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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahl_al-kalām" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahl_al-kalām"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Ahl al-kalām</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahl_al-kalām-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Historical development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mihna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mihna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mihna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mihna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Mihna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Mihna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Post-Mihna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Mihna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Five_Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Five_Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Five Principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Five_Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1._Monotheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1._Monotheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>1. Monotheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1._Monotheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2._Divine_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2._Divine_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>2. Divine justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2._Divine_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3._The_Promise_and_the_Threat_[al-wa'd_wa_l-wa'id]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3._The_Promise_and_the_Threat_[al-wa'd_wa_l-wa'id]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>3. The Promise and the Threat [<i>al-wa'd wa l-wa'id</i>]</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3._The_Promise_and_the_Threat_[al-wa'd_wa_l-wa'id]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4._The_Intermediate_Position_[Al-Manzilah_bayn_al-manzilatayn]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4._The_Intermediate_Position_[Al-Manzilah_bayn_al-manzilatayn]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>4. The Intermediate Position [<i>Al-Manzilah bayn al-manzilatayn</i>]</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4._The_Intermediate_Position_[Al-Manzilah_bayn_al-manzilatayn]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-5._The_enjoining_of_right_and_prohibiting_of_wrong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#5._The_enjoining_of_right_and_prohibiting_of_wrong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>5. The enjoining of right and prohibiting of wrong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-5._The_enjoining_of_right_and_prohibiting_of_wrong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Theory of interpretation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_first_obligation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_obligation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The first obligation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_obligation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reason_and_revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reason_and_revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Reason and revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reason_and_revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Validity_of_hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Validity_of_hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Validity of hadith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Validity_of_hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atomism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atomism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Atomism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atomism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Eschatology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mu'tazilism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A9" title="المعتزلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المعتزلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6t%C9%99zilil%C9%99r" title="Mötəzililər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mötəzililər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="মুতাজিলা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুতাজিলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilah" title="Mu'tazilah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Mu'tazilah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D2%93%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Мөғтәзилиҙәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мөғтәзилиҙәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tezile" title="Mu'tezile – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mu'tezile" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazilisme" title="Mutazilisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mutazilisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E2%80%99tazila" title="Mu’tazila – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mu’tazila" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazilisme" title="Mutazilisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mutazilisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" title="Muʿtazila – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muʿtazila" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Μουτάζιλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουτάζιλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazili" title="Mu'tazili – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mu'tazili" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87" title="معتزله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معتزله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazilisme" title="Mutazilisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mutazilisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazilismo" title="Mutazilismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mutazilismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%9C%BC%ED%83%80%EC%A7%88%EB%9D%BC%ED%8C%8C" title="무으타질라파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무으타질라파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մութազիլիականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մութազիլիականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muktazilah" title="Muktazilah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muktazilah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazilismo" title="Mutazilismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mutazilismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מועתזילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מועתזילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მუთაზილიტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუთაზილიტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мутазилиттер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мутазилиттер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мутазилиттер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мутазилиттер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2" title="മുഅതസില – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഅതസില" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87" title="معتزله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معتزله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muktazilah" title="Muktazilah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muktazilah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moetazilisme" title="Moetazilisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moetazilisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A9%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="ムゥタズィラ学派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムゥタズィラ学派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" title="Muʿtazila – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muʿtazila" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%CA%BBtazila" title="Moʻtazila – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Moʻtazila" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%81" title="معتزلہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="معتزلہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%D9%87" title="معتزله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="معتزله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazylizm" title="Mutazylizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mutazylizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazilismo" title="Mutazilismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mutazilismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutazilism" title="Mutazilism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mutazilism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Мутазилиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мутазилиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%DB%81" title="معتزلہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="معتزلہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E2%80%99tazila" title="Mu’tazila – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mu’tazila" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muctazilo" title="Muctazilo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Muctazilo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%95" title="موعتەزیلە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="موعتەزیلە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutezilizam" title="Mutezilizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mutezilizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%E2%80%99taziliitit" title="Mu’taziliitit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mu’taziliitit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27taziliter" title="Mu'taziliter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mu'taziliter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="முஃதசிலா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முஃதசிலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_theology" title="Category:Islamic theology">a series</a> on </span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silhouette of a mosque"><img alt="Silhouette of a mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/110px-Mosque02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/165px-Mosque02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/220px-Mosque02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunni_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_six_articles_of_the_Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six Articles of Iman</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">The Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunnī_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of theology</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shia_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Shi'a</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Basic Tenets of Faith</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Commanding what is just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Forbidding what is evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalla">Tawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarra">Tabarra</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Twelver_theology" title="Twelver theology">Theology of the Twelvers</a></b><sup>4,</sup> <sup>5</sup><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Adalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_(Shia_Islam)" title="Prophecy (Shia Islam)">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Resurrection_and_final_judgement" title="Islamic eschatology">Qiyamah</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism#Beliefs" title="Isma'ilism">Theology of the Ismailis</a></b><sup>6</sup><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Zaydism#Theology" title="Zaydism">Theology of the Zaydis</a></b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Muhakkima" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Muhakkima</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_theology" title="Ibadi theology">Theology of the Ibadis</a></b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyya" title="Jabriyya">Jabriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahmiyya" title="Jahmiyya">Jahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mujassimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mu'tazila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyya">Qadariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quraniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <p><u>Including:</u><br /> </p> <div class="plainlist" style="font-weight:normal"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi school</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhbarism">Akhbari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>6</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mustali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustali">Mustali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak" title="Atba-e-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aqidah" title="Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aqidah" title="Template talk:Aqidah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mu'tazilism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المعتزلة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-muʿtazila</i></span>, singular <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">معتزلي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">muʿtazilī</i></span>) is an Islamic theological school that appeared in early Islamic history and flourished in <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. Its adherents, the Mu'tazilites, were known for their neutrality in the dispute between <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> and his opponents after the death of the third <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>. By the 10th century the term <i>al-muʿtazilah</i> had come to refer to a distinctive Islamic school of speculative theology (<i><a href="/wiki/Kal%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalām">kalām</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-robinson2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This school of <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_Ata" title="Wasil ibn Ata">Wasil ibn Ata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The later Mu'tazila school developed an <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> type of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, partly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy</a>, based around three fundamental principles: the oneness (<i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i>) and justice (<i><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Al-'adl</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fakhry-46_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakhry-46-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> human freedom of action, and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mu'tazilites are best known for rejecting the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Quranic_createdness" title="Quranic createdness">Quran as uncreated and co-eternal with God</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-as_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-as-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asserting that if the Quran is the literal word of God, he <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logically</a> "must have preceded his own speech".