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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonaert_Bramer" title="Leonaert Bramer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leonaert Bramer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonaert_Bramer" title="Leonaert Bramer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leonaert Bramer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonaert_Bramer" title="Leonaert Bramer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leonaert Bramer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonaert_Bramer" title="Leonaert Bramer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leonaert Bramer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Λέονερτ Μπράμερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λέονερτ Μπράμερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonaert_Bramer" title="Leonaert Bramer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leonaert Bramer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bramer" title="Leonard Bramer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Leonard Bramer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bramer" title="Leonard Bramer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leonard Bramer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonaert_Bramer" title="Leonaert Bramer – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leonaert Bramer" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ليونايرت برامير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليونايرت برامير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bramer" title="Leonard Bramer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leonard Bramer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AB" title="レオナールト・ブラーメル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオナールト・ブラーメル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonaert_Bramer" title="Leonaert Bramer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leonaert Bramer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonaert_Bramer" title="Leonaert Bramer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leonaert Bramer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Брамер, Леонард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брамер, Леонард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bramer" title="Leonard Bramer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leonard Bramer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Леонард Брамер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леонард Брамер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q979381#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dutch painter (1596 – c. 1674)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leonaert Bramer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antony_van_der_Does_-_Portrait_of_Leonard_Bramer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Antony_van_der_Does_-_Portrait_of_Leonard_Bramer.jpg/220px-Antony_van_der_Does_-_Portrait_of_Leonard_Bramer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Antony_van_der_Does_-_Portrait_of_Leonard_Bramer.jpg/330px-Antony_van_der_Does_-_Portrait_of_Leonard_Bramer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Antony_van_der_Does_-_Portrait_of_Leonard_Bramer.jpg/440px-Antony_van_der_Does_-_Portrait_of_Leonard_Bramer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3368" data-file-height="4798" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bramer in <a href="/wiki/Het_Gulden_Cabinet" title="Het Gulden Cabinet">Het Gulden Cabinet</a>, engraved by <a href="/wiki/Antony_van_der_Does" title="Antony van der Does">Antony van der Does</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1596-12-24</span>)</span>24 December 1596<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holland" title="County of Holland">County of Holland</a>, Dutch Republic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">before 10 February 1674<span style="display:none">(1674-02-10)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Delft, County of Holland, Dutch Republic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Painting, drawing</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leonaert Bramer</b>, also <b>Leendert</b> or <b>Leonard</b> (24 December 1596 – before 10 February 1674 (date of burial)),<sup id="cite_ref-rkd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rkd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Dutch painter known primarily for <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre</a>, religious, and history paintings. Very prolific as a painter and draftsman, he is noted especially for nocturnal scenes which show a penchant for exotic details of costume and setting.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also painted <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>—a rarity north of the Alps—which have not survived, as well as murals on canvas, few of which are extant.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bramer is one of the most intriguing personalities in seventeenth-century Dutch art.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonaert_Bramer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonaert_Bramer_-_Journey_of_the_Three_Magi_to_Bethlehem_-_WGA03081.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Leonaert_Bramer_-_Journey_of_the_Three_Magi_to_Bethlehem_-_WGA03081.jpg/300px-Leonaert_Bramer_-_Journey_of_the_Three_Magi_to_Bethlehem_-_WGA03081.