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id="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teacher's_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teacher's_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Teacher's education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teacher's_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organist_in_Sankt_Florian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organist_in_Sankt_Florian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Organist in Sankt Florian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organist_in_Sankt_Florian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Study_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Study_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Study period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Study_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Vienna_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Vienna_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The Vienna period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Vienna_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compositions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compositions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Compositions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Compositions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Compositions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symphonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symphonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Symphonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symphonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Bruckner_Problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bruckner_Problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>The Bruckner Problem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bruckner_Problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_choral_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_choral_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Sacred choral works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_choral_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_vocal_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_vocal_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Secular vocal works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_vocal_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bruckner_Gesamtausgabe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bruckner_Gesamtausgabe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span><i>Bruckner Gesamtausgabe</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bruckner_Gesamtausgabe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_in_the_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_in_the_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception in the 20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception in the 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_in_the_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anton Bruckner</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B1" title="أنطون بروكنر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنطون بروكنر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Антон Брукнер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Антон Брукнер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Антон Брукнер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антон Брукнер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Антон Брукнэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антон Брукнэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Антон Брукнер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антон Брукнер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Άντον Μπρούκνερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άντον Μπρούκνερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B1" title="آنتون بروکنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتون بروکنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%86%A4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%81%AC%EB%84%88" title="안톤 브루크너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안톤 브루크너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Անտոն Բրուքներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտոն Բրուքներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="אנטון ברוקנר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטון ברוקנר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ანტონ ბრუკნერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტონ ბრუკნერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Антон Брукнер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антон Брукнер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Bruckner" title="Antonius Bruckner – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antonius Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antons_Brukners" title="Antons Brukners – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antons Brukners" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="आंतोन ब्रुकनर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतोन ब्रुकनर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B1" title="انتون بروكنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انتون بروكنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Антон Брукнер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антон Брукнер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="アントン・ブルックナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントン・ブルックナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਐਂਟੋਨ ਬਰੁਕਨਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਂਟੋਨ ਬਰੁਕਨਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Брукнер, Антон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брукнер, Антон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Антон Брукнер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антон Брукнер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆன்டன் புரூக்னர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆன்டன் புரூக்னர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อันโทน บรุคเนอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันโทน บรุคเนอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Антон Брукнер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антон Брукнер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E7%BA%B3" title="安东·布鲁克纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安东·布鲁克纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%8D" title="布魯克納 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布魯克納" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Anton Bruckner" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E7%BA%B3" title="安东·布鲁克纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安东·布鲁克纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q81752#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian composer (1824–1896)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bruckner" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bruckner_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bruckner (disambiguation)">Bruckner (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Anton Bruckner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Bruckner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Anton_Bruckner.jpg/220px-Anton_Bruckner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Anton_Bruckner.jpg/330px-Anton_Bruckner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Anton_Bruckner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="592" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Anton Bruckner wearing the badge of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph" title="Order of Franz Joseph">Order of Franz Joseph</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1824-09-04</span>)</span>4 September 1824<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ansfelden" title="Ansfelden">Ansfelden</a>, Austria</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 October 1896<span style="display:none">(1896-10-11)</span> (aged 72)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of compositions by Anton Bruckner">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Anton_Bruckner.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Signatur_Anton_Bruckner.JPG/150px-Signatur_Anton_Bruckner.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Signatur_Anton_Bruckner.JPG/225px-Signatur_Anton_Bruckner.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Signatur_Anton_Bruckner.JPG/300px-Signatur_Anton_Bruckner.JPG 2x" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Joseph Anton Bruckner</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈantoːn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbʁʊknɐ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b3\/De-Anton_Bruckner.oga\/De-Anton_Bruckner.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Anton Bruckner.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/De-Anton_Bruckner.oga/De-Anton_Bruckner.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Anton_Bruckner.oga" title="File:De-Anton Bruckner.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 4 September 1824 – 11 October 1896) was an Austrian composer and organist best known for his <a href="/wiki/Symphonies_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="Symphonies by Anton Bruckner">symphonies</a> and sacred music, which includes <a href="/wiki/List_of_masses_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of masses by Anton Bruckner">Masses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum_(Bruckner)" title="Te Deum (Bruckner)">Te Deum</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_motets_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of motets by Anton Bruckner">motets</a>. The symphonies are considered emblematic of the final stage of <a href="/wiki/Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austro-German</a> <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> because of their rich harmonic language, strongly <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> character, and considerable length.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruckner's compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonances</a>, unprepared <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulations</a>, and roving <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonies</a>. </p><p>Unlike other musical radicals such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Hugo Wolf</a>, Bruckner showed respect, even humility, before other famous musicians, Wagner in particular. This apparent dichotomy between Bruckner the man and Bruckner the composer hampers efforts to describe his life in a way that gives a straightforward context for his music. <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a> described him as "half genius, half simpleton".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruckner was critical of his own work and often reworked his compositions. There are several versions of many of his works. </p><p>His works, the symphonies in particular, had detractors, most notably the influential Austrian critic <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a> and other supporters of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>, who pointed to their large size and use of repetition,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as to Bruckner's propensity for revising many of his works, often with the assistance of colleagues, and his apparent indecision about which versions he preferred. On the other hand, Bruckner was greatly admired by subsequent composers, including his friend <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ansfelden_bruckner_geburtshaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ansfelden_bruckner_geburtshaus.jpg/220px-Ansfelden_bruckner_geburtshaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ansfelden_bruckner_geburtshaus.jpg/330px-Ansfelden_bruckner_geburtshaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ansfelden_bruckner_geburtshaus.jpg/440px-Ansfelden_bruckner_geburtshaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>The house in <a href="/wiki/Ansfelden" title="Ansfelden">Ansfelden</a>, Austria, where Anton Bruckner was born. It is now the <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner_Museum" title="Anton Bruckner Museum">Anton Bruckner Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anton Bruckner was born in <a href="/wiki/Ansfelden" title="Ansfelden">Ansfelden</a> (then a village, now almost a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>) on 4 September 1824. The ancestors of Bruckner's family were farmers and craftsmen; their history can be traced as far back as the 16th century. They lived near a bridge south of Sindelburg, which led to their being called "Bruckhner an der Bruckhen" (bridgers on the bridge). Bruckner's grandfather was appointed schoolmaster in Ansfelden in 1776; this position was inherited by Bruckner's father, Anton Bruckner Sr., in 1823.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolf_Kloiber_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolf_Kloiber-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a poorly paid but well-respected position in the rural environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Grebe-1972_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grebe-1972-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruckner Sr. married <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theresia_Helm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theresia Helm (page does not exist)">Theresia Helm</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresia_Helm" class="extiw" title="de:Theresia Helm">de</a>]</span>, and they had eleven children, Anton Bruckner being the eldest.<sup id="cite_ref-52composers.com_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52composers.com-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Music was a part of the school curriculum, and Bruckner's father was his first music teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-Grebe-1972_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grebe-1972-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruckner learned to play the organ early as a child. He was very dedicated to the instrument just as he was later in life in composing, often practising for 12 hours a day.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He entered school when he was six, proved to be a hard-working student, and was promoted to upper class early. While studying, Bruckner also helped his father in teaching the other children. After Bruckner received his <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a> in 1833, Bruckner's father sent him to another school in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rsching" title="Hörsching">Hörsching</a>. The schoolmaster, Johann Baptist Weiß, was a music enthusiast and respected organist. Here, Bruckner completed his school education and refined his skills as an organist. Around 1835 Bruckner wrote his first composition, a <i><a href="/wiki/Pange_lingua,_WAB_31" title="Pange lingua, WAB 31">Pange lingua</a></i> – one of the compositions which he revised at the end of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his father became ill, Anton returned to Ansfelden to help him in his work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teacher's_education"><span id="Teacher.27s_education"></span>Teacher's education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Teacher's education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Florian_-_Stift_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/St._Florian_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG/260px-St._Florian_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/St._Florian_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG/390px-St._Florian_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/St._Florian_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG/520px-St._Florian_-_Stift_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4547" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Florian%27s_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="St Florian's Priory">St Florian's Priory</a>, where Bruckner lived on many occasions during his life</figcaption></figure> <p>Bruckner's father died in 1837, when Bruckner was 13 years old. The teacher's position and house were given to a successor, and Bruckner was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Florian_Monastery" title="St. Florian Monastery">monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sankt_Florian" title="Sankt Florian">Sankt Florian</a> to become a choirboy.<sup id="cite_ref-Grebe-1972_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grebe-1972-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson19973_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson19973-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to choir practice, his education included violin and organ lessons. Bruckner was in awe of the monastery's great organ, which was built during the late baroque era and rebuilt in 1837, and he sometimes played it during church services. From October 1840 to July 1841, Bruckner undertook further training at the teacher-training school in <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-d394_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d394-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His teacher of harmony and choral singing was August Durrnberger, who became a friend and would later persuade Bruckner to take up the role of a cathedral organist.<sup id="cite_ref-d394_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d394-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-w509_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w509-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After completing the seminar with an excellent grade, Bruckner was sent as an assistant teacher to a school in <a href="/wiki/Windhaag_bei_Freistadt" title="Windhaag bei Freistadt">Windhaag</a>. The living standards and pay were appalling and Bruckner was constantly humiliated by his superior, teacher Franz Fuchs. Despite the difficult situation, Bruckner never complained or rebelled; a belief in his own inferiority was to remain one of Bruckner's main personal traits during his whole life. He stayed at Windhaag from age 17 to 19, teaching general subjects. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">Prelate</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Arneth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Arneth (page does not exist)">Michael Arneth</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Arneth_(Propst)" class="extiw" title="de:Michael Arneth (Propst)">de</a>]</span> noticed Bruckner's bad situation in Windhaag and awarded him an assistant teacher position in the vicinity of the monastic town of Sankt Florian, sending him to <a href="/wiki/Kronstorf" title="Kronstorf">Kronstorf</a> an der <a href="/wiki/Enns_(river)" title="Enns (river)">Enns</a> for two years. Here he would be able to have more of a part in musical activity. The time in Kronstorf was a much happier one for Bruckner. Between 1843 and 1845, Bruckner was the pupil of <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Zenetti" title="Leopold von Zenetti">Leopold von Zenetti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Enns_(town)" title="Enns (town)">Enns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the few works he wrote in Windhaag, the Kronstorf compositions from 1843 to 1845 show a significantly improved artistic ability, and finally the beginnings of what could be called "the Bruckner style".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrebe197227_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrebe197227-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the Kronstorf works is the vocal piece <a href="/wiki/Asperges_me,_WAB_4" title="Asperges me, WAB 4"><i>Asperges me</i></a> (WAB 4), which the young assistant teacher, out of line given his position, signed with "Anton Bruckner m.p.ria. Comp[onist]". This has been interpreted as a lone early sign of Bruckner's artistic ambitions. Otherwise, little is known of Bruckner's life plans and intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinrichsen201018_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinrichsen201018-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organist_in_Sankt_Florian">Organist in Sankt Florian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organist in Sankt Florian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Florian_-_Stiftskirche,_Bruckner-Orgel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/St._Florian_-_Stiftskirche%2C_Bruckner-Orgel.JPG/220px-St._Florian_-_Stiftskirche%2C_Bruckner-Orgel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/St._Florian_-_Stiftskirche%2C_Bruckner-Orgel.JPG/330px-St._Florian_-_Stiftskirche%2C_Bruckner-Orgel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/St._Florian_-_Stiftskirche%2C_Bruckner-Orgel.JPG/440px-St._Florian_-_Stiftskirche%2C_Bruckner-Orgel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4270" data-file-height="2847" /></a><figcaption>The "Bruckner Organ" in Sankt Florian</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Kronstorf period, Bruckner returned to Sankt Florian in 1845 where, for the next 10 years, he would work as a teacher and an organist.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudolf_Kloiber_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudolf_Kloiber-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1845, Bruckner passed an examination, which allowed him to begin work as an assistant teacher in one of the village schools of Sankt Florian. He continued to improve his education by taking further courses, passing an examination giving him permission to also teach in higher education institutes, receiving the grade "very good" in all disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrebe197227–34_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrebe197227–34-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1848 Bruckner was appointed an organist in Sankt Florian and in 1851 this was made a regular position.<sup id="cite_ref-Grebe-1972_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grebe-1972-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sankt Florian, most of the repertoire consisted of the music of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Haydn" title="Michael Haydn">Michael Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Albrechtsberger" title="Johann Georg Albrechtsberger">Johann Georg Albrechtsberger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Aumann" title="Franz Joseph Aumann">Franz Joseph Aumann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his stay in Sankt Florian, Bruckner continued to work with Zenetti.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Study_period">Study period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Study period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1855, Bruckner, aspiring to become a student of the famous Vienna music theorist <a href="/wiki/Simon_Sechter" title="Simon Sechter">Simon Sechter</a>, showed the master his <a href="/wiki/Missa_solemnis_(Bruckner)" title="Missa solemnis (Bruckner)"><i>Missa solemnis</i></a> (WAB 29), written a year earlier, and was accepted. The education, which included skills in music theory and counterpoint among others, took place mostly via correspondence, but also included long in-person sessions in Vienna. Sechter's teaching would have a profound influence on Bruckner. Later, when Bruckner began teaching music himself, he would base his curriculum on Sechter's book <i>Die Grundsätze der musikalischen Komposition</i> (Leipzig 1853/54).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruckner_circa_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bruckner_circa_1860.jpg/170px-Bruckner_circa_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Bruckner_circa_1860.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Bruckner, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1860</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Largely self-taught as a composer, Bruckner only started composing seriously at age 37 in 1861. Bruckner studied further with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kitzler" title="Otto Kitzler">Otto Kitzler</a>, who was nine years younger than him and who introduced him to the music of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>, which Bruckner studied extensively from 1863 onwards. Bruckner considered the earliest orchestral works (the "study" <a href="/wiki/Study_Symphony_in_F_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Study Symphony in F minor">Symphony in F minor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Pieces_(Bruckner)#Three_Pieces_for_orchestra" title="Four Orchestral Pieces (Bruckner)">three orchestral pieces</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Pieces_(Bruckner)#March_in_D_minor" title="Four Orchestral Pieces (Bruckner)">March in D minor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Overture_(Bruckner)" title="Overture (Bruckner)">Overture in G minor</a>, which he composed in 1862–1863), mere school exercises, done under the supervision of Otto Kitzler. He continued his studies to the age of 40. Broad fame and acceptance did not come until he was over 60 (after the premiere of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">Seventh Symphony</a> in 1884). In 1861, he had already made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, whom Bruckner idolised. Like Bruckner, Liszt was of the Catholic faith and a harmonic innovator, and, alongside Wagner, he initiated the <a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1861 he made his concert debut, as both composer and conductor of his <i><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Bruckner)" title="Ave Maria (Bruckner)">Ave Maria</a></i>, set in seven parts.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after Bruckner had ended his studies under Sechter and Kitzler, he wrote his <a href="/wiki/Mass_No._1_(Bruckner)" title="Mass No. 1 (Bruckner)">Mass in D Minor</a>. From 1861 to 1868, he alternated his time between Vienna and Sankt Florian. He wished to ensure he knew how to make his music modern, but he also wanted to spend time in a more religious setting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Vienna_period">The Vienna period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Vienna period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1868, after Sechter had died, Bruckner hesitantly accepted Sechter's post as a teacher of <a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">music theory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Performing_Arts,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna">Vienna Conservatory</a>, during which time he concentrated most of his energy on writing symphonies. These symphonies were poorly received, at times considered "wild" and "nonsensical". His students at the Conservatory included <a href="/wiki/Richard_Robert" title="Richard Robert">Richard Robert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rott" title="Hans Rott">Hans Rott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mottl" title="Felix Mottl">Felix Mottl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schenker" title="Heinrich Schenker">Heinrich Schenker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Kralik" title="Mathilde Kralik">Mathilde Kralik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schalk" title="Franz Schalk">Franz Schalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schalk" title="Joseph Schalk">Joseph Schalk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_L%C3%B6we" title="Ferdinand Löwe">Ferdinand Löwe</a>. His student <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Klose" title="Friedrich Klose">Friedrich Klose</a> wrote a book about his impressions of Bruckner as a composer and a teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He later accepted a post at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">Vienna University</a> in 1875,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he tried to make music theory a part of the curriculum. Overall, he was unhappy in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, which was musically dominated by the critic <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a>. At the time, there was a feud between advocates of the music of Wagner and Brahms; by aligning himself with Wagner, Bruckner made an unintentional enemy out of Hanslick. He was not without supporters, though. <i>Deutsche Zeitung</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> music critic <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Helm" title="Theodor Helm">Theodor Helm</a>, and famous conductors such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Nikisch" title="Arthur Nikisch">Arthur Nikisch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schalk" title="Franz Schalk">Franz Schalk</a> constantly tried to bring his music to the public, and for this purpose proposed "improvements" for making Bruckner's music more acceptable to the public. Bruckner bequeathed his original scores to the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a> in Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his symphonies, Bruckner wrote <a href="/wiki/Masses_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masses (Bruckner)">Masses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motets_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motets (Bruckner)">motets</a> and other sacred <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral</a> works, and a few <a href="/wiki/Chamber_Music_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber Music (Bruckner)">chamber works</a>, including a <a href="/wiki/String_Quintet_(Bruckner)" title="String Quintet (Bruckner)">string quintet</a>. Unlike his romantic symphonies, some of Bruckner's choral works are often conservative and <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">contrapuntal</a> in style; however, the <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum_(Bruckner)" title="Te Deum (Bruckner)">Te Deum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helgoland_(Bruckner)" title="Helgoland (Bruckner)">Helgoland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psalm_150_(Bruckner)" title="Psalm 150 (Bruckner)">Psalm 150</a> and at least one Mass demonstrate innovative and radical uses of chromaticism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Biographers generally characterize Bruckner as a "simple" provincial man,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many biographers have complained that there is huge discrepancy between Bruckner's life and his work. For example, Karl Grebe said: "his life doesn't tell anything about his work, and his work doesn't tell anything about his life, that's the uncomfortable fact any biography must start from."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrebe1972[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrebe1972[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anecdotes abound as to Bruckner's dogged pursuit of his chosen craft and his humble acceptance of the fame that eventually came his way. Once, after a rehearsal of his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Bruckner)">Fourth Symphony</a> in 1881, the well-meaning Bruckner tipped the conductor <a href="/wiki/Hans_Richter_(conductor)" title="Hans Richter (conductor)">Hans Richter</a>: "When the symphony was over", Richter related, "Bruckner came to me, his face beaming with enthusiasm and joy. I felt him press a coin into my hand. 'Take this' he said, 'and drink a glass of beer to my health.'"<sup id="cite_ref-k529_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k529-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-n456_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-n456-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richter, of course, accepted the coin, a <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa_thaler" title="Maria Theresa thaler">Maria Theresa thaler</a>, and wore it on his watch-chain ever after.<sup id="cite_ref-Engel_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-k529_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k529-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruckner was a renowned organist in his day, impressing audiences in France in 1869, and the United Kingdom in 1871, giving six recitals on a new <a href="/wiki/Henry_Willis" title="Henry Willis">Henry Willis</a> organ at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in London and five more at <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">the Crystal Palace</a>. Though he wrote no major works for the organ,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his improvisation sessions sometimes yielded ideas for the symphonies. He taught organ performance at the Conservatory; among his students were <a href="/wiki/Hans_Rott" title="Hans Rott">Hans Rott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schmidt_(composer)" title="Franz Schmidt (composer)">Franz Schmidt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, who called Bruckner his "forerunner", attended the conservatory at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Bruckner_(1824%E2%80%931896)_nach_1890_%C2%A9_Ludwig_Grillich_(1856%E2%80%931926).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Anton_Bruckner_%281824%E2%80%931896%29_nach_1890_%C2%A9_Ludwig_Grillich_%281856%E2%80%931926%29.jpg/220px-Anton_Bruckner_%281824%E2%80%931896%29_nach_1890_%C2%A9_Ludwig_Grillich_%281856%E2%80%931926%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Anton_Bruckner_%281824%E2%80%931896%29_nach_1890_%C2%A9_Ludwig_Grillich_%281856%E2%80%931926%29.jpg/330px-Anton_Bruckner_%281824%E2%80%931896%29_nach_1890_%C2%A9_Ludwig_Grillich_%281856%E2%80%931926%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Anton_Bruckner_%281824%E2%80%931896%29_nach_1890_%C2%A9_Ludwig_Grillich_%281856%E2%80%931926%29.jpg/440px-Anton_Bruckner_%281824%E2%80%931896%29_nach_1890_%C2%A9_Ludwig_Grillich_%281856%E2%80%931926%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bruckner, c. 1892</figcaption></figure> <div id="paragraph"> <p>Bruckner was a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Bachelor" title="Bachelor">bachelor</a> who made numerous unsuccessful marriage proposals to teenage girls. One such was the daughter of a friend, called Louise; in his grief he is believed to have written the cantata <i><a href="/wiki/Entsagen,_WAB_14" title="Entsagen, WAB 14">Entsagen</a></i> (Renunciation). His affection for teenage girls led to an accusation of impropriety where he taught music, and while he was exonerated, he decided to concentrate on teaching boys afterwards. His calendar for 1874 details the names of girls who appealed to him, and the list of such girls in all his diaries was very long. In 1880 he fell for a 17-year-old peasant girl in the cast of the <a href="/wiki/Oberammergau_Passion_Play" title="Oberammergau Passion Play">Oberammergau Passion Play</a>. His unsuccessful proposals to teenagers continued when he was past his 70th birthday; one prospect, Berlin hotel chambermaid Ida Buhz, came near to marrying him but broke off the engagement when she refused to convert to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolff-1942_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolff-1942-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Engel_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engel-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suffered from periodic attacks of depression, with his numerous failed attempts to find a female companion only adding to his unhappiness.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <p>In July 1886, the Emperor decorated him with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph" title="Order of Franz Joseph">Order of Franz Joseph</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson199739_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson199739-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He most likely retired from his position at the University of Vienna in 1892, at the age of 68. He wrote a great deal of music that he used to help teach his students. </p><p>Bruckner died in Vienna in 1896 at the age of 72. He is buried in the crypt of the monastery church at Sankt Florian, immediately below his favorite organ.