<sup id="cite_ref-SKHE-77_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKHE-77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This went against a common Sunni position (followed by the <a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ashʿarī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Māturīdī</a>) which argued that with God being all-knowing, his knowledge of the Quran must have been eternal, hence uncreated just like him.<sup id="cite_ref-SKHE-77_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SKHE-77-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school also worked to resolve the theological "<a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Fakhry-47a_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakhry-47a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing that since God is just and wise, he cannot command what is contrary to reason or act with disregard for the welfare of His creatures; consequently evil must be regarded as something that stems from errors in human acts, arising from man's divinely bestowed <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mu'tazila opposed <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> rationalism, but believed that human intelligence and reason allowed Man to understand religious principles; that <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and evil</a> are rational categories that could be "established through <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Fakhry-47a_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakhry-47a-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oa_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The movement reached its political height during the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> during the "<a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">mihna</a>", an 18-year period (833–851 CE) of <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> instituted by the Abbasid <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> where religious scholars were punished, imprisoned, or even killed unless they conformed to Mu'tazila doctrine, until it was reversed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaman1997b_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaman1997b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> (800–909 CE) also adhered to Mu'tazilism, which they imposed as the state doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the leading elite figures of the <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_II" title="Al-Hakam II">al-Hakam II</a> (r. 961–976) were followers of the Mu'tazila.<sup id="cite_ref-SamsóFierro2019_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SamsóFierro2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mu'tazilism also flourished to some extent during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Buyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyids">Buyids</a> (934–1062 CE) in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mu'tazili</i></span> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_verbs" title="Arabic verbs">reflexive stem VIII</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">iftaʿala</i></span>) of the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">triconsonantal root</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:عزل">ع-ز-ل</a> "separate, segregate, retire", as in <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اعتزل</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">iʿtazala</i></span> "to separate (oneself); to withdraw from".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name is derived from the founder's "withdrawal" from the study circle of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Hasan al-Basri</a> over a theological disagreement: <a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_Ata" title="Wasil ibn Ata">Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭā'</a> asked about the legal state of a sinner: is a person who has committed a serious sin a believer or an unbeliever? Hasan answered the person remains a Muslim. Wasil dissented, suggesting that a sinner was neither a believer nor an unbeliever and withdrew from the study circle. Others followed to form a new circle, including <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">ʿAmr ibn ʿUbayd</a>. Hasan's remark, "Wāṣil has withdrawn from us", is said to be the origin of the movement's name.<sup id="cite_ref-ad_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1997?_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1997?-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The group later referred to themselves as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ahl al-Tawḥīd wa al-ʿAdl</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اهل التوحيد و العدل</span></span>, "people of monotheism and justice")<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the name <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mu'tazili</i></span></i> was first used by its opponents. </p><p>The verb <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">iʿtazala</i></span></i> is also used to designate a neutral party in a dispute (as in "withdrawing" from a dispute between two factions). According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, "The name [Mu'tazila] first appears in early Islāmic history in the dispute over Ali's leadership of the Muslim community after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Uthman" title="Assassination of Uthman">assassination of Uthman</a>, the third caliph, in 656 CE. Those who would neither condemn nor sanction Ali or his opponents but took a middle position were termed the Muʿtazilah." <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Alfonso_Nallino" title="Carlo Alfonso Nallino">Carlo Alfonso Nallino</a> argued that the theological Mu'tazilism of Wasil and his successors was merely a continuation of this initial political Mu'tazilism.<sup id="cite_ref-Mutazilah_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mutazilah-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mu'tazili appeared in early Islāmic history in the dispute over <a href="/wiki/Al%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alī">Alī</a>'s leadership of the Muslim community after the death of the third caliph, <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>. Those who would neither condemn nor sanction Ali or his opponents but took a middle position between him and his opponents at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">battle of Siffin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jamal">battle of Jamal</a> were termed the Mu'tazila.<sup id="cite_ref-Mutazilah_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mutazilah-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 10th century CE the term had also come to refer to an Islamic school of speculative theology (kalām) that flourished in Basra and Baghdad (8th–10th century).<sup id="cite_ref-britannica2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-robinson2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sunni sources, Mu'tazili theology originated in the eighth century in Basra (now in Iraq) when <a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_Ata" title="Wasil ibn Ata">Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭā'</a> (died 131 AH/748 AD) left the teaching lessons of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Hasan al-Basri</a> after a theological dispute regarding the issue of <i>al-Manzilah bayna al-Manzilatayn</i> (<i>a position between two positions</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ad_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Mu'tazilis later relied on <a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">logic</a> and different aspects of <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">early Islamic philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">ancient Greek philosophy</a>. The basics of Islam were their starting point and ultimate reference.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalzer1967_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalzer1967-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig2000_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2000-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accusations leveled against them by rival schools of theology that they gave absolute authority to extra-Islamic paradigms reflect more the fierce polemics between various schools of theology than any objective reality. For instance, most Mu'tazilis adopted the doctrine of creation <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex nihilo">ex nihilo</a></i>, contrary to certain <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers">Muslim philosophers</a> who, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">al-Kindi</a>, believed in the eternity of the world in some form or another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig2000_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2000-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mu'tazili theology faced implacable opposition from Hanbali and Zahiri traditionalists, on the one hand, and from the Ash'ari school (founded by a former Mu'tazili, Abu al Hasan al-Ash'ari) and Maturidi theologians on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahl_al-kalām"><span id="Ahl_al-kal.C4.81m"></span><i>Ahl al-kalām</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ahl al-kalām"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholar <a href="/wiki/Daniel_W._Brown" title="Daniel W. Brown">Daniel W. Brown</a> describes the Mu'tazila as "the later <i>ahl al-kalām</i>", suggesting the <i>ahl al-kalām</i> were forerunners of the Mu'tazili.<sup id="cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:15_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:15-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>ahl al-kalām</i> are remembered in Islamic history as opponents of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%E2%80%98i" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shafi‘i">Al-Shafi‘i</a> and his principle that the final authority of Islam was the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:13-15_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:13-15-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that even the Qur'an was "to be interpreted in the light of [the hadith], and not vice versa."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forte-1978-13_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forte-1978-13-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Abu al-Hudhayl al-'Allaf (died 235 AH/849 AD), who lived a few generations after Wāṣil ibn ʿAtāʾ (واصل بن عطاء) and <a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">ʿAmr ibn ʿUbayd</a>, is considered the theologian who systematized and formalized Mu'tazilism in Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1997_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1997-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another branch of the school found a home in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishr ibn al-Mu'tamir</a> (died 210 AH/825 AD);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1997_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1997-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the instigators thought it was the Caliph's own scheme:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawas1994_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawas1994-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawas1996_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENawas1996-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperson2005_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperson2005-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEss2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEss2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> (813–833) "Mu'tazilism became the established faith." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> <a href="/wiki/Caliphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphs">Caliphs</a> who were known for supporting the Mu'tazila include <a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik</a><sup id="cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-82_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-82-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Yazid_III" title="Yazid III">Yazid III</a>. </p><p>The Mu'tazilites maintained man's creation<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, as did the <a href="/wiki/Qadarites" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadarites">Qadarites</a> of the later Umayyad period. The Mu'tazilites also maintained that justice and reason must form the foundation of the action God takes toward men. Both of these doctrines were repudiated by the later orthodox school of the <a href="/wiki/Ash%CA%BFari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashʿari">Ashʿarites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mihna">Mihna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mihna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The persecution campaign, nonetheless, cost them their theology and generally, the sympathy of the Muslim masses in the Abbasid state. As the number of Muslims increased throughout the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, and in reaction to the excesses of this newly imposed rationalism, theologians began to lose ground. The problem was exacerbated by the <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">Mihna</a>, the inquisition launched under the Abbasid <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">al-Ma'mun</a> (died 218 AH/833 AD). </p><p>The movement reached its political height during the Mihna, the period of <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> instituted by the 'Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun in AD 833 in which religious scholars (such as <a href="/wiki/Sunnis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnis">Sunnis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shias" class="mw-redirect" title="Shias">Shias</a>) were punished, imprisoned, or even killed unless they conformed to Mu'tazila doctrine. The policy lasted for 18 years (833–851 CE) as it continued through the reigns of al-Ma'mun's immediate successors, <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tasim" title="Al-Mu'tasim">al-Mu'tasim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Wathiq" title="Al-Wathiq">al-Wathiq</a>, and the first four years of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a>, who reversed the policy in 851.<sup id="cite_ref-Zaman1997b_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaman1997b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>, the Sunni jurist and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> school of thought was a victim of al-Ma'mun's Mihna. Due to his rejection of al-Ma'mun's demand to accept and propagate the Mu'tazila creed, ibn Hanbal was imprisoned and tortured by the Abbasid rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadith_Literature_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadith_Literature-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Mihna">Post-Mihna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-Mihna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mutawakkil" title="Al-Mutawakkil">al-Mutawakkil</a> (847–861), "who sought to reestablish the traditional Muslim's faith" (he intentionally wanted to restore his legitimacy due to the backlash towards Ahmad ibn Hanbal's persecution under previous Caliphs), Mu'tazilite doctrine was repudiated and Mu'tazilite professors were persecuted in the Abbasid Caliphate; <a href="/wiki/Shia_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Muslims">Shia Muslims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a> were also persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> dynasty centered in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> from 800 to 909, also adhered to Mu'tazilism, which they imposed as the state doctrine of Ifriqiya.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the leading elite figures of the <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement" title="Graeco-Arabic translation movement">Graeco-Arabic translation movement</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakam_II" title="Al-Hakam II">al-Hakam II</a> were followers of the Mu'tazila.<sup id="cite_ref-SamsóFierro2019_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SamsóFierro2019-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mu'tazilism also flourished to some extent during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Buyids" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyids">Buyids</a> in Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until severe persecution occurred during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Al-Qadir" title="Al-Qadir">al-Qadir</a> (991–1031), who issued a decree to kill anyone who openly adhered to the Mu'tazilism. Even so, there were still some Mutazilite adherents in secret, until at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol Invasion</a>, the Mu'tazilite disappeared for a long time from <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_theology" title="Category:Islamic theology">a series</a> on </span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silhouette of a mosque"><img alt="Silhouette of a mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/110px-Mosque02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/165px-Mosque02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Mosque02.svg/220px-Mosque02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunni_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)#The_six_articles_of_the_Islamic_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">Six Articles of Iman</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">The Last Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars of Islam</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_during_Ramadan" title="Fasting during Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Sunnī_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Schools of theology</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturidi">Maturidi</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Shia_schools_of_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Shi'a</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Basic Tenets of Faith</a></b><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Commanding what is just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">Forbidding what is evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalla">Tawalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarra">Tabarra</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Twelver_theology" title="Twelver theology">Theology of the Twelvers</a></b><sup>4,</sup> <sup>5</sup><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Adalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_(Shia_Islam)" title="Prophecy (Shia Islam)">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology#Resurrection_and_final_judgement" title="Islamic eschatology">Qiyamah</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism#Beliefs" title="Isma'ilism">Theology of the Ismailis</a></b><sup>6</sup><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm_of_Ramadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm of Ramadan">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li></ul> </div> <b><a href="/wiki/Zaydism#Theology" title="Zaydism">Theology of the Zaydis</a></b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Muhakkima" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Muhakkima</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_theology" title="Ibadi theology">Theology of the Ibadis</a></b></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #dcf5dc;;background: #dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyya" title="Jabriyya">Jabriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahmiyya" title="Jahmiyya">Jahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mujassimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mu'tazila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadariyya">Qadariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quraniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #dcf5dc;border-bottom:1px solid #dcf5dc;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <p><u>Including:</u><br /> </p> <div class="plainlist" style="font-weight:normal"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki school</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i school</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi school</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari school</a> (<a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhbarism">Akhbari</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>5</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a>)</li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>6</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mustali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustali">Mustali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Atba-e-Malak" title="Atba-e-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul> </div> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aqidah" title="Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aqidah" title="Template talk:Aqidah"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aqidah"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Five_Principles">The Five Principles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Five Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a "leading Mu'tazilite authority" of the end of the ninth century (al-Khayyat),<sup id="cite_ref-Fakhry-46a_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakhry-46a-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "clearly enunciated for the first time by Abu al-Hudhayl",<sup id="cite_ref-robinson2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robinson2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> five basic tenets make up the Mu'tazilite creed: </p> <ol><li>monotheism,<sup id="cite_ref-khayyat-93_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khayyat-93-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>justice and unity,<sup id="cite_ref-khayyat-93_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khayyat-93-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the inevitability of the threats and promises of God (or "the warning and the promise"),<sup id="cite_ref-khayyat-93_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khayyat-93-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the intermediary position (i.e. Muslims who die without repentance after committing a grave sin are neither <i>mu'mineen</i> (believers), nor <i>kuffar</i> (non-believers), but in an intermediate position known as <i>fasiq</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-khayyat-93_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khayyat-93-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the injunction of right, and the prohibition of wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-khayyat-93_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khayyat-93-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1._Monotheism">1. Monotheism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1. Monotheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Muslim schools of theology faced the dilemma of affirming <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">divine transcendence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">divine attributes</a>, without falling into <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">anthropomorphism</a> on the one hand or emptying scriptural references to those attributes of all concrete meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The doctrine of Tawhīd, in the words of the prominent Mu'tazili scholar Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Qadi_Abd_al-Jabbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Abd al-Jabbar">Qadi Abd al-Jabbar</a> (died 415 AH/1025 AD)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is: </p><blockquote><p> the knowledge that God, being unique, has attributes that no creature shares with him. This is explained by the fact that you know that the world has a creator who created it and that: he existed eternally in the past and he cannot perish while we exist after being non-existent and we can perish. And you know that he was and is eternally all-powerful and that impotence is not possible for him. And you know that he is <a href="/wiki/Omniscient" class="mw-redirect" title="Omniscient">omniscient</a> of the past and present and that ignorance is not possible for him. And you know that he knows everything that was, everything that is, and how things that are not would be if they were. And you know that he is eternally in the past and future living, and that calamities and pain are not possible for him. And you know that he sees visible things, and perceives perceptibles, and that he does not have need of sense organs. And you know that he is eternally past and in future sufficient and it is not possible for him to be in need. And you know that he is not like physical bodies, and that it is not possible for him to get up or down, move about, change, be composite, have a form, limbs and body members. And you know that he is not like the accidents of motion, rest, color, food or smells. And you know that he is One throughout eternity and there is no second beside him, and that everything other than he is contingent, made, dependent, structured, and governed by someone/thing else. Thus, if you know all of that you know the oneness of God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199792_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199792-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2._Divine_justice">2. Divine justice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2. Divine justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Facing the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of