CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="hr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Niels Bohr – Wikipedija</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )hrwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy hr","wgMonthNames":["","siječanj","veljača","ožujak","travanj","svibanj","lipanj","srpanj","kolovoz","rujan","listopad","studeni","prosinac"],"wgRequestId":"6b0e867d-bc0b-4705-b94e-7132eb786ff5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Niels_Bohr","wgTitle":"Niels Bohr","wgCurRevisionId":7001614,"wgRevisionId":7001614,"wgArticleId":18988,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Članci s neaktivnim poveznicama","Danski znanstvenici","Fizičari","Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku","Židovi"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"hr","wgPageContentLanguage":"hr","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Niels_Bohr","wgRelevantArticleId":18988,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"hr","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"hr"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7085","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.5"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles": "ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.Web2Cit","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=hr&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=hr&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=hr&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/1200px-Niels_Bohr.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1688"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/800px-Niels_Bohr.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1125"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/640px-Niels_Bohr.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Niels Bohr – Wikipedija"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//hr.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Uredi" href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedija (hr)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//hr.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedija Atom izvor" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Nedavne_promjene&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Niels_Bohr rootpage-Niels_Bohr skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Prijeđi na sadržaj</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Mrežno mjesto"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Glavni izbornik" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Glavni izbornik</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Glavni izbornik</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orijentacija </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Glavna_stranica" title="Posjeti glavnu stranicu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Glavna stranica</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Sadr%C5%BEaj"><span>Sadržaj</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Slu%C4%8Dajna_stranica" title="Učitavanje slučajne stranice [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Slučajna stranica</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Nedavne_promjene" title="Popis nedavnih promjena u wikiju [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Nedavne promjene</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Kafi%C4%87" title="O projektu, što možete učiniti, gdje se što nalazi"><span>Kafić</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Sadr%C5%BEaj" title="Mjesto gdje se može dobiti pomoć"><span>Pomoć</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Glavna_stranica" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-hr.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Slobodna enciklopedija" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-hr.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Pretraži Wikipediju [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Traži</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Pretraži projekt Wikipedija" aria-label="Pretraži projekt Wikipedija" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Pretraži Wikipediju [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Posebno:Traži"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Traži</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osobni alati"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izgled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izgled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hr.wikipedia.org&uselang=hr" class=""><span>Donacije</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Niels+Bohr" title="Predlažemo Vam da stvorite račun i prijavite se, iako to nije obavezno" class=""><span>Stvori račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Niels+Bohr" title="Predlažemo Vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijavi se</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Više mogućnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobni alati" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osobni alati</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Suradnički izbornik" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_hr.wikipedia.org&uselang=hr"><span>Donacije</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Stvori_ra%C4%8Dun&returnto=Niels+Bohr" title="Predlažemo Vam da stvorite račun i prijavite se, iako to nije obavezno"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Stvori račun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Niels+Bohr" title="Predlažemo Vam da se prijavite, iako to nije obavezno [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Prijavi se</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stranice za neprijavljene suradnike <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%87:Uvod" aria-label="Vidi više o uređivanju"><span>saznajte više</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moji_doprinosi" title="Popis uređivanja učinjenih s ove IP adrese [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Doprinosi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Moj_razgovor" title="Rasprava o uređivanjima s ove IP adrese [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Esakrij\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"hr\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003Ctable class=\"plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system\" style=\"clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; width: 100%; background: #f9f9f9; border:1px solid #E3B100;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\t\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87\" title=\"Marko Marulić\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png/40px-Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"40\" height=\"40\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png/60px-Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png/80px-Wikipedia_Puzzleball_Maruli%C4%87_500.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"640\" data-file-height=\"640\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"\"\u003E \u003Cb\u003EGodina \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Marko_Maruli%C4%87\" title=\"Marko Marulić\"\u003EMarka Marulića\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/b\u003E – 500 godina od smrti oca hrvatske književnosti. \u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\n\u003Ctable class=\"plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system\" style=\"clear: both; margin: 0.2em 0; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #f9f9f9; width: 100%; background: #f9f9f9; border:1px solid #eaa;\"\u003E\n\u003Ctbody\u003E\u003Ctr\u003E\t\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-image\"\u003E\n \u003Cspan typeof=\"mw:File\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Kriteriji_zna%C4%8Dajnosti_po_temama\" title=\"Wikipedija:Kriteriji značajnosti po temama\"\u003E\u003Cimg src=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Help-content.svg/22px-Help-content.svg.png\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"22\" height=\"22\" class=\"mw-file-element\" srcset=\"//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Help-content.svg/33px-Help-content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Help-content.svg/44px-Help-content.svg.png 2x\" data-file-width=\"48\" data-file-height=\"48\" /\u003E\u003C/a\u003E\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/td\u003E\n\u003Ctd class=\"mbox-text\" style=\"\"\u003E \u003Ca href=\"/wiki/Wikipedija:Kriteriji_zna%C4%8Dajnosti_po_temama\" title=\"Wikipedija:Kriteriji značajnosti po temama\"\u003ERaspravite \u003Cb\u003Erazradu po temama kriterija\u003C/b\u003E o značajnosti!\u003C/a\u003E \u003C/td\u003E\n\u003C/tr\u003E\n\u003C/tbody\u003E\u003C/table\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Mrežno mjesto"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Životopis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Životopis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Životopis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Životopis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Životopis</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Životopis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bohrov_model_atoma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohrov_model_atoma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bohrov model atoma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohrov_model_atoma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balmerova_serija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balmerova_serija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Balmerova serija</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balmerova_serija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iskustvene_činjenice_o_spektrima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iskustvene_činjenice_o_spektrima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Iskustvene činjenice o spektrima</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iskustvene_činjenice_o_spektrima-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Iskustvene činjenice o spektrima</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iskustvene_činjenice_o_spektrima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bohrovi_postulati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bohrovi_postulati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bohrovi postulati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bohrovi_postulati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Načelo_korespondencije" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Načelo_korespondencije"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Načelo korespondencije</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Načelo_korespondencije-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_tekuće_kapljice_atomske_jezgre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_tekuće_kapljice_atomske_jezgre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Model tekuće kapljice atomske jezgre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_tekuće_kapljice_atomske_jezgre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Niels Bohr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 140 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%94%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%A6%E1%88%AD" title="ኔልስ ቦር – amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኔልስ ቦር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – aragonski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيلز بور – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نيلز بور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيلز بور – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نيلز بور" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيلس بور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيلس بور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%8D_%E0%A6%AC%27%E0%A7%B0" title="নিলছ্ ব'ৰ – asamski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নিলছ্ ব'ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="नील्स बोर – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नील्स बोर" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – ajmarski" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="ajmarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Bor" title="Nils Bor – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nils Bor" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیلس بور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیلس بور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – balijski" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нільс Бор – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нільс Бор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нільс Бор – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нільс Бор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нилс Бор – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нилс Бор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0" title="নিলস বোর – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিলস বোর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B1" title="نیلس بۆر – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نیلس بۆر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Бор Нильс – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бор Нильс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%82_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81" title="Νιλς Μπορ – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νιλς Μπορ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیلز بور – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیلز بور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="preporučeni članak"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – zapadnofrizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="zapadnofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%88%BE" title="玻爾 – gan kineski" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="玻爾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – škotski gaelski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="škotski gaelski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0" title="નીલ્સ બૉહર – gudžaratski" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નીલ્સ બૉહર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – hakka kineski" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8" title="נילס בוהר – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נילס בוהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="नील्स बोर – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नील्स बोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – haićanski kreolski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haićanski kreolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%BD_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Նիլս Բոր – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիլս Բոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – interligua" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interligua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2" title="ニールス・ボーア – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニールス・ボーア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნილს ბორი – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნილს ბორი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – kabilski" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нильс Бор – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нильс Бор" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B_%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8A_%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8A%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A" title="នីល ហេនរីក ដេវីដ ប៊័រ – kmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នីល ហេនរីក ដេវីដ ប៊័រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೀಲ್ಸ್ ಹೆನ್ರಿಕ್ ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಬೋರ್ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೀಲ್ಸ್ ಹೆನ್ರಿಕ್ ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಬೋರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%90%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B3%B4%EC%96%B4" title="닐스 보어 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="닐스 보어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%84%D9%95%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%8F%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نیٖلٕز بُہر – kašmirski" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نیٖلٕز بُہر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmirski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нильс Бор – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нильс Бор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Bohr" title="Nicolaus Bohr – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nicolaus Bohr" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Henrik_David_Bohr" title="Niels Henrik David Bohr – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Niels Henrik David Bohr" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – limburški" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilss_Bors" title="Nilss Bors – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nilss Bors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – malgaški" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нилс Бор – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нилс Бор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC" title="നീൽസ് ബോർ – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നീൽസ് ബോർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нильс Бор – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нильс Бор" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="नील्स बोर – marathski" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नील्स बोर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="နီးလ် ဗော် – burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နီးလ် ဗော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نیلز بور – mazanderanski" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نیلز بور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="निल बोर – nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="निल बोर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="नील्स् बोर – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नील्स् बोर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0" title="ਨੀਲਸ ਬੋਰ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੀਲਸ ਬੋਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نیلز بوہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیلز بوہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="نيلز بور – paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيلز بور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – kečuanski" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečuanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Бор, Нильс – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бор, Нильс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="नील्स बोह्र – sanskrtski" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नील्स बोह्र" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrtski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="නීල්ස් බෝර් – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නීල්ස් බෝර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Henrik_David_Bohr" title="Niels Henrik David Bohr – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Niels Henrik David Bohr" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нилс Бор – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нилс Бор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – sundanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நீல்சு போர் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நீல்சு போர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="నీల్స్ బోర్ – teluški" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నీల్స్ బోర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нилс Бор – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нилс Бор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="นิลส์ โปร์ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นิลส์ โปร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Bor" title="Nils Bor – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Nils Bor" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Нільс Бор – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нільс Бор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1" title="نیلز بوہر – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیلز بوہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – valonski" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼尔斯·玻尔" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ნილს ბორი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნილს ბორი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%94%D7%A8" title="ניעלס באהר – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ניעלס באהר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – jorupski" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorupski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼尔斯·玻尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr – min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Niels Bohr" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E7%88%BE" title="尼爾斯·玻爾 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼爾斯·玻爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7085#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Razgovor:Niels_Bohr" rel="discussion" title="Razgovorna stranica [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Niels_Bohr" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Niels_Bohr" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Popis svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&oldid=7001614" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Niels_Bohr&id=7001614&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tome kako citirati ovu stranicu"><span>Citiraj ovu stranicu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNiels_Bohr"><span>Skraćeni URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNiels_Bohr"><span>Preuzmi QR kôd</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ispis/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Zbirka&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Niels+Bohr"><span>Stvori knjigu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Niels_Bohr&action=show-download-screen"><span>Preuzmi kao PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&printable=yes" title="Inačica za ispis ove stranice [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inačica za ispis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikimedijini projekti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Niels_Henrik_David_Bohr" hreflang="en"><span>Zajednički poslužitelj</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" hreflang="hr"><span>Wikicitat</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7085" title="Poveznica na stavku na projektu Wikipodatci [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodatcima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="hr" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:25em; font-size:90%; text-align:left;" cellspacing="2"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background-color:#e8e8ff; color:#000000;"><b>Niels Bohr</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Niels_Bohr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/200px-Niels_Bohr.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/300px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Niels_Bohr.jpg/400px-Niels_Bohr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><br /></td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #DDDDDD;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rođenje </th> <td><a href="/wiki/7._listopada" title="7. listopada">7. listopada</a> <a href="/wiki/1885." title="1885.">1885.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen" title="Kopenhagen">Kopenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danska" title="Danska">Danska</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Smrt </th> <td><a href="/wiki/18._studenog" class="mw-redirect" title="18. studenog">18. studenog</a> <a href="/wiki/1962." title="1962.">1962.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen" title="Kopenhagen">Kopenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danska" title="Danska">Danska</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Narodnost </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Danci" title="Danci">Danac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Polje </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">Fizika</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Institucija </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_u_Kopenhagenu" title="Sveučilište u Kopenhagenu">Sveučilište u Kopenhagenu</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_u_Cambridgeu" title="Sveučilište u Cambridgeu">Sveučilište u Cambridgeu</a>, <br /> Sveučilište Victoria u <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchesteru</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Alma mater </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_u_Kopenhagenu" title="Sveučilište u Kopenhagenu">Sveučilište u Kopenhagenu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Akademski mentor </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Poznat po </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrov model atoma</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%8Delo_korespondencije" title="Načelo korespondencije">Načelo korespondencije</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_radijus" title="Bohrov radijus">Bohrov radijus</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_magneton" title="Bohrov magneton">Bohrov magneton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Istaknute nagrade </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelova nagrada za fiziku</a> 1922. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:#e8e8ff; padding-top:3px;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%C5%BDivotopis" title="Portal:Životopis">Portal o životopisima</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Niels Bohr</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen" title="Kopenhagen">Kopenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/7._listopada" title="7. listopada">7. listopada</a> <a href="/wiki/1885." title="1885.">1885.</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen" title="Kopenhagen">Kopenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/18._studenog" class="mw-redirect" title="18. studenog">18. studenog</a> <a href="/wiki/1962." title="1962.">1962.</a>), <a href="/wiki/Danska" title="Danska">danski</a> fizičar. <a href="/wiki/Profesor" title="Profesor">Profesor</a> na sveučilištima u Cambridgeu, Manchesteru, Kopenhagenu i voditelj Instituta za teorijsku fiziku (od 1920.). Ideju <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvantizacije</a>, koju su <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> i <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> uveli za <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetsko zračenje</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a>), Bohr je primijenio na <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordov_model_atoma" title="Rutherfordov model atoma">Rutherfordov planetni model vodikova atoma</a> i objašnjavajući izmjerene <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valne duljine</a> u <a href="/wiki/Spektar_(fizika)" title="Spektar (fizika)">spektru</a> atomskoga vodika izveo <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%8Delo_korespondencije" title="Načelo korespondencije">načelo korespondencije</a> koje povezuje <a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_mehanika" title="Klasična mehanika">klasičnu fiziku</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantnu fiziku</a>. Bohr je također uveo model <i>kapljice tekućine</i> za <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomsku jezgru</a>, koji je bio važan za razumijevanje <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_reakcija" title="Nuklearna reakcija">nuklearnih procesa</a>. Bio je vrlo aktivan u zalaganjima za međunarodnu suradnju i očuvanje mira u svijetu. Za zasluge u istraživanju strukture <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> i objašnjenje <a href="/wiki/Radijacija" class="mw-disambig" title="Radijacija">zračenja</a> iz atoma dobio je <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku</a> (1922). Bio je dopisni član <a href="/wiki/Hrvatska_akademija_znanosti_i_umjetnosti" title="Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti">Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti</a> i počasni <a href="/wiki/Doktor" title="Doktor">doktor</a> <a href="/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_u_Zagrebu" title="Sveučilište u Zagrebu">Sveučilišta u Zagrebu</a>. Znatno je pomagao razvoju hrvatske <a href="/wiki/Teorijska_fizika" title="Teorijska fizika">teorijske fizike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Životopis"><span id=".C5.BDivotopis"></span>Životopis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Životopis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Životopis"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Danski fizičar <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDidovi" title="Židovi">židovskog</a> podrijetla koji se svojom <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantnom teorijom</a> o građi <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> svrstao među utemeljitelje suvremene <a href="/wiki/Atomska_fizika" title="Atomska fizika">atomske fizike</a>. Godine 1913. kao mladić se odlučio za drugu mogućnost u pokušaju rješavanja teškoće <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordov_model_atoma" title="Rutherfordov model atoma">Rutherfordova modela</a>. Bohr je zadržao osnovnu ideju planetnog sustava, ali je proširio ideju o <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvantizaciji</a> <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetskog zračenja</a> te je proširio Rutherfordov planetni model atoma. Pretpostavio je da su moguće samo neke kružne putanje elektrona oko atoma. Time je bitno izmijenio fizikalnu sliku atoma te je po njemu taj model nazvan <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrov model</a>. </p><p>Niels Bohr je radio na sveučilištu u <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchesteru</a> zajedno s <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherfordom</a> u vrijeme njegova otkrića <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a>. Godine <a href="/wiki/1936." title="1936.">1936.