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had always had a fascination with death and dead bodies,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and left explicit instructions regarding the <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">embalming</a> of his corpse. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner_Private_University_for_Music,_Drama,_and_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Bruckner Private University for Music, Drama, and Dance">Anton Bruckner Private University for Music, Drama, and Dance</a>, an institution of higher education in <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, close to his native Ansfelden, was named after him in 1932 (as the "Bruckner Conservatory Linz" until 2004). The <a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Orchestra_Linz" title="Bruckner Orchestra Linz">Bruckner Orchestra Linz</a> was also named in his honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compositions">Compositions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Compositions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of compositions by Anton Bruckner">List of compositions by Anton Bruckner</a></div> <p>Sometimes Bruckner's works are referred to by WAB numbers, from the <i>Werkverzeichnis Anton Bruckner</i>, a catalogue of Bruckner's works edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renate_Grasberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renate Grasberger (page does not exist)">Renate Grasberger</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_Grasberger" class="extiw" title="de:Renate Grasberger">de</a>]</span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_bruckner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Anton_bruckner.jpg/180px-Anton_bruckner.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Anton_bruckner.jpg/270px-Anton_bruckner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Anton_bruckner.jpg/360px-Anton_bruckner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2329" data-file-height="2521" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Anton Bruckner (1889)</figcaption></figure> <p>The revision issue has generated controversy. A common explanation for the multiple versions is that Bruckner was willing to revise his work on the basis of harsh, uninformed criticism from his colleagues. "The result of such advice was to awaken immediately all the insecurity in the non-musical part of Bruckner's personality", musicologist <a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Deryck Cooke</a> writes. "Lacking all self-assurance in such matters, he felt obliged to bow to the opinions of his friends, 'the experts,' to permit ... revisions and even to help make them in some cases."<sup id="cite_ref-Cooke_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooke-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This explanation was widely accepted when it was championed by Bruckner scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_Haas_(musicologist)" title="Robert Haas (musicologist)">Robert Haas</a>, who was the chief editor of the first critical editions of Bruckner's works published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Bruckner_Society" title="International Bruckner Society">International Bruckner Society</a>; it continues to be found in the majority of program notes and biographical sketches concerning Bruckner. Haas's work was endorsed by the Nazis and so fell out of favour after the war as the Allies enforced denazification.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-1996_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-1996-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haas's rival <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Nowak" title="Leopold Nowak">Leopold Nowak</a> was appointed to produce a whole new critical edition of Bruckner's works. He and others such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Korstvedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Korstvedt (page does not exist)">Benjamin Korstvedt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Korstvedt" class="extiw" title="fr:Benjamin Korstvedt">fr</a>]</span> and conductor <a href="/wiki/Leon_Botstein" title="Leon Botstein">Leon Botstein</a> argued that Haas's explanation is at best idle speculation, at worst a shady justification of Haas's own editorial decisions. Also, it has been pointed out that Bruckner often started work on a symphony just days after finishing the one before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson199746_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson199746-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Deryck Cooke writes, "In spite of continued opposition and criticism, and many well-meaning exhortations to caution from his friends, he looked neither to right nor left, but simply got down to work on the next symphony." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symphonies">Symphonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symphonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_symphonies_by_Anton_Bruckner" class="mw-redirect" title="List of symphonies by Anton Bruckner">List of symphonies by Anton Bruckner</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="134" data-mwtitle="Anton_Bruckner_Symphony_no._3_3rd_movement_excerpt.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Anton_Bruckner_Symphony_no._3_3rd_movement_excerpt.mp3"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/57/Anton_Bruckner_Symphony_no._3_3rd_movement_excerpt.mp3/Anton_Bruckner_Symphony_no._3_3rd_movement_excerpt.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Anton_Bruckner_Symphony_no._3_3rd_movement_excerpt.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>Symphony No. 3, third movement (excerpt)</figcaption></figure> <p>"Bruckner expanded the concept of the symphonic form in ways that have never been witnessed before or since. ... When listening to a Bruckner symphony, one encounters some of the most complex symphonic writing ever created. As scholars study Bruckner's scores they continue to revel in the complexity of Bruckner's creative logic."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruckner composed eleven symphonies, the first, the <a href="/wiki/Study_Symphony_in_F_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Study Symphony in F minor">Study Symphony in F minor</a> in 1863, the last, the unfinished <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 9 in D minor</a> in 1887–96. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 4</a> (<i>Romantic</i>), none of Bruckner's symphonies originally had a subtitle and in the case of those that now do, the nicknames or subtitles did not originate with the composer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Style">Style</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruckner_erhaelt_Diplom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bruckner_erhaelt_Diplom.png/220px-Bruckner_erhaelt_Diplom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bruckner_erhaelt_Diplom.png/330px-Bruckner_erhaelt_Diplom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bruckner_erhaelt_Diplom.png/440px-Bruckner_erhaelt_Diplom.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>Bruckner with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Franz_Joseph" title="Order of Franz Joseph">Order of Franz Joseph</a>, 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>Bruckner's symphonies are scored for a fairly standard orchestra of <a href="/wiki/Woodwinds" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodwinds">woodwinds</a> in pairs, four <a href="/wiki/French_horn" title="French horn">horns</a>, two or three trumpets, three trombones, tuba (from the second version of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Bruckner)">Fourth</a>), <a href="/wiki/Timpani" title="Timpani">timpani</a> and <a href="/wiki/String_instrument#Symphonic_strings" title="String instrument">strings</a>. The later symphonies increase this complement, but not by much. Notable is the use of <a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tubas</a> in his last three symphonies. Only the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Bruckner)">Eighth</a> has <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>, and percussion besides timpani in all versions. (The <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">Seventh</a>, in some versions, features a single <a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">cymbal</a> crash alongside a <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangle</a> roll at the climax of the second movement). Bruckner's style of orchestral writing was criticized by his Viennese contemporaries (Eduard Hanslick and his circle), but by the middle of the twentieth century, musicologists recognized that his orchestration was modeled after the sound of his primary instrument, the <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a>, <i>i.e.</i>, alternating between two groups of instruments, as when changing from one manual of the organ to another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structure">Structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of Bruckner's symphonies is in a way an extension of that of <a href="/wiki/Beethoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s symphonies. Bruckner's symphonies are in four movements.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>The first movement</b>, in <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span></a> or <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sub></span></span></span></span></a>, is, from <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 2</a> on, an <a href="/wiki/Allegro_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegro (music)">allegro</a> in modified <a href="/wiki/Sonata_form" title="Sonata form">sonata form</a> with three thematic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first group is mostly displayed in <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)#Relative_loudness" title="Dynamics (music)">piano</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)#Relative_loudness" title="Dynamics (music)">pianissimo</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Tremolo" title="Tremolo">tremolo</a> of the string instruments and is, after a long <a href="/wiki/Crescendo" class="mw-redirect" title="Crescendo">crescendo</a>, repeated in <a href="/wiki/Tutti" title="Tutti">tutti</a>. The second group, melodious and in ABA' <a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">lied</a> form, is mostly of <a href="/wiki/Contrapuntal_motion" title="Contrapuntal motion">contrapuntal structure</a>. The third group, mostly <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythmical</a> and often in <a href="/wiki/Unison" title="Unison">unison</a>, is sometimes a variant of the first group, as in <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 4</a>. The often extensive <a href="/wiki/Musical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical development">development</a> is followed by a modified and somewhat shortened <a href="/wiki/Reprise" title="Reprise">reprise</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a powerful <a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">coda</a>.</li> <li><b>The second movement</b>, mostly an <a href="/wiki/Adagio_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adagio (music)">adagio</a> in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span>, is generally in ABA′B′A″ lied form. The first thematic group, sometime rhythmical, is developed and magnified in the third and fifth parts. The second group is mostly a <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> in cantilena form.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adagio is put in third position in the first version of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 2</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 9</a>.</li> <li><b>The <a href="/wiki/Scherzo" title="Scherzo">scherzo</a></b> in <a href="/wiki/Time_signature" title="Time signature"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>3</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span></a> and in <a href="/wiki/Minor_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor mode">minor mode</a> is often fiery. The, sometimes very short, trio is more melodious and often in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4ndler" title="Ländler">Ländler</a> form. The <i><a href="/wiki/Da_capo" title="Da capo">da capo</a></i> reprise, in Bruckner's early symphonies, ends with a short, powerful coda. The revised version of the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 4</a> features a scherzo – the "Hunt scherzo" – in which the outer sections are in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> and in <a href="/wiki/Major_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Major mode">major mode</a>.</li> <li><b>The <a href="/wiki/Finale_(music)" title="Finale (music)">Finale</a></b>, in <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> or <span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>2</b></sub></span></span></span></span>, is, as the first movement, an allegro in modified sonata form with three thematic groups. The first group, often a kind of <a href="/wiki/Introduction_(music)" title="Introduction (music)">introduction</a>, is followed by a second, melodious and often contrapuntal group, and a third, rhythmical and often in unison, group, which is sometimes a variant of the first group, as in <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 2</a>. The development, often of dramatic character, is followed by a less formal reprise, which is sometimes inverted (C′B′A') as in <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 7</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a coda in which the first thematic group of the first movement is magnified. In the coda of <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Bruckner)">Symphony No. 8</a>, the first thematic group of all four movements are magnified.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Temperley" title="Nicholas Temperley">Nicholas Temperley</a> writes in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i> (1980) that Bruckner </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>alone succeeded in creating a new school of symphonic writing... Some have classified him as a conservative, some as a radical. Really he was neither, or alternatively was a fusion of both... [H]is music, though Wagnerian in its orchestration and in its huge rising and falling periods, patently has its roots in older styles. Bruckner took <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a> as his starting-point... The introduction to the first movement, beginning mysteriously and climbing slowly with fragments of the first theme to the gigantic full statement of that theme, was taken over by Bruckner; so was the awe-inspiring coda of the first movement. The scherzo and slow movement, with their alternation of melodies, are models for Bruckner's spacious middle movements, while the finale with a grand culminating hymn is a feature of almost every Bruckner symphony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980461–462_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980461–462-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bruckner is the first composer since <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a> about whom it is possible to make such generalizations. His symphonies deliberately followed a pattern, each one building on the achievements of its predecessors... His melodic and harmonic style changed little, and it had as much of Schubert in it as of Wagner... His technique in the <a href="/wiki/Musical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical development">development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thematic_transformation" title="Thematic transformation">transformation of themes</a>, learnt from Beethoven, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a> and Wagner, was unsurpassed, and he was almost the equal of Brahms in the art of melodic variation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980462_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980462-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Deryck Cooke adds, also in the <i>New Grove</i>, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Despite its general debt to Beethoven and Wagner, the "Bruckner Symphony" is a unique conception, not only because of the individuality of its spirit and its materials, but even more because of the absolute originality of its formal processes. At first, these processes seemed so strange and unprecedented that they were taken as evidence of sheer incompetence... Now it is recognized that Bruckner's unorthodox structural methods were inevitable... Bruckner created a new and monumental type of symphonic organism, which abjured the tense, dynamic continuity of Beethoven, and the broad, fluid continuity of Wagner, in order to express something profoundly different from either composer, something elemental and metaphysical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke1980365_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke1980365-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a concert review, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Holland" title="Bernard Holland">Bernard Holland</a> described parts of the first movements of Bruckner's sixth and seventh symphonies as follows: "There is the same slow, broad introduction, the drawn-out climaxes that grow, pull back and then grow some more – a sort of musical coitus interruptus."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2001 second edition of the <i>New Grove</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Evan_Bonds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Evan Bonds (page does not exist)">Mark Evan Bonds</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Evan_Bonds" class="extiw" title="de:Mark Evan Bonds">de</a>]</span> called the Bruckner symphonies "monumental in scope and design, combining lyricism with an inherently polyphonic design... Bruckner favored an approach to large-scale form that relied more on large-scale thematic and harmonic juxtaposition. Over the course of his output, one senses an ever-increasing interest in cyclic integration that culminates in his masterpiece, the Symphony No. 8 in C minor, a work whose final page integrates the main themes of all four movements simultaneously."