existence of evil</a> in the world, the Mu'tazilis pointed at the free will of human beings, so that evil was defined as something that stems from the errors in human acts. God does nothing ultimately evil, and he demands not from any human to perform any evil act. If man's evil acts had been from the will of God, then punishment would have been meaningless, as man performed the will of God no matter what he did. Mu'tazilis did not deny the existence of suffering that goes beyond human abuse and misuse of their free will granted to them by God. In order to explain this type of "apparent" evil, Mu'tazilis relied on the Islamic doctrine of <i>taklif</i>: "God does not order/give the soul of any of his creation, that which is beyond its capacity." [Qur'an 2:286]. In conclusion, it comprised life is an ultimate "fair test" of coherent and rational choices, having a supremely just accountability in one's current state, as well as the hereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans are required to have belief, <i><a href="/wiki/Iman_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iman (concept)">iman</a></i>, secure faith and conviction in and about God, and do good works, <i>amal saleh</i>, to have <i>iman</i> reflected in their moral choices, deeds, and relationship with God, fellow humans, and all of the creation in this world. If everyone is healthy and wealthy, then there will be no meaning for the obligations imposed on humans to, for example, be generous, help the needy, and have compassion for the deprived and trivialized. The inequalities in human fortunes and the calamities that befell them are, thus, an integral part of the test of life. Everyone is being tested. The powerful, the rich, and the healthy are required to use all their powers and privileges to help those who suffer and to alleviate their suffering. In the <a href="/wiki/Qiyamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiyamah">Qiyamah</a> (Judgment Day), they will be questioned about their response to Divine blessings and bounties they enjoyed in their lives. The less fortunate are required to patiently persevere and are promised a compensation for their suffering that, as the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> puts it in 39:10, and as translated by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a>, is "beyond all reckoning".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The test of life is specifically for adults in full possession of their mental faculties. Children may suffer, and are observed to suffer, given the nature of life but they are believed to be completely free from sin and liability. Divine justice is affirmed through the theory of compensation. All sufferers will be compensated. This includes non-believers and, more importantly, children, who are destined to go to <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The doctrine of '<a href="/wiki/Adl" title="Adl">Adl</a> in the words of ʿAbd al-Jabbar:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199758_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199758-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the knowledge that God is removed from all that is morally wrong (<i>qabih</i>) and that all his acts are morally good (<i><a href="/wiki/Hasana" title="Hasana">hasana</a></i>). This is explained by the fact that you know that all human acts of injustice (<i><a href="/wiki/Zulm" title="Zulm">zulm</a></i>), transgression (<i>jawr</i>), and the like cannot be of his creation (<i>min khalqihi</i>). Whoever attributes that to him has ascribed to him injustice and insolence (<i>safah</i>) and thus strays from the doctrine of justice. And you know that God does not impose faith upon the unbeliever without giving him the power (<i>al-qudra</i>) for it, nor does he impose upon a human what he is unable to do, but he only gives to the unbeliever to choose unbelief on his own part, not on the part of God. And you know that God does not will, desire or want disobedience. Rather, he loathes and despises it and only wills obedience, which he wants and chooses and loves. And you know that he does not punish the children of polytheists (<i>al-<a href="/wiki/Mushrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushrik">mushrikin</a></i>) in Hellfire because of their fathers' sin, for he has said: "Each soul earns but its own due" (Qur'an 6:164); and he does not punish anyone for someone else's sin because that would be morally wrong (<i>qabih</i>), and God is far removed from such. And you know that he does not transgress his rule (<a href="/wiki/Hukm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hukm">hukm</a>) and that he only causes sickness and illness in order to turn them to advantage. Whoever says otherwise has allowed that God is iniquitous and has imputed insolence to him. And you know that, for their sakes, he does the best for all of his creatures, upon whom he imposes moral and religious obligations (<i>yukallifuhum</i>), and that He has indicated to them what he has imposed upon them and clarified the path of truth so that we could pursue it, and he has clarified the path of falsehood (<i>tariq l-batil</i>) so that we could avoid it. So, whoever perishes does so only after all this has been made clear. And you know that every benefit we have is from God; as he has said: "And you have no good thing that is not from Allah" (Qur'an 16:53); it either comes to us from him or from elsewhere. Thus, when you know all of this you become knowledgeable about justice from God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199793_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199793-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="3._The_Promise_and_the_Threat_[al-wa'd_wa_l-wa'id]"><span id="3._The_Promise_and_the_Threat_.5Bal-wa.27d_wa_l-wa.27id.5D"></span>3. The Promise and the Threat [<i>al-wa'd wa l-wa'id</i>]</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 3. The Promise and the Threat [al-wa'd wa l-wa'id]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This comprised questions of the Last day, or in Arabic, the <a href="/wiki/Qiyamah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qiyamah">Qiyamah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judgment_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment Day">Day of Judgment</a>). According to 'Abd al-Jabbar,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199765-6_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199765-6-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine of irreversible Divine promises and warnings, is fashioned out the Islamic philosophy of human existence. Humans, (or <i>insan</i> in Arabic) are created with an innate need in their essence to submit themselves to something. Also, it is seen as an innate need of all humans to pursue an inner peace and contentment within the struggles of an imperfect world. Knowledge of God, truth, and choices, in relation to one's innate need of submission is seen in Islam as the promise and recompense of God (<i>al-thawab</i>) to those who follow. His warning is looked at as a conscious decision by a human submitting themselves, and choosing a varying principle which he had given a clear warning to. He will not go back on his word, nor can he act contrary to his promise and warning, nor lie in what he reports, in contrast to what the Postponers (<a href="/wiki/Murjites" class="mw-redirect" title="Murjites">Murjites</a>) hold.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="4._The_Intermediate_Position_[Al-Manzilah_bayn_al-manzilatayn]"><span id="4._The_Intermediate_Position_.5BAl-Manzilah_bayn_al-manzilatayn.5D"></span>4. The Intermediate Position [<i>Al-Manzilah bayn al-manzilatayn</i>]</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 4. The Intermediate Position [Al-Manzilah bayn al-manzilatayn]"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>That is, Muslims who commit grave sins and die without repentance are not considered as mu’minīn (believers), nor are they considered kafirs (non-believers), but in an intermediate position between the two, (<i>fasiq</i>). The reason behind this is that a mu’min is, by definition, a person who has faith and conviction in and about God, and who has their faith reflected in their deeds and moral choices. Any shortcoming on any of these two fronts makes one, by definition, not a mu’min. On the other hand, one does not become a <i>kafir</i> (i.e. rejecter; non-believer), for this entails, inter alia, denying the Creator—something not necessarily done by a committer of a grave sin. The fate of those who commit grave sins and die without repentance is Hell. Hell is not considered a monolithic state of affairs but as encompassing many degrees to accommodate the wide spectrum of human deeds and choices, and the lack of comprehension associated to The Ultimate Judge (one of the other names in Islam of God.) Consequently, those in the intermediate position, though in Hell, would have a lesser punishment because of their belief and other good deeds. Mu'tazilites adopted this position as a middle ground between <a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murjites" class="mw-redirect" title="Murjites">Murjites</a>. In the words of ʿAbd al-Jabbar, the doctrine of the intermediate position is<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199782,_106_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199782,_106-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the knowledge that whoever murders, or commits <a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">zina</a>, or commits serious sins is a grave sinner (<i>fasiq</i>) and not a believer, nor is his case the same that of believers with respect to praise and attributing greatness, since he is to be cursed and disregarded. Nonetheless, he is not an unbeliever who cannot be buried in our Muslim cemetery, or be prayed for, or marry a Muslim. Rather, he has an intermediate position, in contrast to the Seceders (<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a>) who say that he is an unbeliever, or the <a href="/wiki/Murjites" class="mw-redirect" title="Murjites">Murjites</a> who say that he is a believer.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="5._The_enjoining_of_right_and_prohibiting_of_wrong">5. The enjoining of right and prohibiting of wrong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 5. The enjoining of right and prohibiting of wrong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These two tenets, like the "intermediate position", follow logically (according to scholar Majid Fakhry) from the basic Mu'tazilite concepts of divine unity, justice and free will, of which they are the logical conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Fakhry-46a_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fakhry-46a-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though they are accepted <a href="/wiki/Enjoining_good_and_forbidding_wrong" title="Enjoining good and forbidding wrong">by most Muslims</a>, Mu'tazilites give them a specific interpretation in the sense that, even though God enjoins what is right and prohibits what is wrong, the use of reason allows a Muslim in most cases to identify for himself what is right and what is wrong, even without the help of revelation. Only for some acts is the revelation necessary to determine whether a certain act is right or wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_interpretation">Theory of interpretation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theory of interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mu'tazila relied on a synthesis between <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">revelation</a>. That is, their <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> operated in the service of scripture and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theological</a> framework. They, as the majority of Muslim jurist-theologians, validated <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a> readings of <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scripture</a> whenever necessary. Justice <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">ʿAbd al-Jabbar</a> (935–1025) said in his <i>Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa</i> (The Explication of the Five Principles):<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>إن الكلام متى لم يمكن حمله على ظاهره و حقيقته، و هناك مجازان أحدهما أقرب و الآخر أبعد، فإن الواجب حمله على المجاز الأقرب دون الأبعد، لأن المجاز الأبعد من الأقرب كالمجاز مع الحقيقة، و كما لا يجوز فى خطاب الله تعالى أن يحمل على المجاز مع إمكان حمله على الحقيقة، فكذلك لا يحمل على المجاز الأبعد و هناك ما هو أقرب منه </p><p>(When a text cannot be interpreted according to its truth and apparent meaning, and when (in this case) two metaphoric interpretations are possible, one being proximal and the other being distal; then, in this case, we are obligated to interpret the text according to the proximal metaphoric interpretation and not the distal, for (the relationship between) the distal to the proximal is like unto (the relationship between) the metaphor to the truth, and in the same way that it is not permissible, when dealing with the word of God, to prefer a metaphoric interpretation when a discernment of the truth is possible, it is also not permissible to prefer the distal interpretation over the proximal interpretation) </p> </blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutic</a> methodology proceeds as follows: if the literal meaning of an <a href="/wiki/Ayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayah">ayah</a> (verse) is consistent with the rest of scripture, the main themes of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, the basic tenets of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_creed" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic creed">Islamic creed</a>, and the well-known facts, then <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Qur'an">interpretation</a>, in the sense of moving away from the literal meaning, is not