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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties_and_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties_and_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Properties and processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties_and_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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id="toc-Data_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Data storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automotive,_aircraft,_and_security_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive,_aircraft,_and_security_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Automotive, aircraft, and security components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive,_aircraft,_and_security_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niche_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Niche applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6.1</span> <span>Medical applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_phones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_phones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Mobile phones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_phones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_hazards_in_food_contact_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_hazards_in_food_contact_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Potential hazards in food contact applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_hazards_in_food_contact_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environmental impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photo-oxidation_of_polycarbonate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photo-oxidation_of_polycarbonate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Photo-oxidation of polycarbonate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photo-oxidation_of_polycarbonate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photo-aging_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photo-aging_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Photo-aging reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photo-aging_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_degradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_degradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Thermal degradation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_degradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Effect of fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Polycarbonate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بولي كربونات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولي كربونات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Поликарбонат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поликарбонат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonat" title="Polikarbonat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polikarbonat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonat" title="Policarbonat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Policarbonat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbon%C3%A1t" title="Polykarbonát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polykarbonát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbonat" title="Polykarbonat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polykarbonat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polycarbonate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCkarbonaadid" title="Polükarbonaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polükarbonaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Πολυανθρακικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυανθρακικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonato" title="Policarbonato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Policarbonato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonato" title="Polikarbonato – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polikarbonato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="پلی‌کربنات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلی‌کربنات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polycarbonate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonato" title="Policarbonato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Policarbonato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="폴리카보네이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴리카보네이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonat" title="Polikarbonat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polikarbonat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%C3%BDkarb%C3%B3nat" title="Pólýkarbónat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólýkarbónat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonato" title="Policarbonato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Policarbonato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98" title="פוליקרבונט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליקרבונט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonatas" title="Polikarbonatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polikarbonatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbon%C3%A1t" title="Polikarbonát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polikarbonát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="പോളികാർബണേറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളികാർബണേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonat" title="Polikarbonat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Polikarbonat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonaat" title="Polycarbonaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polycarbonaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ポリカーボネート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリカーボネート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonaat" title="Polycarbonaat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Polycarbonaat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbonat" title="Polykarbonat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polykarbonat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbonat" title="Polykarbonat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polykarbonat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliw%C4%99glany" title="Poliwęglany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poliwęglany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonato" title="Policarbonato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Policarbonato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonat" title="Policarbonat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Policarbonat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Поликарбонаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поликарбонаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polycarbonate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonat" title="Polikarbonat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Polikarbonat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbonaatti" title="Polykarbonaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polykarbonaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about