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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Phylogenetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phylogenetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phylogenetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phylogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subclass_Phyllocarida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subclass_Phyllocarida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Subclass Phyllocarida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subclass_Phyllocarida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subclass_Hoplocarida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subclass_Hoplocarida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Subclass Hoplocarida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subclass_Hoplocarida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subclass_Eumalacostraca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subclass_Eumalacostraca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Subclass Eumalacostraca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subclass_Eumalacostraca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Fossil record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Malacostraca</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9" title="لينات الدرقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لينات الدرقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_x%C9%99r%C3%A7%C9%99ngl%C9%99r" title="Ali xərçənglər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ali xərçənglər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B1" title="عالی سرطانلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="عالی سرطانلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Висши ракообразни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Висши ракообразни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostracis" title="Malacostracis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malacostracis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakovci" title="Rakovci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rakovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storkrebs" title="Storkrebs – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Storkrebs" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6here_Krebse" title="Höhere Krebse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Höhere Krebse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rgemad_v%C3%A4hid" title="Kõrgemad vähid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrgemad vähid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Μαλακόστρακα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαλακόστρακα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakostrakoj" title="Malakostrakoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malakostrakoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نرم‌زرهیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم‌زرهیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostr%C3%A1ceos" title="Malacostráceos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Malacostráceos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EA%B0%91%EB%A5%98" title="연갑류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연갑류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1i_raci" title="Viši raci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Viši raci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3rkrabbar" title="Stórkrabbar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stórkrabbar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סרטנים עילאיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרטנים עילאיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%93%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жоғарғы сатыдағы шаянтәрізділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жоғарғы сатыдағы шаянтәрізділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qalikdar%C3%AAn_nerm" title="Qalikdarên nerm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qalikdarên nerm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augst%C4%81kie_v%C4%93%C5%BEi" title="Augstākie vēži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augstākie vēži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auk%C5%A1tesnieji_v%C4%97%C5%BEiagyviai" title="Aukštesnieji vėžiagyviai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aukštesnieji vėžiagyviai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fels%C5%91bbrend%C5%B1_r%C3%A1kok" title="Felsőbbrendű rákok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felsőbbrendű rákok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%87" title="لينات الدرقه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينات الدرقه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E7%94%B2%E7%B6%B1" title="軟甲綱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軟甲綱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storkrepser" title="Storkrepser – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Storkrepser" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storkreps" title="Storkreps – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Storkreps" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%9A_%DA%89%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%8A" title="چنگاښ ډوله ژوي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چنگاښ ډوله ژوي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gere_Kreefte" title="Högere Kreefte – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Högere Kreefte" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancerzowce" title="Pancerzowce – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pancerzowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malac%C3%B3stracos" title="Malacóstracos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Malacóstracos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pura-pura_qara" title="Pura-pura qara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pura-pura qara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Высшие раки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высшие раки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1ji_raki" title="Višji raki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Višji raki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%C5%A1i_rakovi" title="Viši rakovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Viši rakovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuori%C3%A4yri%C3%A4iset" title="Kuoriäyriäiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuoriäyriäiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storkr%C3%A4ftor" title="Storkräftor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Storkräftor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBUo_mo%CA%BBoni" title="ʻUo moʻoni – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻUo moʻoni" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakostraka" title="Malakostraka – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malakostraka" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%89%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Вищі ракоподібні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вищі ракоподібні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Bp_Gi%C3%A1p_m%E1%BB%81m" title="Lớp Giáp mềm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lớp Giáp mềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" title="Malacostraca – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Malacostraca" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E7%94%B2%E7%BA%B2" title="软甲纲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="软甲纲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Largest class of crustaceans</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Malacostraca<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Cambrian–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:182.36307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:37.636923076923px; width:182.36307692308px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:38.636923076923px; width:180.36307692308px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Malacostraca_collage_2x3.png/220px-Malacostraca_collage_2x3.