justified. If a contradiction results from adopting the literal meaning, such as a literal understanding of the "hand" of God that contravenes his transcendence and the Qur'anic mention of his categorical difference from all other things, then an interpretation is warranted. In the above quote, Justice 'Abd al-Jabbar emphatically mentioned that if there are two possible interpretations, both capable of resolving the apparent contradiction created by literal understanding of a verse, then the interpretation closer to the literal meaning should take precedence, for the relationship between the interpretations, close and distant, becomes the same as the literal understanding and the interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_obligation">The first obligation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The first obligation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mu'tazilis believed that the first obligation on humans, specifically adults in full possession of their mental faculties, is to use their intellectual power to ascertain the existence of God, and to become knowledgeable of his attributes. One must wonder about the whole existence, that is, about why something exists rather than nothing. If one realises that there is a being who caused this universe to exist, not reliant on anything else and absolutely free from any type of need, then one realizes that this being is all-wise and morally perfect. If this being is all-wise, then his very act of creation cannot be haphazard or in vain. One must then be motivated to ascertain what this being wants from humans, for one may harm oneself by simply ignoring the whole mystery of existence and, consequently, the plan of the Creator. This paradigm is known in <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Islamic theology</a> as <i>wujub al-nazar</i>, i.e., the obligation to use one's speculative reasoning to attain ontological truths. About the "first duty," ʿAbd al-Jabbar said it is "speculative reasoning (<i>al-nazar</i>) which leads to knowledge of God, because he is not known by the way of necessity (<i>daruratan</i>) nor by the senses (<i>bi l-mushahada</i>). Thus, he must be known by reflection and speculation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199790_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199790-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference between Mu'tazilis and other Muslim theologians is that Mu'tazilis consider <i>al-nazar</i> an obligation even if one does not encounter a fellow human being claiming to be a messenger from the Creator, and even if one does not have access to any alleged God-inspired or God-revealed scripture. On the other hand, the obligation of <i>nazar</i> towards other Muslim theologians is realized when encountering <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">scripture</a>. In this case, it was realized with the sending of the last prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and the last holy book, the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. In this way, the obligation to <i>nazar</i> is only carried out by studying the Quran and hadith of the prophet Muhammad, and also using the wisdom of the theologians and philosophers who followed him.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reason_and_revelation">Reason and revelation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reason and revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Averroes_(C%C3%B3rdoba)_-_BAE09705.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_of_Averroes_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_-_BAE09705.jpg/220px-Statue_of_Averroes_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_-_BAE09705.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_of_Averroes_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_-_BAE09705.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Averroes_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_-_BAE09705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Statue_of_Averroes_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_-_BAE09705.jpg/440px-Statue_of_Averroes_%28C%C3%B3rdoba%29_-_BAE09705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a> insisted that all <a href="/wiki/Natural_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural phenomena">natural phenomena</a> followed laws that God created.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadri-118_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadri-118-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghazali_2000,_pp.116-7_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghazali_2000,_pp.116-7-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-For_[[Ibn_Rushd]]_2005,_p.162_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-For_[[Ibn_Rushd]]_2005,_p.162-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Mu'tazilis had a nuanced theory regarding reason, Divine revelation, and the relationship between them. They celebrated <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">power of reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">human intellectual power</a>. To them, it is the human intellect that guides a human to know God, his attributes, and the very basics of morality. Once this foundational knowledge is attained and one ascertains the truth of Islam and the Divine origins of the Qur'an, the intellect then interacts with scripture such that both reason and revelation come together to be the main source of guidance and knowledge for Muslims. Harun Nasution in the Mu'tazila and Rational Philosophy, translated in Martin (1997), commented on Mu'tazili extensive use of rationality in the development of their religious views saying: "It is not surprising that opponents of the Mu'tazila often charge the Mu'tazila with the view that humanity does not need revelation, that everything can be known through reason, that there is a conflict between reason and revelation, that they cling to reason and put revelation aside, and even that the Mu'tazila do not believe in revelation. But is it true that the Mu'tazila are of the opinion that everything can be known through reason and therefore that revelation is unnecessary? The writings of the Mu'tazila give exactly the opposite portrait. In their opinion, human reason is not sufficiently powerful to know everything and for this reason humans need revelation in order to reach conclusions concerning what is good and what is bad for them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1997187_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1997187-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mu'tazili position on the roles of reason and revelation is well captured by what <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari">Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari</a> (died 324 AH/935 AD), the eponym of the Ashʿari school of theology, attributed to the Mu'tazili scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_an-Nazzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim an-Nazzam">Ibrahim an-Nazzam</a> (died 231 AH/845 AD) (1969): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> كل معصية كان يجوز أن يأمر الله سبحانه بها فهي قبيحة للنهي، وكل معصية كان لا يجوز أن يبيحها الله سبحانه فهي قبيحة لنفسها كالجهل به والاعتقاد بخلافه، وكذلك كل ما جاز أن لا يأمر الله سبحانه فهو حسن للأمر به وكل ما لم يجز إلا أن يأمر به فهو حسن لنفسه </p><p><i>No sin may be ordered by God as it is wrong and forbidden, and no sin shall be permitted by God, as they are wrong by themselves. To know about it and believe otherwise, and all that God commands is good for the ordered and all that it is not permissible except to order it is good for himself</i> </p> </blockquote> <p>In the above formulation, a problem emerged, which is rendering something obligatory on the Divine being—something that seems to directly conflict with Divine omnipotence. The Mu'tazili argument is predicated on absolute Divine power and self-sufficiency, however. Replying to a hypothetical question as to why God does not do that which is ethically wrong (<i>la yaf`alu al-qabih</i>), 'Abd al-Jabbar replied:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199796_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199796-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because he knows the immorality of all unethical acts and that he is self-sufficient without them...For one of us who knows the immorality of injustice and lying, if he knows that he is self-sufficient without them and has no need of them, it would be impossible for him to choose them, insofar as he knows of their immorality and his sufficiency without them. Therefore, if God is sufficient without need of any unethical thing it necessarily follows that he would not choose the unethical based on his knowledge of its immorality. Thus every immoral thing that happens in the world must be a human act, for God transcends doing immoral acts. Indeed, God has distanced himself from that with his saying: "But Allah wills no injustice to his servants" (Qur'an 40:31), and his saying: "Verily Allah will not deal unjustly with humankind in anything" (<a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> 10:44).<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thrust of ʿAbd al-Jabbar's argument is that acting immorally or unwisely stems from need and deficiency. One acts in a repugnant way when one does not know the ugliness of one's deeds, i.e., because of lack of knowledge, or when one knows but one has some need, material, psychological, or otherwise. Since <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> is absolutely self-sufficient (a result from the cosmological "proof" of his existence), all-knowing, and all-powerful, he is categorically free from any type of need and, consequently, he never does anything that is ridiculous, unwise, ugly, or evil.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conflict between Mu'tazilis and Ash'aris concerning this point was a matter of focus. Mu'tazilis focused on divine justice, whereas the Ashʿaris focused on divine omnipotence. Nevertheless, Divine self-restraint in Mu'tazili discourse is part of divine omnipotence, not a negation of it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Validity_of_hadith">Validity of hadith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Validity of hadith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> dynasty, the poet, theologian, and jurist, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_an-Nazzam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim an-Nazzam">Ibrahim an-Nazzam</a> founded a <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">madhhab</a> called the Nazzamiyya that rejected the authority of Hadiths by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurayra" title="Abu Hurayra">Abu Hurayra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His famous student, <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Al-Jahiz</a>, was also critical of those who followed such Hadiths, referring to his Hadithist opponents as <i>al-nabita</i> ("the contemptible").<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Racha El Omari, early Mu'tazilites believed that hadith were susceptible to "abuse as a polemical ideological tool"; that the <i><a href="/wiki/Matn" title="Matn">matn</a></i> (content) of the hadith—not just the <i>isnad</i>—ought to be scrutinized for doctrine and clarity; that for hadith to be valid they ought to be <i><a href="/wiki/Mutawatir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawatir">mutawatir</a></i>, i.e. supported by <i>tawātur</i> or many <i><a href="/wiki/Isn%C4%81d" class="mw-redirect" title="Isnād">isnād</a></i> (chains of oral transmitters), each beginning with a different Companion.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghani-65_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghani-65-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In writing about <i>mutawatir</i> (multi-isnād Hadith) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ahaad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahaad">ahad</a></i> (single-isnad hadith, i.e. almost all hadith) and their importance from the legal theoretician's point of view, <a href="/wiki/Wael_Hallaq" title="Wael Hallaq">Wael Hallaq</a> notes the medieval scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Nawawi" title="Al-Nawawi">Al-Nawawi</a> (1233–1277) argued that any non-<i>mutawatir</i> hadith is only probable and can not reach the level of certainty that a <i>mutawatir</i> hadith can. However, these mutawir were extremely scarce. Scholars like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Salah" title="Ibn al-Salah">Ibn al-Salah</a> (died 1245 CE), al-Ansari (died 1707 CE), and Ibn ‘Abd al-Shakur (died 1810 CE) found "no more than eight or nine" hadiths that fell into the <i>mutawatir</i> category.<sup id="cite_ref-wael_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wael-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_Ata" title="Wasil ibn Ata">Wāṣil ibn ʿAṭāʾ</a> (700–748 CE, by many accounts a founder of the Mu'tazilite school of thought), held that there was evidence for the veracity of a report when it had four independent transmitters. His assumption was that there could be no agreement between all transmitters in fabricating a report. Wāṣil's acceptance of tawātur seems to have been inspired by the juridical notion of witnesses as proof that an event did indeed take place. Hence, the existence of a certain number of witnesses precluded the possibility that they were able to agree on a lie, as opposed to the single report which was witnessed by one person only, its very name meaning the "report of one individual" (khabar al-wāḥid). Abū l-Hudhayl al-ʿAllāf (died 227/841) continued this verification of reports through tawātur, but proposed that the number of witnesses required for veracity be twenty, with the additional requirement that at least one of the transmitters be a believer.