</a> neovisno o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_Breit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory Breit (stranica ne postoji)">Breitu</a> i <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigneru</a> razvio je teoriju snažne interakcije <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleona</a> u atomskoj jezgri i uveo pojam "složene jezgre" za međustanja u <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_reakcija" title="Nuklearna reakcija">nuklearnim reakcijama</a>. Za <a href="/wiki/Drugi_svjetski_rat" title="Drugi svjetski rat">Drugog svjetskog rata</a>, od <a href="/wiki/1944." title="1944.">1944.</a> do <a href="/wiki/1945." title="1945.">1945.</a> godine radio je na atomskom programu u <a href="/wiki/SAD" class="mw-redirect" title="SAD">Sjedinjenim državama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Projekt_Manhattan" title="Projekt Manhattan">projekt Manhattan</a>). </p><p>Za zasluge u istraživanju strukture atoma dobio je <a href="/wiki/1922." title="1922.">1922.</a> godine <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku</a>, a i <a href="/wiki/Zagreba%C4%8Dko_Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagrebačko Sveučilište">Zagrebačko Sveučilište</a> mu je <a href="/wiki/1958." title="1958.">1958.</a> godine dodijelilo počasni <a href="/wiki/Doktorat" class="mw-redirect" title="Doktorat">doktorat</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bohr_atom_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bohr_atom_model.svg/300px-Bohr_atom_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bohr_atom_model.svg/450px-Bohr_atom_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bohr_atom_model.svg/600px-Bohr_atom_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>U pojednostavljenom <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrovom modelu atoma</a> vodika, <a href="/wiki/Balmerova_serija" title="Balmerova serija">Balmerova serija</a> nastaje skokom <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> na drugu energetsku razinu (n=2). Prikazana je emisija <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a>. Prijelaz elektrona predstavlja H-alfa, prvu liniju Balmerove serije, <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valne duljine</a> 656 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">nm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Visible_spectrum_of_hydrogen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Visible_spectrum_of_hydrogen.jpg/300px-Visible_spectrum_of_hydrogen.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Visible_spectrum_of_hydrogen.jpg/450px-Visible_spectrum_of_hydrogen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Visible_spectrum_of_hydrogen.jpg/600px-Visible_spectrum_of_hydrogen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Vidljivi dio <a href="/wiki/Vodikove_spektralne_linije" title="Vodikove spektralne linije">spektralnih linija vodika</a> prestavljene <a href="/wiki/Balmerova_serija" title="Balmerova serija">Balmerovom serijom</a>. <b>H-alfa</b> je crvena linija na desno. Dvije krajnje lijeve linije su ultraljubičaste, jer imaju valnu duljinu kraću od 400 nm.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Fizika_podjela_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/b/b1/Fizika_podjela_1.png/300px-Fizika_podjela_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/b/b1/Fizika_podjela_1.png/450px-Fizika_podjela_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/hr/thumb/b/b1/Fizika_podjela_1.png/600px-Fizika_podjela_1.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Osnovna podjela <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizike</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Stdef2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Stdef2.png" decoding="async" width="249" height="456" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Model tekuće kapljice <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohrov_model_atoma">Bohrov model atoma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Bohrov model atoma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bohrov model atoma"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrov model atoma</a></div></i></div> <p>Ideju <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvantizacije</a>, koju su <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> i <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> uveli za <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetsko zračenje</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a>), Bohr je primijenio na <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordov_model_atoma" title="Rutherfordov model atoma">Rutherfordov planetni model vodikova atoma</a> i objašnjavajući izmjerene <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valne duljine</a> u <a href="/wiki/Spektar_(fizika)" title="Spektar (fizika)">spektru</a> atomskoga vodika izveo <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%8Delo_korespondencije" title="Načelo korespondencije">načelo korespondencije</a> koje povezuje <a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_mehanika" title="Klasična mehanika">klasičnu fiziku</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantnu fiziku</a>. U tu svrhu postavio je <a href="/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza">hipotezu</a> da se <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> može gibati oko <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomske jezgre</a> samo po onim kružnim <a href="/wiki/Putanja" title="Putanja">putanjama</a> za koje je <a href="/wiki/Kutna_koli%C4%8Dina_gibanja" title="Kutna količina gibanja">kutna količina gibanja</a> cjelobrojni višekratnik veličine <i>h/2π</i>, gdje je <i>h</i> <a href="/wiki/Planckova_konstanta" title="Planckova konstanta">Planckova konstanta</a>. Na taj način dobio je fizikalnu sliku atoma koja se naziva Bohrov model atoma. U tom modelu elektron se može gibati oko jezgre samo po kružnim putanjama određenih polumjera: r<sub>1</sub> = <i>a</i>, r<sub>2</sub> = 4 <i>a</i>, r<sub>3</sub> = 9 <i>a</i>, i tako dalje, ili općenito po putanjama polumjera <i>r<sub>n</sub> = n<sup>2</sup>a</i>, gdje je <i>a</i> = 0,53 · 10<sup>–10</sup> <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">m</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bohrov_radijus" title="Bohrov radijus">Bohrov radijus</a>) i <i>n</i> je cijeli broj. <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">Energija</a> <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodikova</a> atoma u stanju s polumjerom <i>r<sub>n</sub> = n<sup>2</sup>a</i> iznosi <i>E<sub>n</sub></i> = –13,6 <a href="/wiki/EV" class="mw-redirect" title="EV">eV</a>. </p><p>Vodikov atom emitira <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvant</a> elektromagnetskog zračenja (<a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">foton</a>), kada elektron prelazi s neke više, <i>n</i>-te Bohrove putanje energije <i>E<sub>n</sub></i>, na neku nižu <i>m</i>-tu energije <i>E<sub>m</sub></i>, i pritom emitira foton energije: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E_{nm}=E_{n}-E_{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E_{nm}=E_{n}-E_{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1bafea9a28a6a9fefc0750014fe501905cd2c983" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.639ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E_{nm}=E_{n}-E_{m}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Iako se poslije pokazalo da Bohrov model može objasniti samo spektar vodikova atoma, imao je golemu važnost u razvoju fizike kao prvi pokušaj da se ideja o kvantizaciji primijeni na atome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Balmerova_serija">Balmerova serija</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Balmerova serija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Balmerova serija"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Balmerova_serija" title="Balmerova serija">Balmerova serija</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Balmerova serija</b> u <a href="/wiki/Atomska_fizika" title="Atomska fizika">atomskoj fizici</a>, predstavlja jednu od emisionih <a href="/wiki/Vodikove_spektralne_linije" title="Vodikove spektralne linije">spektralnih linija vodika</a>, koja nastaje skokom <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> iz viših kvantnih energetskih razina u niže kvantne energetske razine. Balmerovu seriju se može izračunati s Balmerovom formulom, a to je empirijska formula koju je otkrio Johann Balmer 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vidljivi dio spektra vodika pokazuje četiri <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valne duljine</a>: 410 nm, 434 nm, 486 nm i 656 nm, i pokazuje emisiju <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotona</a>, koja nastaje skokom elektrona s više energetske razine na energetsku razinu 2. Jedan dio Balmerove serije je u <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičastom dijelu spektra</a>, jer je valna duljina manja od 400 nm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iskustvene_činjenice_o_spektrima"><span id="Iskustvene_.C4.8Dinjenice_o_spektrima"></span>Iskustvene činjenice o spektrima</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Iskustvene činjenice o spektrima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Iskustvene činjenice o spektrima"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Spektar_(fizika)" title="Spektar (fizika)">Spektar (fizika)</a></div></i></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hot_metalwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hot_metalwork.jpg/300px-Hot_metalwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hot_metalwork.jpg/450px-Hot_metalwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hot_metalwork.jpg/600px-Hot_metalwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Užarena <a href="/wiki/Krutine" title="Krutine">čvrsta tijela</a> emitiraju svjetlost s kontinuirano raspodijeljenim valnim duljinama (<a href="/wiki/Toplinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Toplinsko zračenje">toplinsko zračenje</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hydrogen_spectrum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hydrogen_spectrum.svg/300px-Hydrogen_spectrum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hydrogen_spectrum.svg/450px-Hydrogen_spectrum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hydrogen_spectrum.svg/600px-Hydrogen_spectrum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vodikove_spektralne_linije" title="Vodikove spektralne linije">Vodikove spektralne linije</a>, u <a href="/wiki/Logaritam" title="Logaritam">logaritamskoj</a> skali.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Hydrogen_transitions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hydrogen_transitions.svg/300px-Hydrogen_transitions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hydrogen_transitions.svg/450px-Hydrogen_transitions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hydrogen_transitions.svg/600px-Hydrogen_transitions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Prijelaz <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> i njihova rezultirajuća <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valna duljina</a> za <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrov model atoma</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg/300px-Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg/450px-Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg/600px-Na-D-sodium_D-lines-589nm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emisijski_spektar" title="Emisijski spektar">Emisijski spektar</a> <a href="/wiki/Natrij" title="Natrij">natrija</a> koji prikazuje svojstvenu D liniju.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Fraunhofer_lines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fraunhofer_lines.svg/300px-Fraunhofer_lines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fraunhofer_lines.svg/450px-Fraunhofer_lines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fraunhofer_lines.svg/600px-Fraunhofer_lines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_svjetlost" title="Sunčeva svjetlost">Sunčev spektar</a> s <a href="/wiki/Fraunhoferove_linije" title="Fraunhoferove linije">Fraunhoferovim linijama</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Bohr_atom_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bohr_atom_model.svg/300px-Bohr_atom_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bohr_atom_model.svg/450px-Bohr_atom_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bohr_atom_model.svg/600px-Bohr_atom_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="270" /></a><figcaption>U pojednostavljenom <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrovom modelu atoma</a> vodika, <a href="/wiki/Balmerova_serija" title="Balmerova serija">Balmerova serija</a> nastaje skokom <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> na drugu energetsku razinu (n = 2). Prikazana je emisija svjetlosti. Prijelaz elektrona predstavlja H-alfa, prvu liniju Balmerove serije, <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valne duljine</a> 656 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">nm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:LymanSeries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/LymanSeries.svg/300px-LymanSeries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/LymanSeries.svg/450px-LymanSeries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/LymanSeries.svg/600px-LymanSeries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="739" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption>Lymanova serija vodikovog atoma u <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičastom području</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Deuterium_lamp_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Deuterium_lamp_1.png/300px-Deuterium_lamp_1.