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Malacostraca_collage_2x3.png/330px-Malacostraca_collage_2x3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Malacostraca_collage_2x3.png/440px-Malacostraca_collage_2x3.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="900" usemap="#ImageMap_63efed51a07d8428" resource="/wiki/File:Malacostraca_collage_2x3.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_63efed51a07d8428"><area href="/wiki/Decapoda" shape="rect" coords="0,0,110,83" alt="Decapoda" title="Decapoda" /><area href="/wiki/Krill" shape="rect" coords="110,0,220,83" alt="Euphausiacea" title="Euphausiacea" /><area href="/wiki/Isopoda" shape="rect" coords="0,83,110,165" alt="Isopoda" title="Isopoda" /><area href="/wiki/Amphipoda" shape="rect" coords="110,83,220,165" alt="Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda" /><area href="/wiki/Leptostraca" shape="rect" coords="0,165,110,248" alt="Leptostraca" title="Leptostraca" /><area href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" shape="rect" coords="110,165,220,248" alt="Stomatopoda" title="Stomatopoda" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Malacostraca" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Multicrustacea" title="Multicrustacea">Multicrustacea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malacostraca</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Latreille</a>, 1802</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subclasses </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eumalacostraca" title="Eumalacostraca">Eumalacostraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplocarida" title="Hoplocarida">Hoplocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllocarida" title="Phyllocarida">Phyllocarida</a></li></ul> <p>See text for orders. </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Malacostraca</b> is the second largest of the six <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">classes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pancrustacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancrustacean">pancrustaceans</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, containing about 40,000 living <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, divided among 16 <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>. Its members, the <b>malacostracans</b>, display a great diversity of body forms and include <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">lobsters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caridea" title="Caridea">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dendrobranchiata" title="Dendrobranchiata">prawns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse">woodlice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">amphipods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">mantis shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cymothoa_exigua" title="Cymothoa exigua">tongue-eating lice</a> and many other less familiar animals. They are abundant in all marine environments and have colonised freshwater and terrestrial habitats. They are <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segmented</a> animals, united by a common <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a> comprising 20 body segments (rarely 21), and divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Malacostraca is from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:μαλακός">μαλακός</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>malakós</i></span>)</i> 'soft' and <i> </i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:όστρακον">όστρακον</a></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>óstrakon</i></span>)</i> 'shell'. The word was used by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle%27s_biology" title="Aristotle's biology">Aristotle</a>, who contrasted them with <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, in comparison with which their shells are pliable.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was applied to this taxon by French zoologist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Pierre André Latreille</a> in 1802. He was curator of the arthropod collection at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History (France)">National Museum of Natural History</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This scientific name is misleading, since the shell is soft only immediately after <a href="/wiki/Ecdysis" title="Ecdysis">moulting</a>, and is usually hard.<sup id="cite_ref-Rich_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rich-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Malacostracans are sometimes contrasted with entomostracans, a name applied to all crustaceans outside the Malacostraca, and named after the obsolete taxon <a href="/wiki/Entomostraca" title="Entomostraca">Entomostraca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alberta_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alberta-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebalia_bipes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nebalia_bipes.jpg/220px-Nebalia_bipes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nebalia_bipes.jpg/330px-Nebalia_bipes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Nebalia_bipes.jpg/440px-Nebalia_bipes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1289" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leptostraca" title="Leptostraca">Leptostraca</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nebalia_bipes" title="Nebalia bipes">Nebalia bipes</a></i> retain the primitive condition of having seven abdominal segments.</figcaption></figure> <p>The class Malacostraca includes about 40,000 species,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "arguably ... contains a greater diversity of body forms than any other class in the animal kingdom".<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its members are characterised by the presence of three <a href="/wiki/Tagma_(arthropod_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagma (arthropod anatomy)">tagmata</a> (specialized groupings of multiple segments) – a five-segmented head, an eight-segmented <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> and an abdomen with six segments and a <a href="/wiki/Telson" title="Telson">telson</a>, except in the <a href="/wiki/Leptostraca" title="Leptostraca">Leptostraca</a>, which retain the <a href="/wiki/Plesiomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Plesiomorphy">ancestral condition</a> of seven abdominal segments.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malacostracans have abdominal appendages, a fact that differentiates them from all other major crustacean taxa except <a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each body segment bears a pair of jointed <a href="/wiki/Appendage" title="Appendage">appendages</a>, although these may be lost secondarily.<sup id="cite_ref-ADW_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADW-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tagmata">Tagmata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tagmata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The head bears two pairs of <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a>, the first of which is often <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg#Biramous_and_uniramous" title="Arthropod leg">biramous</a> (branching into two parts) and the second pair bear <a href="/wiki/Exopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Exopod">exopods</a> (outer branches) which are often flattened into antennal scales known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scaphocerite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scaphocerite (page does not exist)">scaphocerites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mouthparts consist of pairs each of <a href="/wiki/Mandible_(arthropod_mouthpart)" title="Mandible (arthropod mouthpart)">mandibles</a>, maxillules (second pair of mouthparts) and <a href="/wiki/Maxilla_(arthropod_mouthpart)" title="Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)">maxillae</a>. Except for <a href="/wiki/Anostraca" title="Anostraca">fairy shrimps</a>, malacostracans are the only extant arthropods with <a href="/wiki/Compound_eye" title="Compound eye">compound eyes</a> placed on moveable stalks,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in some taxa the eyes are unstalked, reduced or lost.