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghani-65_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghani-65-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Ibrahim an-Nazzam (c. 775 – c. 845), both the single and the mutawātir hadith reports as narrated by Abu Hurayra, the most prolific hadith narrater, could not be trusted to yield knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recounted contradictory ḥadīth from Abu Hurayra and examined their divergent content (matn) to show why they should be rejected: they relied on both faulty human memory and bias, neither of which could be trusted to transmit what is true. Al-Naẓẓām bolstered his strong refutation of the trustworthiness of ḥadīths narrated by Abu Hurayra within the larger claim that his ḥadīths circulated and thrived to support polemical causes of various theological sects and jurists, and that no single transmitter could by himself be held above suspicion of altering the content of a single report. Al-Naẓẓām's skepticism involved far more than excluding the possible verification of a report narrated by Abu Hurayra, be it single or mutawātir. His stance also excluded the trustworthiness of consensus, which proved pivotal to classical Mu'tazilite criteria devised for verifying the single report (see below). Indeed, his shunning of both consensus and tawātur as narrated by Abu Hurayra earned him a special mention for the depth and extent of his skepticism.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atomism">Atomism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Atomism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mu'tazilite ideas of God were underpinned by the doctrine of atomism. This is the belief that all things and processes are reducible to fundamental physical particles and their arrangements. </p><p>Mu'tazilite atomism however did not imply determinism. Since God was ultimately responsible for manipulating the particles, his actions were not bound by the material laws of the universe. This radically sovereign God entailed an occasionalist theology:<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God could intervene directly in the world to produce contingent events at will. This radical freedom was possible precisely because the world was composed solely of inert matter rather than an immaterial spirit with an independent vital force of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Eschatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the "most sharply defined" issues where the Mu'tazila disagreed with "their theological opponents" was whether <a href="/wiki/Jannah" title="Jannah">Paradise</a> and hell (<a href="/wiki/Jahannam" title="Jahannam">Jahannam</a>) had already been created or if their existence was waiting for <a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgement Day">Judgement Day</a>. The "majority of the Mu'tazila rejected categorically" the idea that God had already created the Garden and the Fire on the grounds that "the physical universe does not allow for their existence yet". They also argued that because the Qur'an described everything in the universe except God being destroyed (the great <i>fanāʾ</i>) "between the trumpet blasts" before Judgement Day, it would be more sensible to assume that the two abodes of the afterlife would be created after the great <i>fanāʾ</i><sup id="cite_ref-JISYYHIU1981:92_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JISYYHIU1981:92-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of ḥadīth promise that viewing that face of God (<i>wajh Allah</i>) will be part of the reward of the faithful in paradise. However, the Mu'tazila, aside from their skepticism of ḥadīth, argued that if "God was an immaterial substance", as they believed he was, He was "by definition" not visible.<sup id="cite_ref-JISYYHIU1981:95_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JISYYHIU1981:95-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, Mu'tazilism persists mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> among those who call themselves the <i>Wasiliyah</i>. Referring to <a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_Ata" title="Wasil ibn Ata">Wasil ibn Ata</a> the reputed founder of Mu'tazila, the movement uses the mantle of the Mu'tazila primarily as an identity marker.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrd-2007_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrd-2007-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Arab Islamic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a>, widely recognised by his peers as an authority on Islam and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a>, was deeply influenced by the Mu'tazila.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Islamist">pan-Islamist</a> revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamal al-Din al-Afghani</a>, was noted for embracing Mu'tazilite views.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His student <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> (1849–1905) was one of the key founding figures of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Islamic Modernism</a> that contributed to a revival of Mu'tazilite thought in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, although he himself does not seem to have called himself a Mu'tazilite.<sup id="cite_ref-al-rahim_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-rahim-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Ifta_al-Misriyyah" title="Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah">Grand Mufti of Egypt</a> in 1899, he attempted to adapt Islam to the modern times and to introduce changes in the teachings at <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his reforms were disputed by traditional <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> establishment as well as his immediate successors such as <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> (1865–1935 C.E), 'Abduh would become the chief source of inspiration for later <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">modernist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">reformist</a> scholars and philosophers<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Fazlur Rahman</a> (1919–1988),<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Farid_Esack" title="Farid Esack">Farid Esack</a> (born 1959),<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in particular <a href="/wiki/Harun_Nasution" title="Harun Nasution">Harun Nasution</a> (1919–1998)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nasr_Abu_Zayd" title="Nasr Abu Zayd">Nasr Abu Zayd</a> (1943–2010).<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Association for the Renaissance of Mu'tazilite Islam</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Association pour la renaissance de l’Islam mutazilite</i>, <b>ARIM</b>) was founded in France in February 2017 by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Janadin" class="extiw" title="fr:Eva Janadin">Eva Janadin</a> and Faker Korchane.<sup id="cite_ref-arim_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arim-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contemporary <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a>, "Mu'tazilite" is used as an epithet by rival groups hoping to undermine each other's credibility. The North African "Institute for the Faith Brigades" denounced <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Bin Laden</a>'s "misguided errors" and accused <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hafs_al_Mawritani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hafs al Mawritani (page does not exist)">Abu Hafs al Mawritani</a>, a leading figure in <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>'s juridical committee, of being a Mu'tazilite.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mutazilah">Muʿtazilah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180621175819/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mutazilah">Archived</a> 2018-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robinson2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robinson2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinson2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robinson2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNEAL_ROBINSON1998" class="citation web cs1">NEAL ROBINSON (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H052">"Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila"</a>. <i>muslimphilosophy.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120081733/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/H052">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=muslimphilosophy.com&rft.atitle=Ash%27ariyya+and+Mu%27tazila&rft.date=1998&rft.au=NEAL+ROBINSON&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fip%2Frep%2FH052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkdkw6f/revision/3">"Different views on human freedom – Mu'tazilites and Asharites – Authority in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – OCR"</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621143801/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkdkw6f/revision/3">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=Different+views+on+human+freedom+%E2%80%93+Mu%27tazilites+and+Asharites+%E2%80%93+Authority+in+Islam+%E2%80%93+GCSE+Religious+Studies+Revision+%E2%80%93+OCR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzkdkw6f%2Frevision%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllwoodMcGraw2022" class="citation book cs1">Ellwood, Robert S.; McGraw, Barbara A. (30 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvmBEAAAQBAJ&dq=wasil+ibn+ata+founder+of+mu%27tazila&pg=PT594"><i>Many Peoples, Many Faiths: Women and Men in the World Religions</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429844584" title="Special:BookSources/9780429844584"><bdi>9780429844584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Peoples%2C+Many+Faiths%3A+Women+and+Men+in+the+World+Religions&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2022-09-30&rft.isbn=9780429844584&rft.aulast=Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=McGraw%2C+Barbara+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvmBEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dwasil%2Bibn%2Bata%2Bfounder%2Bof%2Bmu%2527tazila%26pg%3DPT594&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fakhry-46-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fakhry-46_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFakhry1983" class="citation book cs1">Fakhry, Majid (1983). <i>A History of Islamic Philosophy</i> (second ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 46. <q>Almost all authorities agree that the speculation of the Muʿtazilah centers around the two crucial concepts of divine justice and unity, of which they claim to be the exclusive, genuine exponents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Fakhry&rft.aufirst=Majid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampanini2012" class="citation journal cs1">Campanini, Massimo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x">"The Mu'tazila in Islamic History and Thought"</a>. <i>Religion Compass</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">41–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00273.x">10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719180624/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00273.x">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Mu%27tazila+in+Islamic+History+and+Thought&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00273.x&rft.aulast=Campanini&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00273.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-as-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-as_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullah Saeed. <i>The Qur'an: an introduction</i>. 2008, page 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SKHE-77-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SKHE-77_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SKHE-77_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC"><i>Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia to the Streets of the Modern Muslim World</i></a>. macmillan. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099523277" title="Special:BookSources/9780099523277"><bdi>9780099523277</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225135025/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia+to+the+Streets+of+the+Modern+Muslim+World&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1985" class="citation book cs1">Watt, W. Montgomery (1985). <i>Islamic philosophy and theology : an extended survey</i>. Edinburgh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85224-487-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85224-487-8"><bdi>0-85224-487-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13360530">13360530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+philosophy+and+theology+%3A+an+extended+survey&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13360530&rft.isbn=0-85224-487-8&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=W.