Planetary Sciences - Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /> <title>Planetary Sciences - Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences</title> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-75.png?v=6.2.5">  <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-32.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-57.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="57x57"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-76.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="76x76"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-96.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-128.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="128x128"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-192.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-228.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="228x228">  <link rel="shortcut icon" sizes="196x196" href="/static/core/img/favicon-196.png?v=6.2.5">  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-120.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="120x120"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-152.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="152x152"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/core/img/favicon-180.png?v=6.2.5" sizes="180x180">  <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#D14900"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/static/core/img/favicon-144.png?v=6.2.5">  <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/static/core/img/browserconfig.xml?v=6.2.5">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.datatables.net/1.12.1/css/dataTables.bootstrap4.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.datatables.net/responsive/2.3.0/css/responsive.dataTables.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/CACHE/css/output.6927168c4c3b.css" type="text/css">   <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/CACHE/css/output.57b991578d3d.css" type="text/css">     <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P6B1XBVNB0"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P6B1XBVNB0', {'anonymize_ip': true}); gtag('config', 'UA-41019847-1', {'anonymize_ip': true}); </script>   <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.3.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script defer src="/static/airspace/js/jquery.mousewheel.min.js"></script> <script async src='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-MML-AM_CHTML'></script> <script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/underscore.js/1.9.1/underscore-min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/apexcharts"></script>  <script src="https://cdn.datatables.net/1.12.1/js/jquery.dataTables.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.datatables.net/responsive/2.3.0/js/dataTables.responsive.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.datatables.net/1.12.1/js/dataTables.bootstrap4.min.js"></script> <script src="/static/CACHE/js/output.54b9aeca30a0.js"></script> <script src="/static/CACHE/js/output.85ffa0965727.js" defer></script>   <script src="https://feeds.library.caltech.edu/scripts/CL.js"></script> <script src="https://feeds.library.caltech.edu/scripts/CL-doi-media.js"></script> <script src="/static/CACHE/js/output.284c8b74e6dc.js" defer></script>    <meta property="og:url" content="http://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Planetary Science Research Option" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Planetary Science Research Option"> <meta property="og:description" content="From the Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="From the Caltech Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://gps70.divisions.caltech.edu/static/core/img/caltech-logo-400x400.png" /> <meta name="og:image:alt" content="Caltech Logo"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://gps70.divisions.caltech.edu/static/core/img/caltech-logo-400x400.png"> </head> <body class="caltech_sites "> <div data-sprite></div> <script src="/static/wagtailadmin/js/icons.js?v=6a08e15b" data-icon-url="/admin/sprite/?h=c7c5a148"></script> <header class="width-1440-container"> <a class="text-assistive display-at-top-on-focus" href="#content">skip to main content</a> <div class="header header--left d-flex flex-wrap"> <nav class="header__utility-menu d-none d-md-flex w-100 justify-content-end" aria-label="Useful links"> <ul class="d-flex" aria-label="Useful links"> <li class="header__utility-menu__item "> <a class="header__utility-menu__link " id="utility-menu-1" href="/about/positions-available">Working in GPS</a> </li> <li class="header__utility-menu__item "> <a class="header__utility-menu__link " id="utility-menu-2" href="https://access.caltech.edu/auth/login?service=https://access.caltech.edu/home/home.s">Access</a> </li> <li class="header__utility-menu__item "> <a class="header__utility-menu__link " id="utility-menu-3" href="https://directory.caltech.edu/">Directory</a> </li> <li class="header__utility-menu__item dropdown "> <button type="button" class="header__utility-menu__opener dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="utility-menu-4" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Quick Links <img class="header__utility-menu__opener__icon" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-chevron-grey-550.png" alt=""> <img class="header__utility-menu__opener__icon chevron-orange" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-chevron-orange.png" alt=""> </button> <ul class="header__utility-menu__dropdown dropdown-menu dropdown-menu-right" id="utility-menu-4" aria-label="Quick Links"> <li> <a class="header__utility-menu__dropdown__item dropdown-item" href="/resources/quick-links-1/quick-links-faculty">Quick Links for Faculty</a> </li> <li> <a class="header__utility-menu__dropdown__item dropdown-item" href="/resources/quick-links-1/quick-links-staff">Quick Links for Staff</a> </li> <li> <a class="header__utility-menu__dropdown__item dropdown-item" href="/resources/quick-links-1/quick-links-students">Quick Links for Students</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="header__title w-100 d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row align-items-sm-end"> <a class="header__title__caltech-link d-block" href="https://www.caltech.edu"> <img alt="Caltech" class="header__wordmark" src="/static/core/img/caltech-new-logo.png"> </a> <div class="header__title__separator h-100"></div> <a class="header__title__homepage-link d-block mr-sm-auto" href="/" > Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences </a> </div> <nav class="header__main-menu d-none d-xl-flex" aria-label="Main"> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-1 d-flex justify-content-start " id="main-menu-1" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Main"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/people">People</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-2" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open People submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-2" tabindex="-1" aria-label="People"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=17">Professorial Faculty</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=24">Emeritus Faculty</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=29">Research Faculty</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=8">Visiting Faculty and Visitors</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=12">Postdoctoral Scholars</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=11">Graduate Students</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=22">Undergraduate Students</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=27">JPL Scientist</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=269">Member of Professional Staff</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=14">Research Staff</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=16">Support Staff</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?search=&category=691&category=&category=&submit=Search">In Memoriam</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/gps-research">Research</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-15" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Research submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-15" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Research"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs">Research Programs</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-16" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Research Programs submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-16" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Research Programs"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/geology-research-option">Geology</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/geobiology-research-option">Geobiology</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/geochemistry-research-option">Geochemistry</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="https://seismolab.caltech.edu/research">Geophysics</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option">Planetary Sciences</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="http://www.ese.caltech.edu/">Environmental Science and Engineering</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/gps-research/research-centers">Research Centers</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-23" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Research Centers submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-23" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Research Centers"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="http://murray-lab.caltech.edu/">The Bruce Murray Lab</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="http://cpe.caltech.edu/">Caltech Center for Comparative Planetary Evolution (3CPE)</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="https://clima.caltech.edu/">Climate Modeling Alliance (CliMA)</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="http://gmg.sites.caltech.edu/">Geomechanics and Mitigation of Geohazards (GMG)</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="http://www.lindecenter.caltech.edu/">The Linde Center</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="http://www.seismolab.caltech.edu/">Seismological Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/gps-research/gps-research-lab-schedule">Research Lab Schedule</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/gps-research/research-facilities-campus">Research Facilities - On Campus</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/gps-research/research-facilities-offcampus">Research Facilities - Off Campus</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="http://researchadministration.caltech.edu/">Research Administration</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/academics">Academics</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-34" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Academics submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-34" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Academics"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/academics/undergraduate-program">Undergraduate Program</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-35" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Undergraduate Program submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-35" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Undergraduate Program"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/undergraduate-program/undergraduate-program-requirements">Program Requirements</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/academics/graduate-program">Graduate Program</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-37" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Graduate Program submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-37" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Graduate Program"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/graduate-program-requirements">Program Requirements</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/gps-graduate-program-faq">Grad Program FAQs</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/graduate-admissions-and-entrance-procedures">Admissions</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/graduate-advising">Advising</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/information-for-new-graduate-students">Information for new grad students</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/masters-degree">Master's Degree</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/doctoral-degree">Doctoral Degree</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/academics/student-information-gateway-contacts">Student Resources</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-45" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Student Resources submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-45" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Student Resources"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/student-information-gateway-contacts/past-abstracts">Past Abstracts</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/academics/courses">Courses</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-47" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Courses submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-47" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Courses"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.catalog.caltech.edu/current/2024-25/department/Ge/">GPS Courses (2024-25)</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.catalog.caltech.edu/current/2024-25/department/ESE/">ESE Courses (2024-25)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/academics/field-trips">Field Trips</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-50" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Field Trips submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-50" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Field Trips"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/field-trips/contact-information-form-field-trips">Contact Information Form for Field Trips</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/field-trips/field-vehicle-availability">Field Vehicle Availability</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/academics/postdoc-information">Postdoc Information</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/resources/outreach-gps">Outreach</a> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/resources">Resources</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-55" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Resources submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-55" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Resources"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/resources/outreach-programs">Outreach Programs</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/resources/libraries">Libraries</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-57" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Libraries submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-57" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Libraries"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="https://libguides.caltech.edu/geology">GPS Library</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.library.caltech.edu/">Caltech Library</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/resources/libraries/rock-mineral-collections">Mineral Collection</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/resources/meeting-facilities">Meeting Facilities</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/resources/safety-resources">Safety Resources</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-62" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Safety Resources submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-62" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Safety Resources"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/resources/safety-resources/gps-emergency-procedures">GPS Emergency Procedures</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/documents/3184/GPS_Emergency_Action_Plan.pdf">Emergency Action Plan (PDF)</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/resources/safety-resources/safety-contacts-table">Safety Contacts</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/documents/3469/Workplace_Specific_Safety_Orientation.pdf">Workplace Safety Form</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/resources/safety-resources/evacuation-map">Evacuation Map</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/resources/quick-links-1">Quick Links</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/news-and-events">News & Events</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-69" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open News & Events submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-69" tabindex="-1" aria-label="News & Events"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/news-and-events/gps-event-calendar">GPS Events this Week</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-70" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open GPS Events this Week submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-70" tabindex="-1" aria-label="GPS Event Calendar"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/news-and-events/gps-event-calendar/gps-group-calendar">GPS Group Calendar</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/news-and-events/award-announcements">Award Announcements</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/news-and-events/news">News</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/news-and-events/calendar">Calendar</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item menu-item"> <div class="header__main-menu__level-1__item__wrapper d-flex flex-row justify-content-start"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-1__link" href="/about">About</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-1__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-75" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open About submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__level-1-opener-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-down"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-2 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-75" tabindex="-1" aria-label="About the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/about/gps-history">GPS History</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/about/gps-glance">GPS at a Glance</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/about/contact">Contact</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-78" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Contact submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-78" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Contact"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/documents/4772/GPS_Grants_Management_Contact_List.pdf">Administrative