<sup id="cite_ref-Davie_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hayward_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Up to three thoracic segments may be fused with the head to form a <a href="/wiki/Cephalothorax" title="Cephalothorax">cephalothorax</a>; the associated appendages turn forward and are modified as <a href="/wiki/Maxilliped" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxilliped">maxillipeds</a> (accessory <a href="/wiki/Arthropod_mouthparts" title="Arthropod mouthparts">mouthparts</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Carapace" title="Carapace">carapace</a> may be absent, present or <a href="/wiki/Secondary_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary loss">secondarily lost</a>, and may cover the head, part or all of the thorax and some of the abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is variable in form and may be fused dorsally with some of the thoracic segments or occasionally be in two parts, hinged dorsally.<sup id="cite_ref-Davie_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, each of the thoracic appendages is biramous and the endopods are the better developed of the branches, being used for crawling or grasping. Each endopod consist of seven articulating segments; the coxa, basis, ischium, merus, carpus, propodus and dactylus. In <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">decapods</a>, the claw is formed by the articulation of the dactylus against an outgrowth of the propodus. In some taxa, the exopods are lost and the appendages are uniramous.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a clear demarcation between the thorax and the six or seven-segmented abdomen. In most taxa, each abdominal segment except the last carries a pair of biramous <a href="/wiki/Pleopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleopod">pleopods</a> used for swimming, burrowing, gas exchange, creating a current or brooding eggs. The first and second abdominal pleopods may be modified in the male to form <a href="/wiki/Gonopod" title="Gonopod">gonopods</a> (accessory copulatory appendages).<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appendages of the last segment are typically flattened into <a href="/wiki/Uropod" title="Uropod">uropods</a>, which together with the terminal telson, make up the "tail fan".<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the sudden flexion of this tail fan that provides the thrust for the rapid escape response of these crustaceans and the tail fan is also used in steering.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Leptostraca, the appendages on the telson instead form <a href="/wiki/Caudal_ramus" title="Caudal ramus">caudal rami</a> (spine-like protrusions).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_anatomy">Internal anatomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The digestive tract is straight and the foregut consists of a short oesophagus and a two-chambered stomach, the first part of which contains a gizzard-like "gastric mill" for grinding food. The walls of this have <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitinous</a> ridges, teeth and calcareous ossicles. The fine particles and soluble material are then moved into the midgut where chemical processing and absorption takes place in one or more pairs of large digestive caeca. The hindgut is concerned with water reclamation and the formation of faeces and the anus is situated at the base of the telson.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other crustaceans, malacostracans have an <a href="/wiki/Open_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circulatory system">open circulatory system</a> in which the heart pumps blood into the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system#Open_circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">hemocoel</a> (body cavity) where it supplies the needs of the organs for oxygen and nutrients before diffusing back to the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The typical <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_pigment" title="Respiratory pigment">respiratory pigment</a> in malacostracans is <a href="/wiki/Haemocyanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemocyanin">haemocyanin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Structures that function as kidneys are located near the base of the antennae. A brain exists in the form of ganglia close to the antennae, there are ganglia in each segment and a collection of major ganglia below the oesophagus.<sup id="cite_ref-Encarta_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensory organs include compound eyes (often stalked), <a href="/wiki/Simple_eye_in_invertebrates" title="Simple eye in invertebrates">ocelli</a> (simple eyes), <a href="/wiki/Statocyst" title="Statocyst">statocysts</a> and sensory <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">bristles</a>. The naupliar eye is a characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Crustacean_larvae#Nauplius" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacean larvae">nauplius</a> larva and consists of four cup-shaped ocelli facing in different directions and able to distinguish between light and darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-IZ_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IZ-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sally_lightfoot_crab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sally_lightfoot_crab.jpg/220px-Sally_lightfoot_crab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sally_lightfoot_crab.jpg/330px-Sally_lightfoot_crab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sally_lightfoot_crab.jpg/440px-Sally_lightfoot_crab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Grapsus_grapsus" title="Grapsus grapsus">Grapsus grapsus</a></i>, a terrestrial crab</figcaption></figure> <p>Malacostracans live in a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> habitats, and three orders have <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a> members: Amphipoda (<a href="/wiki/Talitridae" title="Talitridae">Talitridae</a>), Isopoda (Oniscidea, the <a href="/wiki/Woodlouse" title="Woodlouse">woodlice</a>) and Decapoda (<a href="/wiki/Coenobitidae" title="Coenobitidae">terrestrial hermit crabs</a>, crabs of the families <a href="/wiki/Ocypodidae" title="Ocypodidae">Ocypodidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gecarcinidae" title="Gecarcinidae">Gecarcinidae</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grapsidae" title="Grapsidae">Grapsidae</a>, and terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Crayfish" title="Crayfish">crayfish</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are abundant in all marine ecosystems, and most species are <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a>, although some, such as the <a href="/wiki/Porcelain_crab" title="Porcelain crab">porcelain crabs</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a>, and some, such as mantis shrimps, are <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most species of malacostracans have distinct sexes (a phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">gonochorism</a>), although a few species exhibit <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphroditism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hayward_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayward-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female genital openings or <a href="/wiki/Gonopore" title="Gonopore">gonopores</a> are located on the sixth thoracic segment or its appendages, while the male gonopores are on the eighth segment or its appendages, or in a small number of species, on the seventh.<sup id="cite_ref-Davie_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The naupliar larval stages are often reduced and take place before hatching, but where they occur, a <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> usually occurs between the larval and the adult forms. Primitive malacostracans have a free-swimming naupliar larval stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Davie_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research suggests the common ancestor of Malacostraca had lost the free-living nauplius larval stage, but re-evolved it again through <a href="/wiki/Heterochrony" title="Heterochrony">heterochrony</a> in Dendrobranchiata and Euphausiacea, which both has a lecithotrophic (non-feeding) nauplius stage.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mating">Mating</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mating behavior has been studied in the freshwater shrimp <i>Caridina ensifera</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yue_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yue-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple paternity, common in the <i>Malacostrica</i>, also occurs in <i>C. ensifera</i>. Reproductive success of sires was found to correlate inversely with their genetic relatedness to the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Yue_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yue-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This finding suggests that sperm competition and/or pre- and post-copulatory female choice occurs. Female choice may increase the fitness of progeny by avoiding <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> that can lead to expression of <a href="/wiki/Zygosity#Homozygous" title="Zygosity">homozygous</a> deleterious <a href="/wiki/Dominance_(genetics)" title="Dominance (genetics)">recessive</a> mutations.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19834483_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19834483-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Phylogenetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny_of_Malacostraca" title="Phylogeny of Malacostraca">Phylogeny of Malacostraca</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyly</a> of Malacostraca is widely accepted. This is supported by several common morphological traits which are present throughout the group and is confirmed by molecular studies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a number of problems make it difficult to determine the relationships between the orders of Malacostraca. These include differences in <a href="/wiki/Mutation_rate" title="Mutation rate">mutation rates</a> in different <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineages</a>, different patterns of evolution being apparent in different sources of data, including <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Long_branch_attraction" title="Long branch attraction">long branch attraction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is less agreement on the status of the subclass <a href="/wiki/Phyllocarida" title="Phyllocarida">Phyllocarida</a> with its single extant order, Leptostraca, depending on whether foliaceous (leaf-like) limbs have a single or multiple origin. Some authors advocate placing Phyllocarida in Phyllopoda, a group used in former classification systems, which would then include branchiopods, cephalocarids and leptostracans. A molecular study by American biologists Trisha Spears and Lawrence Abele concluded that phylogenetic evidence did not support the monophyly of this grouping, and that Phyllocarida should be regarded as a subclass of Malacostraca that had diverged from the main lineage at an early date.<sup id="cite_ref-Davie_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following cladogram is based on the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic analysis</a> of Richter & Scholtz.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Malacostraca </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phyllocarida" title="Phyllocarida">Phyllocarida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Hoplocarida" title="Hoplocarida">Hoplocarida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Eumalacostraca" title="Eumalacostraca">Eumalacostraca</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Amphionidacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphionidacea">Amphionidacea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Euphausiacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphausiacea">Euphausiacea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Peracarida" title="Peracarida">Peracarida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Thermosbaenacea" title="Thermosbaenacea">Thermosbaenacea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mysida" title="Mysida">Mysida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Lophogastrida" title="Lophogastrida">Lophogastrida</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Spelaeogriphacea" title="Spelaeogriphacea">Spelaeogriphacea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Mictacea" title="Mictacea">Mictacea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cumacea" title="Cumacea">Cumacea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Tanaidacea" title="Tanaidacea">Tanaidacea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopoda</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Syncarida" title="Syncarida">Syncarida</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Anaspidacea" title="Anaspidacea">Anaspidacea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bathynellacea" title="Bathynellacea">Bathynellacea</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subclass_Phyllocarida">Subclass Phyllocarida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subclass Phyllocarida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leptostraca is the only extant order of Phyllocarida, the other two orders, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeostraca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeostraca (page does not exist)">Archaeostraca</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoplostraca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoplostraca (page does not exist)">Hoplostraca</a> being extinct. Leptostracans are thought to be the most primitive of the malacostracans and date back to the Cambrian period. They range in length from 1 to 4 cm (0.4 to 1.6 in), most being suspension feeders though some are carnivores or scavengers. They have a two part carapace which encloses the head, the whole thorax and part of the abdomen and are the only malacostracans with seven abdominal segments. Three families are known with several genera and about twenty species. They are found worldwide from the intertidal zone to the deep ocean, all but one species being <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthic</a> (living on the seabed).