+Montgomery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fakhry-47a-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fakhry-47a_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fakhry-47a_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFakhry1983" class="citation book cs1">Fakhry, Majid (1983). <i>A History of Islamic Philosophy</i> (second ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 47. <q>The early Muslim theologians had naturally been unanimous in denying that God could be unjust, but the problem of reconciling the justice of God and the glaring reality of evil in the world does not appear to have disturbed them particularly. And it was precisely this problem that became, from Wasil's time on the crucial issue with which the Muʿtazilah and their adversaries grappled.... [According to the Muʿtazila,] good and evil are not conventional or arbitrary concepts whose validity is rooted in the dictates of God, as the Traditionists and later the Ashʿarites held, but are rational categories which can be established through unaided reason</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=47&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Fakhry&rft.aufirst=Majid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Shahrastani, <i>al-Milal</i>, p.31 f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Baghdadi, <i>Usul al Din</i>, pp.150f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Baghdadi, A.Q.,<i>Usul al Din,</i> Istanbul, 1928, pp.26f</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Shahrastani, M.,<i>al-Milal wa'l-Nihal</i>, London, 1892, p.31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Ash'ari, <i>Maqalat</i>, p.356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oa-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oa_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oussama Arabi. <i>Studies in Modern Islamic Law and Jurisprudence</i>. page 27–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaman1997b-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zaman1997b_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zaman1997b_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Qasim_Zaman1997" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad Qasim Zaman (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xkpdl6UVOwC&pg=PA106"><i>Religion and Politics Under the Early ?Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite</i></a>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10678-9"><bdi>978-90-04-10678-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217032808/https://books.google.com/books?id=0xkpdl6UVOwC&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+Under+the+Early+%3FAbbasids%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Proto-Sunni+Elite&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10678-9&rft.au=Muhammad+Qasim+Zaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0xkpdl6UVOwC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/4x51hp478?locale=en">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614002428/https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/4x51hp478?locale=en">Archived</a> 2021-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). <i>A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521337674" title="Special:BookSources/0521337674"><bdi>0521337674</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+period&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0521337674&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SamsóFierro2019-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SamsóFierro2019_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SamsóFierro2019_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulio_SamsóMaribel_Fierro2019" class="citation book cs1">Julio Samsó; Maribel Fierro (23 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsm4DwAAQBAJ&q=“At+the+same+time,+however,+the+second+Caliph,+al-Hakam+II,+established+a+library+in+which+all+tendencies+where+sciences+-+Islamic+and+otherwise+-+were+represented">"&pg=PR27 <i>The Formation of al-Andalus, Part 2: Language, Religion, Culture and the Sciences</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-88957-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-88957-5"><bdi>978-1-351-88957-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014234228/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsm4DwAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9CAt+the+same+time%2C+however%2C+the+second+Caliph%2C+al-Hakam+II%2C+established+a+library+in+which+all+tendencies+where+sciences+-+Islamic+and+otherwise+-+were+represented%22&pg=PR27">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+al-Andalus%2C+Part+2%3A+Language%2C+Religion%2C+Culture+and+the+Sciences&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1-351-88957-5&rft.au=Julio+Sams%C3%B3&rft.au=Maribel+Fierro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsm4DwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%E2%80%9CAt%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Btime%2C%2Bhowever%2C%2Bthe%2Bsecond%2BCaliph%2C%2Bal-Hakam%2BII%2C%2Bestablished%2Ba%2Blibrary%2Bin%2Bwhich%2Ball%2Btendencies%2Bwhere%2Bsciences%2B-%2BIslamic%2Band%2Botherwise%2B-%2Bwere%2Brepresented%22%26pg%3DPR27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albert.ias.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.12111/66/Schmidtke_2017_IAS%20fall%20newsletter%20Monotheism.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830121626/https://albert.ias.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.12111/66/Schmidtke_2017_IAS%20fall%20newsletter%20Monotheism.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbert.ias.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12111%2F66%2FSchmidtke_2017_IAS%2520fall%2520newsletter%2520Monotheism.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> 18:16, 19:48 and 4:90). According to Sarah Siroumsa, "The verb i'tazala means "to withdraw", and in its most common use, as given in the dictionaries and attested in <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> literature, it denotes some sort of abstinence from sexual activity, from worldly pleasures, or, more generally, from sin. Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-'Arab, s.v oy.':/ : wensirck, Concordance a indices de la tradition musulmatle, vol Iv, p. 11)7. 'Amr taught his followers to be "the party which abstains" (i.e., from evil: <i>al-firqa al-muʿtazila</i>), <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> was their most striking characteristic. They were given the name "Mu'tazila" in reference to their pious asceticism, and they were content with this name," <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~stroums/files/MuTazila_Reconsidered.pdf">http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~stroums/files/MuTazila_Reconsidered.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610020651/http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~stroums/files/MuTazila_Reconsidered.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2015)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ad_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ad_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhanani1994" class="citation book cs1">Dhanani, Alnoor (1994). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicaltheoryka00dhan"><i>The physical theory of Kalām : atoms, space, and void in Basrian Muʻtazilī cosmology</i></a></span>. Leiden: Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicaltheoryka00dhan/page/n6">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004098312" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004098312"><bdi>978-9004098312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+physical+theory+of+Kal%C4%81m+%3A+atoms%2C+space%2C+and+void+in+Basrian+Mu%CA%BBtazil%C4%AB+cosmology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-9004098312&rft.aulast=Dhanani&rft.aufirst=Alnoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicaltheoryka00dhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1997?-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1997?_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1997">Martin 1997</a>, p. ?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamayanty2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Damayanty, Putry (2023-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liputan6.com/islami/read/5385701/mengenal-7-aliran-dengan-pandangan-berbeda-dalam-islam">"Mengenal 7 Aliran dengan Pandangan Berbeda dalam Islam"</a>. <i>liputan6.com</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liputan6.com&rft.atitle=Mengenal+7+Aliran+dengan+Pandangan+Berbeda+dalam+Islam&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft.aulast=Damayanty&rft.aufirst=Putry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liputan6.com%2Fislami%2Fread%2F5385701%2Fmengenal-7-aliran-dengan-pandangan-berbeda-dalam-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mutazilah-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mutazilah_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mutazilah_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399752/Mutazilah">Muʿtazilah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202054617/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/399752/Mutazilah">Archived</a> 2010-02-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. Accessed 13 March 2014. Some of the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sa%60d_ibn_Abi_Waqqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas">Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Umar_ibn_al-Khattab" title="Abd Allah ibn Umar ibn al-Khattab">Abdullah ibn Umar</a> were neutral in the dispute between ʿAlī and his opponents (<a href="/wiki/Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ei2/mu-tazila.htm">s.v. "Mu'tazila"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100425070247/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ei2/mu-tazila.htm">Archived</a> 2010-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands (1999): "It is an explanation of this kind which today, in particular as a result of the studies undertaken by Nallino ("Sull'origine del nome dei Mu'taziliti", in <i>RSO</i>, vii [1916]), is generally accepted: <i>i'tizal</i> would designate a position of neutrality in the face of opposing factions. Nallino drew support for the argument from the fact that at the time of the first civil war, some of the Companions ('Abd Allah b. 'Umar, Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas, etc.), who had chosen to side neither with ʿAli nor with his adversaries, were for that reason called muʿtazila. He even drew the conclusion that the theological Mu'tazilism of Wasil and his successors was merely a continuation of this initial political Mu'tazilism; in reality, there does not seem to have been the least connection between one and the other. But, in its principle, this explanation is probably valid."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkdkw6f/revision/3">"Different views on human freedom – Mu'tazilites and Asharites – Authority in Islam – GCSE Religious Studies Revision – OCR"</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210621143801/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zkdkw6f/revision/3">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=Different+views+on+human+freedom+%E2%80%93+Mu%27tazilites+and+Asharites+%E2%80%93+Authority+in+Islam+%E2%80%93+GCSE+Religious+Studies+Revision+%E2%80%93+OCR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzkdkw6f%2Frevision%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalzer1967-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalzer1967_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalzer1967">Walzer 1967</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECraig2000-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig2000_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECraig2000_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCraig2000">Craig 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=Mutazili+theology+faced+implacable+opposi-%EF%BB%BF+tion+from+Hanbali+and+Zahiri+traditionalists+(ahl+%EF%BB%BF+al-sunna),+on+the+one+hand,+and+from+the+ashari%EF%BB%BF+school+(founded+by+a+former+Mutazili,+Abu+al-%EF%BB%BF+Hasan+al-Ashari)+and+Maturidi+theologians+on+the+%EF%BB%BF+other."><i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2696-8"><bdi>978-1-4381-2696-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014234228/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&q=Mutazili+theology+faced+implacable+opposi-%EF%BB%BF+tion+from+Hanbali+and+Zahiri+traditionalists+%28ahl+%EF%BB%BF+al-sunna%29%2C+on+the+one+hand%2C+and+from+the+ashari%EF%BB%BF+school+%28founded+by+a+former+Mutazili%2C+Abu+al-%EF%BB%BF+Hasan+al-Ashari%29+and+Maturidi+theologians+on+the+%EF%BB%BF+other.">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC%26q%3DMutazili%2Btheology%2Bfaced%2Bimplacable%2Bopposi-%25EF%25BB%25BF%2Btion%2Bfrom%2BHanbali%2Band%2BZahiri%2Btraditionalists%2B%28ahl%2B%25EF%25BB%25BF%2Bal-sunna%29%2C%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bone%2Bhand%2C%2Band%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bashari%25EF%25BB%25BF%2Bschool%2B%28founded%2Bby%2Ba%2Bformer%2BMutazili%2C%2BAbu%2Bal-%25EF%25BB%25BF%2BHasan%2Bal-Ashari%29%2Band%2BMaturidi%2Btheologians%2Bon%2Bthe%2B%25EF%25BB%25BF%2Bother.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:15-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:15_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DWBRTMIT1996">Brown, <i>Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</i>, 1996</a>: p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWBRTMIT1996:13-15-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWBRTMIT1996:13-15_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#DWBRTMIT1996">Brown, <i>Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</i>, 1996</a>: p.13-15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. SCHACHT, <i>An Introduction to Islamic Law</i> (1964), supra note 5, at 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forte-1978-13-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forte-1978-13_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForte1978" class="citation journal cs1">Forte, David F. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf">"Islamic Law; the impact of Joseph Schacht"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Loyola Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review</i>. <b>1</b>: 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420073952/http://www.soerenkern.com/pdfs/islam/IslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Loyola+Los+Angeles+International+and+Comparative+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Islamic+Law%3B+the+impact+of+Joseph+Schacht&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Forte&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soerenkern.com%2Fpdfs%2Fislam%2FIslamicLawTheImpactofJosephSchacht.