and Grants Management Contact List (PDF)</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/documents/2711/2023dir_final.pdf">GPS Directory (PDF)</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/student-information-gateway-contacts">Academic Leadership</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/about/visit">Visit</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/about/positions-available">Positions Available</a> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-83" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="sr-only">Open Positions Available submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon plus icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon minus icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-83" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Positions Available"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/about/positions-available/faculty-positions">Faculty Positions</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/about/positions-available/postdoctoral-positions">Postdoctoral Positions</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/about/positions-available/gps-prize-postdoc-information">GPS Prize Postdoc Information</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/about/positions-available/staff-positions">Staff Positions</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/about/positions-available/lecturer-positions">Lecturer Positions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-submenu"> <button type="button" class="header__main-menu__level-2__menu-only dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split " data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="main-menu-89" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="dropdown-toggle-button-title">External Fellowship Opportunities</span> <span class="dropdown-toggle-button-icon"> <span class="sr-only">Open External Fellowship Opportunities submenu</span> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-plus"></use></svg> <svg class="header__main-menu__plus-minus-icon icon d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-minus"></use></svg> </span> </button> <ul class="header__main-menu__level-3 dropdown-menu" id="main-menu-89" tabindex="-1" aria-label="External Fellowship Opportunities"> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/graduate-student-fellowship-opportunities">Graduate Student Fellowship Opportunities</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-3__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/post-doctoral-fellowship-opportunities">Post Doctoral Fellowship Opportunities</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/about/support">Support</a> </li> <li class="header__main-menu__level-2__item dropdown-item"> <a class="header__main-menu__level-2__link" href="/news-and-events/news">In the News</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li>  <li class="header__main-menu__level-1__item header__search" role="search" aria-label="Site"> <button type="button" class="header__search__button" aria-controls="search-form" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Search"> <img alt="" class="header__search__icon" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-search.png"> </button> <form id="search-form" class="header__search__form" action="/search" method="GET"> <label class="header__search__form__label mb-0 w-100 mr-3"><span class="sr-only">Search</span><input class="header__search__form__query w-100 h-100" type="search" name="q" value="" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" /></label><button class="header__search__form__submit" type="submit">Search</button> </form> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="header__slide-menu-and-search d-flex d-xl-none align-items-start" aria-label="Main"> <div class="header__slide-menu slide-menu dropdown"> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__opener dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="slide-menu" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Main Menu"> Menu <img aria-label="Open Main Menu" class="slide-menu__burger" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/menu-burger.png"> </button> <div id="slide-menu" class="slide-menu__dropdown dropdown-menu "> <div class="slide-menu__slide-wrapper d-flex"> <div class="slide-menu__level-1"> <button class="slide-menu__close-wrapper"> <span class="slide-menu__close"><svg class="slide-menu__close__icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-xmark"></use></svg> Close</span> </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--post-search dropdown-divider"></div> <div class="slide-menu__main-menu"> <ul class="slide-menu-ul"> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/people"> People </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-59222" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-59222" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open People submenu</span> </button> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research"> Research </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-53096" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-53096" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open Research submenu</span> </button> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics"> Academics </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-8358" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-8358" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open Academics submenu</span> </button> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="/resources/outreach-gps"> Outreach </a> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/resources"> Resources </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-8360" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-8360" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open Resources submenu</span> </button> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/news-and-events"> News & Events </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-8361" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-8361" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open News & Events submenu</span> </button> </li> <li class="slide-menu__level-1__item d-flex"> <a class="slide-menu__level-1__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about"> About </a> <button type="button" class="slide-menu__level-1__slide-opener dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split" data-slide-id="#slide-menu-slide-8362" aria-controls="slide-menu-slide-8362" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-right"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Open About submenu</span> </button> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="slide-menu__divider dropdown-divider d-md-none"></div> <div class="slide-menu__utility-menu d-md-none"> <ul aria-label="Useful links"> <li class="slide-menu__utility-menu__item "> <a class="slide-menu__utility-menu__link" href="/about/positions-available"> Working in GPS </a> </li> <li class="slide-menu__utility-menu__item "> <a class="slide-menu__utility-menu__link" href="https://access.caltech.edu/auth/login?service=https://access.caltech.edu/home/home.s"> Access </a> </li> <li class="slide-menu__utility-menu__item "> <a class="slide-menu__utility-menu__link" href="https://directory.caltech.edu/"> Directory </a> </li> <li class="slide-menu__utility-menu__item slide-menu__utility-menu__item--has-submenu "> <span class="slide-menu__utility-menu__link" href="" id="slide-menu-utility-4" > Quick Links </span> <ul class="slide-menu__utility-menu__submenu" aria-label="Quick Links"> <li class="slide-menu__utility-menu__submenu__item"> <a class="slide-menu__utility-menu__submenu__link" href="/resources/quick-links-1/quick-links-faculty">Quick Links for Faculty</a> </li> <li class="slide-menu__utility-menu__submenu__item"> <a class="slide-menu__utility-menu__submenu__link" href="/resources/quick-links-1/quick-links-staff">Quick Links for Staff</a> </li> <li class="slide-menu__utility-menu__submenu__item"> <a class="slide-menu__utility-menu__submenu__link" href="/resources/quick-links-1/quick-links-students">Quick Links for Students</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-59222" tabindex="-1" aria-label="People submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> People </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="People"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=17"> Professorial Faculty </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=24"> Emeritus Faculty </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=29"> Research Faculty </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=8"> Visiting Faculty and Visitors </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=12"> Postdoctoral Scholars </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=11"> Graduate Students </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=22"> Undergraduate Students </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=27"> JPL Scientist </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=269"> Member of Professional Staff </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=14"> Research Staff </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?category=16"> Support Staff </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/people?search=&category=691&category=&category=&submit=Search"> In Memoriam </a> </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-53096" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Research submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> Research </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="Research"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research/research-programs"> Research Programs </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Research Programs"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research/research-programs/geology-research-option"> Geology </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research/research-programs/geobiology-research-option"> Geobiology </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research/research-programs/geochemistry-research-option"> Geochemistry </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://seismolab.caltech.edu/research"> Geophysics </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option"> Planetary Sciences </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="http://www.ese.caltech.edu/"> Environmental Science and Engineering </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research/research-centers"> Research Centers </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Research Centers"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="http://murray-lab.caltech.edu/"> The Bruce Murray Lab </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="http://cpe.caltech.edu/"> Caltech Center for Comparative Planetary Evolution (3CPE) </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://clima.caltech.edu/"> Climate Modeling Alliance (CliMA) </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="http://gmg.sites.caltech.edu/"> Geomechanics and Mitigation of Geohazards (GMG) </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="http://www.lindecenter.caltech.edu/"> The Linde Center </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="http://www.seismolab.caltech.edu/"> Seismological Laboratory </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research/gps-research-lab-schedule"> Research Lab Schedule </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research/research-facilities-campus"> Research Facilities - On Campus </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/gps-research/research-facilities-offcampus"> Research Facilities - Off Campus </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="http://researchadministration.caltech.edu/"> Research Administration </a> </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-8358" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Academics submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> Academics </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="Academics"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/undergraduate-program"> Undergraduate Program </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Undergraduate Program"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/undergraduate-program/undergraduate-program-requirements"> Program Requirements </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program"> Graduate Program </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Graduate Program"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program/graduate-program-requirements"> Program Requirements </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program/gps-graduate-program-faq"> Grad Program FAQs </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program/graduate-admissions-and-entrance-procedures"> Admissions </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program/graduate-advising"> Advising </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program/information-for-new-graduate-students"> Information for new grad students </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program/masters-degree"> Master's Degree </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/graduate-program/doctoral-degree"> Doctoral Degree </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/student-information-gateway-contacts"> Student Resources </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Student Resources"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/student-information-gateway-contacts/past-abstracts"> Past Abstracts </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/courses"> Courses </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Courses"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.catalog.caltech.edu/current/2024-25/department/Ge/"> GPS Courses (2024-25) </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.catalog.caltech.edu/current/2024-25/department/ESE/"> ESE Courses (2024-25) </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/field-trips"> Field Trips </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Field Trips"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/field-trips/contact-information-form-field-trips"> Contact Information Form for Field Trips </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/field-trips/field-vehicle-availability"> Field Vehicle Availability </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/academics/postdoc-information"> Postdoc Information </a> </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-8360" tabindex="-1" aria-label="Resources submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> Resources </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="Resources"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/resources/outreach-programs"> Outreach Programs </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/resources/libraries"> Libraries </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Libraries"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://libguides.caltech.edu/geology"> GPS Library </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.library.caltech.edu/"> Caltech Library </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/resources/libraries/rock-mineral-collections"> Mineral Collection </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/resources/meeting-facilities"> Meeting Facilities </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/resources/safety-resources"> Safety Resources </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Safety Resources"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/resources/safety-resources/gps-emergency-procedures"> GPS Emergency Procedures </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="/documents/3184/GPS_Emergency_Action_Plan.pdf"> Emergency Action Plan (PDF) </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/resources/safety-resources/safety-contacts-table"> Safety Contacts </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="/documents/3469/Workplace_Specific_Safety_Orientation.pdf"> Workplace Safety Form </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/resources/safety-resources/evacuation-map"> Evacuation Map </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/resources/quick-links-1"> Quick Links </a> </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-8361" tabindex="-1" aria-label="News & Events submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> News & Events </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="News & Events"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/news-and-events/gps-event-calendar"> GPS Events this Week </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="GPS Event Calendar"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/news-and-events/gps-event-calendar/gps-group-calendar"> GPS Group Calendar </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/news-and-events/award-announcements"> Award Announcements </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/news-and-events/news"> News </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/news-and-events/calendar"> Calendar </a> </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2 align-self-start" id="slide-menu-slide-8362" tabindex="-1" aria-label="About the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences submenu"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__black-stripe"></div> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__content"> <div class="slide-menu__level-2__title"> About the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences </div> <button class="slide-menu__level-2__back-button" tabindex="0"> <svg class="slide-menu__arrow-icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-chevron-left"></use></svg> Back </button> <div class="slide-menu__divider slide-menu__divider--slide dropdown-divider"></div> <ul class="slide-menu__level-2__list" aria-label="About the Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences"> <li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/gps-history"> GPS History </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/gps-glance"> GPS at a Glance </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/contact"> Contact </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Contact"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="/documents/4772/GPS_Grants_Management_Contact_List.pdf"> Administrative and Grants Management Contact List (PDF) </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="/documents/2711/2023dir_final.pdf"> GPS Directory (PDF) </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/student-information-gateway-contacts"> Academic Leadership </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/visit"> Visit </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/positions-available"> Positions