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anton_Bruckner_Bust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Anton_Bruckner_Bust.jpg/220px-Anton_Bruckner_Bust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Anton_Bruckner_Bust.jpg/330px-Anton_Bruckner_Bust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Anton_Bruckner_Bust.jpg/440px-Anton_Bruckner_Bust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="3570" /></a><figcaption>Copy of the <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Oskar_Tilgner" title="Viktor Oskar Tilgner">Tilgner</a> bust</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, the American artist <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ox" title="Jack Ox">Jack Ox</a> gave a paper called "The Systematic Translation of Anton Bruckner's Eighth Symphony into a series of Thirteen Paintings" at the Bruckner Symposium in Linz Austria; here she structurally analyzed all of the Eighth Symphony's themes. She then proceeded to show how she mapped this musical data into a series of twelve large, painted visualizations.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conference report was published in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Bruckner_Problem">The Bruckner Problem</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Bruckner Problem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Versions_and_editions_of_Bruckner%27s_symphonies" title="Versions and editions of Bruckner's symphonies">Versions and editions of Bruckner's symphonies</a></div> <p>"The Bruckner Problem" refers to the difficulties and complications resulting from the numerous contrasting versions and editions that exist for most of the symphonies.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term gained currency following the publication (in 1969) of an article dealing with the subject, "The Bruckner Problem Simplified" by <a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">musicologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Deryck Cooke</a>, which brought the issue to the attention of English-speaking musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke1969_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke1969-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first versions of Bruckner's symphonies often presented an instrumental, contrapuntal and rhythmic complexity (<a href="/wiki/Bruckner_rhythm" title="Bruckner rhythm">Brucknerian rhythm "2 + 3"</a>, use of <a href="/wiki/Tuplet" title="Tuplet">quintuplets</a>), the originality of which has not been understood and which were considered unperformable by the musicians. In order to make them "performable", the symphonies, except Symphonies <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Bruckner)">No. 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Bruckner)">No. 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">No. 7</a>, have been revised several times. Consequently, there are several versions and editions, mainly of Symphonies <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Bruckner)">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Bruckner)">4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Bruckner)">8</a>, which have been deeply emended by Bruckner's friends and associates, and it is not always possible to tell whether the emendations had Bruckner's direct authorization. </p><p>Looking for authentic versions of the symphonies, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Haas_(musicologist)" title="Robert Haas (musicologist)">Robert Haas</a> produced during the 1930s a first <a href="/wiki/Critical_apparatus" title="Critical apparatus">critical edition</a> of Bruckner's works based on the original scores. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> other scholars (<a href="/wiki/Leopold_Nowak" title="Leopold Nowak">Leopold Nowak</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Carragan" title="William Carragan">William Carragan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin-Gunnar_Cohrs" title="Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs">Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs</a> <i>et al.</i>) carried on with this work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacred_choral_works">Sacred choral works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sacred choral works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Ave_Maria_(USNB).ogg" title="File:Ave Maria (USNB).ogg">"Ave Maria"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="194" data-mwtitle="Ave_Maria_(USNB).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Ave_Maria_%28USNB%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Ave_Maria_%28USNB%29.ogg/Ave_Maria_%28USNB%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The second of Bruckner's three settings of "Ave Maria" performed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Band" title="United States Navy Band">United States Navy Band</a>'s Sea Chanters ensemble</div></div></div></div> </div> <p>Bruckner was a devoutly religious man, and composed numerous sacred works. He wrote a <a href="/wiki/Te_Deum_(Bruckner)" title="Te Deum (Bruckner)">Te Deum</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Psalms_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalms (Bruckner)">psalm settings</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Psalm_150_(Bruckner)" title="Psalm 150 (Bruckner)">Psalm 150</a> in the 1890s), a <a href="/wiki/Festive_Cantata_(Bruckner)" title="Festive Cantata (Bruckner)">Festive cantata</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Magnificat_(Bruckner)" title="Magnificat (Bruckner)">Magnificat</a>, about forty <a href="/wiki/Motets_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motets (Bruckner)">motets</a> (among them eight settings of <i><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo" title="Tantum ergo">Tantum ergo</a></i>, and three settings of both <i><a href="/wiki/Christus_factus_est" title="Christus factus est">Christus factus est</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hail_Mary" title="Hail Mary">Ave Maria</a></i>), and at least seven <a href="/wiki/Masses_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masses (Bruckner)">Masses</a>. </p><p>The three early Masses (<i><a href="/wiki/Windhaager_Messe" title="Windhaager Messe">Windhaager Messe</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kronstorfer_Messe" title="Kronstorfer Messe">Kronstorfer Messe</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Messe_f%C3%BCr_den_Gr%C3%BCndonnerstag" title="Messe für den Gründonnerstag">Messe für den Gründonnerstag</a></i>), composed between 1842 and 1844, were short Austrian <i>Landmessen</i> for use in local churches and did not always set all the numbers of the ordinary. His <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Bruckner)" title="Requiem (Bruckner)">Requiem in D minor</a> of 1849 is <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">the earliest work Bruckner himself considered worthy of preservation</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. It shows the clear influence of Mozart's Requiem (also in D minor) and similar works of Michael Haydn. The seldom performed <a href="/wiki/Missa_solemnis_(Bruckner)" title="Missa solemnis (Bruckner)"><i>Missa solemnis</i></a>, composed in 1854 for Friedrich Mayer's <a href="/wiki/Installation_(Christianity)" title="Installation (Christianity)">installation</a>, was the last major work Bruckner composed before he started to study with Simon Sechter, with the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/Psalm_146_(Bruckner)" title="Psalm 146 (Bruckner)">Psalm 146</a>, a large work, for SATB soloists, double choir and orchestra. </p><p>The three Masses which Bruckner wrote in the 1860s and revised later on in his life are more often performed. The Masses numbered <a href="/wiki/Mass_No._1_(Bruckner)" title="Mass No. 1 (Bruckner)">1 in D minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_No._3_(Bruckner)" title="Mass No. 3 (Bruckner)">3 in F minor</a> are for solo singers, mixed choir, organ <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_libitum" title="Ad libitum">ad libitum</a></i> and orchestra, while <a href="/wiki/Mass_No._2_(Bruckner)" title="Mass No. 2 (Bruckner)">No. 2 in E minor</a> is for mixed choir and a small group of wind instruments, and was written in an attempt to meet the Cecilians halfway. The <a href="/wiki/Cecilian_Movement" title="Cecilian Movement">Cecilians</a> wanted to rid church music of instruments entirely. <a href="/wiki/Mass_No._3_(Bruckner)" title="Mass No. 3 (Bruckner)">No. 3</a> was clearly meant for concert, rather than liturgical performance, and it is the only one of his Masses in which he set the first line of the Gloria, "Gloria in excelsis Deo", and of the Credo, "Credo in unum Deum", to music. In concert performances of the other Masses, these lines are intoned by a tenor soloist in the way a priest would, with a line of <a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">plainsong</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_vocal_works">Secular vocal works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Secular vocal works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruckner_arrives_in_heaven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bruckner_arrives_in_heaven.jpg/220px-Bruckner_arrives_in_heaven.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bruckner_arrives_in_heaven.jpg/330px-Bruckner_arrives_in_heaven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bruckner_arrives_in_heaven.jpg/440px-Bruckner_arrives_in_heaven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>"Anton Bruckner arrives in Heaven". Bruckner is greeted by (from left to right): <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christoph_Willibald_Gluck" title="Christoph Willibald Gluck">Gluck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Haydn" title="Joseph Haydn">Haydn</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Frideric_Handel" title="George Frideric Handel">Handel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>. (Silhouette drawing by <a href="/wiki/Otto_B%C3%B6hler_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Böhler (artist)">Otto Böhler</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>As a young man Bruckner sang in men's choirs and wrote music for them. <a href="/wiki/Weltliche_Chorwerke_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltliche Chorwerke (Bruckner)">Bruckner's secular choral music</a> was mostly written for choral societies. The texts are always in German. Some of these works were written specifically for private occasions such as weddings, funerals, birthdays or name-days, many of these being dedicated to friends and acquaintances of the composer.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This music is rarely performed. Biographer <a href="/wiki/Derek_Watson_(actor_and_musicologist)" title="Derek Watson (actor and musicologist)">Derek Watson</a> characterizes the pieces for men's choir as being "of little concern to the non-German listener".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of about 30 such pieces, a most unusual and evocative composition is the song <a href="/wiki/Abendzauber,_WAB_57" title="Abendzauber, WAB 57"><i>Abendzauber</i></a> (1878) for men's choir, man soloist, <a href="/wiki/Yodeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Yodeler">yodelers</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Horn_(instrument)" title="Horn (instrument)">horns</a>. </p><p>Bruckner also composed 20 <a href="/wiki/Lieder_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieder (Bruckner)">Lieder</a>, of which only a few have been published. The Lieder that Bruckner composed in 1861–1862 during his tuition by Otto Kitzler have not been WAB classified.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a> was able to acquire a facsimile of the <a href="/wiki/Kitzler_Study_Book" title="Kitzler Study Book"><i>Kitzler-Studienbuch</i></a>, the autograph manuscript hitherto unavailable to the public. The facsimile is edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Hawkshaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Hawkshaw (page does not exist)">Paul Hawkshaw</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hawkshaw" class="extiw" title="fr:Paul Hawkshaw">fr</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erich_Wolfgang_Partsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erich Wolfgang Partsch (page does not exist)">Erich Wolfgang Partsch</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Wolfgang_Partsch" class="extiw" title="fr:Erich Wolfgang Partsch">fr</a>]</span> in Band XXV of Bruckner's <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gesamtausgabe</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitzler_Study_Book_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitzler_Study_Book-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruckner composed also five <a href="/wiki/Cantatas_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantatas (Bruckner)">name-day cantatas</a>, as well as two patriotic cantatas, <i><a href="/wiki/Germanenzug" title="Germanenzug">Germanenzug</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_(Bruckner)" title="Helgoland (Bruckner)">Helgoland</a></i>, on texts by <a href="/wiki/August_Silberstein" title="August Silberstein">August Silberstein</a>. <i>Germanenzug</i> (WAB 70), composed in 1863–1864, was Bruckner's first published work. <i>Helgoland</i> (WAB 71), for <a href="/wiki/SATB" title="SATB">TTBB</a> men's choir and large orchestra, was composed in 1893 and was Bruckner's last completed composition and the only secular vocal work that he thought worthy enough to bequeath to the Austrian National Library. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his apprenticeship with Otto Kitzler, Bruckner composed <a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Pieces_(Bruckner)#Three_Orchestral_Pieces" title="Four Orchestral Pieces (Bruckner)">three short orchestral pieces</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Pieces_(Bruckner)#March_in_D_minor" title="Four Orchestral Pieces (Bruckner)">March in D minor</a> as orchestration exercises. At that time he also wrote an <a href="/wiki/Overture_(Bruckner)" title="Overture (Bruckner)">Overture in G minor</a>. These works, which are occasionally included in recordings of the symphonies, show already hints of Bruckner's emerging style. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Bruckner)" title="String Quartet (Bruckner)">String Quartet</a> in C minor and the additional <a href="/wiki/Rondo_in_C_minor_(Bruckner)" title="Rondo in C minor (Bruckner)">Rondo in C minor</a>, also composed in 1862, were discovered decades after Bruckner's death. The later <a href="/wiki/String_Quintet_(Bruckner)" title="String Quintet (Bruckner)">String Quintet</a> in F Major of 1879, contemporaneous with the Fifth and Sixth symphonies, has been frequently performed. The <a href="/wiki/Intermezzo_in_D_minor_(Bruckner)" title="Intermezzo in D minor (Bruckner)">Intermezzo in D minor</a>, which was intended to replace its scherzo, is not frequently performed. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Prelude_(Bruckner)" title="Symphonic Prelude (Bruckner)">Symphonisches Präludium</a></i> (Symphonic Prelude) in C minor was discovered by Mahler scholar Paul Banks in the Austrian National Library in 1974 in a piano duet transcription. Banks ascribed it to <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a>, and had it orchestrated by Albrecht Gürsching. In 1985 Wolfgang Hiltl, who had retrieved the original score by Rudolf Krzyzanowski, had it published by Doblinger (issued in 2002). According to scholar <a href="/wiki/Benjamin-Gunnar_Cohrs" title="Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs">Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs</a>, the stylistic examination of this "prelude" shows that it is all Bruckner's. Possibly Bruckner had given a draft-score to his pupil Krzyzanowski, which already contained the string parts and some important lines for woodwind and brass, as an exercise in instrumentation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Two_Aequali_(Bruckner)" title="Two Aequali (Bruckner)">Bruckner's Two Aequali</a> of 1847 for three trombones are solemn, brief works. The <a href="/wiki/Military_march_(Bruckner)" title="Military march (Bruckner)">Military march</a> of 1865 is an occasional work as a gesture of appreciation for the <i>Militär-Kapelle der Jäger-Truppe</i> of Linz. <a href="/wiki/Abendkl%C3%A4nge,_WAB_110" title="Abendklänge, WAB 110"><i>Abendklänge</i></a> of 1866 is a short <a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">character piece</a> for violin and piano. </p><p>Bruckner also wrote a Lancer-Quadrille (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>) and a few other <a href="/wiki/Piano_works_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano works (Bruckner)">small works for piano</a>. Most of this music was written for teaching purposes. Sixteen other pieces for piano, which Bruckner composed in 1862 during his tuition by Kitzler, have not been WAB classified.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A facsimile of these pieces is found in the <i>Kitzler-Studienbuch</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitzler_Study_Book_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitzler_Study_Book-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruckner was a renowned organist at the <a href="/wiki/St._Florian_Monastery" title="St. Florian Monastery">St Florian's Priory</a>, where he improvised frequently. Those improvisations were usually not transcribed, so that only a few of his <a href="/wiki/Organ_works_(Bruckner)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ works (Bruckner)">works for organ</a> has survived. The five Preludes in E-flat major (1836–1837), classified WAB 127 and WAB 128, as well as a few other WAB-unclassified works, which have been found in Bruckner's <i>Präludienbuch</i>, are probably not by Bruckner.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruckner never wrote an opera, and as much as he was a fan of Wagner's music dramas, he was uninterested in drama.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1893 he thought about writing an opera called <i>Astra</i> based on a novel by Gertrud Bollé-Hellmund.