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aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">電磁力</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。70种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetiese_wisselwerking" title="Elektromagnetiese wisselwerking – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektromagnetiese wisselwerking" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetische_Wechselwirkung" title="Elektromagnetische Wechselwirkung – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Elektromagnetische Wechselwirkung" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_electromagnetica" title="Interacción electromagnetica – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Interacción electromagnetica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قوة كهرومغناطيسية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قوة كهرومغناطيسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaici%C3%B3n_electromagn%C3%A9tica" title="Interaición electromagnética – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Interaición electromagnética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8C%D2%AB%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Электромагнит тәьҫир итешеүе – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Электромагнит тәьҫир итешеүе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alektruomagnet%C4%97nis_s%C4%81veikav%C4%97ms" title="Alektruomagnetėnis sāveikavėms – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alektruomagnetėnis sāveikavėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Электрамагнітнае ўзаемадзеянне – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрамагнітнае ўзаемадзеянне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%9E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Электрамагнітнае ўзаемадзеяньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрамагнітнае ўзаемадзеяньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Електромагнитно взаимодействие – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електромагнитно взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="তড়িচ্চুম্বকীয় বল – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তড়িচ্চুম্বকীয় বল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetna_sila" title="Elektromagnetna sila – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektromagnetna sila" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_electromagn%C3%A8tica" title="Força electromagnètica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Força electromagnètica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5-%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%80%C4%95%C3%A7_%D0%B2%C4%83%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BC" title="Электромагнитла хире-хирĕç вăйăм – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Электромагнитла хире-хирĕç вăйăм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grym_electromagnetig" title="Grym electromagnetig – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grym electromagnetig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_kraft" title="Elektromagnetisk kraft – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektromagnetisk kraft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetische_Wechselwirkung" title="Elektromagnetische Wechselwirkung – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektromagnetische Wechselwirkung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ηλεκτρομαγνητισμός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτρομαγνητισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_force" title="Electromagnetic force – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electromagnetic force" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagneta_forto" title="Elektromagneta forto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektromagneta forto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_electromagn%C3%A9tica" title="Interacción electromagnética – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Interacción electromagnética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetiline_vastastikm%C3%B5ju" title="Elektromagnetiline vastastikmõju – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektromagnetiline vastastikmõju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkarrekintza_elektromagnetiko" title="Elkarrekintza elektromagnetiko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Elkarrekintza elektromagnetiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="نیروی الکترومغناطیس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی الکترومغناطیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6magneettinen_vuorovaikutus" title="Sähkömagneettinen vuorovaikutus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkömagneettinen vuorovaikutus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_%C3%A9lectromagn%C3%A9tique" title="Interaction électromagnétique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interaction électromagnétique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interacci%C3%B3n_electromagn%C3%A9tica" title="Interacción electromagnética – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Interacción electromagnética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אינטראקציה אלקטרומגנטית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינטראקציה אלקטרומגנטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetska_sila" title="Elektromagnetska sila – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektromagnetska sila" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_elektromagnetik" title="Gaya elektromagnetik – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaya elektromagnetik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafsegulkraftur" title="Rafsegulkraftur – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafsegulkraftur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interazione_elettromagnetica" title="Interazione elettromagnetica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interazione elettromagnetica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="電磁相互作用 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電磁相互作用" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaya_%C3%A8l%C3%A8ktromagn%C3%A8tik" title="Gaya èlèktromagnètik – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gaya èlèktromagnètik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83" title="Электромагниттік өзара әсерлесу – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электромагниттік өзара әсерлесу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9" title="전자기 상호작용 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자기 상호작용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetismus" title="Electromagnetismus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electromagnetismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektromagnetische_krach" title="Lektromagnetische krach – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Lektromagnetische krach" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetin%C4%97_s%C4%85veika" title="Elektromagnetinė sąveika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektromagnetinė sąveika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagn%C4%93tisk%C4%81_mijiedarb%C4%ABba" title="Elektromagnētiskā mijiedarbība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektromagnētiskā mijiedarbība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82" title="വിദ്യുത്കാന്തികബലം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിദ്യുത്കാന്തികബലം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Цахилгаан соронзон харилцан үйлчлэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан соронзон харилцан үйлчлэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_elektromagnet" title="Daya elektromagnet – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daya elektromagnet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagneetsche_Kraft" title="Elektromagneetsche Kraft – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elektromagneetsche Kraft" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetische_kracht" title="Elektromagnetische kracht – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektromagnetische kracht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_kraft" title="Elektromagnetisk kraft – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektromagnetisk kraft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaccion_electromagnetica" title="Interaccion electromagnetica – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Interaccion electromagnetica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oddzia%C5%82ywanie_elektromagnetyczne" title="Oddziaływanie elektromagnetyczne – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oddziaływanie elektromagnetyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7a_eletromagn%C3%A9tica" title="Força eletromagnética – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Força eletromagnética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Электромагнитное взаимодействие – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электромагнитное взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetska_sila" title="Elektromagnetska sila – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektromagnetska sila" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetick%C3%A1_interakcia_hmotn%C3%BDch_objektov" title="Elektromagnetická interakcia hmotných objektov – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektromagnetická interakcia hmotných objektov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetna_interakcija" title="Elektromagnetna interakcija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektromagnetna interakcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Електромагнетна сила – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електромагнетна сила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnetisk_kraft" title="Elektromagnetisk kraft – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektromagnetisk kraft" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtagusano_sumakuumeme" title="Mtagusano sumakuumeme – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mtagusano sumakuumeme" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="மின்காந்த விசை – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்காந்த விசை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="విద్యుదయస్కాంతత్వం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విద్యుదయస్కాంతత్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="แรงแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แรงแม่เหล็กไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromanyetik_kuvvet" title="Elektromanyetik kuvvet – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektromanyetik kuvvet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82_%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Электромагнит тәэсир итешүе – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Электромагнит тәэсир итешүе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B3" title="Бот-боттарынче электромагниттиг кылдыныг – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бот-боттарынче электромагниттиг кылдыныг" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Електромагнітна взаємодія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електромагнітна взаємодія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektromagnitine_vastami%C5%BEpaineg" title="Elektromagnitine vastamižpaineg – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Elektromagnitine vastamižpaineg" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_t%C3%A1c_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AB" title="Tương tác điện từ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tương tác điện từ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaksyon_han_electromagnetico" title="Interaksyon han electromagnetico – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Interaksyon han electromagnetico" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="电磁力 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电磁力" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="עלעקטראמאגנעטיזם – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="עלעקטראמאגנעטיזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-ch%C3%BB-la%CC%8Dt" title="Tiān-chû-la̍t – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-chû-la̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="電磁力 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電磁力" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q849919#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-5ff6fd68" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclotron_motion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cyclotron_motion.jpg/200px-Cyclotron_motion.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cyclotron_motion.jpg/300px-Cyclotron_motion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cyclotron_motion.jpg/400px-Cyclotron_motion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2632" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>感受到電磁力的作用，移動於<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%B0%84%E6%9D%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="電子射束">電子射束</a>，其移動路徑呈圓形。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>經過的路徑會有紫色光發射出來。這是因為電子與玻璃球內的氣體分子碰撞而產生的現象。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>電磁力</b>（英語：<span lang="en">electromagnetic force</span>）是處於<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場">電場</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁場">電磁場</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E9%9B%BB%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="帶電粒子">帶電粒子</a>所受到的作用力。大自然的四種<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="基本力">基本力</a>中，電磁力是其中一種，其它三種是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="強作用力">強作用力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="弱作用力">弱作用力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>是傳遞電磁力的媒介。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:13</sup>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学">经典电磁学</a>裏，電磁力稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E4%BE%96%E8%8C%B2%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="勞侖茲力">勞侖茲力</a>。