thermoplastic polymer materials. For carbonate-chain functional-groups, see <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate_(functional_group)" title="Polycarbonate (functional group)">polycarbonate (functional group)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Polycarbonate</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lexan.svg/330px-Lexan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lexan.svg/500px-Lexan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lexan.svg/960px-Lexan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="810" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Repeating chemical structure unit of <br /><b>Polycarbonate</b> made from <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> <hr /> <figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg/330px-VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg/500px-VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg/600px-VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="244" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">Transmission spectrum</a> of polycarbonate</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<i>ρ</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1.20–1.22 g/cm<sup>3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Abbe_number" title="Abbe number">Abbe number</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>V</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">34.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>n</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_indices_of_refraction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indices of refraction">1.584–1.586</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">Flammability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">HB-V2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Limiting_oxygen_index" title="Limiting oxygen index">Limiting oxygen index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25–29%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_ion_absorption" title="Hydroxyl ion absorption">Water absorption</a>—<a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">Equilibrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.16–0.35%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_ion_absorption" title="Hydroxyl ion absorption">Water absorption</a>—over 24 hours</th><td class="infobox-data">0.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(1–380 nm)</span> <a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">resistance</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color: #ffc;color:black;">Fair</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Mechanical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>E</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2.0–2.4 <a href="/wiki/Giga" class="mw-redirect" title="Giga">G</a><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">Tensile strength</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>σ</i><sub>t</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">55–75 <a href="/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">M</a>Pa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (materials science)">Elongation</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>ε</i>)</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">at <a href="/wiki/Structural_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural failure">break</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">80–150%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">Compressive strength</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>σ</i><sub>c</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">>80 MPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson's ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>ν</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.37</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">Hardness</a>—<a href="/wiki/Rockwell_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockwell scale">Rockwell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">M70</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Izod_impact_strength_test" title="Izod impact strength test">Izod impact strength</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600–850 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>/m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Charpy_impact_test" title="Charpy impact test">Notch test</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20–35 <a href="/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">k</a>J/m<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abrasive resistance <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a> D1044</th><td class="infobox-data">10–15 <a href="/wiki/Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Milli">m</a><a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">cycles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of friction">Coefficient of friction</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>μ</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.31</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2270 m/s</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Thermal properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">Glass transition temperature</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>T</i><sub>g</sub>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">147 °C (297 °F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Heat_deflection_temperature" title="Heat deflection temperature">Heat deflection temperature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>0.45 MPa: 140 °C (284 °F)</li><li>1.8 MPa: 128–138 °C (262–280 °F)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">Vicat softening point</a> at 50 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a></th><td class="infobox-data">145–150 °C (293–302 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Upper working temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">115–130 °C (239–266 °F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lower working temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">−40 °C (−40 °F)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>k</i>)</span> at 23 °C</th><td class="infobox-data">0.19–0.22 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>/(m·K)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity" title="Thermal diffusivity">Thermal diffusivity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>a</i>)</span> at 25 °C</th><td class="infobox-data">0.144 mm²/s<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion#Linear_thermal_expansion_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Linear