Available </a> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="Positions Available"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/positions-available/faculty-positions"> Faculty Positions </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/positions-available/postdoctoral-positions"> Postdoctoral Positions </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/positions-available/gps-prize-postdoc-information"> GPS Prize Postdoc Information </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/positions-available/staff-positions"> Staff Positions </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/positions-available/lecturer-positions"> Lecturer Positions </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <span class="slide-menu__level-2__link js-menu-only"> External Fellowship Opportunities </span> <ul class="slide-menu__level-3__list" aria-label="External Fellowship Opportunities"> <li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/graduate-student-fellowship-opportunities"> Graduate Student Fellowship Opportunities </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-3__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-3__link" href="/academics/graduate-program/post-doctoral-fellowship-opportunities"> Post Doctoral Fellowship Opportunities </a> </li></ul> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="https://www.gps.caltech.edu/about/support"> Support </a> </li><li class="slide-menu__level-2__item"> <a class="slide-menu__level-2__link" href="/news-and-events/news"> In the News </a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header__search" role="search" aria-label="Site"> <button type="button" class="header__search__button" aria-controls="search-form" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Search"> <img alt="" class="header__search__icon" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-search.png"> </button> <form id="search-form" class="header__search__form" action="/search" method="GET"> <label class="header__search__form__label mb-0 w-100 mr-3"><span class="sr-only">Search</span><input class="header__search__form__query w-100 h-100" type="search" name="q" value="" autocorrect="off" autocapitalize="off" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" /></label><button class="header__search__form__submit" type="submit">Search</button> </form> </div> </nav> </header> <section class="block-NotificationsBlock"> <div class="notifications-block notifications-block--all-pages" data-location-id="23"> </div> </section> </header> <main id="content" class="content interior-page" data-page-id="63074"> <section class="block-AirspaceImageCarouselHeaderBlock"> <div class="sic-header d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row-reverse mb-5"> <div id="f047679b-27cc-4fb9-8e3f-52d512b7188d" data-interval="10000" data-pause=false class="carousel slide js-image-carousel sic-header__carousel col-lg-7" > <div class="sic-header__carousel__live-region sr-only" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true"></div> <div class="carousel-inner sic-header__carousel-inner" role="listbox"> <div class="sic-header__carousel-item small carousel-item active"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/Planet_nine_arti.2e16d0ba.fill-933x525-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/Planet_nine_artistic_plain.2e16d0ba.fill-933x525-c100.png" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/Planet_nine_arti.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/Planet_nine_artistic_plain.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.png"> <img alt="Planet_nine_artistic_plain.png" class="sic-header__image" decoding="async" height="170" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/Planet_nine_artistic_plain.2e16d0ba.fill-933x525-c100.png" width="300"> </picture> </div> <div class="sic-header__carousel-item small carousel-item "> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/brett1-s.2e16d0ba.fill-933x525-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/brett1-s.2e16d0ba.fill-933x525-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/brett1-s.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/brett1-s.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.jpg"> <img alt="OVRO 40 m dish" class="sic-header__image" decoding="async" height="338" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/brett1-s.2e16d0ba.fill-933x525-c100.jpg" width="600"> </picture> </div> <div class="sic-header__carousel-item small carousel-item "> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/brett2-s.2e16d0ba.fill-933x525-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/brett2-s.2e16d0ba.fill-933x525-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/brett2-s.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/brett2-s.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.jpg"> <img alt="CARMA" class="sic-header__image" decoding="async" height="398" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/brett2-s.2e16d0ba.fill-933x525-c100.jpg" width="708"> </picture> </div> <div class="sic-header__carousel-item small carousel-item "> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ceres.240b5f2d.fill-933x525-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ceres.240b5f2d.fill-933x525-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ceres.240b5f2d.fill-425x239-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ceres.240b5f2d.fill-425x239-c100.jpg"> <img alt="ceres" class="sic-header__image" decoding="async" height="444" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ceres.240b5f2d.fill-933x525-c100.jpg" width="790"> </picture> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-indicators sic-header__carousel__carousel-indicators"> <button class="sic-header__carousel__indicator-dot active" data-target="#f047679b-27cc-4fb9-8e3f-52d512b7188d" data-slide-to="0"><span class="sr-only">Slide 1</span></button> <button class="sic-header__carousel__indicator-dot " data-target="#f047679b-27cc-4fb9-8e3f-52d512b7188d" data-slide-to="1"><span class="sr-only">Slide 2</span></button> <button class="sic-header__carousel__indicator-dot " data-target="#f047679b-27cc-4fb9-8e3f-52d512b7188d" data-slide-to="2"><span class="sr-only">Slide 3</span></button> <button class="sic-header__carousel__indicator-dot " data-target="#f047679b-27cc-4fb9-8e3f-52d512b7188d" data-slide-to="3"><span class="sr-only">Slide 4</span></button> <button class="js-pause sic-header__carousel__pause-button pause-button"><svg class="sic-header__carousel__pause-button__icon icon play" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-play"></use></svg><svg class="sic-header__carousel__pause-button__icon icon pause d-none" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-pause"></use></svg><span class="sr-only">Autoplay Carousel</span></button> </div> <button class="left carousel-control-prev sic-header__carousel__carousel-control sic-header__carousel__carousel-control--prev" href="#f047679b-27cc-4fb9-8e3f-52d512b7188d" role="button" data-slide="prev"> <span class="sr-only">Previous</span> <img class="sic-header__carousel__carousel-control__icon" src="/static/airspace/img/icon-chevron-white-left.png" alt=""> </button> <button class="right carousel-control-next sic-header__carousel__carousel-control sic-header__carousel__carousel-control--next" href="#f047679b-27cc-4fb9-8e3f-52d512b7188d" role="button" data-slide="next"> <span class="sr-only">Next</span> <img class="sic-header__carousel__carousel-control__icon" src="/static/airspace/img/icon-chevron-white-right.png" alt=""> </button> </div> <div class="sic-header__page-info col-lg-5"> <div class="sic-header__page-info__breadcrumbs pb-4"> <a href="/">Home</a>  /  <a href="/gps-research">Research</a>  /  <a href="/gps-research/research-programs">Research Programs</a>  /  Planetary Sciences </div> <h1 class="sic-header__page-info__caption-title "> Planetary Science in GPS </h1> <div class="sic-header__page-info__caption-text">Caltech is one of the top centers of planetary science research in the world. We are active in most areas of study, not just through the efforts of planetary science faculty and students but because there are other parts of Caltech (astronomy, geology, geochemistry, environmental science and engineering) who contribute in major ways to this interdisciplinary field. Close proximity to JPL enhances our efforts. We have astronomical observers studying bodies in our solar system and planets around other stars, people who are involved in current and future spacecraft missions, people who study geology and processes on Mars, atmospheric circulation and chemistry in planetary atmospheres; indeed just about anything of interest in planetary science.