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson199745–46_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson199745–46-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he attended performances of Wagner's operas, he was much more interested in the music than the plot. After seeing Wagner's <i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></i>, he asked: "Tell me, why did they burn the woman at the end?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinder2000p._51,_note_14_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinder2000p._51,_note_14-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor did Bruckner ever write an oratorio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bruckner_Gesamtausgabe"><i>Bruckner Gesamtausgabe</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bruckner Gesamtausgabe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Gesamtausgabe" title="Bruckner Gesamtausgabe">Bruckner Gesamtausgabe</a></div> <p>Published by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musikwissenschaftlicher_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag (page does not exist)">Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikwissenschaftlicher_Verlag_Wien" class="extiw" title="de:Musikwissenschaftlicher Verlag Wien">de</a>]</span> in Vienna, the <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bruckner Kritische Gesamtausgabe</i></span></i> (Bruckner's Critical Complete Edition) comprises three successive editions. </p> <ul><li>The first edition (1934–1944, Editorial Head: Robert Haas) included 'hybrid' scores for Symphonies 2 and 8 and other similar conflations for some other revised works.</li> <li>In the second edition (1951–1989, Editorial Head: <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Nowak" title="Leopold Nowak">Leopold Nowak</a>) Nowak <i>et al.</i> went about publishing several versions of some works, in the process correcting some mistakes of Haas. After Nowak's resignation, (1990 onwards, Editorial Head: Herbert Vogg) William Carragan, Paul Hawkshaw, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin-Gunnar_Cohrs" title="Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs">Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs</a> <i>et al.</i> are in the process of reviewing and further correcting the work of Haas and Nowak.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2011 it was decided to issue a new edition (editorial board: Paul Hawkshaw, Thomas Leibnitz, Andreas Lindner, Angela Pachovsky, Thomas Röder), which will include the content of the current edition and integrate it with sources that had been retrieved since its publication.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_in_the_20th_century">Reception in the 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reception in the 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the long duration and vast orchestral canvas of much of his music, Bruckner's popularity has greatly benefited from the introduction of long-playing media and from improvements in recording technology. </p><p>Decades after his death, the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist German Workers Party">Nazis</a> strongly approved of Bruckner's music because they saw it as expressing the <i><a href="/wiki/Zeitgeist" title="Zeitgeist">zeitgeist</a></i> of the German <i><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">volk</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> even consecrated a bust of Bruckner in a widely photographed ceremony in 1937 at <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Walhalla_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Walhalla temple">Walhalla temple</a>. Bruckner's music was among the most popular in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. </p><p>Near the end of World War II, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became enamored with the music of Bruckner, and, as a result, planned to convert the monastery of St. Florian in Linz – where Bruckner had played the organ, and where he was buried – into a repository of Bruckner's manuscripts. Hitler evicted the monks from the building and personally paid for the restoration of the organ and the institution of a Bruckner study center there. He also paid for the Haas collection of Bruckner's works to be published, and himself purchased material for the proposed library. Additionally, Hitler caused the founding of the Bruckner Symphony Orchestra, which began presenting concerts in Fall 1943. His plan for one of the bell towers in Linz to play a theme from Bruckner's Fourth Symphony never came to pass.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Adagio from <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">Bruckner's Seventh Symphony</a> was broadcast by German radio (Deutscher Reichsrundfunk) when it announced the news of <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's death">Hitler's death</a> on 1 May 1945. </p><p>Today the <a href="/wiki/Brucknerhaus" title="Brucknerhaus">Brucknerhaus</a> in Linz, which opened in 1974, is named after him. </p><p>The approval by Hitler and the Nazis of his music did not hurt Bruckner's standing in the postwar media, and several movies and TV productions in Europe and the United States have used excerpts from his music ever since the 1950s, as they already did in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nor did the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Israel Philharmonic Orchestra">Israel Philharmonic Orchestra</a> ever ban Bruckner's music as they have Wagner's, even recording the Eighth Symphony with <a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a>. </p><p>Bruckner's symphonic works, much maligned in Vienna in his lifetime, now have an important place in the tradition and musical repertoire of the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra">Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The life of Bruckner was portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Jan_Schmidt-Garre" title="Jan Schmidt-Garre">Jan Schmidt-Garre</a>'s 1995 film <i>Bruckner's Decision</i>, which focuses on his recovery in an Austrian spa. <a href="/wiki/Ken_Russell" title="Ken Russell">Ken Russell</a>'s TV movie <i>The Strange Affliction of Anton Bruckner</i>, starring Peter Mackriel, also fictionalizes Bruckner's real-life stay at a sanatorium because of <a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">obsessive–compulsive disorder</a> (or 'numeromania' as it was then described).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Visconti</a> used the music of Bruckner for his <i><a href="/wiki/Senso_(film)" title="Senso (film)">Senso</a></i> (1954), its plot concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">war Italy waged against Austria</a> in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._Cooke2008437_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._Cooke2008437-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The score by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Davis" title="Carl Davis">Carl Davis</a> for the restoration of the 1925 film <i><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur_(1925_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben-Hur (1925 film)">Ben-Hur</a></i> takes "inspiration from Bruckner to achieve reverence in biblical scenes."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Orchestra_Linz" title="Bruckner Orchestra Linz">Bruckner Orchestra Linz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bruckner_Society" title="International Bruckner Society">International Bruckner Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austrians_in_music" title="List of Austrians in music">List of Austrians in music</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a href="/wiki/Paul-Gilbert_Langevin" title="Paul-Gilbert Langevin">Paul-Gilbert Langevin</a>, <i>Anton Bruckner – apogée de la symphonie</i>, l'Age d'Homme, Lausanne, 1977 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8251-0880-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8251-0880-2">978-2-8251-0880-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In German "halb Genie, halb Trottel". This description is often, but mistakenly, attributed to Gustav Mahler. <a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hinrichsen" title="Hans-Joachim Hinrichsen">Hans-Joachim Hinrichsen</a>: "»Halb Genie, halb Trottel«. Hans von Bülows Urteil über Anton Bruckner". In: <i>IBG-Mitteilungsblatt</i> 55 (2000), pp. 21–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The laconic idiom of restraint, the art of mere suggestion, involving economy of means and form, is not theirs." <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Bruno Walter</a> observed, comparing Bruckner and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> (see <a href="#CITEREFWalter1940">Walter 1940</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudolf_Kloiber-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolf_Kloiber_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudolf_Kloiber_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Kloiber" title="Rudolf Kloiber">Rudolf Kloiber</a>: <i>Handbuch der klassischen und romantischen Symphonie</i>. Breitkopf & Härtel, Wiesbaden 1964. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7651-0017-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7651-0017-8">978-3-7651-0017-8</a>. pp. 241–285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grebe-1972-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grebe-1972_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grebe-1972_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grebe-1972_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grebe-1972_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrebe1972" class="citation book cs1">Grebe, Karl (1972). <i>Anton Bruckner</i>. Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuchverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-499-50190-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-499-50190-6"><bdi>978-3-499-50190-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anton+Bruckner&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Rowohlt+Taschenbuchverlag&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-3-499-50190-6&rft.aulast=Grebe&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchönzeler1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hubert_Sch%C3%B6nzeler" title="Hans-Hubert Schönzeler">Schönzeler, Hans-Hubert</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bruckner0000scho/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Bruckner</i></a></span>. New York: Grossman Publishers. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-0144-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-0144-4"><bdi>978-0-7145-0144-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>Josef Bruckner had twelve children, and one of them, Anton, born in 1791, became a teacher like his father. ... In 1823 he married Therese Helm from Steyr, a marriage which was to be blessed with eleven children, ... Their eldest was Josef Anton, born on 4 September 1824 and named after his grandfather.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruckner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Grossman+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-0144-4&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6nzeler&rft.aufirst=Hans-Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbruckner0000scho%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52composers.com-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52composers.com_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180727145536/http://www.52composers.com/bruckner.html">"Bruckner in a nutshell"</a>. <i>52composers.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.52composers.com/bruckner.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=52composers.com&rft.atitle=Bruckner+in+a+nutshell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.52composers.com%2Fbruckner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Classical Music (Visual Reference Guide Series)</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Music+%28Visual+Reference+Guide+Series%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abruckner.com/vocal_instrumental_music/php/index.php@pag=163.htm">"Pange lingua C-Dur, WAB 31 (zwischen 1835–37) | Diskografie von Anton Bruckner"</a>. <i>Abruckner.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905024245/http://www.abruckner.com/vocal_instrumental_music/php/index.php@pag=163.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abruckner.com&rft.atitle=Pange+lingua+C-Dur%2C+WAB+31+%28zwischen+1835%E2%80%9337%29+%26%23124%3B+Diskografie+von+Anton+Bruckner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abruckner.com%2Fvocal_instrumental_music%2Fphp%2Findex.php%40pag%3D163.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson19973-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson19973_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1997">Watson 1997</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d394-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d394_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-d394_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinder2000">Kinder 2000</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w509-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-w509_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson2004" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, John (15 July 2004). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Bruckner</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00878-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00878-5"><bdi>978-0-521-00878-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Bruckner&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00878-5&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul-Gilbert_Langevin" title="Paul-Gilbert Langevin">Paul-Gilbert Langevin</a>, <i>Anton Bruckner – apogée de la symphonie</i>, pp. 17, 306</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrebe197227-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrebe197227_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrebe1972">Grebe1972</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinrichsen201018-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinrichsen201018_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHinrichsen2010">Hinrichsen 2010</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrebe197227–34-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrebe197227–34_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrebe1972">Grebe 1972</a>, pp. 27–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkshaw2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hawkshaw, Paul (2007). "Anton Bruckner's Counterpoint Studies at the Monastery of Saint Florian, 1845–55". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly" title="The Musical Quarterly">The Musical Quarterly</a></i>. <b>90</b> (1): 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Anton+Bruckner%27s+Counterpoint+Studies+at+the+Monastery+of+Saint+Florian%2C+1845%E2%80%9355&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Hawkshaw&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antonbruckner.at/Brucknerorte.php?Ort=28">"Bruckner Gemeinde"</a>. <i>www.antonbruckner.at</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165828/http://www.antonbruckner.at/Brucknerorte.php?Ort=28">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.antonbruckner.at&rft.atitle=Bruckner+Gemeinde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antonbruckner.at%2FBrucknerorte.php%3FOrt%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinrichsen2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_Hinrichsen" title="Hans-Joachim Hinrichsen">Hinrichsen, Hans-Joachim</a>, ed. (2010). <i>Bruckner Handbuch</i>. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung and Carl Ernst Poeschel Verlag. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruckner+Handbuch&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=J.+B.+Metzler%27sche+Verlagsbuchhandlung+and+Carl+Ernst+Poeschel+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Walker_(musicologist)" title="Alan Walker (musicologist)">Walker, Alan</a> (1987). <i>Franz Liszt: The final years, 1861–1886</i>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8453-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8453-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-8453-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franz+Liszt%3A+The+final+years%2C+1861%E2%80%931886&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8453-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/al.asp?al=CDA66062">"Bruckner: Motets – CD – CDA66062 – Anton Bruckner (1824–1896)"</a>. Hyperion Records. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222024101/http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/al.asp?al=CDA66062">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruckner%3A+Motets+%E2%80%93+CD+%E2%80%93+CDA66062+%E2%80%93+Anton+Bruckner+%281824%E2%80%931896%29&rft.pub=Hyperion+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyperion-records.co.uk%2Fal.asp%3Fal%3DCDA66062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jUmBd7pwnQkC&pg=PA486">Henry-Louis de La Grange, <i>Gustav Mahler</i>: Volume 3. "Vienna: Triumph and Disillusion" (1904–1907), footnote 66, p. 486</a>; Retrieved 28 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlose1927" class="citation book cs1">Klose, Friedrich (1927). <i>Meine Lehrjahre bei Bruckner; Erinnerungen und Betrachtungen</i>. Regensburg, G. Bosse.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meine+Lehrjahre+bei+Bruckner%3B+Erinnerungen+und+Betrachtungen&rft.pub=Regensburg%2C+G.+Bosse&rft.date=1927&rft.aulast=Klose&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchönzeler1970">Schönzeler 1970</a>, p. 70: "In July 1875 Bruckner ... proposed yet a third time to the university of Vienna that a lectureship in harmony and counterpoint be created, and at long last, despite Hanslick's opposition, his application was successful. Bruckner was appointed to the post, and on 25 November 1875 he gave his opening oration."