延伸至相對論性<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="量子場論">量子場論</a>，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子電動力學">量子電動力學</a>裏，兩個帶電粒子倚賴<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>為媒介傳遞電磁力。帶電粒子是帶有淨電荷的粒子。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>的內秉性質。只有帶電粒子或帶電物質（帶有淨電荷的物質）才能夠感受到電磁力，也只有帶電粒子或帶電物質才能夠製成電場、磁場或電磁場來影響其它帶電粒子或帶電物質。 </p><p>對於決定日常生活所遇到的物質的內部性質，電磁力扮演重要角色。在物質內部，<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>與分子之間彼此相互作用的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" title="分子间作用力">分子間作用力</a>，就是電磁力的一種形式。分子間作用力促使一般物質呈現出各種各樣的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>性質。由於電子與原子核分別帶有的負<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a>與正電荷，它們彼此之間會以電磁力相互吸引，使得電子移動於環繞著原子核的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="原子軌道">原子軌道</a>，與原子核共同組成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>。分子的建構組元是原子。幾個鄰近原子的電子與電子、電子與原子核、原子核與原子核，以電磁力彼此之間相互作用，主導與驅動各種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="化學反應">化學反應</a>，因此促成了所有生物程序。<sup id="cite_ref-KakuThompson1997_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KakuThompson1997-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:6-7</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:8-9</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概述"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.BF.B0"></span>概述</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概述"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電動力學">電動力學</a>裏，若考慮一帶電粒子在電磁場中的受力，可以用以下的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E4%BE%96%E8%8C%B2%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="勞侖茲力">勞侖茲力</a>定律表示： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q(\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q(\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3dd99e3bd55cbeff1cd2506d944405f3efa9e0c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.41ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =q(\mathbf {E} +\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} )}"></span>；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/da18bef8c979f3548bb0d8976f5844012d7b8256" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.683ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} }"></span>是勞侖茲力，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}"></span>是帶電粒子的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="电荷量">電荷量</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d7f22b39d51f780fc02859059c1757c606b9de2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.757ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {E} }"></span>是電場，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35c1866e359fbfd2e0f606c725ba5cc37a5195d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.411ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }"></span>是帶電粒子的<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="速度">速度</a>，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cafb0ef39b0f5ffa23c170aa7f7b4e718327c4d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.901ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {B} }"></span>是磁場。 </p><p>勞侖茲力定律是一個基本<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86" title="公理">公理</a>，不是從別的理論推導出來的定律。 </p><p>這方程式右邊有兩項，第一項是電場力<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{E}=q\mathbf {E} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">E</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{E}=q\mathbf {E} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b50339d866e02399c25f30525ec509dee197b36b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.096ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{E}=q\mathbf {E} }"></span>，第二項是磁場力<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{B}=q\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>q</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> <mo>×</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">B</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{B}=q\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2cc1eee607dadf9e5363e565a9dbd4719bf9fe95" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.483ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{B}=q\mathbf {v} \times \mathbf {B} }"></span>。 </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weak_Action_and_Interaction_Law_Example.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Weak_Action_and_Interaction_Law_Example.svg/200px-Weak_Action_and_Interaction_Law_Example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Weak_Action_and_Interaction_Law_Example.svg/300px-Weak_Action_and_Interaction_Law_Example.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Weak_Action_and_Interaction_Law_Example.svg/400px-Weak_Action_and_Interaction_Law_Example.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>當兩個<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E9%9B%BB%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="帶電粒子">帶電粒子</a>都以相同速度<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35c1866e359fbfd2e0f606c725ba5cc37a5195d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.411ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }"></span>移動時，帶正電粒子<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>+</mo> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fbb30ba4637b5b6084428e23adb717bceb0e4dcf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.878ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +q}"></span>會感受到<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%9C%BA%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="电场力">電場力</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{E}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{E}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aa42aa97d43a80c326fa71926676f33f28dcdc20" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.171ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{E}}"></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="磁場力">磁場力</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{M}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{M}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9633d857c666ec96f9fd2831506af04ad41060d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.642ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{M}}"></span>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%8A%9B" title="淨力">淨力</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{T}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{T}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5fcf2f48b6656f1eed4a8e9a278be4b3ccc31e27" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.072ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{T}}"></span>，帶負電粒子<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0165a313dc76b84047e2aeb59b7459035ce5c61a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.878ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -q}"></span>會感受到電場力<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{E}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>E</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{E}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b56ca52bbfea31c3534b73454c8391ca91d8f0da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.979ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{E}}"></span>、磁場力<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{M}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>M</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{M}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cdefc298d663d7dfa75205d71c94d58c80168c44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.45ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{M}}"></span>與淨力<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{T}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{T}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93a4b094e8c0f328dd8d6796e578658dea2e9b07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.88ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{T}}"></span>。注意到作用力<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{T}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{T}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5fcf2f48b6656f1eed4a8e9a278be4b3ccc31e27" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.072ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} _{T}}"></span>和反作用力<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{T}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{T}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/93a4b094e8c0f328dd8d6796e578658dea2e9b07" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.88ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\mathbf {F} _{T}}"></span>不同線。在本圖內，速度<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">v</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35c1866e359fbfd2e0f606c725ba5cc37a5195d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.411ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }"></span>的大小不按比例繪製。</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="靜電學">靜電學</a>裏，場源電荷所產生的電場與試探距離的平方成反比，所以電場力與試探距離的平方成反比。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" title="靜磁學">靜磁學</a>裏，無法獲得類似結果，因為只有移動中的電荷才會產生磁場，而移動中的點電荷無法構成平穩電流，無法用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%85%E6%AD%90-%E6%B2%99%E4%BC%90%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="必歐-沙伐定律">必歐-沙伐定律</a>正確地計算出磁場。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電動力學">電動力學</a>裏，應用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E9%81%B2%E5%8B%A2" title="推遲勢">推遲勢</a>概念，可以推導出<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E5%A5%A5-%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B#等速運動的點電荷所產生的電場和磁場" title="毕奥-萨伐尔定律">必歐-沙伐點電荷定律</a>。這定律給出，移動中的場源電荷所產生的電場、磁場與試探距離的平方成反比。所以，電磁力遵守<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%8F%8D%E6%AF%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="平方反比定律">平方反比定律</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:435-440</sup> </p><p>作用與反作用定律又分为两种版本：强版本和弱版本。这里，第三定律所表述的是「弱版作用與反作用定律」。而「强版作用與反作用定律」，除了弱版作用與反作用定律所要求的以外，还要求作用力和反作用力都作用在同一条<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E7%BA%BF" title="直线">直线</a>上。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="万有引力">万有引力</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5" title="静电">静电</a>力都遵守强版作用與反作用定律。可是，在某些状况下，作用力和反作用力并不同线（两作用点的連线）。 </p><p>設想两个呈<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%A7%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="平移运动">平移運動</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%8D%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电荷">电荷</a>，其平移速度相同，但并不垂直於两电荷的连线。由於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E5%A5%A5-%E8%90%A8%E4%BC%90%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B#等速運動的點電荷所產生的電場和磁場" title="毕奥-萨伐尔定律">必歐-沙伐點電荷定律</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9%E5%8A%9B" title="洛伦兹力">洛伦兹力定律</a>計算出的作用力和反作用力并不同線，这一對電磁力只遵守<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B#定律的两种版本" title="牛顿第三运动定律">弱版牛顿第三运动定律</a>。若两移動的电荷，其移動的速度互相垂直，則它們各自感受到的電磁力不遵守弱版牛顿第三运动定律。<sup id="cite_ref-Herb1980_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herb1980-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:7</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths1998_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:349-351</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本交互作用"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E4.BA.A4.E4.BA.92.E4.BD.9C.E7.94.A8"></span>基本交互作用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：基本交互作用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>電磁力是四種<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="基本交互作用">基本交互作用</a>中的一種，其他的基本交互作用有： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="弱交互作用">弱交互作用</a>，影響所有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="費米子">費米子</a>，即所有<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a>為半奇數的粒子，而弱交互作用會影響所有費米子，次原子粒子的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性衰變">放射性衰變</a>就是由它引起（在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>中，弱交互作用和電磁力可以用<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="电弱相互作用">電弱相互作用</a>來描述）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="強交互作用">強交互作用</a>，束縛<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>，束縛核子形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="重力">重力</a></li></ul> <p>所有其他的力（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%93%A6%E5%8A%9B" title="摩擦力">摩擦力</a>）都是由這些粒子運動帶來的基本交互作用及動量而來。 </p><p>許多電磁力的現象都是在十九世紀發現<sup id="cite_ref-葉中敏2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-葉中敏2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。而日常生活中可以感受到，超過原子尺度以外的現象，除了重力以外，其他都是因為電磁力而造成<sup id="cite_ref-葉中敏2002_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-葉中敏2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。大致上，所有原子之間的交互作用力都可以由帶電的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>和電子之間的電磁力，以及這些粒子的動量來說明。這包括日常經驗到推或拉一物體的力，可以解釋為身體的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>和物體<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%97%B4%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%8A%9B" title="分子间作用力">分子間作用力</a>，所有的化學現象也都是由電磁力而來。 </p><p>對於原子內作用力和分子間作用力，需要了解的是因電子移動產生動量對應的等效力，以及在相互作用的原子間移動的電子，以及其帶有的動量。當電子越來越密集，因著<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A1%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%8D%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%B9%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="泡利不相容原理">泡利不相容原理</a>，其最小動量必須變大。物質在分子尺度下的特性（包括其密度）是靠電磁力以及電子上動量交換產生等效力的平衡所決定。 </p><p>近年來研究發現，在某些狀況下，電磁力和弱核作用力會統一，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="電弱交互作用">電弱交互作用</a>，這個發現使得人類距離<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="大统一理论">大統一理論</a>更進一步，科學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" class="mw-redirect" title="阿卜杜勒·薩拉姆">阿卜杜勒·薩拉姆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%82%96" class="mw-redirect" title="謝爾登·格拉肖">謝爾登·格拉肖</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="史蒂文·温伯格">史蒂文·溫伯格</a>也因此獲頒1979年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾物理獎">諾貝爾物理獎</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相對論下的電磁力"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.B0.8D.E8.AB.96.E4.B8.8B.E7.9A.84.E9.9B.BB.E7.A3.81.E5.8A.9B"></span>相對論下的電磁力</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：相對論下的電磁力"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%A6" title="经典电磁学">经典电磁学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁場">電磁場</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%8F%E5%8F%98%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="经典电磁理论的协变形式">经典电磁理论的协变形式</a></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a>中的電磁交互作用會用一個稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁場">電磁場</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E9%87%8F" title="張量">張量</a>的二維張量描述： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\begin{pmatrix}F_{00}&F_{01}&F_{02}&F_{03}\\F_{01}&F_{11}&F_{12}&F_{13}\\F_{02}&F_{21}&F_{22}&F_{23}\\F_{03}&F_{31}&F_{32}&F_{33}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&E_{x}/c&E_{y}/c&E_{z}/c\\-E_{x}/c&0&B_{z}&-B_{y}\\-E_{y}/c&-B_{z}&0&B_{x}\\-E_{z}/c&B_{y}&-B_{x}&0\end{pmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>00</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>01</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>02</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>03</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>01</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>11</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>13</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>02</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>21</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>22</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>23</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>03</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>31</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>32</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>33</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"> <mtr> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> </mtr> <mtr> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mtd> <mtd> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>B</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mtd> <mtd> <mn>0</mn> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\begin{pmatrix}F_{00}&F_{01}&F_{02}&F_{03}\\F_{01}&F_{11}&F_{12}&F_{13}\\F_{02}&F_{21}&F_{22}&F_{23}\\F_{03}&F_{31}&F_{32}&F_{33}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&E_{x}/c&E_{y}/c&E_{z}/c\\-E_{x}/c&0&B_{z}&-B_{y}\\-E_{y}/c&-B_{z}&0&B_{x}\\-E_{z}/c&B_{y}&-B_{x}&0\end{pmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5bc28eb2ca74c23227886d18194f85bafb53be6b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -6.171ex; width:66.677ex; height:13.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} ={\begin{pmatrix}F_{00}&F_{01}&F_{02}&F_{03}\\F_{01}&F_{11}&F_{12}&F_{13}\\F_{02}&F_{21}&F_{22}&F_{23}\\F_{03}&F_{31}&F_{32}&F_{33}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}0&E_{x}/c&E_{y}/c&E_{z}/c\\-E_{x}/c&0&B_{z}&-B_{y}\\-E_{y}/c&-B_{z}&0&B_{x}\\-E_{z}/c&B_{y}&-B_{x}&0\end{pmatrix}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>以張量方式表示，符合<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E5%A3%AB%E5%A8%81%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E7%B5%84" title="馬克士威方程組">馬克士威方程組</a>的電磁場張量（以CGS制表示）如下： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\partial F^{\alpha \beta } \over {\partial x^{\alpha }}}={4\pi \over c}J^{\beta }\qquad {\partial F_{\alpha \beta } \over \partial x^{\gamma }}+{\partial F_{\gamma \alpha } \over \partial x^{\beta }}+{\partial F_{\beta \gamma } \over \partial x^{\alpha }}=\epsilon _{\mu \beta \gamma }g^{\alpha \mu }{\partial F^{\beta \gamma } \over \partial x^{\alpha }}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <msup> <mi>J</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mspace width="2em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>γ</mi> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>ϵ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>β</mi> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>μ</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msup> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> <mi>γ</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\partial F^{\alpha \beta } \over {\partial x^{\alpha }}}={4\pi \over c}J^{\beta }\qquad {\partial F_{\alpha \beta } \over \partial x^{\gamma }}+{\partial F_{\gamma \alpha } \over \partial x^{\beta }}+{\partial F_{\beta \gamma } \over \partial x^{\alpha }}=\epsilon _{\mu \beta \gamma }g^{\alpha \mu }{\partial F^{\beta \gamma } \over \partial x^{\alpha }}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2402230d0619b59326ddaacf9429f06b5c0e8aa7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:63.856ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\partial F^{\alpha \beta } \over {\partial x^{\alpha }}}={4\pi \over c}J^{\beta }\qquad {\partial F_{\alpha \beta } \over \partial x^{\gamma }}+{\partial F_{\gamma \alpha } \over \partial x^{\beta }}+{\partial F_{\beta \gamma } \over \partial x^{\alpha }}=\epsilon _{\mu \beta \gamma }g^{\alpha \mu }{\partial F^{\beta \gamma } \over \partial x^{\alpha }}=0}"></span></dd></dl> <p>方程式還可以用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%BE%AE%E5%88%86" title="外微分">外微分</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%A5%87%E5%AF%B9%E5%81%B6" title="霍奇对偶">霍奇對偶</a>寫成更簡潔的形式： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \mathbf {F} =0\qquad *\mathrm {d} (*\mathbf {F} )={\frac {4\pi }{c}}\mathbf {J} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mspace width="2em" /> <mo>∗</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>∗</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> </mrow> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">J</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \mathbf {F} =0\qquad *\mathrm {d} (*\mathbf {F} )={\frac {4\pi }{c}}\mathbf {J} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a09d7bdc487be06054b4c879c5fb9fd49acaf917" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:27.833ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {d} \mathbf {F} =0\qquad *\mathrm {d} (*\mathbf {F} )={\frac {4\pi }{c}}\mathbf {J} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>若方程式為以上的形式，而電磁往外延伸的區域是<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%80%A3%E9%80%9A" title="單連通">單連通</a>的，則電磁場可以表示為一個<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9B%9B%E7%BB%B4%E5%8A%BF" title="电磁四维势">电磁四维势</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%AF%BC%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="外导数">外導數</a>，电磁四维势是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%B6%AD%E7%9F%A2%E9%87%8F" title="四維矢量">四維</a>勢向量，和經典電磁學的勢有以下的關係： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} =(A_{0};A_{1},A_{2},A_{3})=(\phi ;\mathbf {A} )}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>;</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>,</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>;</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} =(A_{0};A_{1},A_{2},A_{3})=(\phi ;\mathbf {A} )}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5fa5ec61223ca2f43dce56089316c3d58030622c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:30.565ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} =(A_{0};A_{1},A_{2},A_{3})=(\phi ;\mathbf {A} )}"></span></dd></dl> <p>其中 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi \;}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi \;}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a298b1cf05e7051e48a226838e1a1102a5f83521" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.031ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi \;}"></span>為靜電勢</dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0795cc96c75d81520a120482662b90f024c9a1a1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.019ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {A} }"></span>為向量勢</dd></dl> <p>上述的替換大幅增昇了方程式的解析度，其實上，四維勢向量和電磁張量的關係為： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\mathrm {d} \mathbf {A} ={\frac {1}{2!}}{\frac {\partial A_{\beta }}{\partial x^{\alpha }}}-{\frac {\partial A_{\alpha }}{\partial x^{\beta }}}dx^{\alpha }\land dx^{\beta }={\frac {1}{2!}}F_{\alpha \beta }dx^{\alpha }\land dx^{\beta }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold">A</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>∧</mo> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mo>!</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>α</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>∧</mo> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\mathrm {d} \mathbf {A} ={\frac {1}{2!}}{\frac {\partial A_{\beta }}{\partial x^{\alpha }}}-{\frac {\partial A_{\alpha }}{\partial x^{\beta }}}dx^{\alpha }\land dx^{\beta }={\frac {1}{2!}}F_{\alpha \beta }dx^{\alpha }\land dx^{\beta }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dec7311c332d6983e4e53ef6988cc17b7146a2e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:56.659ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {F} =\mathrm {d} \mathbf {A} ={\frac {1}{2!}}{\frac {\partial A_{\beta }}{\partial x^{\alpha }}}-{\frac {\partial A_{\alpha }}{\partial x^{\beta }}}dx^{\alpha }\land dx^{\beta }={\frac {1}{2!}}F_{\alpha \beta }dx^{\alpha }\land dx^{\beta }}"></span></dd></dl> <p>電磁作用可以完全用定義電磁場矢量來表示，這也是現在的電磁作用會用向量表示的原因（在量子處理中，則是向量玻色子）。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" title="廣義相對論">廣義相對論</a>中，在彎曲<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA" title="时空">时空</a>的電磁場和<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%94%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="閔可夫斯基時空">閔可夫斯基時空</a>相近，不過偏微分會用<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%8F%98%E5%AF%BC%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="共变导数">共变导数</a>表示。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="量子電動力學"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E9.9B.BB.E5.8B.95.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8"></span>量子電動力學</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：量子電動力學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子電動力學">量子電動力學</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron-positron-scattering.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Electron-positron-scattering.svg/200px-Electron-positron-scattering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Electron-positron-scattering.svg/300px-Electron-positron-scattering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Electron-positron-scattering.svg/400px-Electron-positron-scattering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="巴巴散射">巴巴散射</a>裏，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="正電子">正電子</a>彼此之間倚賴交換<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>來實現電磁力。</figcaption></figure> <p>當進入到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>的尺度時（0.1nm），會發現所有的物質都是由不同的原子構成的，而原子是由不同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>構成的，帶<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A0%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="負電">負電</a>的電子與帶<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="正電">正電</a>的原子核（由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>構成）經由<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁作用">電磁作用</a>緊密地結合在一起。 </p><p>但在原子的尺度時，必須用<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96" title="量子化">量子化</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁場">電磁場</a>來描述。這種描述把兩粒子之間的作用看成是在交換<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>。在1950年代，這種描述就已發展得相當完善了，稱作<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子電動力學">量子電動力學</a>。 </p><p>量子電動力學是<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a>的整合，在電動量子力學中，粒子和場的交互作用和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>有關，光子沒有質量，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%8F%E7%AF%84%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="規範玻色子">規範玻色子</a>，光子和帶電粒子之間的交互作用造成了所有電磁學的現象。 </p><p>根據<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="不確定性原理">能量-時間不確定性原理</a>， </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\approx \hbar }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\approx \hbar }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5ac4583f0518e223cc9b5e57568723d72fbca5cf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.892ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E\Delta t\approx \hbar }"></span>；</dd></dl> <p>其中，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta E}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta E}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/345f0ed5ff6ec6eddc5f908d379f032c52f119c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.711ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta E}"></span>、<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"></span>分別是能量、時間的不確定性，<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \hbar }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \hbar }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/de68de3a92517953436c93b5a76461d49160cc41" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.306ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \hbar }"></span>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E5%8C%96%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="约化普朗克常数">約化普朗克常數</a>。 </p><p>一個質量為<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}"></span>的媒介粒子最多只能存在<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T\approx \hbar /mc^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T\approx \hbar /mc^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca727e552b3e5ac8349046d155b6d6bf86a86a54" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.305ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T\approx \hbar /mc^{2}}"></span>時間，否則，能量-時間不確定性原理會被違反。在時間<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span>內，這媒介粒子只能移動<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle cT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle cT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bd72d0d7b8ae7824511bebf90618f49d4e884dc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.643ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle cT}"></span>距離，因此，作用力的作用範圍<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span>大約為 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R\approx \hbar /mc}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mi class="MJX-variant">ℏ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R\approx \hbar /mc}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c87e8c55965ce0f8f3cf1940c708937a05153037" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.379ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R\approx \hbar /mc}"></span>。</dd></dl> <p>例如，<a href="/wiki/W%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="W玻色子">W玻色子</a>的質量為80GeV，所以，弱力的作用範圍大約為10<sup>-18</sup>m。 </p><p>由於光子的質量為零，電磁力的作用範圍為無窮遠。<sup id="cite_ref-Jelley1990_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jelley1990-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" 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<tr> <th>符号 </th> <th>计量名称 </th> <th>衍生单位 </th> <th>单位 </th> <th>基本单位 </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>I</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="电流">电流</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9" title="安培">安培</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" title="国际单位制">国际单位制</a>） </td> <td>A </td> <td>A（= W/V = C/s） </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Q</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7" title="電荷">電荷</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91" title="库仑">库仑</a> </td> <td>C </td> <td>A⋅s </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>U</i>, Δ<i>V</i>, Δ<i>φ</i>; <i>E</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A3%93" title="電壓">電壓</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8B%A2" title="電動勢">電動勢</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="伏特">伏特</a> </td> <td>V </td> <td>kg⋅m<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>−3</sup>⋅A<sup>−1</sup>（= J/C） </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>R</i>; <i>Z</i>; <i>X</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB" title="电阻">电阻</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E6%8A%97" title="阻抗">阻抗</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%97" title="电抗">电抗</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%A7%86" title="歐姆">歐姆</a> </td> <td>Ω </td> <td>kg⋅m<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>−3</sup>⋅A<sup>−2</sup>（= V/A） </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ρ</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%98%BB%E7%8E%87" title="电阻率">电阻率</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%A7%86" title="歐姆">歐姆</a>米 </td> <td>Ω⋅m </td> <td>kg⋅m<sup>3</sup>⋅s<sup>−3</sup>⋅A<sup>−2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>P</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8A%9F%E7%8E%87" title="電功率">電功率</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9" title="瓦特">瓦特</a> </td> <td>W </td> <td>kg⋅m<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>−3</sup>（= V⋅A） </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>C</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AE%B9" title="電容">電容</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89" title="法拉">法拉</a> </td> <td>F </td> <td>kg<sup>−1</sup>⋅m<sup>−2</sup>⋅s<sup>4</sup>⋅A<sup>2</sup>（= C/V） </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>E</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B4" title="電場">電場</a>力 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="伏特">伏特</a>每米 </td> <td>V/m </td> <td>kg⋅m⋅s<sup>−3</sup>⋅A<sup>−1</sup>（= N/C） </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>D</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB" title="電位移">電位移</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91" title="库仑">库仑</a>每平方米 </td> <td>C/m<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>A⋅s⋅m<sup>−2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ε</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AE%B9%E7%8E%87" title="电容率">电容率</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89" title="法拉">法拉</a>每米 </td> <td>F/m </td> <td>kg<sup>−1</sup>⋅m<sup>−3</sup>⋅s<sup>4</sup>⋅A<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>χ</i><sub>e</sub> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%A5%B5%E5%8C%96%E7%8E%87" title="電極化率">電極化率</a> </td> <td>（无量纲） </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>G</i>; <i>Y</i>; <i>B</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AF%BC" title="电导">电导</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="导纳">导纳</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%BA%B3" title="电纳">电纳</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%96%80%E5%AD%90_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" title="西門子 (單位)">西门子</a> </td> <td>S </td> <td>kg<sup>−1</sup>⋅m<sup>−2</sup>⋅s<sup>3</sup>⋅A<sup>2</sup>（= Ω<sup>−1</sup>） </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>κ</i>, <i>γ</i>, <i>σ</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AF%BC%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="电导率">电导率</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%96%80%E5%AD%90_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" title="西門子 (單位)">西门子</a>每米 </td> <td>S/m </td> <td>kg<sup>−1</sup>⋅m<sup>−3</sup>⋅s<sup>3</sup>⋅A<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><b>B</b></i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁感应强度</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="特斯拉 (单位)">特斯拉</a> </td> <td>T </td> <td>kg⋅s<sup>−2</sup>⋅A<sup>−1</sup>（= Wb/m<sup>2</sup> = N⋅A<sup>−1</sup>⋅m<sup>−1</sup>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Phi }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Phi }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/aed80a2011a3912b028ba32a52dfa57165455f24" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.678ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Phi }"></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F" title="磁通量">磁通量</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="韦伯 (单位)">韦伯</a> </td> <td>Wb </td> <td>kg⋅m<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>−2</sup>⋅A<sup>−1</sup>（= V⋅s） </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>H</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>力 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9" title="安培">安培</a>每米 </td> <td>A/m </td> <td>A⋅m<sup>−1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>L</i>, <i>M</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F" title="电感">电感</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="亨利 (单位)">亨利</a> </td> <td>H </td> <td>kg⋅m<sup>2</sup>⋅s<sup>−2</sup>⋅A<sup>−2</sup>（= Wb/A = V⋅s/A） </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>μ</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%AF%BC%E7%8E%87" title="磁导率">磁导率</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="亨利 (单位)">亨利</a>每米 </td> <td>H/m </td> <td>kg⋅m⋅s<sup>−2</sup>⋅A<sup>−2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>χ</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E7%8E%87" title="磁化率">磁化率</a> </td> <td>（无量纲） </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">物理学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="電學">電學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="磁學">磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="重力">重力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%BA%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="强相互作用">強核作用力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱核作用力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色動力學">量子色動力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="电弱相互作用">電弱統一理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="大统一理论">大統一理論</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="Ulaby13" class="citation book">Ravaioli, Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Eric Michielssen, Umberto. Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics 6th. Boston: Prentice Hall. 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-13-213931-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-13-213931-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-13-213931-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&rft.aufirst=Fawwaz+T.+Ulaby%2C+Eric+Michielssen%2C+Umberto&rft.aulast=Ravaioli&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+applied+electromagnetics&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=6th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-13-213931-1&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KakuThompson1997-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KakuThompson1997_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Michio Kaku; Jennifer Trainer Thompson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beyondeinsteinsu0000kaku">Beyond Einstein: The Cosmic Quest for the Theory of the Universe</a>. Oxford University Press. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-286196-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-286196-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-19-286196-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&rft.au=Jennifer+Trainer+Thompson&rft.au=Michio+Kaku&rft.btitle=Beyond+Einstein%3A+The+Cosmic+Quest+for+the+Theory+of+the+Universe&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-19-286196-2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeyondeinsteinsu0000kaku&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adams2010_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Fred C. Adams. Origins of Existence: How Life Emerged in the Universe. Simon and Schuster. 11 May 2010. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4391-3820-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4391-3820-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-4391-3820-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&rft.au=Fred+C.+Adams&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Existence%3A+How+Life+Emerged+in+the+Universe&rft.date=2010-05-11&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-3820-5&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Griffiths, David J. Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-805326-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-805326-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-13-805326-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+David+J.&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Electrodynamics+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-805326-X&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herb1980-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Herb1980_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Goldstein, Herbert. Classical Mechanics 3rd. United States of America: Addison Wesley. 1980. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0201657023" title="Special:网络书源/0201657023"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0201657023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.btitle=Classical+Mechanics&rft.date=1980&rft.edition=3rd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0201657023&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths1998-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths1998_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths,_David_J.1998" class="citation">Griffiths, David J., Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd ed.), Prentice Hall, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-805326-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-805326-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-13-805326-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&rft.au=Griffiths%2C+David+J.&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Electrodynamics+%283rd+ed.%29&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-805326-X&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-葉中敏2002-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-葉中敏2002_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-葉中敏2002_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">葉中敏. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0mfFh4jfNhcC&pg=PA181">人情物理楊振寧</a>. Chinese University Press. 2002: 181–. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-962-996-086-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-962-996-086-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-962-996-086-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&rft.au=%E8%91%89%E4%B8%AD%E6%95%8F&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E6%83%85%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%A5%8A%E6%8C%AF%E5%AF%A7&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-962-996-086-5&rft.pages=181-&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mfFh4jfNhcC%26pg%3DPA181&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">S. Bais. The Equations: Icons of knowledge. 2005: 84. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-674-01967-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-674-01967-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-674-01967-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&rft.au=S.+Bais&rft.btitle=The+Equations%3A+Icons+of+knowledge&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-674-01967-9&rft.pages=84&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/">The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979</a>. The Nobel Foundation. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-12-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6Qspj2Qg3?url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1979/">存档</a>于2014-07-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1979&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1979%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jelley1990-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jelley1990_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">N. A. Jelley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofnu0000jell">Fundamentals of Nuclear Physics</a>. Cambridge University Press. 22 March 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-521-26994-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-521-26994-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-521-26994-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%8A%9B&rft.au=N.+A.+Jelley&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Nuclear+Physics&rft.date=1990-03-22&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26994-0&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsofnu0000jell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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