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Deuterium_lamp_1.png/450px-Deuterium_lamp_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Deuterium_lamp_1.png/600px-Deuterium_lamp_1.png 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Dvije <a href="/wiki/Balmerova_serija" title="Balmerova serija">Balmerove linije</a> (α i β) se jasno vide u <a href="/wiki/Emisijski_spektar" title="Emisijski spektar">emisijskom spektru</a> <a href="/wiki/Deuterij" title="Deuterij">deuterijeve</a> svjetiljke.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg/300px-Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg/450px-Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg/600px-Emission_spectrum-Fe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emisijski_spektar" title="Emisijski spektar">Emisijski spektar</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljezo" title="Željezo">željeza</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:05-07-2015_Problem_7.64.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/05-07-2015_Problem_7.64.jpg/300px-05-07-2015_Problem_7.64.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/05-07-2015_Problem_7.64.jpg/450px-05-07-2015_Problem_7.64.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/05-07-2015_Problem_7.64.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Dijagram energetske razine <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> u vodikovom atomu.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg/300px-Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg/450px-Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg/600px-Rutherford_atomic_planetary_model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordov_model_atoma" title="Rutherfordov model atoma">Rutherfordov model atoma</a> ili planetarni model atoma: <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektroni</a> (zeleno) i <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomska jezgra</a> (crveno).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Electromagneticwave3D.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Electromagneticwave3D.gif/300px-Electromagneticwave3D.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Electromagneticwave3D.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">Elektromagnetsko zračenje</a>: promjenljivo <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetsko polje</a> proizvodi električno, a promjenljivo <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električno polje</a> – magnetsko. Proces uzajamnoga proizvođenja električnog i magnetskog polja širi se po prostoru konačnom <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzinom</a>, koja je jednaka <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzini svjetlosti</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Spectral_lines_of_the_hydrogen_atom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spectral_lines_of_the_hydrogen_atom.svg/300px-Spectral_lines_of_the_hydrogen_atom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spectral_lines_of_the_hydrogen_atom.svg/450px-Spectral_lines_of_the_hydrogen_atom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spectral_lines_of_the_hydrogen_atom.svg/600px-Spectral_lines_of_the_hydrogen_atom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vodikove_spektralne_linije" title="Vodikove spektralne linije">Vodikove spektralne linije</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg/300px-Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg/450px-Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg/600px-Fluorescent_minerals_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fluorescencija" title="Fluorescencija">Fluorescencija</a> nekih <a href="/wiki/Minerali" title="Minerali">minerala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emisija" class="mw-disambig" title="Emisija">emisija</a> <a href="/wiki/Vidljiva_svjetlost" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidljiva svjetlost">vidljive svjetlosti</a>) kad su izloženi <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičastom zračenju</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Užarena <a href="/wiki/Krutine" title="Krutine">čvrsta tijela</a> emitiraju svjetlost s kontinuirano raspodijeljenim valnim duljinama (<a href="/wiki/Toplinsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Toplinsko zračenje">toplinsko zračenje</a>). Od temperature užarenog tijela zavisi koji je dio spektra najjači (najintenzivniji), ali od mjesta maksimuma postepeno se gasi <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlost</a> prema manjim i većim valnim duljinama. Nasuprot tome kontinuiranom spektru čvrstih tijela opaža se kod <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plinova</a> i <a href="/wiki/Para" title="Para">para</a> nešto drugo. U njihovu se spektru pojavljuju <a href="/wiki/Diskretan" class="mw-disambig" title="Diskretan">diskretne</a> linije, koje su svojstvene za pojedine <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element">kemijske elemente</a>. Čitav spektar se sastoji od niza oštro određenih linija. </p><p>Lako je uvidjeti da <a href="/wiki/Linijski_spektar" title="Linijski spektar">linijski spektar</a> potječe od <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a>. Takvi se spektri dobivaju pri <a href="/wiki/Pokus" title="Pokus">pokusima</a> s <a href="/wiki/Katodno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Katodno zračenje">katodnim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kanalne_zrake" title="Kanalne zrake">kanalnim zrakama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_izboj" title="Električni izboj">Električno izbijanje</a> u <a href="/wiki/Katodna_cijev" title="Katodna cijev">katodnoj cijevi</a> niskog <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlaka</a> izaziva uvijek velik broj atoma na <a href="/wiki/Emisija" class="mw-disambig" title="Emisija">emisiju</a> <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a>. Linijske spektre emitiraju također i <a href="/wiki/Plemeniti_plinovi" title="Plemeniti plinovi">plemeniti plinovi</a>, koji se sastoje od čistih atoma, a ne <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a>. </p><p>Linijske spektre možemo studirati na <a href="/wiki/Emisijski_spektar" title="Emisijski spektar">emisijskom</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcijska_spektroskopija" title="Apsorpcijska spektroskopija">apsorpcijskom spektru</a>. Pusti li se bijela svjetlost kroz neke pare ili plin, opaža se u dobivenom spektru da su neke valne duljine ugušene. Tamne linije stoje točno na onim mjestima spektra gdje bi ležale emisijske linije. Plin dakle apsorbira svjetlost onih valnih duljina koje bi inače emitirao. Apsorpcijski spektar slaže se potpuno s emisijskim. Ova određenost u spektrima kemijskih elemenata jedan je od temeljnih zakona <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fizika" title="Nuklearna fizika">nuklearne fizike</a>. </p><p>Iako svakom kemijskom elementu pripadaju posebne, svojstvene spektralne linije, ipak se u njihovim spektrima opažaju neka zajednička svojstva, koja omogućuju da se unese red u golem <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija">spektroskopski materijal</a>. Spektralne linije svakog kemijskog elementa daju se srediti u nekoliko serija. Svaka pojedina serija predstavlja niz linija koje su poredane po određenom pravilu. Često se već na prvi pogled vidi da linije jedne serije pripadaju zajedno. Promatramo li linije od većih valnih duljina prema manjim, udara nam odmah u oči da se razmak između njih smanjuje. Linije se gomilaju prema određenoj valnoj duljine, koja je granica te serije. </p><p>Prvi je <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Balmer" title="Johann Jakob Balmer">J. J. Balmer</a> 1885. otkrio da se <a href="/wiki/Vodikove_spektralne_linije" title="Vodikove spektralne linije">vodikov spektar</a> može prikazati jednostavnom matematičkom jednadžbom. Njemu su tada bile poznate 4 vidljive vodikove linije s <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valnim duljinama</a>: </p> <ul><li>H<sub>α</sub> = 656, 199 nm</li> <li>H<sub>β</sub> = 486, 152 nm</li> <li>H<sub>γ</sub> = 434, 067 nm</li> <li>H<sub>δ</sub> = 410, 194 nm</li></ul> <p>Običaj je da se vodikove linije označe početnim slovima <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_alfabet" title="Grčki alfabet">grčkog alfabeta</a>, koja dolaze kao indeksi kemijskom simbolu H. Recipročne vrijednosti valnih duljina tih četiriju linija daje se jednadžbom (<a href="/wiki/Rydbergova_formula" title="Rydbergova formula">Rydbergova formula</a>): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R\cdot \left({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}}\right)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R\cdot \left({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}}\right)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/adc1930204c3a23c808a355cb8aa498dbd2c2a95" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:21.978ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R\cdot \left({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}}\right)}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>m</i> = 3, 4, 5, 6; a <i>R</i> je takozvana <a href="/wiki/Rydbergova_konstanta" title="Rydbergova konstanta">Rydbergova konstanta</a>. Uvrstimo li u Balmerovoj jednadžbi za <i>m</i> cijele brojeve veće od 7 dobivamo valne duljine koje leže u ultraljubičastom području spektra. <a href="/wiki/Pokus" title="Pokus">Pokusima</a> se doista našlo još oko 30 linija koje se potpuno slažu s Balmerovom jednadžbom. Linije se gomilaju prema valnoj duljini koja je dana izrazom: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}={\frac {R}{2^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>R</mi> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}={\frac {R}{2^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b1d29ffb6cfa9a4ab53564b9259a8ace39776b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:8.343ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}={\frac {R}{2^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>To je granica serije. Balmerova serija je idealni tip spektralnih linija uopće. Kako se vidi na slici, razmak između susjednih linija pravilno se smanjuje, i linije se gomilaju prema određenoj granici. </p><p>Iz razloga koji će se kasnije iznijeti uvedeno je da se spektralne jednadžbe postavljaju za <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvencije</a>, a ne za valne duljine. Pokusima se, doduše, mjere valne duljine (iz <a href="/wiki/Interferencija_valova" title="Interferencija valova">interferentnih</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogib" title="Ogib">ogibnih</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Disperzija_(optika)" title="Disperzija (optika)">disperzionih</a> pojava), ali zakoni <a href="/wiki/Spektralna_analiza" title="Spektralna analiza">spektralne analize</a> postaju pregledniji kad se uzimaju u obzir frekvencije. Pri tom treba misliti na sljedeće: frekvencija <i>ν</i> se može izračunati iz valne duljine <i>λ</i> prema poznatom odnosu: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu \cdot \lambda =c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu \cdot \lambda =c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b08389b14c4b5ab70cc6aa2838847504e19d6b5d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.372ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu \cdot \lambda =c}"></span></dd></dl> <p>No <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzina svjetlosti</a> <i>c</i> nije tako točno izmjerena kako su točna mjerenja valne duljine. Točnost spektralne analize je nenadmašiva. Iz tog razloga i dalje se u spektralnoj analizi svi iskustveni podaci izražavaju u valnim duljinama. </p><p>Uvodeći frekvenciju, možemo Balmerovu jednadžbu pisati u obliku: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {c}{\lambda }}=c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {c}{\lambda }}=c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/79e8fd37ae4bda93fae247441c3b75159be89543" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:27.383ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {c}{\lambda }}=c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je <i>m</i> = 3, 4, 5…. Frekvencije spektralnih linija vodika mogu se dakle prikazati kao razlike (diferencije) između dva člana, od kojih je prvi konstantan, a drugi opada kao 1/9, 1/16, 1/25, 1/36 …. Tu se odmah nameće pitanje: Mora li se uvijek uzeti kao konstantan broj 1/4? Moguće je pomisliti, da prvi konstantni član bude bilo koji razlomak 1/n<sup>2</sup>. Godine 1908. našao je <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paschen" title="Friedrich Paschen">F. Paschen</a> u <a href="/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje">infracrvenom području</a> spektralne linije vodika kojima su se valne duljine točno slagale s izrazima: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R\cdot ({\frac {1}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{4^{2}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>4</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R\cdot ({\frac {1}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{4^{2}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e4f2d9b41865ae290f0b68f06150e41bcd32676" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.488ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R\cdot ({\frac {1}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{4^{2}}})}"></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R\cdot ({\frac {1}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{5^{2}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R\cdot ({\frac {1}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{5^{2}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c463ed6fb649bf8cfaa78e2c313cd7dfb610736b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:19.488ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\lambda }}=R\cdot ({\frac {1}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{5^{2}}})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Tu dakle imamo dva člana jedne serije, kojoj je konstantni član <i>R</i>/3<sup>2</sup>. Taj član ujedno određuje i granicu serije. I od te takozvane Paschenove serije nađen je vrlo velik broj linija. Godine 1916. pronašao je Lyman na drugoj strani od Balmerove serije, duboko u ultraljubičastom području, nove spektralne linije, koje smo mogli prikazati istom Balmerovovom jednadžbom, samo što je za konstantni član trebalo uzeti u nazivniku cijeli broj 1. Vodikov spektar sastoji se, od ovih serija: </p><p>Lymanova serija: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{1^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{1^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a2d24201cdc18c9cb6e13fd2b9feea01e5748072" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.093ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{1^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>m</i> = 2, 3, 4 …. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Balmerova_serija" title="Balmerova serija">Balmerova serija</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e15aa448bdeac90ad1dd5f2668ddd30966ee0fdc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.093ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{2^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>m</i> = 3, 4, 5 …. </p><p>Paschenova serija: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>3</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8e9e5fca78cc6501d3f701056192d31f5362d1d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.093ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{3^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>m</i> = 4, 5, 6 …. </p><p>Brackettova serija: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{4^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>4</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{4^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/51a4df50178f73466ba14f8649906bfbd010d53a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.093ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{4^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>m</i> = 5, 6, 7 …. </p><p>Pfundova serija: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{5^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>R</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mn>5</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{5^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/093551334961bce4999f1831ba1a48928516d544" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:22.093ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu =c\cdot R\cdot ({\frac {1}{5^{2}}}-{\frac {1}{m^{2}}})}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>m</i> = 6, 7, 8 …. </p><p>Od tog golemog mnoštva linija padaju u vidljivo područje spektra svega prve 4 linije Balmerove serije. Odatle se vidi kako je važno ispitivati čitav spektar da se nađu osnovni zakoni serije. </p><p>Frekvencije spektralnih linija vodika možemo općenito izraziti jednadžbom: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {c\cdot R}{n^{2}}}-{\frac {c\cdot R}{m^{2}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>c</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>R</mi> </mrow> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {c\cdot R}{n^{2}}}-{\frac {c\cdot R}{m^{2}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5623fd6789cb5c991d69f33e07eb935d0c4ac6be" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:17.743ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {c\cdot R}{n^{2}}}-{\frac {c\cdot R}{m^{2}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje su: <i>n</i> i <i>m</i> - <a href="/wiki/Cijeli_broj" title="Cijeli broj">cijeli brojevi</a>. </p><p>Frekvencije vodikovih linija dobiju se, dakle, da se od niza <i>c∙R/n<sup>2</sup></i> učine sve moguće pozitivne razlike (diferencije). Tako objašnjena, Balmerova jednadžba vodi nas do općeg načela kombinacije, što ga je otkrio W. Ritz 1908. Po tom načelu dade se za svaki kemijski element postaviti niz terma T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, T<sub>3</sub>, …. tako da su frekvencije njegova spektra dane razlikama (diferencijama): </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu =T_{m}-T_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu =T_{m}-T_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/355e2bc0e58ba33eb86301fbbd6c8c45aa93860a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.78ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu =T_{m}-T_{n}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ritzovo načelo kombinacije potvrđeno je pri ispitivanju svih spektara. Ono je ključ za sređivanje različitih serija. Načelo kombinacije sadrži u sebi osnovni zakon prirode, koji se u punom smislu razotkriva tek u <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fizika" title="Nuklearna fizika">nuklearnoj fizici</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bohrovi_postulati">Bohrovi postulati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Bohrovi postulati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Bohrovi postulati"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Bohrov_model_atoma" title="Bohrov model atoma">Bohrov model atoma</a></div></i></div> <p>Kakve bismo <a href="/wiki/Spektar_(fizika)" title="Spektar (fizika)">spektre</a> očekivali po <a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_fizika" title="Klasična fizika">klasičnoj teoriji</a>? Razmotrimo najjednostavnije primjer, <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodikov</a> <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a>. Jedan <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> kreće se oko <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a>. U najjednostavnijem slučaju staza elektrona je <a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%BEnica" title="Kružnica">kružnica</a>. Gibanje elektrona u kružnici predstavlja pravilno <a href="/wiki/Harmonijsko_titranje" title="Harmonijsko titranje">harmonično titranje</a>. Po klasičnoj teoriji <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_polje" title="Elektromagnetsko polje">elektromagnetsko polje</a> oko atoma titra isto tako kao i elektron. Prema tome bi atomi emitirali svjetlost s <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvencijama</a> koje bi se točno podudarale s frekvencijama titranja elektrona. No prema poznatom <a href="/wiki/Tre%C4%87i_Keplerov_zakon" title="Treći Keplerov zakon">trećem Keplerovom zakonu</a> frekvencija <a href="/wiki/Gibanje" title="Gibanje">gibanja</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestica" class="mw-redirect" title="Čestica">čestice</a> dana je <a href="/wiki/Promjer" title="Promjer">promjerom</a> staze. Elektron se, naravno, u klasičnoj teoriji može okretati u bilo kojoj kružnici oko protona. Odatle izlazi, da bi mnoštvo vodikovih atoma emitiralo <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlost</a> sa svim mogućim frekvencijama. Upotpunimo još ovu sliku time da se elektroni kreću i u <a href="/wiki/Elipsa" title="Elipsa">eliptičnim</a> stazama. Tada njihovo gibanje nije više harmoničko. S druge strane, ono je i dalje periodičko i po <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fourier" title="Joseph Fourier">Fourierovu teoremu</a> može se prikazati kao beskrajna suma harmoničkih titranja s frekvencijama <i>ν<sub>0</sub></i>, 2∙<i>ν<sub>0</sub></i>, 3∙<i>ν<sub>0</sub></i>, ….. gdje <i>ν<sub>0</sub></i> znači frekvenciju titranja elektrona oko jezgre. Kao i kod <a href="/wiki/Zvuk" title="Zvuk">zvuka</a>, tako bismo i ovdje očekivali pored osnovnog "tona" i "gornje tonove". Spektar vodikova atoma sastojao bi se, dakle, od beskrajnog mnoštva linija, koje bi imale među sobom jednaki razmak. Treba istaći da ovaj zaključak vrijedi i za složene atome i on se ne da izbjeći, ma kako proizvoljno odabrali model atoma. </p><p>Zakoni <a href="/wiki/Spektralna_analiza" title="Spektralna analiza">spektralne analize</a> stoje u neizgladivoj suprotnosti s klasičnom teorijom. Iz tih suprotnosti rodila se moderna <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fizika" title="Nuklearna fizika">nuklearna teorija</a>. </p><p>Ne protivi se klasičnoj fizici samo izgled optičkih spektara, nego i isto tako čudesna stabilnost atoma. Atomi nekog <a href="/wiki/Kemijski_element" title="Kemijski element">kemijskog elementa</a> jednaki su. Oni imaju jednaka svojstva. Ta stabilnost atoma koja se prije činila prirodnom nije više sama po sebi razumljiva, otkako znamo da su atomi sastavljeni. Po klasičnoj teoriji elektron se može kretati u bilo kojoj elipsi koja ima <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDari%C5%A1te" title="Žarište">žarište</a> u jezgri. Prema tome bi se i atom u svakom <a href="/wiki/Pokus" title="Pokus">pokusu</a> pokazivao s drukčijim svojstvima. Međutim, mjesto te posvemašnje raznolikosti, koju bismo očekivali po klasičnim zakonima, u prirodi se pojavljuju atomi nekog kemijskog elementa s uvijek istim fizičkim i kemijskim osobinama. Ta čudesna stabilnost mikrosvijeta ukazuje nepobitno na granice klasične fizike. </p><p>Zamislimo načas da smo nekim vanjskim zahvatima uspjeli ostvariti u mnoštvu vodikovih atoma jednaka gibanja elektrona. U taj čas, naravno, svi su vodikovi atomi jednaki. Što će se dalje dogoditi? Shvatimo li atom kao klasični sistem, tad bismo vanjskim utjecajima mogli kontinuirano mijenjati oblik elipse elektrona. Gomilanjem sitnih vanjskih utjecaja s vremenom bi se znatno izmijenilo prvobitno stanje atoma; prvobitne jednakosti bi nestalo. No u stvarnosti to se ne događa. Atomi ostaju jednaki i tada kad se neprestano <a href="/wiki/Sraz" title="Sraz">srazuju</a>, kao u <a href="/wiki/Plin" title="Plin">plinu</a>. U svijetu atoma moraju biti na neki način postavljene granice principu kontinuiranog mijenjanja. </p><p>Isto tako nerazumljiva je u klasičnoj fizici osnovna činjenica da atomi u svojim stabilnim stanjima ne emitiraju svjetlost. Prema <a href="/wiki/Rutherfordov_model_atoma" title="Rutherfordov model atoma">Rutherfordovu modelu</a> morao bi se elektron stalno kretati oko jezgre, jer bi inače pao na nju. No svako ubrzano ili usporeno gibanje je po <a href="/wiki/Maxwellove_jednad%C5%BEbe" title="Maxwellove jednadžbe">Maxwellovoj teoriji</a> praćeno <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetskim valovima</a>. Želimo li dakle zadovoljiti klasičnu mehaniku, ogrešujemo se odmah o elektrodinamiku. </p><p>Stabilnost atoma, kao i <a href="/wiki/Emisijski_spektar" title="Emisijski spektar">emisiju</a> i <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcijska_spektroskopija" title="Apsorpcijska spektroskopija">apsorpciju svjetlosti</a>, možemo razumjeti samo onda ako u te procese unesemo osnovnu diskontinuiranost koju je <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">M. Planck</a> otkrio u <a href="/wiki/Planckov_zakon" title="Planckov zakon">zračenju crnog tijela</a>. Planck je pretpostavio da <a href="/wiki/Harmoni%C4%8Dki_oscilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonički oscilator">harmonički oscilator</a> može poprimiti samo diskontinuirane vrijednosti energije. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">A. Einstein</a> je išao još korak dalje s <a href="/wiki/Hipoteza" title="Hipoteza">hipotezom</a> da se svjetlost sastoji od <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvanta</a> energije <i>h∙ν</i>. Ako je ta hipoteza točna, tad atomi mogu samo trenutno, u izvjesnim kvantnim skokovima, emitirati ili apsorbirati svjetlost. Emisija i apsorpcija svjetlosti tada je diskontinuiran proces, s jedne strane zato što atom ne može kontinuirano mijenjati svoju energiju, a s druge strane zato što atom emitira svjetlost kao kvant energije. </p><p>Poopćivši Planckovu hipotezu diskontinuiranosti, postavio je N. Bohr za osnov kvantne teorije ove postulate: </p> <ul><li>Atomi mogu boraviti samo u određenim stacionarnim stanjima koja se među sobom oštro razlikuju. Prepušteni sami sebi, nalaze se atomi u stabilnom stanju, to jest u stanju najniže energije. Izvanjskim utjecajima možemo atome prevesti samo u stacionarna stanja više energije. Za to potrebna energija jednaka je razlici energije stacionarnih stanja.</li> <li>Nalazi li se atom u nekom pobuđenom stacionarnom stanju, on prelazi sam od sebe u stacionarno stanje niže energije emitirajući pri tom kvant svjetlosti. Energija kvanta svjetlosti jednaka je razlici (diferenciji) između energije višeg i nižeg stacionarnog stanja.</li></ul> <p>Energiju stabilnog stanja atoma označit ćemo s <i>E<sub>1</sub></i>, drugog stacionarnog stanja s <i>E<sub>2</sub></i>, trećeg s <i>E<sub>3</sub></i> i tako dalje. Pri prijelazu iz stacionarnog stanja s energijom <i>E<sub>n</sub></i> u stacionarno stanje <i>E<sub>m</sub></i> atom emitira <a href="/wiki/Svjetlosni_kvant" class="mw-redirect" title="Svjetlosni kvant">kvant svjetlosti</a> energije: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle h\cdot \nu =E_{n}-E_{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle h\cdot \nu =E_{n}-E_{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/08130a6aa6fd545c2a3b1f21bcf652ceadd2343a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:16.