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Leonaert_Bramer_-_Journey_of_the_Three_Magi_to_Bethlehem_-_WGA03081.jpg/450px-Leonaert_Bramer_-_Journey_of_the_Three_Magi_to_Bethlehem_-_WGA03081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Leonaert_Bramer_-_Journey_of_the_Three_Magi_to_Bethlehem_-_WGA03081.jpg/600px-Leonaert_Bramer_-_Journey_of_the_Three_Magi_to_Bethlehem_-_WGA03081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><i>The Magi going to Bethlehem</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Bramer was born in <a href="/wiki/Delft" title="Delft">Delft</a>. In 1614, at the age of 18, he left on a long trip eventually reaching <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 1616, via <a href="/wiki/Arras" title="Arras">Atrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix</a> (February 1616), <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>. In Rome he was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Bentvueghels" title="Bentvueghels">Bentvueghels</a> group of Northern artists, and was nicknamed "Nestelghat" (Fidget).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lived with <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Crabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Wouter Crabeth">Wouter Crabeth</a> and got into a fight with <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Lorraine">Claude Lorraine</a>. He dedicated a poem to <a href="/wiki/Wybrand_de_Geest" title="Wybrand de Geest">Wybrand de Geest</a>. Bramer lived in Rome intermittently until October 1627, visiting <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, often for deliveries and to meet <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Fetti" title="Domenico Fetti">Domenico Fetti</a>. In Italy Bramer acquired the sobriquet 'Leonardo della Notte' or 'Leonardo delle Notti' ('Leonardo of the night' or 'nights').<sup id="cite_ref-rkd_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rkd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1628 he was back in Delft, where he joined the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke" title="Guild of Saint Luke">Guild of Saint Luke</a> in 1629 and the <a href="/wiki/Schutterij" title="Schutterij">schutterij</a>. Among his many patrons were members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Orange">House of Orange</a>, but local <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">burgomasters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schepen" title="Schepen">schepen</a> also bought his paintings in great numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a many sided artist, designing for <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a> firms in Delft, painting murals and ceilings, some of which are <a href="/wiki/Illusionistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Illusionistic">illusionistic</a> in style. He painted real frescos in the Civic Guard house, the nearby stadholder's palaces in <a href="/wiki/Honselersdijk" title="Honselersdijk">Honselersdijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rijswijk" title="Rijswijk">Rijswijk</a>, the Communal Land Housde and the <a href="/wiki/Prinsenhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinsenhof">Prinsenhof</a> in Delft.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the Dutch climate they no longer survive.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1648 Bramer traveled to Rome for a second time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonaert_Bramer_-_Allegory_of_Vanity_(Vanitas)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leonaert_Bramer_-_Allegory_of_Vanity_%28Vanitas%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Leonaert_Bramer_-_Allegory_of_Vanity_%28Vanitas%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leonaert_Bramer_-_Allegory_of_Vanity_%28Vanitas%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Leonaert_Bramer_-_Allegory_of_Vanity_%28Vanitas%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Leonaert_Bramer_-_Allegory_of_Vanity_%28Vanitas%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Leonaert_Bramer_-_Allegory_of_Vanity_%28Vanitas%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="3713" /></a><figcaption><i>Allegory of Vanity</i> (<a href="/wiki/Vanitas" title="Vanitas">Vanitas</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>He evidently knew the greatest of his Delft contemporaries, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Vermeer" title="Johannes Vermeer">Johannes Vermeer</a>, as he came to the latter's defence when his future mother-in-law was trying to prevent him from marrying her daughter. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>On the evening of 4 April 1653, Leonaert Bramer, a Roman Catholic himself, and a Protestant sea captain, Bartholomeus Melling, called on <a href="/wiki/Maria_Thins" title="Maria Thins">Maria Thins</a>. They had with them a Delft lawyer named Johannes Ranck. This party had come to convince Maria Thins that the young up-and-coming artist was a good match for her beloved daughter Catharina. Maria's sister was also present giving support and sympathy. "The visitors had come to ask Maria to sign a document permitting the marriage vows to be published. Maria replied that she would not sign such an act of consent. Despite this – a subtle distinction – she would put up with the vows being published: she said several times that she wouldn't stand in the way of this. In other words, she didn't welcome the marriage, but she wouldn't block it.</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It is possible that Vermeer received his artistic training from Bramer, although there is no documentation for this,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Bramer's dark and exotic style is unlike Vermeer's.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lifelong bachelor, Bramer remained very productive until his death, which occurred in his home town of Delft in 1674. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonaert_Bramer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bramer showed in his choice of subjects a preference for Italian rather than Dutch artistic practice. His subjects are usually mythological, allegorical, historical or biblical scenes (such as the <i>Denial of St Peter</i>, <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a>, Amsterdam). He stayed away from typical Dutch themes such as landscapes, still lifes, portraits and genre pieces and he rarely painted Italianate pastoral scenes popular with the Utrecht Caravaggisti.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonaert_Bramer_St_Peter%27s_denial_1642.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leonaert_Bramer_St_Peter%27s_denial_1642.jpg/290px-Leonaert_Bramer_St_Peter%27s_denial_1642.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leonaert_Bramer_St_Peter%27s_denial_1642.jpg/435px-Leonaert_Bramer_St_Peter%27s_denial_1642.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Leonaert_Bramer_St_Peter%27s_denial_1642.jpg/580px-Leonaert_Bramer_St_Peter%27s_denial_1642.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">Denial of St Peter</a></i>, 1642, <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum" title="Rijksmuseum">Rijksmuseum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>His style is nervous, but his technique, painting the reflection of light, is very good. His famous "Album Bramer" (drawn between 1642 and 1654, now in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>) contains many sketches after paintings in Delft collections. He was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Elsheimer" title="Adam Elsheimer">Adam Elsheimer</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the fresco painter <a href="/wiki/Agostino_Tassi" title="Agostino Tassi">Agostino Tassi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death, his works were offered for sale in 1674 in an advertisement in the <a href="/wiki/Haarlems_Dagblad" title="Haarlems Dagblad">Haarlems Dagblad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably necessary because of the (depressed) Dutch economy: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>May 3rd, 1674 </p><p>Op Maendagh, den 7 Mey 1674. sal men tot Delft, op de St. Lucas Gilde-Kamer, verkoopen veel treffelijcke Schilderyen, en oock veel treffelijcke raere Kunst en Teyckeningen, soo op Paneel, Doeck als Kopere Platen, als oock verscheyde groote Boecken, vol Konst-werck: naergelaten van den vermaerden Schilder ende Teyckenaer Leendert Bramer Zal:. </p><p> Translation: On Monday, the 7th of May 1674, the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_St._Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Guild of St. Luke">Guild of St. Luke</a> in Delft shall sell many good paintings, and many good and rare art and drawings, on panel, canvas, and copper plates, as well as diverse large books, full of art work: left by the very respected painter and draftsman, the late Leendert Bramer.</p></blockquote> <p>Among his drawings, probably the most puzzling set are those he titled "Straatwerken," meaning "street works." From his inventory it is clear that the Flemish merchant and art collector <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Roomer" title="Gaspar Roomer">Gaspar Roomer</a> who resided in Naples owned 1500 drawings by Bramer.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonaert_Bramer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rkd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rkd_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rkd_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/explore/artists/11984">Leonaert Bramer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Art_History" title="Netherlands Institute for Art History">Netherlands Institute for Art History</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liedtke et al. 2001, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermeer et al. 1995, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.cornell.edu/HFJ/handbook/hb117.html">Handbook:Judith in the Tent of Holofernes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612112410/http://www.museum.cornell.edu/HFJ/handbook/hb117.html">Archived</a> 12 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rijksmuseum 2007, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xs4all.nl/~kalden/dart/d-a-bramer.htm">"Leonaert Bramer (1596–1674), kunstschilder, artist in Delft, pinpoint on map"</a>. Xs4all.nl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leonaert+Bramer+%281596%E2%80%931674%29%2C+kunstschilder%2C+artist+in+Delft%2C+pinpoint+on+map&rft.pub=Xs4all.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xs4all.nl%2F~kalden%2Fdart%2Fd-a-bramer.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonaert+Bramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialvermeer.com/delft/delft_today/catholic_church.html">"Vermeer's Delft Today: The Old-Catholic Church in the Bagijnhof"</a>. Essentialvermeer.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vermeer%27s+Delft+Today%3A+The+Old-Catholic+Church+in+the+Bagijnhof&rft.pub=Essentialvermeer.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.essentialvermeer.com%2Fdelft%2Fdelft_today%2Fcatholic_church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonaert+Bramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vermeer et al. 1995, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richeast.org/htwm/VERMEER/VERMEER.HTML">"Jan Vermeer, Dutch Neoclassic Painter"</a>. Richeast.org. 22 October 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jan+Vermeer%2C+Dutch+Neoclassic+Painter&rft.pub=Richeast.org&rft.date=1998-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richeast.org%2Fhtwm%2FVERMEER%2FVERMEER.HTML&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonaert+Bramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. W. Noldus. "Bramer, Leonard." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 31 Augustus 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010013406/http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198674081243&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198674081243&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500827&baseIndex=57&bmUID=1181389312066">"Website in French by the Louvre"</a>. Louvre.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/llv/oeuvres/detail_notice.jsp?CONTENT%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198674081243&CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%3C%3Ecnt_id=10134198674081243&FOLDER%3C%3Efolder_id=9852723696500827&baseIndex=57&bmUID=1181389312066">the original</a> on 10 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Website+in+French+by+the+Louvre&rft.pub=Louvre.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fllv%2Foeuvres%2Fdetail_notice.jsp%3FCONTENT%253C%253Ecnt_id%3D10134198674081243%26CURRENT_LLV_NOTICE%253C%253Ecnt_id%3D10134198674081243%26FOLDER%253C%253Efolder_id%3D9852723696500827%26baseIndex%3D57%26bmUID%3D1181389312066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonaert+Bramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedtkePlompRügerN.Y.)2001" class="citation book cs1">Liedtke, Walter A.; Plomp, Michiel; Rüger, Axel; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; Britain), National Gallery (Great (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EZxWaNlQKiYC"><i>Vermeer and the Delft School</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EZxWaNlQKiYC/page/n81">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870999734" title="Special:BookSources/9780870999734"><bdi>9780870999734</bdi></a>. <q>Tassi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vermeer+and+the+Delft+School&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=9780870999734&rft.aulast=Liedtke&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft.au=Plomp%2C+Michiel&rft.au=R%C3%BCger%2C+Axel&rft.au=N.Y.%29%2C+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%28New+York&rft.au=Britain%29%2C+National+Gallery+%28Great&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_EZxWaNlQKiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonaert+Bramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606014353/http://www.apud.net/ohc/ohc74a.htm">"Advertenties uit de Oprechte Haerlemse Courant 1674"</a>. <i>Apud.net</i> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apud.net/ohc/ohc74a.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apud.net&rft.atitle=Advertenties+uit+de+Oprechte+Haerlemse+Courant+1674&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apud.net%2Fohc%2Fohc74a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonaert+Bramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historyofwork.iisg.nl/detail_page.php?page=brintro">"History Of Work Information System"</a>. Historyofwork.iisg.nl<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Of+Work+Information+System&rft.pub=Historyofwork.iisg.nl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoryofwork.iisg.nl%2Fdetail_page.php%3Fpage%3Dbrintro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonaert+Bramer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonaert_Bramer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Haak, B. (2003) Hollandse schilders in de Gouden Eeuw, p. 324.</li> <li>Bramer, L., & Goldsmith, J. T. B. (1994). <i>Leonaert Bramer: 1596–1674; ingenious painter and draughtsman in Rome and Delft; [monografie bij de tentoonstelling gehouden te Delft, van 9 September – 13 November 1994]</i>. Zwolle: Waanders. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9040097046" title="Special:BookSources/9040097046">9040097046</a></li> <li>Liedtke, W. (2007) Dutch paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, p. 87–89.</li> <li>Liedtke, W. A., Plomp, M., Rüger, A., Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.), & National Gallery (Great Britain). (2001). <i>Vermeer and the Delft school</i>. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870999737" title="Special:BookSources/0870999737">0870999737</a></li> <li>Rijksmuseum (Amsterdam). (2007). <i>Dutch paintings of the seventeenth century in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam: Vol. 1. (Dutch paintings of the seventeenth century in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.)</i> Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789086890279" title="Special:BookSources/9789086890279">9789086890279</a></li> <li>Vermeer, J., Duparc, F. J., Wheelock, A. K., Mauritshuis (Hague, Netherlands), & National Gallery of Art (U.S.). (1995). <i>Johannes Vermeer</i>. Washington: National Gallery of Art. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300065582" title="Special:BookSources/0300065582">0300065582</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Baldinucci" title="Filippo Baldinucci">Filippo Baldinucci</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Artists_in_biographies_by_Filippo_Baldinucci" title="Artists in biographies by Filippo Baldinucci">Artists in biographies by Filippo Baldinucci</a>, 1610–1670, p. 197 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notiziedeprofes00cimagoog/page/n3">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonaert_Bramer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Leonaert_Bramer" class="extiw" title="commons:Leonaert Bramer">Leonaert Bramer</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149704673">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb149704673">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500015658">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/11984">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/e5114acf-2b10-449c-9a12-4ef99b499a10">KulturNav</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/3546/">Victoria</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/00136624">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119248980.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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