thermal expansion coefficient</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>α</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">65–70 × 10<sup>−6</sup>/<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">Specific heat capacity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>c</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1.2–1.3 kJ/(<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>·K)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Electrical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric constant">Dielectric constant</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>ε</i><sub>r</sub>)</span> at 1 M<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">Permittivity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>ε</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2.568 × 10<sup>−11</sup> <a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">F</a>/m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">Relative permeability</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>μ</i><sub>r</sub>)</span> at 1 MHz</th><td class="infobox-data">0.866(2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">Permeability</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>μ</i>)</span> at 1 MHz</th><td class="infobox-data">1.089(2) <a href="/wiki/Micro-" title="Micro-">μ</a>N/<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">A</a><sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dissipation_factor" title="Dissipation factor">Dissipation factor</a> at 1 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.01</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface <a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10<sup>15</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>/sq</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Volume <a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">resistivity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><span class="nobold">(<i>ρ</i>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">10<sup>12</sup>–10<sup>14</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>·m</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical resistance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acids</a>—<a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color: #fcc;color:black;">Poor</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acids</a>—<a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">dilute</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color: #cfc;color:black;">Good</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color: #cfc;color:black;">Good</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">Alkalis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color: #ffc;color:black;">Good-Poor</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">Aromatic hydrocarbons</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color: #fcc;color:black;">Poor</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">Greases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color: #e5ffcc;color:black;">Good-fair</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">Halogenated hydrocarbons</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color: #ffc;color:black;">Good-poor</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogens</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color: #fcc;color:black;">Poor</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">Ketones</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="background-color: #fcc;color:black;">Poor</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Permeation" title="Permeation">Gas permeation</a> at 20 °C</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10–25 cm<sup>3</sup>·mm/(m<sup>2</sup>·day·<a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">Bar</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70–130 cm<sup>3</sup>·mm/(m<sup>2</sup>·day·Bar)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400–800 cm<sup>3</sup>·mm/(m<sup>2</sup>·day·Bar)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">Water vapour</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1–2 g·mm/(m<sup>2</sup>·day) @ 85%–0% <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">RH</a> <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradient</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Economics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Price</th><td class="infobox-data">2.6–2.8 €/kg<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Polycarbonates</b> (<b>PC</b>) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> polymers containing <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_ester" title="Carbonate ester">carbonate groups</a> in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are strong, <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">tough</a> materials, and some grades are optically transparent. They are easily worked, <a href="/wiki/Injection_molding" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection molding">molded</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">thermoformed</a>. Because of these properties, polycarbonates find many applications. Polycarbonates do not have a unique <a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">resin identification code (RIC)</a> and are identified as "Other", 7 on the RIC list. Products made from polycarbonate can contain the precursor monomer <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> (BPA). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DINWOM10.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DINWOM10.png/220px-DINWOM10.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DINWOM10.png/330px-DINWOM10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DINWOM10.png/440px-DINWOM10.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Structure of dicarbonate (PhOC(O)OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub> )<sub>2</sub>CMe<sub>2</sub> derived from bis(phenol-A) and two equivalents of phenol.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This molecule reflects a subunit of a typical polycarbonate derived from bis(phenol-A).</figcaption></figure> <p>Carbonate esters have planar OC(OC)<sub>2</sub> cores, which confer rigidity. The unique O=C bond is short (1.173 Å in the depicted example), while the C-O bonds are more ether-like (the bond distances of 1.326 Å for the example depicted). Polycarbonates received their name because they are <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_ester" title="Carbonate ester">carbonate groups</a> (−O−(C=O)−O−). A balance of useful features, including temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical properties, positions polycarbonates between <a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">commodity plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">engineering plastics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosgene_route">Phosgene route</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phosgene route"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main polycarbonate material is produced by the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> (BPA) and <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a> <span class="chemf nowrap">COCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>. The overall reaction can be written as follows: </p><p><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polycarbonatsynthese.