</div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceCenteredImageCarouselBlock"> <div id="99e75b9f-35f8-492d-acbb-8cfb3f12f7ea" class="cic-block"> <div class="cic-block__live-region sr-only" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true"></div> <div class="cic-block__carousel-wrapper d-flex"> </div> <button class="cic-block__carousel-control cic-block__carousel-control--left js-cic-control-left"> <span class="sr-only">Previous</span> <img class="cic-block__carousel-control__icon" src="/static/airspace/img/icon-chevron-white-left.png" alt=""> </button> <button class="cic-block__carousel-control cic-block__carousel-control--right js-cic-control-right"> <span class="sr-only">Next</span> <img class="cic-block__carousel-control__icon" src="/static/airspace/img/icon-chevron-white-right.png" alt=""> </button> </div> <div id="modal-99e75b9f-35f8-492d-acbb-8cfb3f12f7ea" class="lightbox modal fade" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="modal-99e75b9f-35f8-492d-acbb-8cfb3f12f7ea-label" aria-hidden="true" aria-modal=”true” > <div class="lightbox__dialog modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered" role="document"> <div class="modal-content lightbox__modal-content"> <span class="sr-only" id="modal-99e75b9f-35f8-492d-acbb-8cfb3f12f7ea-label">Image Lightbox</span> <button type="button" class="lightbox__close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <svg class="icon" role="img" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="#icon-circle-xmark"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="lightbox__body modal-body"> <div class="lightbox__carousel carousel slide carousel-fade" id="slider-99e75b9f-35f8-492d-acbb-8cfb3f12f7ea" data-interval="false"> <div class="carousel-inner"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceLeftSidebarBlock"> <div class="layout-wrapper"> <div class="left-sidebar-block layout-block row d-flex flex-column flex-sm-row"> <aside aria-label="sidebar" class="left-sidebar-block__sidebar grid-item col-12 col-sm-5 col-md-4 col-lg-3 pb-5 pb-sm-0 js-sidebar"> <section class="block-SidebarMenuBlock"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block"> <button type="button" class="sidebar-menu-block__opener dropdown-toggle d-sm-none" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="sidebar-menu-block-63074" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Related Pages <img class="sidebar-menu-block__burger" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/menu-burger.png" alt="open sidebar menu"> </button> <nav id="sidebar-menu-block-63074" class="sidebar-menu-block__menu dropdown-menu" aria-label="Related Pages"> <button type="button" class="sidebar-menu-block__close d-sm-none"> Close <svg class="sidebar-menu-block__menu__icon icon" aria-hidden="true" role=”presentation” focusable="false"><use href="#icon-xmark"></use></svg> </button> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-1"> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-1__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option"> Planetary Sciences </a> <ul class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2 " id="" aria-label="Planetary Science Research Option submenu" tabindex="-1"> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <button type="button" class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__menu-only dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-controls="sidebar-menu-block-63075" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="dropdown-toggle-button-title">Research Areas</span> <span class="dropdown-toggle-button-icon"> <img class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__submenu-control chevron-orange" alt="Open Research Areas submenu" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-chevron-orange.png"> <img class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__submenu-control chevron-white" alt="Close Research Areas submenu" src="/static/wagtail_menu/img/icon-chevron-white.png"> </span> </button> </div> <ul class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3 dropdown-menu dropdown-submenu " id="sidebar-menu-block-63075" aria-label="Research Areas submenu" tabindex="-1"> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/exoplanets-planetary-astronomy"> Exoplanets & Planetary Astronomy </a> </div> </li> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/planetary-atmospheres"> Planetary Atmospheres </a> </div> </li> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/planetary-surfaces"> Planetary Surfaces </a> </div> </li> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/planetary-formation"> Planetary Formation </a> </div> </li> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/interiors-dynamics"> Interiors & Dynamics </a> </div> </li> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-3__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/missions-instrumentation"> Missions & Instrumentation </a> </div> </li></ul> </li> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/people-planetary-sciences"> People in Planetary Sciences </a> </div> </li> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/education"> Education </a> </div> </li> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/facilities-resources"> Facilities & Resources </a> </div> </li> <li class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__item d-flex flex-column menu-item"> <div class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__item__wrapper d-flex align-items-center "> <a class="sidebar-menu-block__level-2__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/contacts-planetary-sciences"> Contacts in Planetary Sciences </a> </div> </li></ul> </div> </nav> </div> </section> </aside> <div class="left-sidebar-block__content grid-item col-12 col-sm-7 col-md-8 col-lg-9 js-sidebar-content"> <section class="block-AirspaceHeadingBlock"> <h3 class="heading-block "> Research Areas </h3> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceImageLinkGridBlock"> <div class="image-link-grid-block"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__row smart-row smart-gutter-20px "> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <a class="image-link-grid-block__card__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/exoplanets-planetary-astronomy" aria-label="Exoplanets & Planetary Astronomy"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/207_EarthlikeExo.d818df28.fill-317x150-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/207_EarthlikeExoplanets_0722s.d818df28.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/207_EarthlikeExo.d818df28.fill-425x201-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/207_EarthlikeExoplanets_0722s.d818df28.fill-425x201-c100.jpg"> <img alt="EarthlikeExoplanets" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/207_EarthlikeExoplanets_0722s.d818df28.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" width="317"> </picture> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__gradient"></div> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__title"> <span class="image-link-grid-block__card__title__wrapper">Exoplanets & Planetary Astronomy</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <a class="image-link-grid-block__card__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/planetary-atmospheres" aria-label="Planetary Atmospheres"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/research-earth.c5b44908.fill-317x150-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/research-earth.c5b44908.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/research-earth.c5b44908.fill-425x201-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/research-earth.c5b44908.fill-425x201-c100.jpg"> <img alt="research-earth" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/research-earth.c5b44908.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" width="317"> </picture> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__gradient"></div> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__title"> <span class="image-link-grid-block__card__title__wrapper">Planetary Atmospheres</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <a class="image-link-grid-block__card__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/planetary-surfaces" aria-label="Planetary Surfaces"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/080716_JezeroCra.d9240cae.fill-317x150-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/080716_JezeroCrater_hr-br2_Pp.d9240cae.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/080716_JezeroCra.d9240cae.fill-425x201-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/080716_JezeroCrater_hr-br2_Pp.d9240cae.fill-425x201-c100.jpg"> <img alt="Jezero Crater" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/080716_JezeroCrater_hr-br2_Pp.d9240cae.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" width="317"> </picture> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__gradient"></div> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__title"> <span class="image-link-grid-block__card__title__wrapper">Planetary Surfaces</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__row smart-row smart-gutter-20px "> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <a class="image-link-grid-block__card__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/planetary-formation" aria-label="Planetary Formation"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/formation_scient.f4a7e28b.fill-317x150-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/formation_scientificamerican0.f4a7e28b.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/formation_scient.f4a7e28b.fill-425x201-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/formation_scientificamerican0.f4a7e28b.fill-425x201-c100.jpg"> <img alt="Formation" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/formation_scientificamerican0.f4a7e28b.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" width="317"> </picture> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__gradient"></div> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__title"> <span class="image-link-grid-block__card__title__wrapper">Planetary Formation</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <a class="image-link-grid-block__card__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/interiors-dynamics" aria-label="Interiors & Dynamics"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/896_Terrestial_P.d672329e.fill-317x150-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/896_Terrestial_Planets_intern.d672329e.