York Parties Like It's 1975"</a>. Village Voice. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211160513/http://energyflashbysimonreynolds.blogspot.com/2008/06/disco-double-take-new-york-parties-like.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2009. Retrieved December 17, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Village+Voice&rft.atitle=Disco+Double+Take%3A+New+York+Parties+Like+It%27s+1975&rft.date=2001-07-11&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenergyflashbysimonreynolds.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F06%2Fdisco-double-take-new-york-parties-like.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spin200802-135"><a href="#cite_ref-spin200802_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeta2008" class="citation journal cs1">Beta, Andy (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spin-cdnsrc.texterity.com/spin/200802/?pg=48">"Boogie Children: A new generation of DJs and producers revive the spaced-out, synthetic sound of Euro disco"</a>. Spin: 44. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716213206/http://spin-cdnsrc.texterity.com/spin/200802/?pg=48">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spin&rft.atitle=Boogie+Children%3A+A+new+generation+of+DJs+and+producers+revive+the+spaced-out%2C+synthetic+sound+of+Euro+disco&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2008-02&rft.aulast=Beta&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspin-cdnsrc.texterity.com%2Fspin%2F200802%2F%3Fpg%3D48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-beatport-136"><a href="#cite_ref-beatport_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807115809/http://www.beatportal.com/feed/item/beatport-launches-nu-disco-indie-dance-genre-page/">"Beatport launches nu disco / indie dance genre page"</a> (Press release). Beatport. July 30, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beatportal.com/feed/item/beatport-launches-nu-disco-indie-dance-genre-page/">the original</a> on August 7, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2008. <q>Beatport is launching a new landing page, dedicated solely to the genres of "nu disco" and "indie dance". ... Nu Disco is everything that springs from the late '70s and early '80s (electronic) disco, boogie, cosmic, Balearic and Italo disco continuum ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beatport+launches+nu+disco+%2F+indie+dance+genre+page&rft.pub=Beatport&rft.date=2008-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beatportal.com%2Ffeed%2Fitem%2Fbeatport-launches-nu-disco-indie-dance-genre-page%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConsidine1998" class="citation web cs1">Considine, J. d (September 14, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-sep-14-ca-22789-story.html">"Disco's Comeback More Than Nostalgia"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522081500/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-sep-14-ca-22789-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved January 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Disco%27s+Comeback+More+Than+Nostalgia&rft.date=1998-09-14&rft.aulast=Considine&rft.aufirst=J.+d&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1998-sep-14-ca-22789-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMulholland2001" class="citation news cs1">Mulholland, Garry (March 16, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/mar/16/shopping.culture1">"Condemned to rock'n'roll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170224140032/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2001/mar/16/shopping.culture1">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2017. Retrieved December 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Condemned+to+rock%27n%27roll&rft.date=2001-03-16&rft.aulast=Mulholland&rft.aufirst=Garry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2001%2Fmar%2F16%2Fshopping.culture1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billboardbooks-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Billboardbooks_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhYEAAAAMBAJ&q=jessica+simpson+a+public+affair+billboard+release&pg=PA53">"A Public Affair Spotlight"</a>. Billboard. July 1, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522081501/https://books.google.com/books?id=PhYEAAAAMBAJ&q=jessica+simpson+a+public+affair+billboard+release&pg=PA53#v=snippet&q=jessica%20simpson%20a%20public%20affair%20billboard%20release&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=A+Public+Affair+Spotlight&rft.date=2006-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhYEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Djessica%2Bsimpson%2Ba%2Bpublic%2Baffair%2Bbillboard%2Brelease%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/album/r849668">Disco</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnnever" class="citation web cs1">Ennever, Lizzie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/release/3w8c/">"BBC - Music - Review of Jessica Simpson - A Public Affair"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240522082004/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/3w8c/">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+Music+-+Review+of+Jessica+Simpson+-+A+Public+Affair&rft.aulast=Ennever&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Frelease%2F3w8c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwing2015" class="citation web cs1">Ewing, Tom (April 22, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freakytrigger.co.uk/popular/2015/04/spiller-groovejet-if-this-aint-love-2/">"SPILLER – "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)""</a>. Freaky Trigger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222225543/http://freakytrigger.co.uk/popular/2015/04/spiller-groovejet-if-this-aint-love-2/">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freaky+Trigger&rft.atitle=SPILLER+%E2%80%93+%22Groovejet+%28If+This+Ain%27t+Love%29%22&rft.date=2015-04-22&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreakytrigger.co.uk%2Fpopular%2F2015%2F04%2Fspiller-groovejet-if-this-aint-love-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKinley-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McKinley_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinley_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McKinley_143-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/arts/music/daft-punks-get-lucky-may-rule-the-summer.html">"It's Happy, It's Danceable and It May Rule Summer"</a>. The New York Times. May 30, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170303082943/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/30/arts/music/daft-punks-get-lucky-may-rule-the-summer.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved February 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=It%27s+Happy%2C+It%27s+Danceable+and+It+May+Rule+Summer&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F05%2F30%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fdaft-punks-get-lucky-may-rule-the-summer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hot100-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hot100_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot100_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100Billboard">"Billboard Hot 100 webpage"</a>. billboard.com. Retrieved June 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=billboard.com&rft.atitle=Billboard+Hot+100+webpage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fcharts%2Fhot-100Billboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/list/5840321/15-best-albums-of-2013-critics-picks">"15 Best Albums of 2013: Critics' Picks"</a>. Billboard. December 19, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103021106/http://www.billboard.com/articles/list/5840321/15-best-albums-of-2013-critics-picks">Archived</a> from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved January 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=15+Best+Albums+of+2013%3A+Critics%27+Picks&rft.date=2013-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Flist%2F5840321%2F15-best-albums-of-2013-critics-picks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShriver2013" class="citation news cs1">Shriver, Jerry (November 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2013/11/05/lady-gaga-artpop-listen-up-album-review/3446301/">"Review: Lady Gaga's 'Artpop' bursts with disco energy"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170709202547/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2013/11/05/lady-gaga-artpop-listen-up-album-review/3446301/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Lady+Gaga%27s+%27Artpop%27+bursts+with+disco+energy&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.aulast=Shriver&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Fmusic%2F2013%2F11%2F05%2Flady-gaga-artpop-listen-up-album-review%2F3446301%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2013" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Randall (October 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-katy-perry-prism-review-20131022,0,6156766.story#axzz2lgkBm0bs">"Review: Hits pack Katy Perry's 'Prism'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125034828/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-katy-perry-prism-review-20131022%2C0%2C6156766.story#axzz2lgkBm0bs">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2014. Retrieved November 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Hits+pack+Katy+Perry%27s+%27Prism%27&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmusic%2Fposts%2Fla-et-ms-katy-perry-prism-review-20131022%2C0%2C6156766.story%23axzz2lgkBm0bs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Newman, Melinda (October 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6715353/the-martian-soundtrack-disco-music-guardians-of-the-galaxy">"Will the '70s Disco Soundtrack of 'The Martian' Be the Next 'Guardians of the Galaxy'?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011191757/http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6715353/the-martian-soundtrack-disco-music-guardians-of-the-galaxy">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved May 6, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Will+the+%2770s+Disco+Soundtrack+of+%27The+Martian%27+Be+the+Next+%27Guardians+of+the+Galaxy%27%3F&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Fpop-shop%2F6715353%2Fthe-martian-soundtrack-disco-music-guardians-of-the-galaxy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DL-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DL_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DL_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9343687/dua-lipa-lady-gaga-disco-pop-top-40-trend">"How Dua Lipa Is Leading The Charge Toward Disco-Influenced Production"</a>. Billboard. March 27, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200328141957/https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/9343687/dua-lipa-lady-gaga-disco-pop-top-40-trend">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=How+Dua+Lipa+Is+Leading+The+Charge+Toward+Disco-Influenced+Production&rft.date=2020-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fcolumns%2Fpop%2F9343687%2Fdua-lipa-lady-gaga-disco-pop-top-40-trend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DI-150"><a href="#cite_ref-DI_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/959625.html">"A comeback of disco amid the COVID-19 pandemic"</a>. hani.co.kr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001170557/http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/959625.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hani.co.kr&rft.atitle=A+comeback+of+disco+amid+the+COVID-19+pandemic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hani.co.kr%2Farti%2Fenglish_edition%2Fe_national%2F959625.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVincentelli2020" class="citation news cs1">Vincentelli, Elisabeth (September 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/arts/music/roisin-murphy-roisin-machine.html">"Róisín Murphy, a Disco Queen Ruling Her Own Galaxy"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924092807/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/17/arts/music/roisin-murphy-roisin-machine.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=R%C3%B3is%C3%ADn+Murphy%2C+a+Disco+Queen+Ruling+Her+Own+Galaxy&rft.date=2020-09-17&rft.aulast=Vincentelli&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F09%2F17%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Froisin-murphy-roisin-machine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KillTheLights-152"><a href="#cite_ref-KillTheLights_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2016-07-02">"Hot Dance Club Songs – July 2, 2016"</a>. Billboard. July 2, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160702000620/http://www.billboard.com/charts/dance-club-play-songs/2016-07-02">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2016. Retrieved June 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hot+Dance+Club+Songs+%E2%80%93+July+2%2C+2016&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fcharts%2Fdance-club-play-songs%2F2016-07-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrust2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Trust, Gary (September 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9442836/bts-dynamite-tops-hot-100-chart">"BTS' 'Dynamite' Blasts in at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100, Becoming the Group's First Leader"</a>. Billboard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901173118/https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9442836/bts-dynamite-tops-hot-100-chart">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=BTS%27+%27Dynamite%27+Blasts+in+at+No.+1+on+Billboard+Hot+100%2C+Becoming+the+Group%27s+First+Leader&rft.date=2020-09-23&rft.aulast=Trust&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2Fchart-beat%2F9442836%2Fbts-dynamite-tops-hot-100-chart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelleher,_Patrick2020" class="citation web cs1">Kelleher, Patrick (July 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/07/21/kylie-minogue-say-something-new-single-2020-album-disco/">"Kylie Minogue is about to save 2020 with the joy-filled first single from her disco-drenched new album"</a>. <a href="/wiki/PinkNews" title="PinkNews">PinkNews</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008210548/https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/07/21/kylie-minogue-say-something-new-single-2020-album-disco/">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PinkNews&rft.atitle=Kylie+Minogue+is+about+to+save+2020+with+the+joy-filled+first+single+from+her+disco-drenched+new+album&rft.date=2020-07-21&rft.au=Kelleher%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2020%2F07%2F21%2Fkylie-minogue-say-something-new-single-2020-album-disco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magic-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Magic_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCopsey2020" class="citation web cs1">Copsey, Rob (September 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-announces-details-of-new-single-magic__31024/">"Kylie Minogue announces details of new single Magic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">Official Charts Company</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924141831/https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/kylie-minogue-announces-details-of-new-single-magic__31024/">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kylie+Minogue+announces+details+of+new+single+Magic&rft.pub=Official+Charts+Company&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft.aulast=Copsey&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialcharts.com%2Fchart-news%2Fkylie-minogue-announces-details-of-new-single-magic__31024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Andrea Angeli Bufalini & Giovanni Savastano (2014). La Disco. Storia illustrata della discomusic. Arcana, Italy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8862313223" title="Special:BookSources/978-8862313223">978-8862313223</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAletti2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vince_Aletti" title="Vince Aletti">Aletti, Vince</a> (2018). The Disco Files 1973-78: New York's Underground, Week by Week. New York: Distributed Art Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1942884309" title="Special:BookSources/978-1942884309"><bdi>978-1942884309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Disco+Files+1973-78%3A+New+York%27s+Underground%2C+Week+by+Week&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Distributed+Art+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1942884309&rft.aulast=Aletti&rft.aufirst=Vince&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisco" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marty_Angelo" title="Marty Angelo">Angelo, Marty</a> (2006). Once Life Matters: A New Beginning. Impact Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0961895440" title="Special:BookSources/978-0961895440">978-0961895440</a>.</li> <li>Beta, Andy (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-11-19/music/disco-inferno-2-0-a-slightly-less-hedonistic-comeback/">"Disco Inferno 2.0: A Slightly Less Hedonistic Comeback Charting the DJs, labels, and edits fueling an old new craze"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219004500/http://www.villagevoice.com/2008-11-19/music/disco-inferno-2-0-a-slightly-less-hedonistic-comeback/">Archived</a> December 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a>.</li> <li>Campion, Chris (2009). "Walking on the Moon:The Untold Story of the Police and the Rise of New Wave Rock". John Wiley & Sons. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470282403" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470282403">978-0470282403</a></li> <li>Echols, Alice (2010). Hot Stuff: Disco and the Remaking of American Culture. W. W. Norton and Company, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06675-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06675-3">978-0-393-06675-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Flynn" title="Daniel J. Flynn">Flynn, Daniel J.</a> (February 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125195859/http://spectator.org/archives/2010/02/18/how-the-knack-conquered-disco">"How the Knack Conquered Disco"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a>.</li> <li>Gillian, Frank (May 2007). "Discophobia: Antigay Prejudice and the 1979 Backlash against Disco". Journal of the History of Sexuality, Volume 15, Number 2, pp. 276–306. Electronic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1535-3605">1535-3605</a>, print <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1043-4070">1043-4070</a>.</li> <li>Hanson, Kitty (1978) Disco Fever: The Beat, People, Places, Styles, Deejays, Groups. Signet Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0451084521" title="Special:BookSources/978-0451084521">978-0451084521</a>.</li> <li>Jones, Alan and Kantonen, Jussi (1999). Saturday Night Forever: The Story of Disco. Chicago, Illinois: A Cappella Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556524110" title="Special:BookSources/978-1556524110">978-1556524110</a>.</li> <li>Lawrence, Tim (2004). Love Saves the Day: A History of American Dance Music Culture, 1970–1979. Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822331988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822331988">978-0822331988</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lester" title="Paul Lester">Lester, Paul</a> (February 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2007/feb/23/popandrock1">"Can you feel the force?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>.</li> <li>Michaels, Mark (1990). The Billboard Book of Rock Arranging. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823075379" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823075379">978-0823075379</a>.</li> <li>Narvaez, Richie (2020), Holly Hernandez and the Death of Disco. Pinata Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1558859029" title="Special:BookSources/978-1558859029">978-1558859029</a></li> <li>Reed, John (September 19, 2007). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogcritics.org/dvd-review-saturday-night-fever-30th/">DVD Review: Saturday Night Fever (30th Anniversary Special Collector's Edition)</a>". Blogcritics.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_Rodgers" title="Nile Rodgers">Rodgers, Nile</a> (2011). Le Freak: An Upside Down Story of Family, Disco, and Destiny. <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_%26_Grau" title="Spiegel & Grau">Spiegel & Grau</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385529655" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385529655">978-0385529655</a>.</li> <li>Sclafani, Tony (July 10, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.com/id/31832616">"When 'Disco Sucks!' echoed around the world"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215031453/http://www.today.com/id/31832616">Archived</a> February 15, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Disco&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Disco" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Disco">Disco</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Black American music</a> (timeline)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a> series</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Early 20th century <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1940s <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1950s <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1960s <li><a href="/wiki/Motown#Motown_sound" title="Motown">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1970s <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" title="Hip-hop">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1980s <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1990s <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2000s <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">2010s <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill music</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: white;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban (industry term)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:94%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/40px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/60px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Portal:Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Latin_music_(United_States)310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amerisalsa" title="Template:Amerisalsa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amerisalsa" title="Template talk:Amerisalsa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amerisalsa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amerisalsa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Latin_music_(United_States)310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music_in_the_United_States" title="Latin American music in the United States">Latin music (United States)</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By decade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">Mambo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s-</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul" title="Brown-eyed soul">Brown-eyed soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo" title="Boogaloo">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">Salsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_dura" title="Salsa dura">dura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_rom%C3%A1ntica" title="Salsa romántica">romántica</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Mexico</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuyorican rap">Nuyorican rap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano (Tex-Mex)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music_in_the_United_States" title="Latin American music in the United States">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hispanic_American_music" title="Category:Hispanic American music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Latin_music" title="Women in Latin music">Women in Latin music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin hip hop">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_jazz" title="Latin jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_soul" title="Latin soul">Soul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_pop" title="Latin pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latino_punk" title="Latino punk">Punk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_industry528" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_industry" title="Template:Music industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_industry" title="Template talk:Music industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_industry528" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mexicana_de_Productores_de_Fonogramas_y_Videogramas" title="Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas">AMPROFON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association" title="Australian Recording Industry Association">ARIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesverband_Musikindustrie" title="Bundesverband Musikindustrie">BVMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">BPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Canada" title="Music Canada">Music Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">FIMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry" title="International Federation of the Phonographic Industry">IFPI (worldwide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-M%C3%BAsica_Brasil" title="Pro-Música Brasil">PMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productores_de_M%C3%BAsica_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Productores de Música de España">PROMUSICAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIAA_certification" title="RIAA certification">RIAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Music_Publishing" title="Sony Music Publishing">Sony Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Publishing_Group" title="Universal Music Publishing Group">Universal Music Publishing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music" title="Warner Chappell Music">Warner Chappell Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Music_Publishing" title="Disney Music Publishing">Disney Music Publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Record_label#Major_labels" title="Record label">Major</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sony_Music" title="Sony Music">Sony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Music_Group" title="Universal Music Group">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Music_Group" title="Warner Music Group">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_record_label" title="Independent record label">Independent</a>: <a href="/wiki/Concord_(entertainment_company)" title="Concord (entertainment company)">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_independent_UK_record_labels" title="List of independent UK record labels">Independent UK record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Artists_Music_Group" title="Allied Artists Music Group">AAMG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retailers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_music_store" title="Digital music store">Digital music stores</a> (<a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fnac" title="Fnac">Fnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMV" title="HMV">HMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaspien" title="Kaspien">Kaspien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CTS_Eventim" title="CTS Eventim">CTS Eventim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Nation_Entertainment" title="Live Nation Entertainment">Live Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveStyle" title="LiveStyle">LiveStyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_genres_and_styles" title="List of music genres and styles">Major genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_listening" title="Easy listening">Easy listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_music" title="Latin music">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal music">Metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-age_music" title="New-age music">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sectors and roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_cover#Design" title="Album cover">Album cover design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artists_and_repertoire" title="Artists and repertoire">Artists and repertoire (A&R)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry#Business_structure" title="Music industry">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_executive" title="Music executive">Music executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_fashion" title="Music and fashion">Music and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_publisher" title="Music publisher">Music publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_venue" title="Music venue">Music venue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_promotion" title="Radio promotion">Radio promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_label" title="Record label">Record label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_shop" title="Record shop">Record shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_crew" title="Road crew">Road crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talent_manager" title="Talent manager">Talent manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_promoter" title="Tour promoter">Tour promoter</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Production10" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrangement" title="Arrangement">Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songwriter" title="Songwriter">Songwriter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">Composer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyricist" title="Lyricist">Lyricist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">Conductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop production">Hip hop producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">Horn section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">Orchestrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_musician" title="Session musician">Session musician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backing_vocalist" title="Backing vocalist">Backup singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost singer">Ghost singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_coach" title="Vocal coach">Vocal coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">Ghostwriter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Sound engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recording_format" title="Recording format">Release formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single_(music)" title="Single (music)">Single</a> (<a href="/wiki/Extended_play" title="Extended play">Extended play (EP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twelve-inch_single" title="Twelve-inch single">12" single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassette_single" title="Cassette single">Cassette single</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD_single" title="CD single">CD single</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxi_single" title="Maxi single">Maxi single</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album" title="Album">Album</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_album" title="Double album">Double album</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtape" title="Mixtape">Mixtape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">Music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_recording" title="Promotional recording">Promotional recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-track_cartridge" title="8-track cartridge">Eight-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Cassette" title="Compact Cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airplay" title="Airplay">Airplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music download</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">Music streaming service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Live shows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_tour" title="Concert tour">Concert tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_residency" title="Concert residency">Concert residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">Music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">Music competition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Record_chart" title="Record chart">Charts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIA_Charts" title="ARIA Charts">ARIA Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100">Billboard Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_Hot_100" title="Argentina Hot 100">Billboard Argentina Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brasil_Hot_100" title="Brasil Hot 100">Billboard Brasil Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100" title="Canadian Hot 100">Canadian Hot 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_Chart" title="Circle Chart">Circle Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Music" title="G-Music">G-Music chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Singles_Chart" title="Irish Singles Chart">Irish Singles Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federazione_Industria_Musicale_Italiana" title="Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana">Italian singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_charts" title="GfK Entertainment charts">GfK Entertainment charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Monitoring_Africa" title="Entertainment Monitoring Africa">Entertainment Monitoring Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricon" title="Oricon">Oricon charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Official New Zealand Music Chart">New Zealand singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_charts" title="Rolling Stone charts">Rolling Stone Top 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Chart" title="Sino Chart">Sino Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNEP" title="SNEP">SNEP singles chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverigetopplistan" title="Sverigetopplistan">Sverigetopplistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_singles_chart" title="UK singles chart">UK singles chart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HitQuarters" title="HitQuarters">HitQuarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerrang!" title="Kerrang!">Kerrang!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)" title="Mojo (magazine)">Mojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musica_e_dischi" title="Musica e dischi">Musica e dischi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NME" title="NME">NME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_(magazine)" title="Q (magazine)">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone" title="Rolling Stone">Rolling Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smash_Hits" title="Smash Hits">Smash Hits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops_(magazine)" title="Top of the Pops (magazine)">Top of the Pops</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Channels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_V" title="Channel V">Channel V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)" title="CMT (American TV channel)">CMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(TV_channel)" title="Fuse (TV channel)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnet_(TV_channel)" title="Mnet (TV channel)">Mnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV2" title="MTV2">MTV2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTV_Tres" title="MTV Tres">Tr3s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_(TV_channel)" title="Much (TV channel)">MuchMusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Music_Factory" title="The Music Factory">The Music Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIVA_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="VIVA Media">Viva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VH1" title="VH1">VH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Network" title="The Country Network">The Country Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idol_(franchise)" title="Idol (franchise)">Idol franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popstars" title="Popstars">Popstars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Academy" title="Star Academy">Star Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(franchise)" title="The Four (franchise)">The Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_(franchise)" title="The Voice (franchise)">The Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_X_Factor" title="The X Factor">The X Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Star_(franchise)" title="Rising Star (franchise)">Rising Star</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Achievements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_award" title="Music award">Music award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists" title="List of best-selling music artists">Best-selling music artists</a> <ul><li>In: <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Finland" title="List of best-selling music artists in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_Germany" title="List of highest-certified music artists in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Japan" title="List of best-selling music artists in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_female_music_artists_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of best-selling female music artists in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (Females)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-certified_music_artists_in_the_United_States" title="List of highest-certified music artists in the United States">United States</a></li> <li>Genre: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_gospel_music_artists" title="List of best-selling gospel music artists">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Latin_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Latin music artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nationality: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Belgian_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Belgian music artists">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_music_artists_in_Brazil#Best-selling_Brazilian_artists_worldwide" title="List of best-selling music artists in Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biggest-selling_British_music_artists" title="List of biggest-selling British music artists">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimated_best-selling_Italian_music_artists" title="List of estimated best-selling Italian music artists">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_Swedish_music_artists" title="List of best-selling Swedish music artists">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums" title="List of best-selling albums">Best-selling albums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_by_country" title="List of best-selling albums by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles" title="List of best-selling singles">Best-selling singles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_singles_by_country" title="List of best-selling singles by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_the_world%27s_highest-paid_musicians" title="Forbes list of the world's highest-paid musicians">Highest-paid musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_live_music_artists" title="List of highest-grossing live music artists">Highest-grossing live music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours">Highest-grossing concert tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_women" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by women">by women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours_by_Latin_artists" title="List of highest-grossing concert tours by Latin artists">Latin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concert_tours" title="List of most-attended concert tours">Most-attended concert tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-attended_concerts" title="List of most-attended concerts">Most-attended concerts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Recording_Artist_of_the_Year" title="Global Recording Artist of the Year">Global Recording Artist of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_music_artists_by_net_worth" title="List of music artists by net worth">Wealthiest musical artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Album_era" title="Album era">Album era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-equivalent_unit" title="Album-equivalent unit">Album-equivalent unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-side_and_B-side" title="A-side and B-side">A-side and B-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backmasking" title="Backmasking">Backmasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootleg_recording" title="Bootleg recording">Bootleg recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_music_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the music industry">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_track" title="Hidden track">Hidden track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_music_deals" title="List of largest music deals">Largest music deals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_recorded_music_markets" title="List of largest recorded music markets">Largest recorded music markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_albums" title="List of most expensive albums">Most expensive albums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_records" title="List of most valuable records">Most valuable records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_recording_certification" title="Music recording certification">Music certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Advisory" title="Parental Advisory">Parental Advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_sales" title="Record sales">Record sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise_album" title="Surprise album">Surprise album</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_label_record" title="White label record">White label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/15px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/23px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/30px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_industry" title="Category:Music industry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disco358" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disco" title="Template:Disco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disco" title="Template talk:Disco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disco358" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disco</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_culture" title="Ball culture">Ball culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_party" title="Circuit party">Circuit party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_drug" title="Club drug">Club drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_ball" title="Disco ball">Disco ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_Demolition_Night" title="Disco Demolition Night">Disco Demolition Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_dance_floor" title="Illuminated dance floor">Illuminated dance floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_disco" title="Roller disco">Roller disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fever" title="Saturday Night Fever">Saturday Night Fever</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discofox" title="Discofox">Discofox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hustle_(dance)" title="Hustle (dance)">Hustle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">Popping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waacking" title="Waacking">Waacking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro/cosmic_music" title="Afro/cosmic music">Afro/cosmic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_polo" title="Disco polo">Disco polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodisco" title="Eurodisco">Eurodisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco#Space_disco" title="Italo disco">Space disco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">City pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Future funk">Future funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">Funky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_house" title="Italo house">Italo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Manila sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">Post-disco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>List of disco artists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(A%E2%80%93E)" title="List of disco artists (A–E)">A–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(F%E2%80%93K)" title="List of disco artists (F–K)">F–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(L%E2%80%93R)" title="List of disco artists (L–R)">L–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disco_artists_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of disco artists (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_on_the_floor_(music)" title="Four on the floor (music)">Four on the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_music" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT music">LGBT music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_mix" class="mw-redirect" title="Disco mix">Mix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disco" title="Category:Disco">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Billboard_number-one_dance_songs626" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Dance_Chart" title="Template:US Dance Chart"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Dance_Chart" title="Template talk:US Dance Chart"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Dance_Chart" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Dance Chart"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Billboard_number-one_dance_songs626" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs" title="Timeline of Billboard number-one dance songs">Billboard number-one dance songs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_Club_Songs" title="Dance Club Songs">Dance Club Songs</a> (1976–2020)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dance_Singles_Sales" title="Dance Singles Sales">Dance Singles Sales</a> (1985–2013)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dance/Mix_Show_Airplay" title="Dance/Mix Show Airplay">Dance/Mix Show Airplay</a> (2003–present)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Dance/Electronic_Songs" title="Hot Dance/Electronic Songs">Hot Dance/Electronic Songs</a> (2013–present)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Dance/Pop_Songs" title="Hot Dance/Pop Songs">Hot Dance/Pop Songs</a> (2025–present)</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1974–1989</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> 1970 · 1971 · 1972 · 1973 · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1974_and_1975" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1974 and 1975">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1974_and_1975" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1974 and 1975">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1976" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1976">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1977" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1977">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1978" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1978">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1979" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1979">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1980" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1980">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1981" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1982" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1982">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1983" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1984" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1984">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1985" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1986" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1986">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1987" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1987">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1988" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1988">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1989" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1989">1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1990" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1991" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1991">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1992" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1992">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1993" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1993">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1994" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1994">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1995" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1995">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1996" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1996">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1997" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1997">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1998" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1998">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_1999" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 1999">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_2000" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_2001" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_2002" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 2002">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_2003" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 2003">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_2004" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 2004">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_2005" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 2005">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_2006" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 2006">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_2007" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_2008" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 2008">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_singles_of_2009" title="List of Billboard number-one dance singles of 2009">2009</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2010" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2011" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2012" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2013" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2014" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2015" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2016" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2017" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2018" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2018">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2019" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2020" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2021" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2022" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2023" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2024" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2024">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Billboard_number-one_dance_songs_of_2025" title="List of Billboard number-one dance songs of 2025">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_U.S._Dance_Club_Songs_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the U.S. Dance Club Songs chart">Dance club number-one artists</a></li> <li><a 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Template:Short_description"," 5.32% 77.880 10 Template:Fix"," 5.00% 73.117 21 Template:ISBN"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.842","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9577771,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbjorensen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAletti2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersenJenkins2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnes1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeta2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraunstein1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBreihan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewster2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewsterBroughton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowne2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCater\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharlie1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheeseman-fu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConsidine1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopsey2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEchols2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEchols2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnnever\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwing2015\"] = 1,\n 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1,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 12,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-658b85fd8d-lphtd","timestamp":"20250411020858","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Disco","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disco","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q58339","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q58339","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-23T10:51:42Z","dateModified":"2025-04-11T02:08:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/28\/Disco_TGI_Bar_by_John_Vance.jpg","headline":"genre of dance music and a subculture that emerged in the 1970s from the United States' urban nightlife scene"}</script> </body> </html>