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Polycarbonatsynthese.svg/500px-Polycarbonatsynthese.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Polycarbonatsynthese.svg/960px-Polycarbonatsynthese.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="195" /></a></span> </p><p>The first step of the synthesis involves treatment of bisphenol A with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Deprotonates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprotonates">deprotonates</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl group">hydroxyl groups</a> of the bisphenol A.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(HOC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CMe<sub>2</sub> + 2 NaOH → Na<sub>2</sub>(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CMe<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O</dd></dl> <p>The di<a href="/wiki/Phenoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenoxide">phenoxide</a> (Na<sub>2</sub>(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CMe<sub>2</sub>) reacts with phosgene to give a <a href="/wiki/Chloroformate" title="Chloroformate">chloroformate</a>, which subsequently is attacked by another phenoxide. The net reaction from the diphenoxide is: </p> <dl><dd>Na<sub>2</sub>(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CMe<sub>2</sub> + COCl<sub>2</sub> → 1/n [OC(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub> + 2 NaCl</dd></dl> <p>In this way, approximately one billion kilograms of polycarbonate is produced annually. Many other <a href="/wiki/Diol" title="Diol">diols</a> have been tested in place of bisphenol A, e.g. 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane and <a href="/wiki/Dihydroxybenzophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroxybenzophenone">dihydroxybenzophenone</a>. The cyclohexane is used as a comonomer to suppress crystallisation tendency of the BPA-derived product. <a href="/wiki/Tetrabromobisphenol_A" title="Tetrabromobisphenol A">Tetrabromobisphenol A</a> is used to enhance fire resistance. <a href="/wiki/Tetramethylcyclobutanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetramethylcyclobutanediol">Tetramethylcyclobutanediol</a> has been developed as a replacement for BPA.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transesterification_route">Transesterification route</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transesterification route"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative route to polycarbonates entails <a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">transesterification</a> from BPA and <a href="/wiki/Diphenyl_carbonate" title="Diphenyl carbonate">diphenyl carbonate</a>: </p> <dl><dd>(HOC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CMe<sub>2</sub> + (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>CO → 1/n [OC(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub> + 2 C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_processing">Properties and processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Properties and processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polycarbonate is a durable material. Although it has high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance. Therefore, a hard coating is applied to polycarbonate <a href="/wiki/Eyewear" title="Eyewear">eyewear</a> <a href="/wiki/Corrective_lens" title="Corrective lens">lenses</a> and polycarbonate exterior automotive components. The characteristics of polycarbonate compare to those of <a href="/wiki/Polymethyl_methacrylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymethyl methacrylate">polymethyl methacrylate</a> (PMMA, acrylic), but polycarbonate is stronger and will hold up longer to extreme temperature. Thermally processed material is usually totally amorphous,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a result is highly <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>, with better light transmission than many kinds of glass. </p><p>Polycarbonate has a <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">glass transition temperature</a> of about 147 °C (297 °F),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so it softens gradually above this point and flows above about 155 °C (311 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-city_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-city-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tools must be held at high temperatures, generally above 80 °C (176 °F) to make strain-free and stress-free products. Low <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular mass</a> grades are easier to mold than higher grades, but their strength is lower as a result. The toughest grades have the highest molecular mass, but are more difficult to process. </p><p>Unlike most thermoplastics, polycarbonate can undergo large plastic deformations without cracking or breaking. As a result, it can be processed and formed at room temperature using <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet metal</a> techniques, such as bending on a <a href="/wiki/Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)" title="Brake (sheet metal bending)">brake</a>. Even for sharp angle bends with a tight radius, heating may not be necessary. This makes it valuable in prototyping applications where transparent or electrically non-conductive parts are needed, which cannot be made from sheet metal. <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">PMMA/Acrylic</a>, which is similar in appearance to polycarbonate, is brittle and cannot be bent at room temperature. </p><p>Main transformation techniques for polycarbonate resins: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a> into tubes, rods and other profiles including multiwall</li> <li>extrusion with cylinders (<a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">calenders</a>) into sheets (0.5–20 mm (0.020–0.787 in)) and films (below 1 mm (0.039 in)), which can be used directly or manufactured into other shapes using <a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">thermoforming</a> or secondary <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">fabrication</a> techniques, such as bending, drilling, or routing. Due to its chemical properties it is not conducive to laser-cutting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_molding" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection molding">injection molding</a> into ready articles</li></ul> <p>Polycarbonate may become <a href="/wiki/Brittleness" title="Brittleness">brittle</a> when exposed to ionizing radiation above <span class="nowrap">25 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">kGy</a> (kJ/kg).