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/896_Terrestial_P.d672329e.fill-425x201-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/896_Terrestial_Planets_intern.d672329e.fill-425x201-c100.jpg"> <img alt="theorized terrestrial planet interiors" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/896_Terrestial_Planets_intern.d672329e.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" width="317"> </picture> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__gradient"></div> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__title"> <span class="image-link-grid-block__card__title__wrapper">Interiors & Dynamics</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <a class="image-link-grid-block__card__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/research-areas/missions-instrumentation" aria-label="Missions & Instrumentation"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/IMG_6827.bf663aed.fill-317x150-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/IMG_6827.bf663aed.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/IMG_6827.bf663aed.fill-425x201-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/IMG_6827.bf663aed.fill-425x201-c100.jpg"> <img alt="Missions" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/IMG_6827.bf663aed.fill-317x150-c100.jpg" width="317"> </picture> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__gradient"></div> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__title"> <span class="image-link-grid-block__card__title__wrapper">Missions & Instrumentation</span> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceSpacerBlock"> <div class="spacer spacer--25"></div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceTwoColumnLayoutBlock"> <div class="two-column-layout-block two-column-layout-block--indented gutter-40px layout-block container-fluid"> <div class="two-column-layout-block__row row"> <div class="two-column-layout-block__left-column-content col-md-3"> <section class="block-AirspaceSpacerBlock"> <div class="spacer spacer--25"></div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceHeadingBlock"> <h4 class="heading-block "> First 50 Years of Planetary Science </h4> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceImageLinkGridBlock"> <div class="image-link-grid-block"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__row smart-row smart-gutter-12px "> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <a class="image-link-grid-block__card__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/first-50-years" > <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/50_Years_Logo_Re.7bf2d3be.fill-146x200-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/50_Years_Logo_Revised_2_qZrMH.7bf2d3be.fill-146x200-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/50_Years_Logo_Re.7bf2d3be.fill-425x582-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/50_Years_Logo_Revised_2_qZrMH.7bf2d3be.fill-425x582-c100.jpg"> <img alt="50 Years Logo" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="200" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/50_Years_Logo_Revised_2_qZrMH.7bf2d3be.fill-146x200-c100.jpg" width="146"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <a class="image-link-grid-block__card__link" href="/gps-research/research-programs/planetary-research-option/first-50-years" > <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/sunriseatsunset_.2e16d0ba.fill-146x200-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/sunriseatsunset_NPDyJTt.2e16d0ba.fill-146x200-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/sunriseatsunset_.2e16d0ba.fill-425x582-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/sunriseatsunset_NPDyJTt.2e16d0ba.fill-425x582-c100.jpg"> <img alt="sunriseatsunset.jpg" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="200" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/sunriseatsunset_NPDyJTt.2e16d0ba.fill-146x200-c100.jpg" width="146"> </picture> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceSpacerBlock"> <div class="spacer spacer--12"></div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceHeadingBlock"> <h4 class="heading-block "> Life in Planetary Science </h4> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceImageLinkGridBlock"> <div class="image-link-grid-block"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__row smart-row smart-gutter-12px "> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/DSC_0283_-_Copy.0f98169f.fill-146x150-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/DSC_0283_-_Copy.0f98169f.fill-146x150-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/DSC_0283_-_Copy.0f98169f.fill-425x436-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/DSC_0283_-_Copy.0f98169f.fill-425x436-c100.jpg"> <img alt="Mars-analog research" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/DSC_0283_-_Copy.0f98169f.fill-146x150-c100.jpg" width="146"> </picture> </div> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ValerieFTIR.a2b9f7dc.fill-146x150-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ValerieFTIR.a2b9f7dc.fill-146x150-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ValerieFTIR.a2b9f7dc.fill-425x436-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ValerieFTIR.a2b9f7dc.fill-425x436-c100.jpg"> <img alt="ValerieFTIR" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ValerieFTIR.a2b9f7dc.fill-146x150-c100.jpg" width="146"> </picture> </div> </div> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__row smart-row smart-gutter-12px "> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/DSC_0647_2.30acfa36.fill-146x150-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/DSC_0647_2.30acfa36.fill-146x150-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/DSC_0647_2.30acfa36.fill-425x436-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/DSC_0647_2.30acfa36.fill-425x436-c100.jpg"> <img alt="Mars-analog research" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/DSC_0647_2.30acfa36.fill-146x150-c100.jpg" width="146"> </picture> </div> </div> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card col-12 col-md"> <div class="image-link-grid-block__card__image"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ASD_rockslabs.237541c9.fill-146x150-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ASD_rockslabs.237541c9.fill-146x150-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ASD_rockslabs.237541c9.fill-425x436-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ASD_rockslabs.237541c9.fill-425x436-c100.jpg"> <img alt="ASD_rockslabs" class="image-link-grid-block__card__image__img" decoding="async" height="150" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/gps70/images/ASD_rockslabs.237541c9.fill-146x150-c100.jpg" width="146"> </picture> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="two-column-layout-block__right-column-content col-md-9"> <section class="block-AirspaceSpacerBlock"> <div class="spacer spacer--25"></div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceHeadingBlock"> <h3 class="heading-block "> What's New </h3> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceVideoBlock"> <div class="video-block"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"><iframe allow="accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" class="embed-responsive-item video-block__video" data-provider="YouTube" frameborder="0" id="video-692" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/Bl1mhMnEbrQ?feature=oembed&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1" title="YouTube Video"></iframe></div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceSpacerBlock"> <div class="spacer spacer--25"></div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceTwoColumnLayoutBlock"> <div class="two-column-layout-block two-column-layout-block--indented gutter-40px layout-block container-fluid"> <div class="two-column-layout-block__row row"> <div class="two-column-layout-block__left-column-content col-md-6"> <section class="block-AirspaceSpacerBlock"> <div class="spacer spacer--25"></div> </section> <section class="block-EventsBlock"> </section> </div> <div class="two-column-layout-block__right-column-content col-md-6"> <section class="block-AirspaceSpacerBlock"> <div class="spacer spacer--25"></div> </section> <section class="block-NewsTeasersListingBlock"> <div class="news-teasers-listing-block"> <div class="news-teasers-listing-block__header d-flex flex-row align-items-baseline justify-content-between w-100 mb-3 mb-sm-5"> <h2 class="news-teasers-listing-block__header__title"> News </h2> <a class="news-teasers-listing-block__header__link" href="/news-and-events/news"> All News <span class="news-teasers-listing-block__header__link__arrow pr-1"></span> </a> </div> <div class="news-teasers-listing-block__articles row flex-sm-row flex-sm-wrap"> <div class="article-teaser col-sm-6"> <div class="article-teaser__image-container"> <a aria-hidden="true" tabindex=-1 href="/news-and-events/news/signatures-of-ice-free-ancient-ponds-and-lakes-found-on-mars"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Curiosity_UYteL2.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Curiosity_UYteL26.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Curiosity_UYteL2.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Curiosity_UYteL26.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.jpg"> <img alt="Curiosity rover" class="img-fluid article-teaser__image" decoding="async" height="400" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Curiosity_UYteL26.