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchönzeler1970">Schönzeler 1970</a>, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Gammond, <i>Bluff Your Way in Music</i>. London: Ravette Books (1985):: 33. "it is generally said that Bruckner was a very simple man ... If, after listening to one of his symphonies, you still feel that he was simple, then you are not the kind of person who should be reading this book."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrebe1972[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrebe1972[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrebe1972">Grebe 1972</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k529-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-k529_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k529_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1997">Watson 1997</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-n456-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-n456_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaget2019" class="citation web cs1">Paget, Clive (31 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://limelight-arts.com.au/features/did-you-hear-about-brunckers-boozy-beer-bout-in-bayreuth/">"Did you hear about Bruckner's boozy beer bout in Bayreuth?"</a>. <i>Limelight</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Limelight&rft.atitle=Did+you+hear+about+Bruckner%27s+boozy+beer+bout+in+Bayreuth%3F&rft.date=2019-05-31&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flimelight-arts.com.au%2Ffeatures%2Fdid-you-hear-about-brunckers-boozy-beer-bout-in-bayreuth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engel-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engel_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_Engel" class="citation web cs1">Gabriel Engel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brucknersocietyamerica.org/society/ewExternalFiles/anton_bruckner_by_gabriel_engel-c.pdf">"The Life of Anton Bruckner"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Anton+Bruckner&rft.au=Gabriel+Engel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brucknersocietyamerica.org%2Fsociety%2FewExternalFiles%2Fanton_bruckner_by_gabriel_engel-c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span> Reprint of vol. 2, no. 1, <i>Chord and Discord – A Journal of Modern Musical Progress</i>, January 1940, Bruckner Society of America</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1997">Watson 1997</a>, p. 73: "Unlike Franck or Reger, however, he [Bruckner] has not left a single composition of any value for his instrument."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter n.d. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (January 2022)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff-1942-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolff-1942_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1942" class="citation cs2">Wolff, Werner (1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antonbrucknerrus005903mbp"><i>Anton Bruckner Rustic Genius</i></a>, E.P. Dutton & Co</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anton+Bruckner+Rustic+Genius&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+%26+Co&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantonbrucknerrus005903mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson. C. (1966), <i>Chords and Discords: Purely Personal Opinions on Music</i>, Crown Publishers, p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.violinman.com/Violin_Family/history/composer/biography/BRUCKNER,%20Anton/BRUCKNER,%20Anton.htm">"Bruckner, Anton (1824–1896)"</a>. <i>Violinman.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Violinman.com&rft.atitle=Bruckner%2C+Anton+%281824%E2%80%931896%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.violinman.com%2FViolin_Family%2Fhistory%2Fcomposer%2Fbiography%2FBRUCKNER%2C%2520Anton%2FBRUCKNER%2C%2520Anton.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson199739-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson199739_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1997">Watson 1997</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchönzeler1970">Schönzeler 1970</a>, p. 108: "Bruckner's ... body was taken to St. Florian. ... There, in a splendid sarcophagus, lie the earthly remains of Anton Bruckner, but from above the crypt, from the great 'Bruckner Organ', his living spirit still bursts forth."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Service" title="Tom Service">Service, Tom</a> (1 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/apr/01/sex-death-dissonance-anton-bruckner-concertgebouw-orchestra">"Sex, death and dissonance: the strange, obsessive world of Anton Bruckner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905024344/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/apr/01/sex-death-dissonance-anton-bruckner-concertgebouw-orchestra">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Sex%2C+death+and+dissonance%3A+the+strange%2C+obsessive+world+of+Anton+Bruckner&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2014%2Fapr%2F01%2Fsex-death-dissonance-anton-bruckner-concertgebouw-orchestra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooke-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooke_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooke1980">Cooke 1980</a>, p. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-1996-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-1996_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1996" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Stephen (10 January 1996). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/bruckner-guilty-or-not-guilty-1323241.html">"Bruckner: guilty or not guilty?"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/bruckner-guilty-or-not-guilty-1323241.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Bruckner%3A+guilty+or+not+guilty%3F&rft.date=1996-01-10&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbruckner-guilty-or-not-guilty-1323241.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson199746-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson199746_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1997">Watson 1997</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abruckner.com/editorsnote/antonbruckneraness/">"Anton Bruckner – An Introduction by John F. Berky"</a>. Abruckner.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905024247/https://www.abruckner.com/editorsnote/antonbruckneraness/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anton+Bruckner+%E2%80%93+An+Introduction+by+John+F.+Berky&rft.pub=Abruckner.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abruckner.com%2Feditorsnote%2Fantonbruckneraness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abruckner.com/articles/articlesEnglish/carragantimed/">"Carragan, William: Timed Analysis Tables – Anton Bruckner"</a>. <i>www.abruckner.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426121048/http://www.abruckner.com/articles/articlesEnglish/carragantimed">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abruckner.com&rft.atitle=Carragan%2C+William%3A+Timed+Analysis+Tables+%E2%80%93+Anton+Bruckner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abruckner.com%2Farticles%2FarticlesEnglish%2Fcarragantimed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarragan" class="citation web cs1">Carragan, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carragan.com/composer-anton-bruckner/bruckners-library/">"Bruckner's Library"</a>. <i>Carragan.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240703002432/https://carragan.com/composer-anton-bruckner/bruckners-library/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carragan.com&rft.atitle=Bruckner%27s+Library&rft.aulast=Carragan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarragan.com%2Fcomposer-anton-bruckner%2Fbruckners-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abruckner.com/articles/articlesEnglish/torring/">"Torring, Ebbe: Essay & Appendix on Recapitulations in Bruckner Symphonies – Anton Bruckner"</a>. <i>www.abruckner.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105926/https://www.abruckner.com/articles/articlesEnglish/torring/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abruckner.com&rft.atitle=Torring%2C+Ebbe%3A+Essay+%26+Appendix+on+Recapitulations+in+Bruckner+Symphonies+%E2%80%93+Anton+Bruckner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abruckner.com%2Farticles%2FarticlesEnglish%2Ftorring%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Carragan, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carragan.com/composer-anton-bruckner/the-bruckner-brand/part-2-the-five-theme-exposition/">"Part 2: The Five-Part Song Form"</a>. <i>Carragan.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718021538/http://carragan.com/composer-anton-bruckner/the-bruckner-brand/part-2-the-five-theme-exposition/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carragan.com&rft.atitle=Part+2%3A+The+Five-Part+Song+Form&rft.aulast=Carragan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarragan.com%2Fcomposer-anton-bruckner%2Fthe-bruckner-brand%2Fpart-2-the-five-theme-exposition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Carragan, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carragan.com/composer-anton-bruckner/brucknerss-golden-arches/">"Bruckner's Golden Arches"</a>. <i>Carragan.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905024248/https://carragan.com/composer-anton-bruckner/brucknerss-golden-arches/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carragan.com&rft.atitle=Bruckner%27s+Golden+Arches&rft.aulast=Carragan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarragan.com%2Fcomposer-anton-bruckner%2Fbrucknerss-golden-arches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980461–462-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980461–462_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTemperley1980">Temperley 1980</a>, pp. 461–462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETemperley1980462-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETemperley1980462_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTemperley1980">Temperley 1980</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke1980365-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke1980365_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooke1980">Cooke 1980</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Holland" title="Bernard Holland">Holland, Bernard</a> (25 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/25/arts/music/25nyph.html">"In a Show of Accessibility, Schumann Joins Bruckner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+a+Show+of+Accessibility%2C+Schumann+Joins+Bruckner&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F01%2F25%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F25nyph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonds2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bonds, Mark Evan (2001). "II. 19th century". <i>Symphony</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Music Online</a></i> (8th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.27254">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.27254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"><bdi>978-1-56159-263-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Symphony&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.27254&rft.isbn=978-1-56159-263-0&rft.aulast=Bonds&rft.aufirst=Mark+Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> Print: vol. 24, p. 839</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intermediaprojects.org/pages/Bruckner.html">"Bruckner"</a>. <i>intermediaprojects.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131080917/http://intermediaprojects.org/pages/Bruckner.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intermediaprojects.org&rft.atitle=Bruckner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintermediaprojects.org%2Fpages%2FBruckner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ox" title="Jack Ox">Jack Ox</a>, <i>Anton Bruckner Institute Linz (1993)</i>, 83:101.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. This looks like the name of the publisher; what's the publication's (journal? conference?) name? (August 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/H._C._Robbins_Landon" title="H. C. Robbins Landon">H. C. Robbins Landon</a>, <i>The Symphonies of Joseph Haydn</i>. London: Universal Edition & Rockliff (1955): 101. "The Bruckner problem is ... complicated by the fact that not only did the composer often revise his own works but to a certain extent sanctioned the alterations, even those on the largest scale, which his pupils and others found it advisable to make. The case of Haydn is simpler, since we are not faced with two or more alternatives but with one."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke1969-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke1969_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooke1969">Cooke 1969</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mwv.at/english/TextBruckner/Katalog/liederWelt.htm">"Anton Bruckner's Critical Complete Edition – Songs and secular choral works"</a>. Mwv.at. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222040931/http://www.mwv.at/english/TextBruckner/Katalog/liederWelt.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anton+Bruckner%27s+Critical+Complete+Edition+%E2%80%93+Songs+and+secular+choral+works&rft.pub=Mwv.at&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwv.at%2Fenglish%2FTextBruckner%2FKatalog%2FliederWelt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1997">Watson 1997</a>, p. 72: "They are of little concern to the non-German listener and do not represent important stages in Bruckner's creative unfolding."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abruckner.com/vocal_instrumental_music/php/index.php@pag=008.htm">"Discography of Bruckner's secular choral music by Hans Roelofs"</a>. Brucknerdiskografie.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905024247/http://www.abruckner.com/vocal_instrumental_music/php/index.php@pag=008.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discography+of+Bruckner%27s+secular+choral+music+by+Hans+Roelofs&rft.pub=Brucknerdiskografie.nl.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abruckner.com%2Fvocal_instrumental_music%2Fphp%2Findex.php%40pag%3D008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kitzler_Study_Book-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kitzler_Study_Book_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kitzler_Study_Book_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mwv.at/english/TextBruckner/Katalog/kitzler_studybook.htm">"Startseite | Musikwissenschaftlichen Verlag"</a>. <i>Mwv.at</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701060639/https://www.mwv.at/english/TextBruckner/Katalog/kitzler_studybook.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mwv.at&rft.atitle=Startseite+%26%23124%3B+Musikwissenschaftlichen+Verlag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwv.at%2Fenglish%2FTextBruckner%2FKatalog%2Fkitzler_studybook.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abruckner.com/Data/articles/articlesEnglish/cohrsprelude/bg_cohrs_bruckner_symphonic_prelude_100817.pdf">"Benjamin-Gunnar Cohrs: <i>Symphonisches Präludium – Composed by Anton Bruckner?</i>, 2006/rev.2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927111617/http://www.abruckner.com/Data/articles/articlesEnglish/cohrsprelude/bg_cohrs_bruckner_symphonic_prelude_100817.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benjamin-Gunnar+Cohrs%3A+Symphonisches+Pr%C3%A4ludium+%E2%80%93+Composed+by+Anton+Bruckner%3F%2C+2006%2Frev.2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abruckner.com%2FData%2Farticles%2FarticlesEnglish%2Fcohrsprelude%2Fbg_cohrs_bruckner_symphonic_prelude_100817.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141210005414/http://www.brucknerdiskografie.nl/php/index.php?pag=012">"Discography of Bruckner's piano works by Hans Roelofs"</a>. Brucknerdiskografie.nl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brucknerdiskografie.nl/php/index.php?pag=012">the original</a> on 10 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discography+of+Bruckner%27s+piano+works+by+Hans+Roelofs&rft.pub=Brucknerdiskografie.nl.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brucknerdiskografie.nl%2Fphp%2Findex.php%3Fpag%3D012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abruckner.com/vocal_instrumental_music/php/index.php@pag=011.htm">"Bruckner's organ works listed and commented by Hans Roelofs"</a>. Brucknerdiskografie.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200215143150/http://www.abruckner.com/vocal_instrumental_music/php/index.php@pag%3D011.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruckner%27s+organ+works+listed+and+commented+by+Hans+Roelofs&rft.pub=Brucknerdiskografie.nl.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abruckner.com%2Fvocal_instrumental_music%2Fphp%2Findex.php%40pag%3D011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1997">Watson 1997</a>, p. 19: "Studying <i>Tristan</i> Bruckner used a piano score without text – a sign of how unconcerned he was with opera as drama."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson199745–46-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson199745–46_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson1997">Watson 1997</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinder2000p._51,_note_14-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinder2000p._51,_note_14_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKinder2000">Kinder 2000</a>, p. 51, note 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mwv.at/TextBruckner/BruckStart/BruckStart.htm">"Anton Bruckner (1824–1896) – Kritische Gesamtausgabe"</a>. Mwv.at. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518174836/http://www.mwv.at/TextBruckner/BruckStart/BruckStart.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anton+Bruckner+%281824%E2%80%931896%29+%E2%80%93+Kritische+Gesamtausgabe&rft.pub=Mwv.at&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwv.at%2FTextBruckner%2FBruckStart%2FBruckStart.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2008) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich_at_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Reich at War">The Third Reich at War</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 579. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311671-4">978-0-14-311671-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abruckner.com/downloads/brucknerinthemovie">"Bruckner in the Movies, TV and Radio"</a>. Abruckner.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905024319/https://www.abruckner.com/downloads/brucknerinthemovie">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bruckner+in+the+Movies%2C+TV+and+Radio&rft.pub=Abruckner.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abruckner.com%2Fdownloads%2Fbrucknerinthemovie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_P._Mitchell2004" class="citation book cs1">Charles P. Mitchell (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatcomposerspo0000mitc"><i>The Great Composers Portrayed on Film: 1913 through 2002</i></a></span>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1795-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1795-1"><bdi>0-7864-1795-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Composers+Portrayed+on+Film%3A+1913+through+2002&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7864-1795-1&rft.au=Charles+P.+Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatcomposerspo0000mitc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._Cooke2008437-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._Cooke2008437_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFM._Cooke2008">M. Cooke 2008</a>, p. 437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Cooke2008" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Mervyn (2008). <i>A History of Film Music</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Film+Music&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Mervyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>Bruckner, Anton. Symphony No. 8/2, C minor, 1890 version. Edited by Leopold Nowak. New York: Eulenburg, 1994.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Deryck_Cooke" title="Deryck Cooke">Cooke, Deryck</a> (1969), "The Bruckner Problem Simplified", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Musical_Times" title="The Musical Times">The Musical Times</a></i>, <b>CX</b> (1511): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>62, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4666">0027-4666</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/953722">953722</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=The+Bruckner+Problem+Simplified&rft.volume=CX&rft.issue=1511&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F953722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0027-4666&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Deryck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke1980" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Derryck (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0003unse_a2u4/page/352/mode/2up">"Bruckner, (Joseph) Anton"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. Vol. 3. pp. <span class="nowrap">352–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bruckner%2C+%28Joseph%29+Anton&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E352-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Derryck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewgrovedictiona0003unse_a2u4%2Fpage%2F352%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinder2000" class="citation book cs1">Kinder, Keith William (2000). <i>The Wind and Wind-Chorus Music of Anton Bruckner</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-03025-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-03025-1"><bdi>0-313-03025-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wind+and+Wind-Chorus+Music+of+Anton+Bruckner&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-03025-1&rft.aulast=Kinder&rft.aufirst=Keith+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemperley1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Temperley" title="Nicholas Temperley">Temperley, Nicholas</a> (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgrovedictiona0018unse_y4t2/page/460/mode/2up">"Bruckner and his time"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Stanley Sadie</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. Vol. 18. pp. <span class="nowrap">461–</span>462. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bruckner+and+his+time&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E461-%3C%2Fspan%3E462&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Temperley&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewgrovedictiona0018unse_y4t2%2Fpage%2F460%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter1940" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Walter" title="Bruno Walter">Walter, Bruno</a> (November 1940), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uv.es/~calaforr/walter.html">"Bruckner and Mahler"</a>, <i>Chord and Dischord</i>, <b>II</b> (2), Bruckner Society of America: <span class="nowrap">2–</span>12<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2006</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chord+and+Dischord&rft.atitle=Bruckner+and+Mahler&rft.volume=II&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1940-11&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uv.es%2F~calaforr%2Fwalter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Watson_(actor_and_musicologist)" title="Derek Watson (actor and musicologist)">Watson, Derek</a> (1997). <i>Bruckner</i>. New York: Schirmer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864626-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864626-8"><bdi>978-0-02-864626-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruckner&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schirmer&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864626-8&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Felber, Gerald (4 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/buehne-und-konzert/anton-bruckner-wird-200-jahre-was-seine-musik-besonders-machte-19960935.html">"Anton Bruckner wird 200 Jahre: Was seine Musik besonders machte"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Anton+Bruckner+wird+200+Jahre%3A+Was+seine+Musik+besonders+machte&rft.date=2024-09-04&rft.aulast=Felber&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Ffeuilleton%2Fbuehne-und-konzert%2Fanton-bruckner-wird-200-jahre-was-seine-musik-besonders-machte-19960935.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gilliam, Bryan (1997). "The Annexation of Anton Bruckner: Nazi Revisionism and the Politics of Appropriation". In <a href="/wiki/Timothy_L._Jackson" title="Timothy L. Jackson">Jackson, Timothy L.</a>; Hawkshaw, Paul (eds.). <i>Bruckner Studies</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57014-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57014-5"><bdi>978-0-521-57014-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Annexation+of+Anton+Bruckner%3A+Nazi+Revisionism+and+the+Politics+of+Appropriation&rft.btitle=Bruckner+Studies&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57014-5&rft.aulast=Gilliam&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/August_G%C3%B6llerich" title="August Göllerich">Göllerich, August</a> (25 October 1896). "Anton Bruckner †". <i>Neue musikalische Presse</i> (in German). <b>5</b> (43): 361.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+musikalische+Presse&rft.atitle=Anton+Bruckner+%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=361&rft.date=1896-10-25&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6llerich&rft.aufirst=August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harten, Uwe; Grasberger, Renate (1996). <i>Anton Bruckner</i> (in German). Salzburg Wien: Residenz-Verl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7017-1030-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7017-1030-0"><bdi>978-3-7017-1030-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anton+Bruckner&rft.place=Salzburg+Wien&rft.pub=Residenz-Verl&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-7017-1030-0&rft.aulast=Harten&rft.aufirst=Uwe&rft.au=Grasberger%2C+Renate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Helm" title="Theodor Helm">Helm, Theodor</a> (18 October 1896). "Anton Bruckner †". <i>Neue musikalische Presse</i> (in German). <b>5</b> (42): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neue+musikalische+Presse&rft.atitle=Anton+Bruckner+%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1896-10-18&rft.aulast=Helm&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Horton, Julian (2004). <i>Bruckner's Symphonies: Analysis, Reception and Cultural Politics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511481925">10.1017/cbo9780511481925</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-48192-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-48192-5"><bdi>978-0-511-48192-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruckner%27s+Symphonies%3A+Analysis%2C+Reception+and+Cultural+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511481925&rft.isbn=978-0-511-48192-5&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Korstvedt" class="extiw" title="fr:Benjamin Korstvedt">Korstvedt, Benjamin M.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (30 March 2000). <i>Bruckner: Symphony</i>. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63226-3"><bdi>978-0-521-63226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bruckner%3A+Symphony&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-03-30&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63226-3&rft.aulast=Korstvedt&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Korstvedt" class="extiw" title="fr:Benjamin Korstvedt">Korstvedt, Benjamin M.</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (2004), "Bruckner editions: the revolution revisited", in Williamson, John (ed.), <i>The Cambridge Companion to Bruckner</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companions to Music</a>, Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">121–</span>137, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00878-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00878-5"><bdi>978-0-521-00878-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bruckner+editions%3A+the+revolution+revisited&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Bruckner&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Music&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00878-5&rft.aulast=Korstvedt&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Oestreich" title="James R. Oestreich">Oestreich, James R.</a> (10 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/10/arts/music/problems-and-detours-on-bruckners-timeline.html">"Problems and Detours on Bruckner's Timeline"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. sec. 2, p. 23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Problems+and+Detours+on+Bruckner%27s+Timeline&rft.pages=sec.+2%2C+p.+23&rft.date=2005-07-10&rft.aulast=Oestreich&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F07%2F10%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fproblems-and-detours-on-bruckners-timeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tovey" title="Donald Tovey">Tovey, Donald Francis</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bruckner, Anton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bruckner,_Anton">"Bruckner, Anton" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bruckner%2C+Anton&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Tovey&rft.aufirst=Donald+Francis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_van_Zwol" class="extiw" title="fr:Cornelis van Zwol">Zwol, Cornelis van</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in French]</span> (2012). <i>Anton Bruckner, 1824–1896</i> (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Thoth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6868-590-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6868-590-9"><bdi>978-90-6868-590-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anton+Bruckner%2C+1824%E2%80%931896&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Thoth&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-6868-590-9&rft.aulast=Zwol&rft.aufirst=Cornelis+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Bruckner" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anton_Bruckner" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Anton_Bruckner" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Anton_Bruckner" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Anton Bruckner">Free scores by Anton Bruckner</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Bruckner,_Anton" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Bruckner, Anton">Free scores by Anton Bruckner</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brucknersocietyamerica.org/">The Bruckner Society of America</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brucknerjournal.com/">The Bruckner Journal</a> devoted to Anton Bruckner, edited by Ken Ward, caters for lay enthusiasts, musicians and academics. Produced in the UK</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abruckner.com/discography/">Bruckner Discography edited by John F. Berky and Hans Roelofs</a> – Detailed listing recordings of Anton Bruckner's works. 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href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of compositions by Anton Bruckner">List of compositions</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symphonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphonies">Symphonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symphonies_by_Anton_Bruckner" class="mw-redirect" title="List of symphonies by Anton Bruckner">Symphonies</a> (1863–1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_F_minor_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony in F minor (Bruckner)">Symphony in F minor</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._1_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 1 (Bruckner)">No. 1 in C minor</a> (1866/1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_D_minor_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony in D minor (Bruckner)">Symphony in D minor</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Bruckner)">No. 2 in C minor</a> (1872/1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 3 (Bruckner)">No. 3 in D minor</a> (1873/1877/1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._4_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 4 (Bruckner)">No. 4 in E♭ major</a> (<i>Romantic</i>; 1874/1878–1880/1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._5_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 5 (Bruckner)">No. 5 in B♭ major</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._6_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 6 (Bruckner)">No. 6 in A major</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Bruckner)">No. 7 in E major</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._8_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 8 (Bruckner)">No. 8 in C minor</a> (1887/1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Bruckner)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Bruckner)">No. 9 in D minor</a> (1896) <small>(unfinished)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Orchestral_Pieces_(Bruckner)" title="Four Orchestral Pieces (Bruckner)">Four Orchestral Pieces</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overture_(Bruckner)" title="Overture (Bruckner)">Overture in G minor</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_march_(Bruckner)" title="Military march (Bruckner)">March in E-flat major</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_Prelude_(Bruckner)" title="Symphonic Prelude (Bruckner)"><i>Symphonisches Präludium</i></a> (1876)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Sacred works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mass_(music)" title="Mass (music)">Masses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_masses_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of masses by Anton Bruckner">Masses</a> (1842–1868)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windhaager_Messe" title="Windhaager Messe">Windhaager Messe</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kronstorfer_Messe" title="Kronstorfer Messe">Kronstorfer Messe</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Messe_f%C3%BCr_den_Gr%C3%BCndonnerstag" title="Messe für den Gründonnerstag">Messe für den Gründonnerstag</a></i> (1844–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Bruckner)" title="Requiem (Bruckner)"> Requiem in D minor</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missa_solemnis_(Bruckner)" title="Missa solemnis (Bruckner)"> Missa solemnis</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_No._1_(Bruckner)" title="Mass No. 1 (Bruckner)"> Mass No. 1 in D minor</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_No._2_(Bruckner)" title="Mass No. 2 (Bruckner)"> Mass No. 2 in E minor</a> (1866/1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_No._3_(Bruckner)" title="Mass No. 3 (Bruckner)"> Mass No. 3 in F minor</a> (1868/1883/1893)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">Cantatas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_psalm_settings_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of psalm settings by Anton Bruckner">Psalm settings</a> (1852–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_114_(Bruckner)" title="Psalm 114 (Bruckner)"> Psalm 114</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificat_(Bruckner)" title="Magnificat (Bruckner)">Magnificat</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_22_(Bruckner)" title="Psalm 22 (Bruckner)"> Psalm 22</a> (c. 1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_146_(Bruckner)" title="Psalm 146 (Bruckner)"> Psalm 146</a> (c. 1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festive_Cantata_(Bruckner)" title="Festive Cantata (Bruckner)">Festive Cantata: <i>Preiset den Herrn</i></a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_112_(Bruckner)" title="Psalm 112 (Bruckner)"> Psalm 112</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Deum_(Bruckner)" title="Te Deum (Bruckner)">Te Deum</a> (1881–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalm_150_(Bruckner)" title="Psalm 150 (Bruckner)"> Psalm 150</a> (1892)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motet" title="Motet">Motets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_motets_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of motets by Anton Bruckner">Motets</a> (c. 1835–1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pange_lingua,_WAB_31" title="Pange lingua, WAB 31"><i>Pange lingua</i></a> (c. 1835/1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libera_me,_WAB_21" title="Libera me, WAB 21"><i>Libera me</i></a> (c. 1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperges_me,_WAB_4" title="Asperges me, WAB 4"><i>Asperges me</i></a> (1843–1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Asperges_me,_WAB_3" title="Two Asperges me, WAB 3">Two <i>Asperges me</i></a> (1844–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo,_WAB_32" title="Tantum ergo, WAB 32"><i>Tantum ergo</i></a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo,_WAB_43" title="Tantum ergo, WAB 43"><i>Tantum ergo</i></a> (1845–1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dir,_Herr,_dir_will_ich_mich_ergeben" title="Dir, Herr, dir will ich mich ergeben">Dir, Herr, dir will ich mich ergeben</a></i> (c. 1845)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Du_liebes_Jesu-Kind" title="O Du liebes Jesu-Kind">O Du liebes Jesu-Kind</a></i> (1845–1846)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herz_Jesu-Lied" title="Herz Jesu-Lied">Herz Jesu-Lied</a></i> (1845–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tantum_ergo,_WAB_41" title="Four Tantum ergo, WAB 41">Four <i>Tantum ergo</i></a> (1846/1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo,_WAB_42" title="Tantum ergo, WAB 42"><i>Tantum ergo</i></a> (1846/1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_jener_letzten_der_N%C3%A4chte" title="In jener letzten der Nächte">In jener letzten der Nächte</a></i> (c. 