</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG/250px-Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG/330px-Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG/500px-Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>A bottle made from polycarbonate</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_components">Electronic components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electronic components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polycarbonate is mainly used for electronic applications that capitalize on its collective safety features. A good electrical insulator with heat-resistant and flame-retardant properties, it is used in products associated with power systems and telecommunications hardware. It can serve as a <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> in high-stability <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial manufacture of polycarbonate capacitors mostly stopped after sole manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Bayer_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer AG">Bayer AG</a> stopped making capacitor-grade polycarbonate film at the end of 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_materials">Construction materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Construction materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg/220px-Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg/330px-Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg/440px-Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Polycarbonate sheeting in a greenhouse</figcaption></figure> <p>The second largest consumer of polycarbonates is the construction industry, e.g. for domelights, flat or curved glazing, roofing sheets and <a href="/wiki/Sound_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound wall">sound walls</a>. Polycarbonates are used to create materials used in buildings that must be durable but light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_printing">3D printing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 3D printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polycarbonates are used extensively in 3D FDM printing, producing durable strong plastic products with a high melting point. Polycarbonate is relatively difficult for casual hobbyists to print compared to thermoplastics such as <a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid</a> (PLA) or <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a> (ABS) because of the high melting point, difficulty with print bed adhesion, tendency to warp during printing, and tendency to absorb moisture in humid environments. Despite these issues, 3D printing using polycarbonates is common in the professional community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_storage">Data storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Data storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major polycarbonate market is the production of <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> discs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These discs are produced by injection-molding polycarbonate into a mold cavity that has on one side a metal stamper containing a negative image of the disc data, while the other mold side is a mirrored surface. Typical products of sheet/film production include applications in advertisement (signs, displays, poster protection).<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive,_aircraft,_and_security_components"><span id="Automotive.2C_aircraft.2C_and_security_components"></span>Automotive, aircraft, and security components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Automotive, aircraft, and security components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the automotive industry, injection-molded polycarbonate can produce very smooth surfaces that make it well-suited for <a href="/wiki/Sputter_deposition" title="Sputter deposition">sputter deposition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evaporation_(deposition)" title="Evaporation (deposition)">evaporation deposition</a> of aluminium without the need for a base-coat. Decorative bezels and optical reflectors are commonly made of polycarbonate. Its low weight and high impact resistance have made polycarbonate the dominant material for automotive headlamp lenses. However, automotive headlamps require outer surface coatings because of its low scratch resistance and susceptibility to ultraviolet degradation (yellowing). The use of polycarbonate in automotive applications is limited to low stress applications. Stress from fasteners, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">plastic welding</a> and molding render polycarbonate susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Stress_corrosion_cracking" title="Stress corrosion cracking">stress corrosion cracking</a> when it comes in contact with certain accelerants such as salt water and <a href="/wiki/Plastisol" title="Plastisol">plastisol</a>. It can be laminated to make <a href="/wiki/Bullet-proof_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet-proof glass">bullet-proof "glass"</a>, although "bullet-resistant" is more accurate for the thinner windows, such as are used in bullet-resistant windows in automobiles. The thicker barriers of transparent plastic used in teller's windows and barriers in banks are also polycarbonate. </p><p>So-called "theft-proof" large plastic packaging for smaller items, which cannot be opened by hand, is typically made from polycarbonate. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg/250px-F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg/330px-F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg/500px-F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>Lockheed Martin F-22 cockpit canopy</figcaption></figure> <p>The cockpit canopy of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor</a> jet fighter is fabricated from high optical quality polycarbonate. It is the largest item of its type.