<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davie_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subclass_Hoplocarida">Subclass Hoplocarida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Subclass Hoplocarida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squilla_empusa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Squilla_empusa.jpg/170px-Squilla_empusa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Squilla_empusa.jpg/255px-Squilla_empusa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Squilla_empusa.jpg/340px-Squilla_empusa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><i>Squilla empusa</i>,<br /> a mantis shrimp</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stomatopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomatopoda">Stomatopoda</a> is the only extant order of <a href="/wiki/Hoplocarida" title="Hoplocarida">Hoplocarida</a>, the other two orders, Aeschronectida and Archaeostomatopoda being extinct. Stomatopodans, commonly known as mantis shrimps, range in length from 5 to 36 cm (2 to 14 in) and are predators. They have a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Dorsal_and_ventral" title="Anatomical terms of location">dorso-ventrally</a> flattened body and a shield-like carapace and are armed with powerful, raptorial claws normally carried in a folded position. There are about 300 species, most living in tropical and subtropical seas although some live in temperate areas. They are benthic, mostly hiding in cracks and crevices or living in burrows, some emerging to forage while others are ambush predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruppert_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruppert-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davie_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davie-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subclass_Eumalacostraca">Subclass Eumalacostraca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subclass Eumalacostraca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Eumalocostraca contains the vast majority of the approximately 40,000 living species of malacostracans and consists of three superorders, <a href="/wiki/Syncarida" title="Syncarida">Syncarida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peracarida" title="Peracarida">Peracarida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eucarida" title="Eucarida">Eucarida</a>. Syncaridans are mostly small and found in freshwater and subterranean habitats. Peracaridans are characterised by having a <a href="/wiki/Brood_pouch_(Peracarida)" title="Brood pouch (Peracarida)">marsupium</a> in which they brood their young. They are found in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats and include <a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">Amphipoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumacea" title="Cumacea">Cumacea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysida" title="Mysida">Mysida</a>. Eucarida includes lobsters, crabs, shrimps, <a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">prawns</a> and krill.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_record">Fossil record</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fossil record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first malacostracans appeared sometime in the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a>, when animals belonging to the Phyllocarida appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_malacostracans" title="List of prehistoric malacostracans">List of prehistoric malacostracans</a></div> <p>The following classification of living malacostracans is based on <i>An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea</i> (2001) by the American marine biologists <a href="/wiki/Joel_W._Martin" title="Joel W. Martin">Joel W. Martin</a>, curator of crustaceans at the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_of_Los_Angeles_County" title="Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County">Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County</a>, and George E. Davies.<sup id="cite_ref-M&D_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M&D-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extinct orders have been added to this<sup id="cite_ref-Jenner_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jenner-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are indicated by an <a href="/wiki/Dagger_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagger (typography)">obelisk</a> (†). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odontodactylus_scyllarus3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Odontodactylus_scyllarus3.jpg/220px-Odontodactylus_scyllarus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Odontodactylus_scyllarus3.jpg/330px-Odontodactylus_scyllarus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Odontodactylus_scyllarus3.jpg/440px-Odontodactylus_scyllarus3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="1578" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Peacock_mantis_shrimp" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock mantis shrimp">Odontodactylus scyllarus</a></i> (Hoplocarida: <a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">Stomatopoda</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porcellio_scaber_and_Oniscus_asellus_-_Zaln%C3%A920070205.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Porcellio_scaber_and_Oniscus_asellus_-_Zaln%C3%A920070205.jpg/220px-Porcellio_scaber_and_Oniscus_asellus_-_Zaln%C3%A920070205.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Porcellio_scaber_and_Oniscus_asellus_-_Zaln%C3%A920070205.jpg/330px-Porcellio_scaber_and_Oniscus_asellus_-_Zaln%C3%A920070205.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Porcellio_scaber_and_Oniscus_asellus_-_Zaln%C3%A920070205.jpg/440px-Porcellio_scaber_and_Oniscus_asellus_-_Zaln%C3%A920070205.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Porcellio_scaber" title="Porcellio scaber">Porcellio scaber</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Oniscus_asellus" title="Oniscus asellus">Oniscus asellus</a></i> (Peracarida: <a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopoda</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cancer_pagurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cancer_pagurus.jpg/220px-Cancer_pagurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cancer_pagurus.jpg/330px-Cancer_pagurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cancer_pagurus.jpg/440px-Cancer_pagurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2803" data-file-height="2104" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cancer_pagurus" title="Cancer pagurus">Cancer pagurus</a></i> (Eucarida: <a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Class <b>Malacostraca</b> <small><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Latreille</a>, 1802</small> </p> <ul><li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Phyllocarida" title="Phyllocarida">Phyllocarida</a> <small>Packard, 1879</small></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>† <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeostraca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeostraca (page does not exist)">Archaeostraca</a> <small>Claus 1888</small></li> <li>† <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoplostraca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoplostraca (page does not exist)">Hoplostraca</a> <small>Schram, 1973</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptostraca" title="Leptostraca">Leptostraca</a> <small>Claus, 1880</small></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Hoplocarida" title="Hoplocarida">Hoplocarida</a> <small>Calman, 1904</small></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>† <a href="/wiki/Aeschronectida" title="Aeschronectida">Aeschronectida</a> <small>Schram, 1969</small></li> <li>† <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeostomatopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeostomatopoda (page does not exist)">Archaeostomatopoda</a> <small>Schram, 1969</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomatopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Stomatopoda">Stomatopoda</a> <small>Latreille, 1817</small></li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Eumalacostraca" title="Eumalacostraca">Eumalacostraca</a> <small>Grobben, 1892</small> <ul><li>Superorder <a href="/wiki/Syncarida" title="Syncarida">Syncarida</a> <small>Packard, 1885</small> <ul><li>† <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeocaridacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeocaridacea (page does not exist)">Palaeocaridacea</a> <small>Brooks, 1979</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathynellacea" title="Bathynellacea">Bathynellacea</a> <small>Chappuis, 1915</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaspidacea" title="Anaspidacea">Anaspidacea</a> <small>Calman, 1904</small></li></ul></li> <li>Superorder <a href="/wiki/Peracarida" title="Peracarida">Peracarida</a> <small>Calman, 1904</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spelaeogriphacea" title="Spelaeogriphacea">Spelaeogriphacea</a> <small>Gordon, 1957</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosbaenacea" title="Thermosbaenacea">Thermosbaenacea</a> <small>Monod, 1927</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophogastrida" title="Lophogastrida">Lophogastrida</a> <small>Sars, 1870</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysida" title="Mysida">Mysida</a> <small>Haworth, 1825</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stygiomysida" title="Stygiomysida">Stygiomysida</a> <small>Tchindonova, 1981</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mictacea" title="Mictacea">Mictacea</a> <small>Bowman <i>et al.</i>, 1985</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">Amphipoda</a> <small>Latreille, 1816</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopoda</a> <small>Latreille, 1817</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaidacea" title="Tanaidacea">Tanaidacea</a> <small>Dana, 1849</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumacea" title="Cumacea">Cumacea</a> <small>Krøyer, 1846</small></li></ul></li> <li>Superorder <a href="/wiki/Eucarida" title="Eucarida">Eucarida</a> <small>Calman, 1904</small> <ul><li>† <a href="/wiki/Angustidontida" class="mw-redirect" title="Angustidontida">Angustidontida</a> <small>Gueriau, Charbonnier & Clément, 2014</small><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Euphausiacea</a> <small>Dana, 1852</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda">Decapoda</a> <small>Latreille, 1802</small></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-malacostracan" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=malacostracan">"malacostracan"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=malacostracan&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dmalacostracan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuis,_Claude1974" class="citation journal cs1">Dupuis, Claude (1974). "Pierre André Latreille (1762–1833): the foremost entomologist of his time". <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>19</b>: 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.en.19.010174.000245">10.1146/annurev.en.19.010174.000245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Pierre+Andr%C3%A9+Latreille+%281762%E2%80%931833%29%3A+the+foremost+entomologist+of+his+time&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.en.19.010174.000245&rft.au=Dupuis%2C+Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rich-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rich_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich,_Patricia_VickersFenton,_Mildred_AdamsFenton,_Caroll_LaneRich,_Thomas_Hewitt1996" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Patricia Vickers; <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Adams_Fenton" title="Mildred Adams Fenton">Fenton, Mildred Adams</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carroll_Lane_Fenton" title="Carroll Lane Fenton">Fenton, Caroll Lane</a>; Rich, Thomas Hewitt (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ntSspji0LYC&pg=PA217">"Crustaceans"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fossilbookrecor00rich/page/213"><i>The Fossil Book: a Record of Prehistoric Life</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Courier_Dover_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier Dover Publications">Courier Dover Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fossilbookrecor00rich/page/213">213–221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-29371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-29371-4"><bdi>978-0-486-29371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crustaceans&rft.btitle=The+Fossil+Book%3A+a+Record+of+Prehistoric+Life&rft.pages=213-221&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-486-29371-4&rft.au=Rich%2C+Patricia+Vickers&rft.au=Fenton%2C+Mildred+Adams&rft.au=Fenton%2C+Caroll+Lane&rft.au=Rich%2C+Thomas+Hewitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ntSspji0LYC%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberta-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alberta_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifford,_Hugh_F.1991" class="citation book cs1">Clifford, Hugh F. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UQ4jHev6voC&pg=PA173">"Introduction to the Malacostraca"</a>. <i>Aquatic Invertebrates of Alberta: an Illustrated Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>. pp. 173–175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-234-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88864-234-9"><bdi>978-0-88864-234-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Malacostraca&rft.btitle=Aquatic+Invertebrates+of+Alberta%3A+an+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pages=173-175&rft.pub=University+of+Alberta&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-88864-234-9&rft.au=Clifford%2C+Hugh+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UQ4jHev6voC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoore,_Hugh_F.2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Poore, Hugh F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ww6RzBz42-4C&pg=PA1">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Crustacea: Malacostraca</i>. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.2A. <a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">CSIRO Publishing</a>. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06901-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06901-5"><bdi>978-0-643-06901-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Crustacea%3A+Malacostraca&rft.series=Zoological+catalogue+of+Australia&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06901-5&rft.au=Poore%2C+Hugh+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dww6RzBz42-4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes,_R._S._K.Calow,_P.Olive,_P._J._W.Golding,_D._W.2001" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, R. S. K.; Calow, P.; Olive, P. J. W.; Golding, D. W.; Spicer, J. I. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TBMsbe9efPgC&pg=PA202">"Invertebrates with legs: the arthropods and similar groups"</a>. <i>The Invertebrates: a Synthesis</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. 168–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04761-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-04761-1"><bdi>978-0-632-04761-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Invertebrates+with+legs%3A+the+arthropods+and+similar+groups&rft.btitle=The+Invertebrates%3A+a+Synthesis&rft.pages=168-206&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-632-04761-1&rft.au=Barnes%2C+R.+S.+K.&rft.au=Calow%2C+P.&rft.au=Olive%2C+P.+J.+W.&rft.au=Golding%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Spicer%2C+J.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTBMsbe9efPgC%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruppert-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruppert_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppertFoxBarnes2004" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004). <i>Invertebrate Zoology</i> (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 625–626. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-315-0104-7"><bdi>978-81-315-0104-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrate+Zoology&rft.pages=625-626&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-315-0104-7&rft.aulast=Ruppert&rft.aufirst=Edward+E.&rft.au=Fox%2C+Richard%2C+S.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Robert+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ADW-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ADW_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwater,_DanFautin,_Daphne_G.2001" class="citation web cs1">Atwater, Dan; Fautin, Daphne G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Malacostraca.html">"Class Malacostraca: crabs, krill, pill bugs, shrimp, and relatives"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">Animal Diversity Web</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Animal+Diversity+Web&rft.atitle=Class+Malacostraca%3A+crabs%2C+krill%2C+pill+bugs%2C+shrimp%2C+and+relatives&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Atwater%2C+Dan&rft.au=Fautin%2C+Daphne+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu%2Fsite%2Faccounts%2Finformation%2FMalacostraca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAx2013" class="citation book cs1">Ax, Peter (9 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x7vtCAAAQBAJ&q=Anostraca+and+the+Malacostraca+&pg=PA148"><i>Multicellular Animals: Volume II: The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783662103968" title="Special:BookSources/9783662103968"><bdi>9783662103968</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicellular+Animals%3A+Volume+II%3A+The+Phylogenetic+System+of+the+Metazoa&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft.isbn=9783662103968&rft.aulast=Ax&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx7vtCAAAQBAJ%26q%3DAnostraca%2Band%2Bthe%2BMalacostraca%2B%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronin1986" class="citation journal cs1">Cronin, Thomas W. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1547926">"Optical Design and Evolutionary Adaptation in Crustacean Compound Eyes"</a>. <i>Journal of Crustacean Biology</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1547926">10.2307/1547926</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1547926">1547926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Crustacean+Biology&rft.atitle=Optical+Design+and+Evolutionary+Adaptation+in+Crustacean+Compound+Eyes&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1547926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1547926%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cronin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1547926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davie-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davie_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davie_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davie_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davie_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davie_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davie_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davie_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavie,_P._J._F.2002" class="citation book cs1">Davie, P. J. F. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sc7i6AL-GewC&pg=PA23">"Class Malacostraca. Introduction"</a>. <i>Crustacea: Malacostraca. Phyllocarida, Hoplocarida, Eucarida (Part 1)</i>. Volume 19.3A of Zoological Catalogue of Australia. <a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">CSIRO Publishing</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06791-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06791-2"><bdi>978-0-643-06791-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Class+Malacostraca.+Introduction&rft.btitle=Crustacea%3A+Malacostraca.+Phyllocarida%2C+Hoplocarida%2C+Eucarida+%28Part+1%29&rft.series=Volume+19.3A+of+Zoological+Catalogue+of+Australia&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06791-2&rft.au=Davie%2C+P.+J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSc7i6AL-GewC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayward-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayward_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward,_P._J.Isaac,_M._J.Makings,_P.Moyse,_J.1995" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, P. 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Vol. 198. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. 257–266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8259-7_28">10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8258-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8258-0"><bdi>978-1-4020-8258-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Global+diversity+of+syncarids+%28Syncarida%3B+Crustacea%29+in+freshwater&rft.btitle=Freshwater+Animal+Diversity+Assessment&rft.series=Developments+in+Hydrobiology&rft.pages=257-266&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-8259-7_28&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-8258-0&rft.au=Camacho%2C+A.+I.&rft.au=Valdecasas%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavie,_P._J._F.2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Davie, P. J. F. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sc7i6AL-GewC&pg=PA24">"Subclass: Phyllocarida, Introduction"</a>. <i>Crustacea: Malacostraca: Phyllocarida, Hoplocarida, Eucarida (Part 1)</i>. Zoological catalogue of Australia. Vol. 19.3A. <a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">CSIRO Publishing</a>. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06791-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-643-06791-2"><bdi>978-0-643-06791-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Subclass%3A+Phyllocarida%2C+Introduction&rft.btitle=Crustacea%3A+Malacostraca%3A+Phyllocarida%2C+Hoplocarida%2C+Eucarida+%28Part+1%29&rft.series=Zoological+catalogue+of+Australia&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-643-06791-2&rft.au=Davie%2C+P.+J.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSc7i6AL-GewC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGueriauCharbonnierClément2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gueriau, Pierre; Charbonnier, Sylvain; Clément, Gaël (2014-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265211942">"Angustidontid crustaceans from the Late Devonian of Strud (Namur Province, Belgium): Insights into the origin of Decapoda"</a>. <i>Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen</i>. <b>273</b> (3): 327–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1127%2F0077-7749%2F2014%2F0434">10.1127/0077-7749/2014/0434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neues+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Geologie+und+Pal%C3%A4ontologie+-+Abhandlungen&rft.atitle=Angustidontid+crustaceans+from+the+Late+Devonian+of+Strud+%28Namur+Province%2C+Belgium%29%3A+Insights+into+the+origin+of+Decapoda&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-337&rft.date=2014-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1127%2F0077-7749%2F2014%2F0434&rft.aulast=Gueriau&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.au=Charbonnier%2C+Sylvain&rft.au=Cl%C3%A9ment%2C+Ga%C3%ABl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265211942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charybdis_japonica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Charybdis_japonica.jpg/32px-Charybdis_japonica.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Charybdis_japonica.jpg/48px-Charybdis_japonica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Charybdis_japonica.jpg/64px-Charybdis_japonica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Crustaceans" title="Portal:Crustaceans">Crustaceans portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Malacostraca" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStebbing1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roscoe_Rede_Stebbing" title="Thomas Roscoe Rede Stebbing">Stebbing, Thomas Roscoe Rede</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malacostraca"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Malacostraca">"Malacostraca" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). pp. 457–459.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malacostraca&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=457-459&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Stebbing&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Roscoe+Rede&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalacostraca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tolweb.org/Malacostraca/6253">Malacostraca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_Web_Project" title="Tree of Life Web Project">Tree of Life Web Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/arthropoda/crustacea/malacostraca.html">Introduction to the Malacostraca</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ostracod" title="Ostracod">Ostracoda (seed shrimps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystacocarida" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystacocarida">Mystacocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentastomida" title="Pentastomida">Pentastomida (tongue worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchiura" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchiura">Branchiura (fish lice)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thecostraca" title="Thecostraca">Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantulocarida" title="Tantulocarida">Tantulocarida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalocarida" title="Cephalocarida">Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branchiopoda" title="Branchiopoda">Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remipedia" title="Remipedia">Remipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protura" title="Protura">Protura (coneheads)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">Collembola (springtails)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplura" title="Diplura">Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta (insects)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>italic</i> are paraphyletic groups</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orders_of_Malacostraca" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malacostraca" title="Template:Malacostraca"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malacostraca" title="Template talk:Malacostraca"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malacostraca" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malacostraca"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orders_of_Malacostraca" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Orders of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malacostraca</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Subphylum: <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phyllocarida" title="Phyllocarida">Phyllocarida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeostraca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeostraca (page does not exist)">Archaeostraca</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoplostraca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoplostraca (page does not exist)">Hoplostraca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptostraca" title="Leptostraca">Leptostraca</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Hymenocaris" title="Hymenocaris">Hymenostraca</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoplocarida" title="Hoplocarida">Hoplocarida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Aeschronectida" title="Aeschronectida">Aeschronectida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeostomatopoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeostomatopoda (page does not exist)">Archaeostomatopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantis_shrimp" title="Mantis shrimp">Stomatopoda (mantis shrimp)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eumalacostraca" title="Eumalacostraca">Eumalacostraca</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syncarida" title="Syncarida">Syncarida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaspidacea" title="Anaspidacea">Anaspidacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathynellacea" title="Bathynellacea">Bathynellacea</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeocaridacea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeocaridacea (page does not exist)">Palaeocaridacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peracarida" title="Peracarida">Peracarida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spelaeogriphacea" title="Spelaeogriphacea">Spelaeogriphacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosbaenacea" title="Thermosbaenacea">Thermosbaenacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophogastrida" title="Lophogastrida">Lophogastrida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mysida" title="Mysida">Mysida</a></b> (opossum shrimp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stygiomysida" title="Stygiomysida">Stygiomysida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mictacea" title="Mictacea">Mictacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bochusacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bochusacea">Bochusacea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">Amphipoda</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ingolfiellida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ingolfiellida (page does not exist)">Ingolfiellida</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Isopoda" title="Isopoda">Isopoda</a></b></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pygocephalomorpha" title="Pygocephalomorpha">Pygocephalomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanaidacea" title="Tanaidacea">Tanaidacea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumacea" title="Cumacea">Cumacea (hooded shrimp)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eucarida" title="Eucarida">Eucarida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Angustidontidae" title="Angustidontidae">Angustidontida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Euphausiacea (krill)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Decapoda"><b>Decapoda</b> (shrimp, prawns, crayfish, lobsters, crabs, etc.)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><small>The three most speciose orders are marked in <b>bold</b>; obelisks (†) mark extinct orders.</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Malacostraca</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182978" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q182978">Q182978</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Malacostraca" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=69">69</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/8">8</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/MC">MC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1157">1157</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1MALAC">1MALAC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:13284">13284</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/dcc226a7-0b0a-451c-afcb-8c09de2353ac">dcc226a7-0b0a-451c-afcb-8c09de2353ac</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/229">229</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47187">47187</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1190">1190</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=89787">89787</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6681">6681</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/12cc8883-e9b0-409a-8a17-24318064308c">12cc8883-e9b0-409a-8a17-24318064308c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=212701">212701</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=22215">22215</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/652ADD51-24E3-5B43-8E5C-5CA17ACA8F62">652ADD51-24E3-5B43-8E5C-5CA17ACA8F62</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1071">1071</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182978#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Malacostraca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85080019">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Malacostracés"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13514136w">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Malacostracés"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13514136w">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="rakovci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph216315&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Malacostráceos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX545546">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546079405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&oldid=1258219216">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malacostraca&oldid=1258219216</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malacostraca" title="Category:Malacostraca">Malacostraca</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arthropod_classes" title="Category:Arthropod classes">Arthropod classes</a></li><li><a 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