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle h\cdot \nu =E_{n}-E_{m}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Odatle izlazi za frekvenciju svjetlosti izraz: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {E_{n}-E_{m}}{h}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ν</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mi>h</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {E_{n}-E_{m}}{h}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45ec3f84f03bdff3d779087545723155124bccbb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.331ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \nu ={\frac {E_{n}-E_{m}}{h}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Ova jednadžba predstavlja drugi Bohrov postulat, koji stoji u potpunoj paraleli s iskustveno potvrđenim Ritzovim načelom kombinacije. Prema iskustvu, frekvencije spektralnih linija mogu se prikazati razlikama (diferencijama) dvaju terma iz niza <i>T<sub>1</sub>, T<sub>2</sub>, T<sub>3</sub></i>, …., Isto to veli i drugi Bohrov postulat. Prema tome se spektralni termi moraju podudarati s energijama atoma. Ovo stajalište otvara sasvim novi vidik na zakonitosti spektralne analize. </p><p>Bohrovim postulatom zadobio je Ritzovo načelo kombinacije temeljno fizičko značenje. Prikazivanje frekvencija kao razlika spektralnih terma drugi je oblik Bohrov postulat. Negativni umnožak spektralnog terma s Planckovom konstantom jednak je energiji pojedinog stacionarnog stanja atoma: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -h\cdot T_{n}=E_{n}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <msub> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -h\cdot T_{n}=E_{n}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4d7cd228e356099505aad59c6f351e0a547ac5d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.434ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -h\cdot T_{n}=E_{n}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>U iskustvenom zakonu <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija">spektroskopije</a> već je davno prije postanka <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantne teorije</a> izrečen temeljni zakon nuklearne fizike. Skupivši i vrlo točno odredivši odredivši spektralne terme atoma, spektroskopičari su tim samim skupili mnoštvo zakona o energijama atoma. Na osnovu spektroskopskog materijala mogu se najtočnije odrediti atomske diskretne energije, a to određenje energija iz spektralnih terma premašuje samu astronomsku točnost. </p><p>Emitirane frekvencije mogu se vrlo pregledno prikazati grafičkom slikom u kojoj su energije stacionarnih stanja atoma nanesene kao vodoravne paralelne linije. Udaljenošću između dvaju energetskih nivoa određen je umnožak između frekvencije i Planckove konstanta. <a href="/wiki/Balmerova_serija" title="Balmerova serija">Balmerovoj seriji</a> odgovaraju prijelazi iz viših energetskih nivoa na drugi energetski nivo odozdo. Veličine strelice koje označuju prijelaz proporcionalne su emitiranim frekvencijama. Prijelazi na najniži energetski nivo daju frekvencije koje leže u <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičastom</a>. Najveća frekvencija tih prijelaza dana je prijelazom atoma iz najvišeg stacionarnog stanja u stabilno stanje. Taj proces nastaje na primjer kad <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> uhvati koji slobodan elektron u svojoj okolini. Frekvencije svjetlosti emitirane prilikom prijelaza u treći energetski nivo, <i>n</i> = 3, leže u <a href="/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje">infracrvenom dijelu spektra</a>. Isto tako, naravno, vrijedi i za prijelaze k ostalim višim energetskim nivoima. Od mnoštva vodikovih spektralnih linija samo četiri linije padaju u vidljivi dio spektra. </p><p>Mi smo dosad promatrali samo spontane prijelaze iz energetskih viših stacionarnih stanja u niža uz emisiju kvanta svjetlosti. Obrnut proces od toga je apsorpcija. Poznata je činjenica da atomi apsorbiraju svjetlost samo onih frekvencija koje inače mogu emitirati. Obasjavamo li vodikove atome svjetlošću koja ima frekvenciju upravo jednaku razlici (diferenciji), <i>c∙R - c∙R</i>/2<sup>2</sup>, <i>c∙R - c∙R</i>/2<sup>3</sup> ili <i>c∙R - c∙R</i>/2<sup>4</sup>, to mogu vodikovi atomi prijeći iz stabilnog stanja u prvo, drugo ili treće pobuđeno stacionarno stanje. Energije kvanata svjetlosti upravo su tako velike da atomi, apsorbiravši ih, prelaze iz stabilnog stanja u energetski viša stanja. Ako je energija kvanta veća ili manja od tih energija, tada se ne opaža apsorpcija svjetlosti. U stabilnom stanju ne mogu na primjer vodikovi atomi apsorbirati 4 vidljive Balmerove linije. Energija kvanata te svjetlosti ne dostaje da atom prevedemo iz stabilnog u koje pobuđeno stanje. U stabilnom stanju vodikovi atomi apsorbiraju samo ultraljubičaste Lymanove linije. Podudaranje između emisijskog i apsorpcijskog spektra najbolja je potvrda kvantnoteorijskih predodžbi o emisiji i apsorpciji atoma. </p><p>Atomi mogu apsorbirati kvante svjetlosti kada se nalaze i u kojem višem energetskom nivou. Ako je na primjer atom prešao apsorpcijom u prvi pobuđeni energetski nivo, tada može ponovnom apsorpcijom kvanta svjetlosti prikladne energije prijeći u drugi pobuđeni energetski nivo. Za ta dva skoka potrebna je svjetlost dviju frekvencija, kod vodika na primjer <i>c∙R</i> i <i>c∙R</i>/2<sup>2</sup> - <i>c∙R</i>/2<sup>3</sup>. U isto vrijeme ćemo, dakle, atome obasjavati svjetlošću koja ima te dvije frekvencije. Atomi koji su prešli u energetski viša stanja vraćat će se u stabilna stanja. Iz drugoga pobuđenog stanja može atom prijeći ili direktno u stabilno stanje ili najprije u prvo pobuđeno stanje. U drugom slučaju emitira atom iste frekvencije svjetlosti koje je i apsorbirao. U prvom slučaju, naprotiv, emitira atom svjetlosti koja ima frekvenciju jednaku sumi iz frekvencija apsorbiranih svjetlosti. Pojavljivanje tih triju spektralnih linija opaža se zaista u pokusu i ono govori vrlo uvjerljivo u prilog kvantnog shvaćanja atomskih procesa. Samo u okviru kvantne teorije dade se shvatiti da atom može emitirati svjetlost s frekvencijom jednakom sumi frekvencija svjetlosti koje je prethodno apsorbirao. </p><p>Kvantnom teorijom našle su jednostavno tumačenje vrlo zanimljive pojave <a href="/wiki/Fluorescencija" title="Fluorescencija">fluorescencije</a>. Obasjavamo li neke tvari svjetlošću, opažamo da atomski sistemi mogu apsorbiranu energiju djelomično ili sasvim emitirati u obliku svjetlosti. Pomislimo da smo kemijsku tvar obasjavali monokromatskom svjetlošću. U mnogo slučajeva tvari zrače opet svjetlost s tom istom frekvencijom kakvu ima svjetlost obasjavanja. Međutim je češće da tvar emitira svjetlost s frekvencijama različitim od prvotne apsorbirane svjetlosti. Za te frekvencije vrijedi <a href="/wiki/George_Gabriel_Stokes" title="George Gabriel Stokes">Stokesovo</a> pravilo da su emitirane frekvencije uvijek manje od frekvencije svjetlosti kojom smo obasjavali tvar. Tako na primjer može tvar zračiti crvenu svjetlost, iako je prije bila obasjana plavom (modrom). Prema kvantnoj teoriji možemo tu pojavu lako obasjasniti. Atomski sistemi ne vraćaju se izravno u prvotna stabilna stanja, već po izvjesnim okolišnim putovima, pa se prvotna energija apsorbiranog kvanta svjetlosti razdijeli u više manjih doza energije, koje se postepeno emitiraju.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Načelo_korespondencije"><span id="Na.C4.8Delo_korespondencije"></span>Načelo korespondencije</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Načelo korespondencije" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Načelo korespondencije"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%8Delo_korespondencije" title="Načelo korespondencije">Načelo korespondencije</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Načelo korespondencije</b> je načelo koje povezuje novu i staru teoriju <a href="/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika">mehanike</a>, posebno kvantnu i klasičnu mehaniku. Prema tom načelu, nova teorija mora moći objasniti sve pojave koje je objašnjavala prevladana <a href="/wiki/Teorija" title="Teorija">teorija</a>. Tako kvantna fizika i klasična fizika podjednako uspješno opisuju sustave većih objekata u kojima se <a href="/wiki/Planckova_konstanta" title="Planckova konstanta">Planckova konstanta</a> i <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valna duljina</a> tvari mogu smatrati zanemarivima. Granica primjene tih dviju teorija vrlo su veliki kvantni brojevi. Za vrlo velike kvantne brojeve promjene vrijednosti fizikalnih veličina tako su malene da gotovo nisu diskretne, odnosno mogu se smatrati kontinuiranima, pa su rezultati zakona kvantne i klasične fizike jednaki. Prema načelu korespondencije nerelativistička i <a href="/wiki/Teorija_relativnosti" title="Teorija relativnosti">relativistička fizika</a> daju jednake rezultate kad su <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzine</a> u promatranome fizikalnom sustavu zanemarivo malene s obzirom na <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzinu svjetlosti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_tekuće_kapljice_atomske_jezgre"><span id="Model_teku.C4.87e_kapljice_atomske_jezgre"></span>Model tekuće kapljice atomske jezgre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Model tekuće kapljice atomske jezgre" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Model tekuće kapljice atomske jezgre"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fisija" title="Nuklearna fisija">Nuklearna fisija</a></div></i></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Nuclear_fission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/300px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="468" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/450px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Nuclear_fission.svg/600px-Nuclear_fission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Jedna od mogućih reakcija <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fisija" title="Nuklearna fisija">nuklearne fisije</a>: <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranij" title="Uranij">uranija</a>-235 hvata spori <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> i raspada se na dva nova <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a> (fisijski produkti – <a href="/wiki/Barij" title="Barij">barij</a>-141 i <a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">kripton</a>-92), oslobađajući 3 nova neutrona i ogromnu količinu <a href="/wiki/Energija_vezanja" title="Energija vezanja">energije vezanja</a> (200 M<a href="/wiki/EV" class="mw-redirect" title="EV">eV</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>Mehanizam nuklearne fisije objašnjava se <b>teorijom nuklearne fisije</b>, koju su iznijeli Niels Bohr i <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Archibald_Wheeler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Archibald Wheeler (stranica ne postoji)">John Archibald Wheeler</a> 1939., koju su je nazvali <b>model tekuće kapljice atomske jezgre</b>. Oni su pretpostavili da je djelovanje <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_sila" class="mw-disambig" title="Nuklearna sila">nuklearnih sila</a> slično djelovanju privlačnih sila između <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> u kapljici <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vode</a>, koja zauzima oblik <a href="/wiki/Kugla" title="Kugla">kugle</a> i suprotstavlja se svojoj promjeni oblika. Kad u atomsku jezgru <a href="/wiki/Uranij" title="Uranij">uranija</a>-235 uleti spori <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>, on svoju energiju preda <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleonima</a> u toj jezgri. Zbog toga nastaje njihovo brže kretanje i jezgra uranija-235, koju treba promatrati kao kapljicu tekućine oblika kugle, prolazi kroz niz promjena stanja i oblika. Kapljica se najprije izdužuje u <a href="/wiki/Kvadrike" title="Kvadrike">elipsoid</a> (oblik <a href="/wiki/Jaje" title="Jaje">jajeta</a>). Ako u kapljici ne postoji dovoljna količina energije da se svlada <a href="/wiki/Sila" title="Sila">sila</a> <a href="/wiki/Povr%C5%A1inska_napetost" title="Površinska napetost">napetosti površine</a>, ona će poslije <a href="/wiki/Titranje" title="Titranje">titranja</a> zauzeti ponovno svoj <a href="/wiki/Sfera" title="Sfera">sferni</a> oblik. Ali pri dovoljnoj količini energije, sila koja vrši promjenu oblika izazvat će udubljivanje kapljice u sredini i kapljica će dobiti oblik sličan kao <a href="/wiki/Kikiriki" title="Kikiriki">kikiriki</a>. U tom slučaju, elektrostatička odbijajuća <a href="/wiki/Coulombov_zakon" title="Coulombov zakon">Coulombova sila</a> može svladati <a href="/wiki/Rezidualna_jaka_nuklearna_sila" title="Rezidualna jaka nuklearna sila">rezidualnu jaku nuklearnu silu</a>, pa će se kapljica rascijepiti u dva dijela, koja će biti izbačena u različitim smjerovima. Dva fisijska fragmenta će dobiti na kraju oblik kugle. Tako će nastati dva odvojena atomska jezgra različitih elemenata, koji će težiti stabilnijem stanju, pa će izbaciti jedan ili više <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a>. </p><p>Smatra se da nesimetrična priroda nuklearne fuzije nastaje zbog toga što se <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jezgra" title="Atomska jezgra">atomska jezgra</a> sastoji od nekoliko slojeva. Pretpostavlja se da se simetrično cijepaju samo vanjski slojevi, a unutrašnji dio jezgre se uopće ne cijepa, nego izlijeće zajedno s jednom polovinom <a href="/wiki/Nukleon" title="Nukleon">nukleona</a> iz vanjskih slojeva. Fisioni fragmenti izlijeću velikom <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzinom</a> i zagrijavaju okolinu u kojoj nastaju. </p><p>Fisioni fragmenti uranija-235 zbog velikog broja <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a>, kojih je više nego u stabilnim izotopima elemenata, su vrlo nestabilni. Svi fisioni fragmenti su elektronski aktivni i poslije niza uzastopnih <a href="/wiki/Beta-%C4%8Destica" title="Beta-čestica">beta-raspada</a> prelaze u stabilne <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotope</a>. To znači da svaki fisioni fragment ima svoj svojstveni radioaktivni niz. Pošto se pri emisiji beta-čestica mijenja <a href="/wiki/Atomska_masa" title="Atomska masa">atomska masa</a> tog <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a>, normalno je da se <a href="/wiki/Atomski_broj" title="Atomski broj">atomski broj</a> takvog atoma povećava za jedan. Pri nuklearnoj fisiji uranija-235 otkriveno je preko 300 različitih aktivnih produkata fisije. </p><p>Kako pri nuklearnoj fisiji nastaje velik broj beta-čestica i gama-čestica, ova jaka <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivnost</a> stvara <b>zatrovanje</b> (kontaminaciju), zbog čega dolazi do oštećenja ljudskog <a href="/wiki/Organizam" title="Organizam">organizma</a>, koji su im izloženi. Zbog toga osoblje koje radi u nuklearnim reaktorima mora upotrebljavati <a href="/wiki/Za%C5%A1tita_na_radu" title="Zaštita na radu">zaštitna sredstva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>Bohr, Niels</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=8431">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> C.R. Nave (2006). "HyperPhysics" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/hyde.html#c4"><i>Hydrogen Spectrum</i></a>. Georgia State University, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Supek" title="Ivan Supek">Ivan Supek</a>: "Nova fizika", Školska knjiga Zagreb, 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>načelo korespondencije</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?ID=69775">[2]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fer.unizg.hr/_download/repository/UNE_compl_r1_-_ver_4_DF.pdf">[3]</a><sup>[<span style="color:#a44"><i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Provjerljivost" title="Wikipedija:Provjerljivost">neaktivna poveznica</a></i></span>]</sup> "Uvod u nuklearnu energetiku", Prof. dr. sc. Danilo Feretić, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="0" class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja"><img alt="Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption>Logotip Zajedničkog poslužitelja</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica?uselang=hr">Zajednički poslužitelj</a> ima stranicu o temi <i><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Niels_Henrik_David_Bohr?uselang=hr">Niels Bohr</a></b></i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1) 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logotip Wikicitata"><img alt="Logotip Wikicitata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/30px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/45px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Logotip Wikicitata</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="https://hr.wikiquote.org/wiki/glavna_stranica" class="extiw" title="q:glavna stranica">Wikicitati</a> imaju zbirke citata o temi <i><b><a href="https://hr.wikiquote.org/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi/Niels_Bohr" class="extiw" title="q:Posebno:Traži/Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></b></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahyco.ffri.hr/povijestfizike/">Web courseware Povijest fizike</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802174002/http://ahyco.ffri.hr/povijestfizike/">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 2. kolovoza 2012. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#d3d3d3;" colspan="2" class="navbox-naslov"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-variant:small-caps; ;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Predložak:Nobelova nagrada za fiziku"><span title="Vidi ovaj predložak." style=";background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;">v</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Razgovor_o_predlo%C5%A1ku:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Razgovor o predlošku:Nobelova nagrada za fiziku"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;" title="Razgovor o ovom predlošku.">r</span></a> • <a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#d3d3d3;;border:none;;" title="Možete urediti ovaj predložak. Prije spremanja provjerite kako će izgledati.">u</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Dobitnici_Nobelove_nagrade_za_fiziku" title="Kategorija:Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku">Dobitnici</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">Nobelove nagrade za fiziku</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1900-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1900-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1901. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen">Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen</a>  <b>·</b> 1902. <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Antoon_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Antoon Lorentz">Hendrik Antoon Lorentz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Pieter Zeeman</a>  <b>·</b> 1903. <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Henri_Becquerel" title="Antoine Henri Becquerel">Antoine Henri Becquerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> i <a href="/wiki/Maria_Sk%C5%82odowska-Curie" title="Maria Skłodowska-Curie">Marie Curie</a>  <b>·</b> 1904. <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt Rayleigh">John William Strutt Rayleigh</a>  <b>·</b> 1905. <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>  <b>·</b> 1906. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson">Joseph John Thomson</a>  <b>·</b> 1907. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Abraham_Michelson" title="Albert Abraham Michelson">Albert Abraham Michelson</a>  <b>·</b> 1908. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Gabriel Lippmann</a>  <b>·</b> 1909. <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Braun" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Ferdinand Braun">Carl Ferdinand Braun</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1910-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1910-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1910. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Johannes Diderik van der Waals</a>  <b>·</b> 1911. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a>  <b>·</b> 1912. <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Nils Gustaf Dalén</a>  <b>·</b> 1913. <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Heike Kamerlingh Onnes</a>  <b>·</b> 1914. <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a>  <b>·</b> 1915. <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a>  <b>·</b> 1917. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a>  <b>·</b> 1918. <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>  <b>·</b> 1919. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1920-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1920-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1920. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edouard_Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Edouard Guillaume">Charles Edouard Guillaume</a>  <b>·</b> 1921. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>  <b>·</b> 1922. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niels Bohr</a>  <b>·</b> 1923. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a>  <b>·</b> 1924. <a href="/wiki/Karl_Manne_Georg_Siegbahn" title="Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn">Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn</a>  <b>·</b> 1925. <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> i <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Gustav Ludwig Hertz</a>  <b>·</b> 1926. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a>  <b>·</b> 1927. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holly_Compton" title="Arthur Holly Compton">Arthur Holly Compton</a> i <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a>  <b>·</b> 1928. <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a>  <b>·</b> 1929. <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">Louis de Broglie</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1930-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1930-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1930. <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Candrasekara_Venkata_Raman" title="Čandrasekara Venkata Raman">Čandrasekara Venkata Raman</a>  <b>·</b> 1932. <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>  <b>·</b> 1933. <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> i <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac</a>  <b>·</b> 1935. <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a>  <b>·</b> 1936. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Victor Franz Hess</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Carl David Anderson</a>  <b>·</b> 1937. <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Joseph_Davisson" title="Clinton Joseph Davisson">Clinton Joseph Davisson</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a>  <b>·</b> 1938. <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>  <b>·</b> 1939. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Orlando_Lawrence" title="Ernest Orlando Lawrence">Ernest Orlando Lawrence</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1940-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1940-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1943. <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a>  <b>·</b> 1944. <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a>  <b>·</b> 1945. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Pauli" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolfgang Ernst Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a>  <b>·</b> 1946. <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a>  <b>·</b> 1947. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a>  <b>·</b> 1948. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Maynard_Stuart_Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett">Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett</a>  <b>·</b> 1949. <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Jukava" title="Hideki Jukava">Hideki Jukava</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1950-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1950-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1950. <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Frank_Powell" title="Cecil Frank Powell">Cecil Frank Powell</a>  <b>·</b> 1951. <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Douglas Cockcroft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton</a>  <b>·</b> 1952. <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Felix Bloch</a> i <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Mills Purcell</a>  <b>·</b> 1953. <a href="/wiki/Frits_(Frederik)_Zernike" class="mw-redirect" title="Frits (Frederik) Zernike">Frits (Frederik) Zernike</a>  <b>·</b> 1954. <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> i <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a>  <b>·</b> 1955. <a href="/wiki/Willis_Eugene_Lamb" title="Willis Eugene Lamb">Willis Eugene Lamb</a>  <b>·</b> 1956. <a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Shockley" title="William Bradford Shockley">William Bradford Shockley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> i <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a>  <b>·</b> 1957. <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cen_Ning_Jang" class="mw-redirect" title="Čen Ning Jang">Čen Ning Jang</a> i <a href="/wiki/Cung-Dao_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Cung-Dao Li">Cung-Dao Li</a>  <b>·</b> 1958. <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Aleksejevi%C4%8D_%C4%8Cerenkov" title="Pavel Aleksejevič Čerenkov">Pavel Aleksejevič Čerenkov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilja_Mihajlovi%C4%8D_Frank" title="Ilja Mihajlovič Frank">Ilja Mihajlovič Frank</a> i <a href="/wiki/Igor_Jevgenijevi%C4%8D_Tamm" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Jevgenijevič Tamm">Igor Jevgenijevič Tamm</a>  <b>·</b> 1959. <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Gino Segre</a> i <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Owen Chamberlain</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1960-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1960-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1960. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Glaser" title="Donald Glaser">Donald Arthur Glaser</a>  <b>·</b> 1961. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Robert Hofstadter</a> i <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ludwig_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer">Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer</a>  <b>·</b> 1962. <a href="/wiki/Lev_Davidovi%C4%8D_Landau" title="Lev Davidovič Landau">Lev Davidovič Landau</a>  <b>·</b> 1963. <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Paul Wigner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert-Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert-Mayer">Maria Goeppert-Mayer</a> i <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. Jensen</a>  <b>·</b> 1964. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes" title="Charles Hard Townes">Charles Hard Townes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Genadijevi%C4%8D_Basov" title="Nikolaj Genadijevič Basov">Nikolaj Genadijevič Basov</a> i <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Prohorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandar Prohorov">Aleksandar Prohorov</a>  <b>·</b> 1965. <a href="/wiki/Sin-Itiro_Tomonaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sin-Itiro Tomonaga">Sin-Itiro Tomonaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Schwinger">Julian Schwinger</a> i <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman"> Richard P. Feynman</a>  <b>·</b> 1966. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Alfred Kastler</a>  <b>·</b> 1967. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Albrecht_Bethe" title="Hans Albrecht Bethe">Hans Albrecht Bethe</a>  <b>·</b> 1968. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Alvarez" title="Luis Alvarez">Luis Walter Alvarez</a>  <b>·</b> 1969. <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1970-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1970-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1970. <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Olof_G%C3%B6sta_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén">Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén</a> i <a href="/wiki/Louis_Eugene_F%C3%A9lix_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Eugene Félix Néel">Louis Eugene Félix Néel</a>  <b>·</b> 1971. <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a>  <b>·</b> 1972. <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Neil_Cooper" title="Leon Neil Cooper">Leon Neil Cooper</a> i <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">John Robert Schrieffer</a>  <b>·</b> 1973. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Leo Esaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Ivar Giaever</a> i <a href="/wiki/Brian_David_Josephson" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian David Josephson">Brian David Josephson</a>  <b>·</b> 1974. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Martin Ryle</a> i <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony Hewish">Antony Hewish</a>  <b>·</b> 1975. <a href="/wiki/Aage_Niels_Bohr" title="Aage Niels Bohr">Aage Niels Bohr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Ben Roy Mottelson</a> i <a href="/wiki/Leo_James_Rainwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo James Rainwater">Leo James Rainwater</a>  <b>·</b> 1976. <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Burton Richter</a> i <a href="/wiki/Samuel_%C4%8Cao_%C4%8Cung_Ting" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Čao Čung Ting">Samuel Čao Čung Ting</a>  <b>·</b> 1977. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Philip Warren Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Nevill Francis Mott</a> i <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_van_Vleck" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hasbrouck van Vleck">John Hasbrouck van Vleck</a>  <b>·</b> 1978. <a href="/wiki/Pjotr_Leonidovi%C4%8D_Kapica" title="Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica">Pjotr Leonidovič Kapica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arno_Penzias" class="mw-redirect" title="Arno Penzias">Arno Penzias</a> i <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">Robert Woodrow Wilson</a>  <b>·</b> 1979. <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Lee_Glashow" title="Sheldon Lee Glashow">Sheldon Lee Glashow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> i <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Steven Weinberg</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1980-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1980-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1980. <a href="/wiki/James_Watson_Cronin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Watson Cronin">James Watson Cronin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Logsdon Fitch</a>  <b>·</b> 1981. <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Nicolaas Bloembergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur L. Schawlow">Arthur L. Schawlow</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kai_Manne_Siegbahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kai Manne Siegbahn">Kai Manne Siegbahn</a>  <b>·</b> 1982. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a>  <b>·</b> 1983. <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanjan Čandrasehar</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_A._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Fowler">William A. Fowler</a>  <b>·</b> 1984. <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> i <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Simon van der Meer</a>  <b>·</b> 1985. <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a>  <b>·</b> 1986. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Gerd Binnig</a> i <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Heinrich Rohrer</a>  <b>·</b> 1987. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Georg_Bednorz" title="Johannes Georg Bednorz">Johannes Georg Bednorz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander Müller">Karl Alexander Müller</a>  <b>·</b> 1988. <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon Max Lederman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Melvin Schwartz</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a>  <b>·</b> 1989. <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey" title="Norman Foster Ramsey">Norman Foster Ramsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Hans Georg Dehmelt</a> i <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#1990-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">1990-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">1990. <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Jerome Isaac Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Henry Way Kendall</a> i <a href="/wiki/Richard_Edward_Taylor" title="Richard Edward Taylor">Richard Edward Taylor</a>  <b>·</b> 1991. <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a>  <b>·</b> 1992. <a href="/wiki/Georgij_Harpak" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgij Harpak">Georgij Harpak</a>  <b>·</b> 1993. <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Russell Alan Hulse</a> i <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.</a>  <b>·</b> 1994. <a href="/wiki/Bertram_N._Brockhouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertram N. Brockhouse">Bertram N. Brockhouse</a> i <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford Shull">Clifford Shull</a>  <b>·</b> 1995. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Frederick Reines</a>  <b>·</b> 1996. <a href="/wiki/David_Morris_Lee" title="David Morris Lee">David Morris Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroff" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas D. Osheroff">Douglas Dean Osheroff</a> i <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">Robert Coleman Richardson</a>  <b>·</b> 1997. <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> i <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a>  <b>·</b> 1998. <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Robert B. Laughlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Horst Ludwig Störmer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Daniel_%C4%8Ci_Cui" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Či Cui">Daniel Či Cui</a>  <b>·</b> 1999. <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerardus 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J.G._Veltman" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus J.G. Veltman">Martinus J.G. Veltman</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2000-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2000-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2000. <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDores_Ivanovi%C4%8D_Alfjorov" title="Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov">Žores Ivanovič Alfjorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Jack_S._Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack S. Kilby">Jack S. Kilby</a>  <b>·</b> 2001. <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Eric Allin Cornell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Wolfgang Ketterle</a> i <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Carl Edwin Wieman</a>  <b>·</b> 2002. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masato%C5%A1i_Ko%C5%A1iba" class="mw-redirect" title="Masatoši Košiba">Masatoši Košiba</a> i <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a>  <b>·</b> 2003. <a href="/wiki/Aleksej_Aleksejevi%C4%8D_Abrikosov" title="Aleksej Aleksejevič Abrikosov">Aleksej Aleksejevič Abrikosov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitalij_Lazarevi%C4%8D_Ginzburg" title="Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg">Vitalij Lazarevič Ginzburg</a> i <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony James Leggett</a>  <b>·</b> 2004. <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" class="mw-redirect" title="David Gross">David J. Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">H. David Politzer</a> i <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Wilczek">Frank Wilczek</a>  <b>·</b> 2005. <a href="/wiki/Theodor_H%C3%A4nsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Hänsch">Theodor Hänsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Hall">John Hall</a> i <a href="/wiki/Roy_Glauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Roy Glauber">Roy Glauber</a>  <b>·</b> 2006. <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Mather">John C. Mather</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_F._Smoot" class="mw-redirect" title="George F. Smoot">George F. Smoot</a>  <b>·</b> 2007. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> i <a href="/wiki/Peter_Andreas_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Andreas Grünberg">Peter A. Grünberg</a>  <b>·</b> 2008. <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi" title="Makoto Kobayashi">Makoto Kobayashi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Toshihide Maskawa</a>  <b>·</b> 2009. <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Willard Boyle</a> i <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Smith">George E. Smith</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2010-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2010-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-parni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2010. <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> i <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Konstantin Novoselov</a>  <b>·</b> 2011. <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Saul Perlmutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Adam Riess</a> i <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Brian Schmidt</a>  <b>·</b> 2012. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Wineland">David J. Wineland</a> i <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Serge Haroche</a>  <b>·</b> 2013. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> i <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a>  <b>·</b> 2014. <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Isamu Akasaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Hiroshi Amano</a> i <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Shuji Nakamura</a>  <b>·</b> 2015. <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Takaaki Kajita</a> i <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald_(znanstvenik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur B. McDonald (znanstvenik)">Arthur B. McDonald</a>  <b>·</b> 2016. <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Duncan Haldane</a> i <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">J. Michael Kosterlitz</a>  <b>·</b> 2017. <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Rainer Weiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" class="mw-redirect" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> i <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Barish">Barry Barish</a>  <b>·</b> 2018. <a href="/wiki/Artur_Ashkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Artur Ashkin">Artur Ashkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Gérard Mourou</a> i <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Donna Strickland</a>  <b>·</b> 2019. <a href="/wiki/James_Peebles" title="James Peebles">James Peebles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> i <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-grupa" style=";background:#d3d3d3;;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku#2020-e" title="Nobelova nagrada za fiziku">2020-ih</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em">2020. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger Penrose (stranica ne postoji)">Roger Penrose</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reinhard_Genzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reinhard Genzel (stranica ne postoji)">Reinhard Genzel</a> i <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a>  <b>·</b> 2021. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syukuro_Manabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syukuro Manabe (stranica ne postoji)">Syukuro Manabe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Hasselmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Hasselmann (stranica ne postoji)">Klaus Hasselmann</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giorgio_Parisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giorgio Parisi (stranica ne postoji)">Giorgio Parisi</a>  <b>·</b> 2022. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Aspect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Aspect (stranica ne postoji)">Alain Aspect</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Clauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Clauser (stranica ne postoji)">John Clauser</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Zeilinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Zeilinger (stranica ne postoji)">Anton Zeilinger</a>  <b>·</b> 2023. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Agostini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Agostini (stranica ne postoji)">Pierre Agostini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferenc_Krausz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferenc Krausz (stranica ne postoji)">Ferenc Krausz</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_L%27Huillier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne L'Huillier (stranica ne postoji)">Anne L'Huillier</a>  • 2024. <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hopfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hopfield (stranica ne postoji)">John Hopfield</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Hinton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoffrey Hinton (stranica ne postoji)">Geoffrey Hinton</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&oldid=7001614">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&oldid=7001614</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorije</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Danski_znanstvenici" title="Kategorija:Danski znanstvenici">Danski znanstvenici</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Fizi%C4%8Dari" title="Kategorija:Fizičari">Fizičari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Dobitnici_Nobelove_nagrade_za_fiziku" title="Kategorija:Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku">Dobitnici Nobelove nagrade za fiziku</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C5%BDidovi" title="Kategorija:Židovi">Židovi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skrivena kategorija: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:%C4%8Clanci_s_neaktivnim_poveznicama" title="Kategorija:Članci s neaktivnim poveznicama">Članci s neaktivnim poveznicama</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 7. kolovoza 2024. u 19:22.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. Pogledajte <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Uvjete upotrebe</a> za detalje.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Zaštita privatnosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Impresum">Impresum</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Op%C4%87e_odricanje_od_odgovornosti">Odricanje od odgovornosti</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kodeks ponašanja</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Razvojni programeri</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/hr.wikipedia.org">Statistika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Izjava o kolačićima</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//hr.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Niels_Bohr&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Prikaz za mobilne uređaje</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-krcvg","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.213","walltime":"0.575","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1519,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":54269,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":21190,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":6359,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 112.306 1 -total"," 40.14% 45.078 6 Predložak:Glavni"," 23.73% 26.651 1 Predložak:Nobelova_nagrada_za_fiziku"," 20.96% 23.539 1 Predložak:Navigacija"," 13.28% 14.911 1 Predložak:Izvori"," 6.63% 7.446 1 Predložak:Webarchive"," 6.01% 6.746 1 Predložak:Tnavbar"," 5.92% 6.654 1 Predložak:Znanstvenik"," 3.47% 3.894 1 Predložak:DatumFormat"," 2.59% 2.904 2 Predložak:Bull"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.021","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":939949,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-75c465f4c6-xv2tt","timestamp":"20241125125631","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Niels Bohr","url":"https:\/\/hr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Niels_Bohr","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7085","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7085","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Doprinositelji projektima Wikimedije"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-08-25T05:00:58Z","dateModified":"2024-08-07T18:22:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6d\/Niels_Bohr.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>