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche_applications">Niche applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Niche applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polycarbonate, being a versatile material with attractive processing and physical properties, has attracted myriad smaller applications. The use of injection molded drinking bottles, glasses and food containers is common, but the use of BPA in the manufacture of polycarbonate has stirred concerns (see <a href="#Potential_hazards_in_food_contact_applications">Potential hazards in food contact applications</a>), leading to development and use of "BPA-free" plastics in various formulations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg/250px-Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg/330px-Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg/500px-Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2492" /></a><figcaption>Laboratory safety goggles</figcaption></figure> <p>Polycarbonate is commonly used in eye protection, as well as in other projectile-resistant viewing and lighting applications that would normally indicate the use of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, but require much higher impact-resistance. Polycarbonate lenses also protect the eye from <a href="/wiki/Eyeglass#Polycarbonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeglass">UV</a> light. Many kinds of lenses are manufactured from polycarbonate, including automotive headlamp lenses, lighting lenses, <a href="/wiki/Sunglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunglass">sunglass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eyeglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeglass">eyeglass</a> <a href="/wiki/Corrective_lens" title="Corrective lens">lenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camera_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera lenses">camera lenses</a>, swimming goggles and SCUBA masks, and safety glasses/goggles/visors including visors in sporting helmets/masks and police <a href="/wiki/Riot_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Riot gear">riot gear</a> (helmet visors, riot shields, etc.). Windscreens in small motorized vehicles are commonly made of polycarbonate, such as for motorcycles, ATVs, golf carts, and small airplanes and helicopters. </p><p>The light weight of polycarbonate as opposed to glass has led to development of electronic display screens that replace glass with polycarbonate, for use in mobile and portable devices. Such displays include newer <a href="/wiki/E-ink" class="mw-redirect" title="E-ink">e-ink</a> and some LCD screens, though CRT, plasma screen and other LCD technologies generally still require glass for its higher melting temperature and its ability to be etched in finer detail. </p><p>As more and more governments are restricting the use of glass in pubs and clubs due to the increased incidence of <a href="/wiki/Glassing" title="Glassing">glassings</a>, polycarbonate glasses are becoming popular for serving alcohol because of their strength, durability, and glass-like feel.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamy_2000_fountain_pen,_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg/220px-Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg/330px-Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg/440px-Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lamy#2000" title="Lamy">Lamy 2000</a> piston filler made of polycarbonate and stainless steel, launched in 1966 and still in production</figcaption></figure> <p>Other miscellaneous items include durable, lightweight luggage, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">MP3/digital audio player cases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">ocarinas</a>, computer cases, <a href="/wiki/Riot_shields" class="mw-redirect" title="Riot shields">riot shields</a>, instrument panels, tealight candle containers and food blender jars. Many toys and hobby items are made from polycarbonate parts, like fins, gyro mounts, and flybar locks in <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_helicopter" title="Radio-controlled helicopter">radio-controlled helicopters</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and transparent <a href="/wiki/LEGO" class="mw-redirect" title="LEGO">LEGO</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene#Applications" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">ABS</a> is used for opaque pieces).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standard polycarbonate resins are not suitable for long term exposure to UV radiation. To overcome this, the primary resin can have UV stabilisers added. These grades are sold as UV stabilized polycarbonate to injection moulding and extrusion companies. Other applications, including polycarbonate sheets, may have the anti-UV layer added as a special coating or a <a href="/wiki/Plastics_extrusion#Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics extrusion">coextrusion</a> for <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_weathering" title="Enhanced weathering">enhanced weathering</a> resistance. </p><p>Polycarbonate is also used as a printing substrate for <a href="/wiki/Nameplate" title="Nameplate">nameplate</a> and other forms of industrial grade under printed products. The polycarbonate provides a barrier to wear, the elements, and fading. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_applications">Medical applications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medical applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many polycarbonate grades are used in medical applications and comply with both ISO 10993-1 and USP Class VI standards (occasionally referred to as PC-ISO). Class VI is the most stringent of the six USP ratings. These grades can be sterilized using steam at 120 °C, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma radiation</a>, or by the <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a> (EtO) method.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trinseo strictly limits all its plastics with regard to medical applications.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aliphatic polycarbonates have been developed with improved biocompatibility and degradability for nanomedicine applications.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_phones">Mobile phones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mobile phones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Phones"></span> Some smartphone manufacturers use polycarbonate. Nokia used polycarbonate in their phones starting with the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N9" title="Nokia N9">N9</a>'s unibody case in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice continued with various phones in the <a href="/wiki/Lumia_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumia series">Lumia series</a>. Samsung started using polycarbonate with <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III" title="Samsung Galaxy S III">Galaxy S III</a>'s <i>hyperglaze</i>-branded removable battery cover in 2012. This practice continues with various phones in the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Galaxy</a> series. Apple started using polycarbonate with the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5C" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 5C">iPhone 5C</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Unibody" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibody">unibody</a> case in 2013. </p><p>Benefits over glass and metal back covers include durability against shattering (advantage over glass), bending and scratching (advantage over metal), shock absorption, low manufacturing costs, and no interference with radio signals and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_charging" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless charging">wireless charging</a> (advantage over metal).<sup id="cite_ref-aa-materials_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-materials-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polycarbonate back covers are available in glossy or matte <a href="/wiki/Surface_texture" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface texture">surface textures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aa-materials_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aa-materials-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Polycarbonates were first discovered in 1898 by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Einhorn" title="Alfred Einhorn">Alfred Einhorn</a>, a German scientist working at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after 30 years' laboratory research, this class of materials was abandoned without commercialization. Research resumed in 1953, when <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Josef_Schnell" title="Hermann Josef Schnell">Hermann Schnell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> in Uerdingen, Germany patented the first linear polycarbonate. The brand name "Makrolon" was registered in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-KotlerPfoertsch2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KotlerPfoertsch2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1953, and one week after the invention at Bayer, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fox_(chemist)" title="Daniel Fox (chemist)">Daniel Fox</a> at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE) in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, independently synthesized a <a href="/wiki/Branching_(polymer_chemistry)" title="Branching (polymer chemistry)">branched</a> polycarbonate. Both companies filed for U.S. patents in 1955, and agreed that the company lacking priority would be granted a license to the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patent priority was resolved in Bayer's favor, and Bayer began commercial production under the trade name Makrolon in 1958. GE began production under the name Lexan in 1960, creating the <a href="/wiki/GE_Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Plastics">GE Plastics</a> division in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> After 1970, the original brownish polycarbonate tint was improved to "glass-clear".</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_(5_Gallon)_jug_made_by_GREIF,_plastic_type_PC_(polycarbonate).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg/220px-Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg/330px-Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg/440px-Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="2587" /></a><figcaption>Polycarbonate <a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">recycling code</a> PC on the bottom of a 5 gallon water jug made by <a href="/wiki/Greif,_Inc." title="Greif, Inc.">Greif, Inc.</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potential_hazards_in_food_contact_applications">Potential hazards in food contact applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Potential hazards in food contact applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></div><p>The use of polycarbonate containers for the purpose of food storage is controversial. The basis of this controversy is their hydrolysis (degradation by water, often referred to as leaching) occurring at high temperature, releases <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>: </p><dl><dd>1/n [OC(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CMe<sub>2</sub>]<sub>n</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → (HOC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CMe<sub>2</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>More than 100 studies have explored the bioactivity of bisphenol A derived from polycarbonates. Bisphenol A appeared to be released from polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature and it may have been responsible for enlargement of the reproductive organs of female mice.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the animal cages used in the research were fabricated from industrial grade polycarbonate, rather than FDA food grade polycarbonate. </p><p>An analysis of the literature on bisphenol A leachate low-dose effects by vom Saal and Hughes published in August 2005 seems to have found a suggestive correlation between the source of funding and the conclusion drawn. Industry-funded studies tend to find no significant effects whereas government-funded studies tend to find significant effects.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">Sodium hypochlorite</a> bleach and other alkali cleaners catalyze the release of the bisphenol A from polycarbonate containers.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polycarbonate is incompatible with ammonia and acetone. <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohol</a> is a recommended <a href="/wiki/Organic_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic solvent">organic solvent</a> for cleaning grease and oils from polycarbonate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disposal">Disposal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Studies have shown that at temperatures above 70 °C, and high humidity, polycarbonate will hydrolyze to <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> (BPA). After about 30 days at 85 °C/96% RH, surface crystals are formed which for 70% consisted of BPA.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BPA is a compound that is currently on the list of potential environmental hazardous chemicals. It is on the watch list of many countries, such as United States and Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>-(-OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO-)-<sub>n</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O → (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C(C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>OH)<sub>2</sub> + CO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>The leaching of BPA from polycarbonate can also occur at environmental temperature and normal pH (in landfills).The amount of leaching increases as the polycarbonate parts get older. A study found that the decomposition of BPA in landfills (under anaerobic conditions) will not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will therefore be persistent in landfills. Eventually, it will find its way into water bodies and contribute to aquatic pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photo-oxidation_of_polycarbonate">Photo-oxidation of polycarbonate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Photo-oxidation of polycarbonate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the presence of UV light, oxidation of this polymer yields compounds such as ketones, phenols, o-phenoxybenzoic acid, benzyl alcohol and other unsaturated compounds. This has been suggested through kinetic and spectral studies. The yellow color formed after long exposure to sun can also be related to further oxidation of phenolic end group<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO)<sub>n</sub> + O<sub>2</sub> , R* → (OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C(CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)CO)<sub>n</sub></dd></dl> <p>This product can be further oxidized to form smaller unsaturated compounds. This can proceed via two different pathways, the products formed depends on which mechanism takes place.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Pathway A</b> </p> <dl><dd>(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C(CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)CO + O<sub>2</sub>, H* <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }" /></span> HO(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)OCO + CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>2</sub>(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)OCO</dd></dl> <p><b>Pathway B</b> </p> <dl><dd>(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>C(CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>)CO)<sub>n</sub> + O<sub>2</sub>, H* <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }" /></span> OCO(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)CH<sub>2</sub>OH + OCO(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>)COCH<sub>3</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photo-aging_reaction">Photo-aging reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Photo-aging reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photo-aging is another degradation route for polycarbonates. Polycarbonate molecules (such as the aromatic ring) absorb UV radiation. This absorbed energy causes cleavage of covalent bonds which initiates the photo-aging process. The reaction can be propagated via side chain oxidation, ring oxidation or <a href="/wiki/Fries_rearrangement#Photo-Fries_rearrangement" title="Fries rearrangement">photo-Fries rearrangement</a>. Products formed include <a href="/wiki/Phenyl_salicylate" title="Phenyl salicylate">phenyl salicylate</a>, dihydroxybenzophenone groups, and hydroxydiphenyl ether groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>(C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>3</sub>)<sub>n</sub> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }" /></span> C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>17</sub>O<sub>3</sub> + C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>3</sub></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_degradation">Thermal degradation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Thermal degradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waste polycarbonate will degrade at high temperatures to form solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants. A study showed that the products were about 40–50 wt.% liquid, 14–16 wt.% gases, while 34–43 wt.% remained as solid residue. Liquid products contained mainly phenol derivatives (~75 wt.%) and bisphenol (~10 wt.%) also present.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polycarbonate, however, can be safely used as a carbon source in the steel-making industry.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phenol derivatives are environmental pollutants, classified as volatile organic compounds (VOC). Studies show they are likely to facilitate ground level ozone formation and increase photo-chemical smog.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In aquatic bodies, they can potentially accumulate in organisms. They are persistent in landfills, do not readily evaporate and would remain in the atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_fungi">Effect of fungi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Effect of fungi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001 a species of fungus in <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a></i>, was found to consume the polycarbonate found in <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a> (CD).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has prospects for <a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a>. However, this effect has not been reproduced. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CR-39" title="CR-39">CR-39</a>, allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) used for eyeglasses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_accessories" title="Mobile phone accessories">Mobile phone accessories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">Organic electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic_polyurethane" title="Thermoplastic polyurethane">Thermoplastic polyurethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_polishing" title="Vapor polishing">Vapor polishing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316235516/http://sfs.sabic.eu/wp-content/uploads/resource_pdf/1345453948-48623687-Technical-Manual-Coated-Uncoated-Sheet.pdf">"Lexan sheet technical manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/SABIC" title="SABIC">SABIC</a>. 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pollution.unibuc.ro/?substance=47">the original</a> on 2017-12-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pollution.unibuc.ro&rft.atitle=Pollution+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpollution.unibuc.ro%2F%3Fsubstance%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109183955/http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/Pages/SubstanceInformation.aspx?pid=81">"Pollutant Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>apps.sepa.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/Pages/SubstanceInformation.aspx?pid=81">the original</a> on 2017-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.sepa.org.uk&rft.atitle=Pollutant+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.sepa.org.uk%2Fspripa%2FPages%2FSubstanceInformation.aspx%3Fpid%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosch,_Xavier2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bosch, Xavier (2001-06-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/1998/010628/full/news010628-11.html">"Fungus eats CD"</a>. <i>Nature News</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews010628-11">10.1038/news010628-11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Fungus+eats+CD&rft.date=2001-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews010628-11&rft.au=Bosch%2C+Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F1998%2F010628%2Ffull%2Fnews010628-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics_applications" title="Category:Plastics applications">Category:Plastics applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Identification codes</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox838" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62246#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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