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.jpg" width="710"> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="article-teaser__image-border"></div> <div class="article-teaser__info"> <div class="article-teaser__published-date"> <span class="article-teaser__published-date__icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="12" height="12"> <rect width="12" height="12" style="fill:rgb(170,169,159);" /> <line x1="6" y1="0" x2="6" y2="12" style="stroke:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2" /> <line x1="0" y1="6" x2="12" y2="6" style="stroke:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2" /> </svg> </span> <span class="article-teaser__published-date__date">January 15, 2025</span> </div> <div class="article-teaser__title"> <a href="/news-and-events/news/signatures-of-ice-free-ancient-ponds-and-lakes-found-on-mars" class="article-teaser__link"> Signatures of Ice-Free Ancient Ponds and Lakes Found on Mars </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-teaser col-sm-6"> <div class="article-teaser__image-container"> <a aria-hidden="true" tabindex=-1 href="https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/fiber-optic-seismic-array-pasadena-tracks-rose-parade"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/53483081218_6a47.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/53483081218_6a47c2716e_b.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/53483081218_6a47.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/53483081218_6a47c2716e_b.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.jpg"> <img alt="" class="img-fluid article-teaser__image" decoding="async" height="400" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/53483081218_6a47c2716e_b.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.jpg" width="710"> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="article-teaser__image-border"></div> <div class="article-teaser__info"> <div class="article-teaser__published-date"> <span class="article-teaser__published-date__icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="12" height="12"> <rect width="12" height="12" style="fill:rgb(170,169,159);" /> <line x1="6" y1="0" x2="6" y2="12" style="stroke:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2" /> <line x1="0" y1="6" x2="12" y2="6" style="stroke:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2" /> </svg> </span> <span class="article-teaser__published-date__date">January 2, 2025</span> </div> <div class="article-teaser__title"> <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/fiber-optic-seismic-array-pasadena-tracks-rose-parade" class="article-teaser__link"> Seismic Signatures of the Rose Parade<svg class="icon external-link" role="img" aria-label="Link opens in a new tab"><use href="#icon-arrow-up-right-from-square"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-teaser col-sm-6"> <div class="article-teaser__image-container"> <a aria-hidden="true" tabindex=-1 href="/news-and-events/news/2024-year-in-review"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Year-in-Review-2.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Year-in-Review-2024-1440x1060.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Year-in-Review-2.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Year-in-Review-2024-1440x1060.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.jpg"> <img alt="Collage of images from 2024 Caltech news stories including jellyfish, microbes, supernovae and more, with nothing illustrated at scale." class="img-fluid article-teaser__image" decoding="async" height="400" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Year-in-Review-2024-1440x1060.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.jpg" width="710"> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="article-teaser__image-border"></div> <div class="article-teaser__info"> <div class="article-teaser__published-date"> <span class="article-teaser__published-date__icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="12" height="12"> <rect width="12" height="12" style="fill:rgb(170,169,159);" /> <line x1="6" y1="0" x2="6" y2="12" style="stroke:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2" /> <line x1="0" y1="6" x2="12" y2="6" style="stroke:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2" /> </svg> </span> <span class="article-teaser__published-date__date">December 17, 2024</span> </div> <div class="article-teaser__title"> <a href="/news-and-events/news/2024-year-in-review" class="article-teaser__link"> 2024 Year in Review </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-teaser col-sm-6"> <div class="article-teaser__image-container"> <a aria-hidden="true" tabindex=-1 href="/news-and-events/news/new-technique-to-look-deep-within-tectonic-plates"> <picture> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Gros_Morne_moho_.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Gros_Morne_moho_ibup0FE.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.jpg" media="(min-width: 480px)"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Gros_Morne_moho_.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.format-avif.avif" type="image/avif"> <source srcset="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Gros_Morne_moho_ibup0FE.2e16d0ba.fill-425x239-c100.jpg"> <img alt="A field of rocks and boulders at the edge of a stream" class="img-fluid article-teaser__image" decoding="async" height="400" loading="lazy" src="https://divisions-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/root/images/Gros_Morne_moho_ibup0FE.2e16d0ba.fill-710x400-c100.jpg" width="710"> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="article-teaser__image-border"></div> <div class="article-teaser__info"> <div class="article-teaser__published-date"> <span class="article-teaser__published-date__icon"> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="12" height="12"> <rect width="12" height="12" style="fill:rgb(170,169,159);" /> <line x1="6" y1="0" x2="6" y2="12" style="stroke:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2" /> <line x1="0" y1="6" x2="12" y2="6" style="stroke:rgb(255,255,255);stroke-width:2" /> </svg> </span> <span class="article-teaser__published-date__date">November 27, 2024</span> </div> <div class="article-teaser__title"> <a href="/news-and-events/news/new-technique-to-look-deep-within-tectonic-plates" class="article-teaser__link"> New Technique to Look Deep Within Tectonic Plates </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="lightbox modal fade" id="modal-fa0c1484-9b9f-4766-8a4b-698d94d6fe74" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="modal-fa0c1484-9b9f-4766-8a4b-698d94d6fe74-label" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="lightbox__dialog modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <span class="sr-only" id="modal-fa0c1484-9b9f-4766-8a4b-698d94d6fe74-label">Video Lightbox</span> <button type="button" class="lightbox__close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"> <svg class="icon" role="img" aria-hidden="true"> <use href="#icon-circle-xmark"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="lightbox__body modal-body"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="block-AirspaceSpacerBlock"> <div class="spacer spacer--75"></div> </section> </main> <footer class="width-1440-container footer-container"> <div class="footer d-flex flex-column flex-wrap flex-sm-row justify-content-sm-between"> <div class="footer__torch-box"></div> <img alt="" class="footer__torch" src="/static/theme-v7.0/img/flame.png"> <div class="footer__left"> <img alt="Caltech" class="footer__left__caltech-wordmark" src="/static/core/img/caltech-new-logo.png"> <div class="footer__left__caltech-title">California Institute of Technology</div> </div> <div class="footer__right"> <img class="footer__right__map-marker" src="/static/theme-v7.0/img/icon-footerpin.png" alt=""> <div class="footer__right__contact-info-row">1200 East California Boulevard</div> <div class="footer__right__contact-info-row">Pasadena, California 91125</div> </div> <nav class="footer__menu w-100 d-flex flex-wrap justify-content-center" aria-label="Footer"> <a class="footer__menu__link" href="/about/contact">Contact Us</a> <span class="footer__menu__separator">|</span> <a class="footer__menu__link" href="/about/contact/claimed-copyright-infringement">Report a Copyright Infringement</a> <span class="footer__menu__separator">|</span> <a class="footer__menu__link" href="https://form.jotform.com/82387643111152">Website Feedback</a> <span class="footer__menu__separator">|</span> <a class="footer__menu__link" href="https://www.caltech.edu/digital-accessibility">Digital Accessibility</a> <span class="footer__menu__separator">|</span> <a class="footer__menu__link" href="https://www.caltech.edu/privacy-notice">Privacy Notice</a> <span class="footer__menu__separator">|</span> <span class="footer__menu__link">Site Content Copyright © 2025</span> <span class="footer__menu__separator">|</span> <a class="footer__menu__link footer__menu__link--login" href="/admin/login/">Log In</a> </nav> </div> </footer> <script src="/static/theme-v7.0/js/anchor.js"></script> <script> anchors.options = { icon: '#', visible: 'hover', titleText: 'Right-click here and choose "Copy Link" to get a link to this part of the page.', } anchors.add('.rich-text h1, .rich-text h2, .rich-text h3, .rich-text h4, .rich-text h5, .rich-text h6, .heading-block'); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Planetary Sciences - Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences