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and present participles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_between_gerunds_and_present_participles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinction_between_verbal_and_deverbal_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinction_between_verbal_and_deverbal_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinction_between_verbal_and_deverbal_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc--ing_words_in_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#-ing_words_in_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span><i>-ing</i> words in other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc--ing_words_in_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_meanings_of_the_suffix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_meanings_of_the_suffix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other meanings of the suffix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_meanings_of_the_suffix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English grammar</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookman_Ornament_9617_(bookshelf).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bookman_Ornament_9617_%28bookshelf%29.svg/150px-Bookman_Ornament_9617_%28bookshelf%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Bookman_Ornament_9617_%28bookshelf%29.svg/225px-Bookman_Ornament_9617_%28bookshelf%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Word types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_adjectives" title="English adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_adverbs" title="English adverbs">Adverbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flat_adverb" title="Flat adverb">flat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_articles" title="English articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_coordinators" title="English coordinators">Coordinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_compound" title="English compound">Compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstrative" title="Demonstrative">Demonstratives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_determiners" title="English determiners">Determiners</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_determiners" title="List of English determiners">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expletive_attributive" title="Expletive attributive">Expletives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensifier" title="Intensifier">Intensifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_interjections" title="English interjections">Interjections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">Interrogatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nouns" title="English nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">Portmanteaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_possessive" title="English possessive">Possessives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_prepositions" title="English prepositions">Prepositions</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_prepositions" title="List of English prepositions">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_pronouns" title="English pronouns">Pronouns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_subordinators" title="English subordinators">Subordinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">Verbs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_auxiliary_verbs" title="English auxiliary verbs">Auxiliary verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_subjunctive" title="English subjunctive">subjunctive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Aspect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_and_progressive_aspects" title="Continuous and progressive aspects">continuous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">habitual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/-ed" class="mw-redirect" title="-ed">-ed</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">-ing</a></i></li> <li><i>-ion</i></li> <li><i>-ive</i></li> <li><i>-ly</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_irregular_verbs" title="English irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_modal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="English modal verbs">Modal verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_passive_voice" title="English passive voice">Passive voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uses_of_English_verb_forms" title="Uses of English verb forms">Verb usage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitivity_(grammar)" title="Transitivity (grammar)">Transitivity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">Clauses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_clause_syntax" title="English clause syntax">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_conditional_sentences" title="English conditional sentences">Conditional sentences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">Copula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do-support" title="Do-support"><i>Do</i>-support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93auxiliary_inversion" title="Subject–auxiliary inversion">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">Periphrasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero-marking_in_English" title="Zero-marking in English">Zero-marking</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">Orthography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalization_in_English" title="Capitalization in English">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comma" title="Comma">Comma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Variance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_grammatical_differences" title="American and British English grammatical differences">AmE and BrE grammatical differences</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_negative" title="Double negative">Double negatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_usage_controversies" title="English