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Totenlieder_(Bruckner)" title="Two Totenlieder (Bruckner)">Two <i>Totenlieder</i></a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libera_me,_WAB_22" title="Libera me, WAB 22"><i>Libera me</i></a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantum_ergo,_WAB_44" title="Tantum ergo, WAB 44"><i>Tantum ergo</i></a> (c. 1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria,_WAB_5" title="Ave Maria, WAB 5"><i>Ave Maria</i></a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria_(Bruckner)" title="Ave Maria (Bruckner)"><i>Ave Maria</i></a> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afferentur_regi" title="Afferentur regi">Afferentur regi</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pange_lingua,_WAB_33" title="Pange lingua, WAB 33"><i>Pange lingua</i></a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inveni_David,_WAB_19" title="Inveni David, WAB 19"><i>Inveni David</i></a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iam_lucis_orto_sidere,_WAB_18" title="Iam lucis orto sidere, WAB 18"><i>Iam lucis orto sidere</i></a> (1868/1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_iste_(Bruckner)" title="Locus iste (Bruckner)"><i>Locus iste</i></a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christus_factus_est,_WAB_10" title="Christus factus est, WAB 10"><i>Christus factus est</i></a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tota_pulchra_es_(Bruckner)" title="Tota pulchra es (Bruckner)"><i>Tota pulchra es</i></a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Os_justi_(Bruckner)" title="Os justi (Bruckner)"><i>Os justi</i></a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Maria,_WAB_7" title="Ave Maria, WAB 7"><i>Ave Maria</i></a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christus_factus_est,_WAB_11" title="Christus factus est, WAB 11"><i>Christus factus est</i></a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvum_fac_populum_tuum,_WAB_40" title="Salvum fac populum tuum, WAB 40"><i>Salvum fac populum tuum</i></a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veni_Creator_Spiritus,_WAB_50" title="Veni Creator Spiritus, WAB 50"><i>Veni Creator Spiritus</i></a> (c. 1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_sacerdos_magnus_(Bruckner)" title="Ecce sacerdos magnus (Bruckner)"><i>Ecce sacerdos magnus</i></a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virga_Jesse_(Bruckner)" title="Virga Jesse (Bruckner)"><i>Virga Jesse</i></a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ave_Regina_caelorum,_WAB_8" title="Ave Regina caelorum, WAB 8"><i>Ave Regina caelorum</i></a> (c. 1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vexilla_regis_(Bruckner)" title="Vexilla regis (Bruckner)"><i>Vexilla regis</i></a> (1892)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organ_compositions_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of organ compositions by Anton Bruckner">Organ works</a> (1835–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Aequali_(Bruckner)" title="Two Aequali (Bruckner)">Two <i>Aequali</i></a> (1847)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secular_music" title="Secular music">Secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">vocal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cantatas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantatas_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of cantatas by Anton Bruckner">Cantatas</a> (1845–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vergi%C3%9Fmeinnicht,_WAB_93" title="Vergißmeinnicht, WAB 93"><i>Vergißmeinnicht</i></a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entsagen,_WAB_14" title="Entsagen, WAB 14"><i>Entsagen</i></a> (c. 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arneth_Cantata,_WAB_61" title="Arneth Cantata, WAB 61">Arneth Cantata: <i>Heil Vater! Dir zum hohen Feste</i></a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Cantata,_WAB_60" title="Mayer Cantata, WAB 60">Mayer Cantata: <i>Auf Brüder! auf</i></a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festgesang,_WAB_15" title="Festgesang, WAB 15">Festgesang: <i>Sankt Jodok sproß</i></a> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germanenzug" title="Germanenzug">Germanenzug</a></i> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helgoland_(Bruckner)" title="Helgoland (Bruckner)"><i>Helgoland</i></a> (1893)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lieder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieder_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of lieder by Anton Bruckner">Lieder</a> (1850–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Mondabend_(Bruckner)" title="Der Mondabend (Bruckner)"><i>Der Mondabend</i></a> (c. 1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%BChlingslied,_WAB_68" title="Frühlingslied, WAB 68"><i>Frühlingslied</i></a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wie_bist_du,_Fr%C3%BChling,_gut_und_treu,_WAB_58" title="Wie bist du, Frühling, gut und treu, WAB 58"><i>Wie bist du, Frühling, gut und treu</i></a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbstkummer,_WAB_72" title="Herbstkummer, WAB 72"><i>Herbstkummer</i></a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Im_April,_WAB_75" title="Im April, WAB 75"><i>Im April</i></a> (c. 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Herz_und_deine_Stimme,_WAB_79" title="Mein Herz und deine Stimme, WAB 79"><i>Mein Herz und deine Stimme</i></a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkslied,_WAB_94" title="Volkslied, WAB 94"><i>Volkslied</i></a> (1882)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Choral works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secular_choral_works_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of secular choral works by Anton Bruckner">Weltliche Chorwerke</a> (1843–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_dem_Feste,_WAB_59a" title="An dem Feste, WAB 59a"><i>An dem Feste</i></a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Lied_vom_deutschen_Vaterland,_WAB_78" title="Das Lied vom deutschen Vaterland, WAB 78"><i>Das Lied vom deutschen Vaterland</i></a> (c. 1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4ndchen,_WAB_84.2" title="Ständchen, WAB 84.2"><i>Ständchen</i></a> (c. 1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Lehrerstand,_WAB_77" title="Der Lehrerstand, WAB 77"><i>Der Lehrerstand</i></a> (c. 1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternschnuppen,_WAB_85" title="Sternschnuppen, WAB 85"><i>Sternschnuppen</i></a> (c. 1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_edle_Herz,_WAB_65" title="Das edle Herz, WAB 65"><i>Das edle Herz</i></a> (c. 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Geburt,_WAB_69" title="Die Geburt, WAB 69"><i>Die Geburt</i></a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vor_Arneths_Grab,_WAB_53" title="Vor Arneths Grab, WAB 53"><i>Vor Arneths Grab</i></a> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%9Ft_Jubelt%C3%B6ne_laut_erklingen" title="Laßt Jubeltöne laut erklingen">Laßt Jubeltöne laut erklingen</a></i> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Dankes_Wort_sei_mir_verg%C3%B6nnt,_WAB_62" title="Des Dankes Wort sei mir vergönnt, WAB 62"><i>Des Dankes Wort sei mir vergönnt</i></a> (at the latest 1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_edle_Herz,_WAB_66" title="Das edle Herz, WAB 66"><i>Das edle Herz</i></a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am_Grabe,_WAB_2" title="Am Grabe, WAB 2"><i>Am Grabe</i></a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_bist_wie_eine_Blume,_WAB_64" title="Du bist wie eine Blume, WAB 64"><i>Du bist wie eine Blume</i></a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Abendhimmel,_WAB_55" title="Der Abendhimmel, WAB 55"><i>Der Abendhimmel</i></a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbstlied,_WAB_73" title="Herbstlied, WAB 73"><i>Herbstlied</i></a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um_Mitternacht,_WAB_89" title="Um Mitternacht, WAB 89"><i>Um Mitternacht</i></a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauungschor,_WAB_49" title="Trauungschor, WAB 49"><i>Trauungschor</i></a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Abendhimmel,_WAB_56" title="Der Abendhimmel, WAB 56"><i>Der Abendhimmel</i></a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaterlandslied,_WAB_92" title="Vaterlandslied, WAB 92"><i>Vaterlandslied</i></a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaterl%C3%A4ndisch_Weinlied,_WAB_91" title="Vaterländisch Weinlied, WAB 91"><i>Vaterländisch Weinlied</i></a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitternacht,_WAB_80" title="Mitternacht, WAB 80"><i>Mitternacht</i></a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachruf,_WAB_81a" title="Nachruf, WAB 81a"><i>Nachruf</i></a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_hohe_Lied,_WAB_74" title="Das hohe Lied, WAB 74"><i>Das hohe Lied</i></a> (1876–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abendzauber,_WAB_57" title="Abendzauber, WAB 57"><i>Abendzauber</i></a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zur_Verm%C3%A4hlungsfeier,_WAB_54" title="Zur Vermählungsfeier, WAB 54"><i>Zur Vermählungsfeier</i></a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4ngerbund,_WAB_82" title="Sängerbund, WAB 82"><i>Sängerbund</i></a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkslied,_WAB_94" title="Volkslied, WAB 94"><i>Volkslied</i></a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachruf,_WAB_81a" title="Nachruf, WAB 81a"><i>Trösterin Musik</i></a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um_Mitternacht,_WAB_90" title="Um Mitternacht, WAB 90"><i>Um Mitternacht</i></a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A4umen_und_Wachen,_WAB_87" title="Träumen und Wachen, WAB 87"><i>Träumen und Wachen</i></a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_deutsche_Gesang,_WAB_63" title="Der deutsche Gesang, WAB 63"><i>Der deutsche Gesang</i></a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_dem_Feste,_WAB_59a" title="An dem Feste, WAB 59a"><i>Tafellied</i></a> (1893)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_piano_compositions_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of piano compositions by Anton Bruckner">Piano works</a> (1850–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chamber_music_works_by_Anton_Bruckner" title="List of chamber music works by Anton Bruckner">Chamber music</a> (1862–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quartet_(Bruckner)" title="String Quartet (Bruckner)">String Quartet</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rondo_in_C_minor_(Bruckner)" title="Rondo in C minor (Bruckner)">Rondo in C minor</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abendkl%C3%A4nge,_WAB_110" title="Abendklänge, WAB 110"><i>Abendklänge</i></a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_Quintet_(Bruckner)" title="String Quintet (Bruckner)">String Quintet</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo_in_D_minor_(Bruckner)" title="Intermezzo in D minor (Bruckner)">Intermezzo in D minor</a> (1879)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bruckner_Society" title="International Bruckner Society">International Bruckner Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Gesamtausgabe" title="Bruckner Gesamtausgabe">Bruckner Gesamtausgabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitzler_Study_Book" title="Kitzler Study Book">Kitzler Study Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versions_and_editions_of_Bruckner%27s_symphonies" title="Versions and editions of Bruckner's symphonies">Versions and editions of Bruckner's symphonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruckner_rhythm" title="Bruckner rhythm">Bruckner rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner_Private_University" title="Anton Bruckner Private University">Anton Bruckner Private University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruckner_Orchestra_Linz" title="Bruckner Orchestra Linz">Bruckner Orchestra Linz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucknerhaus" title="Brucknerhaus">Brucknerhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton-Bruckner-Gymnasium_Straubing" title="Anton-Bruckner-Gymnasium Straubing">Anton-Bruckner-Gymnasium Straubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner_Museum" title="Anton Bruckner Museum">Anton Bruckner Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anton_Bruckner" title="Category:Anton Bruckner">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music538" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music538" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and<br /> musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></b></div><div style="float: right;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a></b> → </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism556" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism556" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great<br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <b><a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a></b> →</div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4484" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81752#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4484" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81752#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118515799">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bruckner, Anton, 1824-1896"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79145901">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138919205">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb138919205">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620430">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bruckner, Anton"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV105795">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35023029">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000601042&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX995779">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/28125">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069422664">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90051284">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000037599&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000048253&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=85639">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000035367">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199639293">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhb7pm4gbmls9">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810664315505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/118459">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007259006205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000190838">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521458806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14027490">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04024973?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9debb4c3-dc10-440f-9c96-b777d51ea998">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102637">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118515799">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/b0965">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/797011">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118515799.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118515799">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030738822">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6db83kw">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/73272">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&oldid=1275519304">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Bruckner&oldid=1275519304</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anton_Bruckner" title="Category:Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1824_births" title="Category:1824 births">1824 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1896_deaths" title="Category:1896 deaths">1896 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Austrian_classical_composers" title="Category:19th-century Austrian classical composers">19th-century Austrian classical composers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Austrian_male_musicians" title="Category:19th-century Austrian male musicians">19th-century Austrian male musicians</a></li><li><a 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