usage controversies">Grammar disputes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thou" title="Thou">Thou</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_grammar" title="Template:English grammar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_grammar" title="Template talk:English grammar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_grammar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English grammar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>-ing</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> used to make one of the <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">English verbs</a>. This verb form is used as a <a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">present participle</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a>, and sometimes as an independent <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>. The suffix is also found in certain words like <i>morning</i> and <i>ceiling</i>, and in names such as <i>Browning</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_pronunciation">Etymology and pronunciation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and pronunciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> <i>-ing</i> ending, which is used to form both gerunds and present participles of verbs (i.e. in noun and adjective uses), derives from two different historical suffixes. </p><p>The gerund (noun) use comes from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">-ing</i></span>, which is from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">-ing</i></span>, <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">-ung</i></span> (suffixes forming nouns from verbs). These in turn are from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*-inga-</i>, <i>*-unga-</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>*-ingō</i>, <i>*-ungō</i>, which <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vittore_Pisani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vittore Pisani (page does not exist)">Vittore Pisani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittore_Pisani" class="extiw" title="it:Vittore Pisani">it</a>]</span> derives from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <span title="uncoded-language romanization"><i lang="mis-Latn">*-enkw-</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This use of English <i>-ing</i> is thus <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the <span title="Germanic languages collective text"><i lang="gem">-ing</i></span> suffix of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">-ung</i></span>. </p><p>The <i>-ing</i> of Modern English in its <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participial</a> (adjectival) use comes from Middle English <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">-inge</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">-ynge</i></span>, supplanting the earlier <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">-inde</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">-ende</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">-and</i></span>, from the Old English present participle ending <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">-ende</i></span>. This is from Proto-Germanic <i>*-andz</i>, from the Proto-Indo-European <i>*-nt-</i>, and is cognate with Dutch and German <span title="multiple-language text"><i lang="mul">-end</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">-ande</i></span>, <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">-ende</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ans</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ant-</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">-ον</span></span> (<i>-on</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa-Latn">-ant</i></span>. <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">-inde</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">-ende</i></span>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">-and</i></span> later assimilated with the noun and gerund suffix <i>-ing</i>. Its remnants, however, are still retained in a few verb-derived words such as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/friend" class="extiw" title="wikt:friend">friend</a></i>, <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fiend" class="extiw" title="wikt:fiend">fiend</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bond#Etymology_2" class="extiw" title="wikt:bond">bond</a></i> (in the sense of "peasant, vassal"). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">standard</a> pronunciation in modern English is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪŋ/</span>, with a <a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">velar nasal</a> consonant. Variants include <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪŋg/</span> (e.g. Northern England), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɪn/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ən/</span> (widespread) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i(ː)n/</span> (mainly US,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also in Canada<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>The variants with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> may be denoted in writing with an <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a>: <i>runnin'</i> for <i>running</i>. Sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/G-dropping" class="mw-redirect" title="G-dropping"><i>g</i>-dropping</a>, the use of variants such as these is one of the most frequently studied <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociolinguistic">sociolinguistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Variation_(linguistics)" title="Variation (linguistics)">variables</a> in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All English verbs (except for <a href="/wiki/English_modal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="English modal verbs">modals</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Defective_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Defective verbs">defective verbs</a> that do not have gerunds or participles) make the inflected form in <i>‑ing</i> regularly. Thus <i>go</i> makes <i>going</i>, <i>read</i> makes <i>reading</i>, <i>fail</i> makes <i>failing</i>, and so on. In certain cases there are spelling changes, such as doubling of consonants (as in <i>sit</i> → <i>sitting</i>) or omission of <a href="/wiki/Mute_e" class="mw-redirect" title="Mute e">mute <i>e</i></a> (as in <i>change</i> → <i>changing</i>). It does not apply in the case of monosyllabic words in English that are omitting the <a href="/wiki/Mute_e" class="mw-redirect" title="Mute e">mute <i>e</i></a> (as in <i>age</i> becoming <i>ageing,</i> though <i>aging</i> is also found). For details of these rules, see <a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">English verbs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>-ing</i> form of a verb has both <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> uses and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectival</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbial</a>) uses. In either case it may function as a <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">non-finite verb</a> (for example, by taking <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct objects</a>), or as a pure noun or adjective. When it behaves as a non-finite verb, it is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a></i> in the noun case, and a <i><a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">present participle</a></i> in the adjectival or adverbial case. Uses as pure noun or adjective may be called <i>deverbal</i> uses. </p><p>The distinctions between these uses are explained in the following sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinction_between_gerunds_and_present_participles">Distinction between gerunds and present participles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Distinction between gerunds and present participles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gerunds and present participles are two types of <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">non-finite verb</a>; the difference is that gerunds are used to produce <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrases</a>, and participles to produce <a href="/wiki/Adjectival_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjectival phrase">adjectival</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_phrase" title="Adverbial phrase">adverbial phrases</a>. This is illustrated in the following examples: </p> <ul><li>I like <b>eating</b> cakes.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Here <i>eating</i> is a gerund; the verb phrase <i>eating cakes</i> serves as a noun, being the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> of the main verb <i>like</i>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>I saw him <b>eating</b> a cake.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Here <i>eating</i> is a present participle; the verb phrase <i>eating a cake</i> serves as an adjective, modifying <i>him</i>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Trying</b> to succeed makes success more likely.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Here <i>trying</i> is a gerund; the verb phrase <i>trying to succeed</i> serves as a noun, the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> of the main verb <i>makes</i>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>He hurt his knee <b>trying</b> to get over the fence.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Here <i>trying</i> is a present participle; the verb phrase <i>trying to get over the fence</i> has the function of an <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverb</a> in the main clause.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Confusion is most likely to arise when the <i>-ing</i> word follows a verb, in which case it may be a <a href="/wiki/Predicate_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate adjective">predicate adjective</a> and hence a participle, or a direct object (or predicate nominative) and hence a gerund. There are certain <a href="/wiki/Transformation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (linguistics)">transformations</a> that can help distinguish these two cases. In the table that follows, the transformations produce grammatical sentences with similar meanings when applied to sentences with gerunds (since the transformations are based on the assumption that the phrase with the <i>-ing</i> word is a noun phrase). When applied to sentences with participles, they produce ungrammatical sentences or sentences with completely different meanings. (These cases are marked with <a href="/wiki/Asterisk" title="Asterisk">asterisks</a>.) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Transformation</th> <th>Gerund use</th> <th>Participle use </th></tr> <tr> <td>(none) </td> <td>John suggested <b>asking</b> Bill.</td> <td>John kept <b>asking</b> Bill. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/English_passive_voice" title="English passive voice">Passivization</a> </td> <td>Asking Bill was suggested.</td> <td>*Asking Bill was kept. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a> substitution </td> <td>John suggested it.</td> <td>*John kept it. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Substitution of pure noun </td> <td>John suggested the asking of Bill.</td> <td>*John kept the asking of Bill. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Replacement with <a href="/wiki/Finite_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite clause">finite clause</a> </td> <td>John suggested that Bill be asked.</td> <td>*John kept that Bill be asked. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subject marking with <a href="/wiki/English_possessive" title="English possessive">possessive</a> </td> <td>John suggested our asking Bill.</td> <td>*John kept his asking Bill. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleft_sentence" title="Cleft sentence">Clefting</a> </td> <td>Asking Bill is what John suggested.</td> <td>*Asking Bill is what John kept. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Left_dislocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Left dislocation">Left dislocation</a> </td> <td>Asking Bill John suggested.</td> <td>*Asking Bill John kept. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For more details of the usage of English gerunds and present participles, see <a href="/wiki/Uses_of_non-finite_verbs_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Uses of non-finite verbs in English">Uses of non-finite verbs in English</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinction_between_verbal_and_deverbal_uses">Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distinction between verbal and deverbal uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When used as a gerund or present participle, the <i>-ing</i> form is a <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">non-finite verb</a>, which behaves like a (finite) verb in that it forms a <a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">verb phrase</a>, taking typical verb dependents and modifiers such as <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">objects</a> and adverbs. That verb phrase is then used within a larger sentence, with the function of an adjective or adverb (in the case of the participle) or with the function of a noun (in the case of the gerund). </p><p>However the same verb-derived <i>-ing</i> forms are also sometimes used as pure nouns or adjectives.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case the word does not form a verb phrase; any modifiers it takes will be of a grammatical kind which is appropriate to a noun or adjective respectively. </p><p>For example: </p> <ul><li><b>Shouting</b> loudly is rude. (<i>shouting</i> is a gerund, modified by the adverb <i>loudly</i>)</li> <li>Loud <b>shouting</b> is something I can't stand. (<i>shouting</i> is a pure noun, modified by the adjective <i>loud</i>)</li> <li>I saw him <b>exciting</b> the crowds. (<i>exciting</i> is a participle, taking the object <i>the crowds</i>)</li> <li>It was a very <b>exciting</b> game. (<i>exciting</i> is a pure adjective, modified by <i>very</i>, an adverb typically applied to adjectives)</li></ul> <p>When used as a pure noun or adjective (i.e. having lost its grammatical verbal character), the <i>-ing</i> form may be called a <a href="/wiki/Deverbal_noun" title="Deverbal noun">deverbal noun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deverbal_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Deverbal adjective">deverbal adjective</a>. Terminology varies, however; it may also be called a <i>verbal</i> noun or adjective (on the grounds that it is derived from a verb). In other cases the latter terms may be applied additionally, or exclusively, to gerunds and participles, as well as other non-finite verb forms such as <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitives</a>. </p><p>In some situations, the distinction between gerund/participle uses and deverbal uses may be lost, particularly when the <i>-ing</i> word appears on its own. For example, in "I like swimming", it is not clear whether <i>swimming</i> is intended as a gerund (as it would be in "I like swimming fast"), or as a pure noun (as in "I like competitive swimming"). There may be a distinction in meaning between the two interpretations: as a gerund, it means that the speaker likes to swim, while as a pure noun it does not specify in what way the speaker enjoys the activity (as a competitor, spectator, etc.) </p><p>The <i>-ing</i> form used as a pure noun usually denotes the action encoded by the verb (either in general or in a particular instance), as in the above examples. However it sometimes comes to take on other meanings, such as a physical object or system of objects: <i>building</i>, <i>fencing</i>, <i>piping</i>, etc. </p><p>For more information on the uses of non-finite verbs and verbal nouns, see <a href="/wiki/Uses_of_non-finite_verbs_in_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Uses of non-finite verbs in English">Uses of non-finite verbs in English</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="-ing_words_in_other_languages"><i>-ing</i> words in other languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: -ing words in other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-en-dressing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fr-en-dressing.jpg/250px-Fr-en-dressing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fr-en-dressing.jpg/330px-Fr-en-dressing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Fr-en-dressing.jpg/500px-Fr-en-dressing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Sign showing a French ending -ing in one word <i>dressing</i>. Note: this is non-English.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrB-zonigne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FrB-zonigne.jpg/250px-FrB-zonigne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FrB-zonigne.jpg/330px-FrB-zonigne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/FrB-zonigne.jpg/500px-FrB-zonigne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Sign of a singular form of French ending -ing.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrB-zonings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FrB-zonings.jpg/250px-FrB-zonings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FrB-zonings.jpg/330px-FrB-zonings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/FrB-zonings.jpg/500px-FrB-zonings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Sign of a plural form of French ending -ing.</figcaption></figure> <p>English words constructed from verbs with the ending <i>-ing</i> are sometimes borrowed into other languages. In some cases they become <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-anglicism" title="Pseudo-anglicism">pseudo-anglicisms</a>, taking on new meanings or uses which are not found in English. For instance: </p> <ul><li><i>brushing</i> means "blow-dry" in many languages (including Dutch, French, Portuguese, and Spanish);</li> <li><i>camping</i> means "campsite" in many languages (including Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish);</li> <li><i>footing</i> has been used to mean "<a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">jogging</a>" in some languages (including French and Italian)</li> <li><i>parking</i> means "car park" or "parking lot" in many languages (including Bulgarian, Dutch, French, Italian, Persian, Polish, Russian, and Spanish);</li> <li><i>lifting</i> means "facelift" in many languages (including Bulgarian, French, German, Italian, Polish, Romanian, Hebrew, and Spanish);</li> <li><i>shampooing</i> means "shampoo" in French (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʃɑ̃pwɛ̃]</a></span>);</li> <li><i>shopping</i> means "shopping mall" in Portuguese and Spanish;.</li></ul> <p>Other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>) have a native <i>-ing</i> suffix, used mainly to form verbal action nouns, though generally not as productively as in English. For details, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ing" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ing">Wiktionary entry for <i>-ing</i></a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> the suffix <i>-ag</i> is used in a similar manner as <i>-ing</i>, by adding the suffix to the first form of a verb in order to construct a continuous verb, or to convert a verb into a noun. For example, <span title="Balochi-language text"><i lang="bal">war</i></span> (eat) becomes <span title="Balochi-language text"><i lang="bal">warag</i></span> (eating) or <span title="Balochi-language text"><i lang="bal">Òšt</i></span> (stand) becomes <span title="Balochi-language text"><i lang="bal">Òštag</i></span> (standing). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_meanings_of_the_suffix">Other meanings of the suffix</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other meanings of the suffix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The suffix <i>-ing</i> also has other uses in English, although these are less common. It may be used to form derivative nouns (originally masculine) with the sense "son of" or "belonging to", used as <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutives</a>. Examples of this use include surnames like <i>Browning</i>, <i>Channing</i> and <i>Ewing</i>, and common nouns like <i>bunting</i>, <i>shilling</i>, and <i>farthing</i>. The suffix can also mean "having a specified quality", as used in <i>sweeting</i>, <i>whiting</i>, and <i>gelding</i>. </p><p>For further details see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ing" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ing">Wiktionary entry for <i>-ing</i></a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ng_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ng (digraph)">Ng (digraph)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=-ing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=-ing">"-ing (1)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vittore_Pisani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vittore Pisani (page does not exist)">Pisani, Vittore</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittore_Pisani" class="extiw" title="it:Vittore Pisani">it</a>]</span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6QNcgAACAAJ"><i>Latino prōvincia, il suffisso indeuropeo *-enqu- e le formazioni germaniche in -inga- -unga- -ingō -ungō</i></a>, Milan: Ulrico Hoepli, 1941.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2000" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Allan (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsMUCl5j8X4C&pg=PA143">"The Far West and beyond"</a>. <i>How We Talk: American Regional English Today</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618043624" title="Special:BookSources/0618043624"><bdi>0618043624</bdi></a>. <q>Another pronunciation even more widely heard among older teens and adults in California and throughout the West is 'een' for -<i>ing</i>, as in 'I'm think-een of go-een camp-een.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Far+West+and+beyond&rft.btitle=How+We+Talk%3A+American+Regional+English+Today&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0618043624&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsMUCl5j8X4C%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A-ing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2019" class="citation book cs1">Walker, James A. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/icphs-proceedings/ICPhS2019/papers/ICPhS_83.pdf">"Sociophonetics at the intersection of variable processes: Variable in English (ING)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Sasha Calhoun; Paola Escudero; Marija Tabain; Paul Warren (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Melbourne, Australia 2019</i>. Canberra: Australasian Speech Science and Technology Association Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sociophonetics+at+the+intersection+of+variable+processes%3A+Variable+in+English+%28ING%29&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+19th+International+Congress+of+Phonetic+Sciences%2C+Melbourne%2C+Australia+2019&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Australasian+Speech+Science+and+Technology+Association+Inc.&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalphoneticassociation.org%2Ficphs-proceedings%2FICPhS2019%2Fpapers%2FICPhS_83.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A-ing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhil_White2006" class="citation web cs1">Phil White (August 7, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wordwizard.com/phpbb3/viewtopic.php?f=16&t=&p=47234#p47234">"Re: Post Hey man, I gots [sic] ta know (Gerund versus gerundive)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Post+Hey+man%2C+I+gots+%5Bsic%5D+ta+know+%28Gerund+versus+gerundive%29&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft.au=Phil+White&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordwizard.com%2Fphpbb3%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D16%26t%3D%26p%3D47234%23p47234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A-ing" class="Z3988"></span> Mon 1:35 pm</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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