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1997-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1997_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1997_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1997">Martin 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawas1994-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawas1994_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawas1994">Nawas 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENawas1996-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENawas1996_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNawas1996">Nawas 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperson2005-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooperson2005_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCooperson2005">Cooperson 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEss2006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEss2006_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEss2006">Ess 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schirrmacher-2020-82-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schirrmacher-2020-82_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchirrmacher2020" class="citation book cs1">Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>Handbook of Leaving Religion</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Brill. p. 82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108155642/https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/43466/external_content.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leaving+Islam&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Leaving+Religion&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Schirrmacher&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F43466%2Fexternal_content.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adamson, Peter. "Al-Kindi and Mu'tazila: Divine Attributes, Creation and Freedom." <i>Arabic Sciences and Philosophy</i> 1 (2003): 45–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Thomson, "The Moslem World", in <a href="/wiki/William_L._Langer" title="William L. Langer">William L. Langer</a> (1948), ed., <i>An Encyclopedia of World History</i>, rev. edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p.189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/4x51hp478?locale=en">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614002428/https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/downloads/4x51hp478?locale=en">Archived</a> 2021-06-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hadith_Literature-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hadith_Literature_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqi1993" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqi, Muhammad (1993). <i>Hadith Literature</i>. Oxford: The Islamic Texts Society. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946621-38-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-946621-38-1"><bdi>0-946621-38-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadith+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=The+Islamic+Texts+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-946621-38-1&rft.aulast=Siddiqi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Thomson, "The Moslem World", in William L. Langer (1948), ed., <i>An Encyclopedia of World History</i>, rev. edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&pg=PP1"><i>A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33767-0"><bdi>978-0-521-33767-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987-08-20&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33767-0&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albert.ias.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.12111/66/Schmidtke_2017_IAS%20fall%20newsletter%20Monotheism.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210830121626/https://albert.ias.edu/bitstream/handle/20.500.12111/66/Schmidtke_2017_IAS%20fall%20newsletter%20Monotheism.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-08-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbert.ias.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12111%2F66%2FSchmidtke_2017_IAS%2520fall%2520newsletter%2520Monotheism.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusse2004" class="citation thesis cs1">Busse, Heribert (2004). <i>Chalif und Grosskönig: die Buyiden im Irak (945-1055)</i> (Thesis). Würzburg: Ergon Verlag Würzburg in Kommission. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783899130058" title="Special:BookSources/9783899130058"><bdi>9783899130058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Chalif+und+Grossk%C3%B6nig%3A+die+Buyiden+im+Irak+%28945-1055%29&rft.inst=Ergon+Verlag+W%C3%BCrzburg+in+Kommission&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783899130058&rft.aulast=Busse&rft.aufirst=Heribert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2022" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (2022). <i>Medieval Islamic Political Thought</i>. The New Edinburgh Islamic Surveys NEIS. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4650-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-4650-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.series=The+New+Edinburgh+Islamic+Surveys+NEIS&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4650-0&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonzel1997" class="citation book cs1">Donzel, Emeri J. van, ed. (1997). <i>The encyclopaedia of Islam. 4: Iran - Kha / ed. by E. van Donzel</i> (3. impr ed.). 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New York: Columbia University Press. p. 46. <q>Thus according to a leading Mu'talite authority of the end of the ninth century, five basic tenets make up the strict Mu'tazilite creed: monotheism, justice and unity, the inevitability of the threats and promises of God, the intermediary position, the injunction of right and the prohibition of wrong.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=46&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Fakhry&rft.aufirst=Majid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khayyat-93-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khayyat-93_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khayyat-93_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khayyat-93_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khayyat-93_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khayyat-93_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Khayyat, A.H., <i>Kitab al-Intisar</i>, Beirut, 1957, p.93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2005-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2005_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson2005">Jackson 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irl.umsl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=philosophy-faculty">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817155204/https://irl.umsl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1006&context=philosophy-faculty">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firl.umsl.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1006%26context%3Dphilosophy-faculty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199792-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199792_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1997">Martin 1997</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadelung1992" class="citation journal cs1">Madelung, Wilferd (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003221883">"Studies in Medieval Muslim Thought and History"</a>. <i>New Editions from 2016 on by Routledge, Oxon and New York</i>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003221883">10.4324/9781003221883</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-22188-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-22188-3"><bdi>978-1-003-22188-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Editions+from+2016+on+by+Routledge%2C+Oxon+and+New+York&rft.atitle=Studies+in+Medieval+Muslim+Thought+and+History&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003221883&rft.isbn=978-1-003-22188-3&rft.aulast=Madelung&rft.aufirst=Wilferd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4324%2F9781003221883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926172903/http://www.wikimir.com/message-of-quran-by-muhammad-asad-039">"Message Of Quran By Muhammad Asad 039 – WikiMir"</a>. 2010-09-26. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Message+Of+Quran+By+Muhammad+Asad+039+%E2%80%93+WikiMir&rft.date=2010-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikimir.com%2Fmessage-of-quran-by-muhammad-asad-039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyol2022" class="citation web cs1">Akyol, Mustafa (October 27, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/commentary/early-islamic-debate-faith-reason-worth-examining">"An Early Islamic Debate on Faith and Reason Is Worth Examining"</a>. <i>www.cato.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cato.org&rft.atitle=An+Early+Islamic+Debate+on+Faith+and+Reason+Is+Worth+Examining&rft.date=2022-10-27&rft.aulast=Akyol&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cato.org%2Fcommentary%2Fearly-islamic-debate-faith-reason-worth-examining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAytekin2022" class="citation journal cs1">Aytekin, Arif (2022-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/atebe/issue/71028/1081309">"The Question Regarding the Children of Nonbelievers in Islam"</a>. <i>ATEBE</i> (7): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>147. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2757-5616">2757-5616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ATEBE&rft.atitle=The+Question+Regarding+the+Children+of+Nonbelievers+in+Islam&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E147&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft.issn=2757-5616&rft.aulast=Aytekin&rft.aufirst=Arif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fpub%2Fatebe%2Fissue%2F71028%2F1081309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199758-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199758_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1997">Martin 1997</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199793-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199793_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1997">Martin 1997</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199765-6-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199765-6_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1997">Martin 1997</a>, p. 65-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Asadābādī1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">al-Asadābādī, ʻAbd al-Jabbār ibn Aḥmad (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PilAQAACAAJ"><i>Sharḥ al-Uṣūl al-Khamsah</i></a> (in Arabic). Maktabat Wahbah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shar%E1%B8%A5+al-U%E1%B9%A3%C5%ABl+al-Khamsah&rft.pub=Maktabat+Wahbah&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=al-Asad%C4%81b%C4%81d%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=%CA%BBAbd+al-Jabb%C4%81r+ibn+A%E1%B8%A5mad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PilAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbd_al-Jabbār" class="citation web cs1">Abd al-Jabbār, Al-Qāḍī. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albert.ias.edu/entities/publication/b795f609-3a80-4399-afcc-94c2f8c79eb8">"Al-mughnī fī abwāb al-tawḥīd wa-l-ʿadl"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FMID.27.0.2036195">10.2143/MID.27.0.2036195</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-mughn%C4%AB+f%C4%AB+abw%C4%81b+al-taw%E1%B8%A5%C4%ABd+wa-l-%CA%BFadl&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FMID.27.0.2036195&rft.aulast=Abd+al-Jabb%C4%81r&rft.aufirst=Al-Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbert.ias.edu%2Fentities%2Fpublication%2Fb795f609-3a80-4399-afcc-94c2f8c79eb8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199782,_106-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199782,_106_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1997">Martin 1997</a>, p. 82, 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutahhari2013" class="citation web cs1">Mutahhari, Murtadha (2013-03-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/al-tawhid/vol3-no2/introduction-ilm-al-kalam-murtadha-mutahhari/mutazilah">"Mu'tazilah | An Introduction to Ilm al-Kalam"</a>. <i>al-Islam.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=Mu%27tazilah+%7C+An+Introduction+to+Ilm+al-Kalam&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.aulast=Mutahhari&rft.aufirst=Murtadha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fal-tawhid%2Fvol3-no2%2Fintroduction-ilm-al-kalam-murtadha-mutahhari%2Fmutazilah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240803001911/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ash-ariyya-and-mu-tazila/v-1">"Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i>www.rep.routledge.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ash-ariyya-and-mu-tazila/v-1#">the original</a> on 2024-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rep.routledge.com&rft.atitle=Ash%27ariyya+and+Mu%27tazila+-+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fash-ariyya-and-mu-tazila%2Fv-1%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199790-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199790_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1997">Martin 1997</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazanç2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kazanç, Fethi Kerim (2018-07-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/records/1488648">"An Overview of Knowledge-Value Relationship in Mu'tazilite Ethical Theory"</a>. <i>DergiPark</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1488648">10.5281/zenodo.1488648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DergiPark&rft.atitle=An+Overview+of+Knowledge-Value+Relationship+in+Mu%27tazilite+Ethical+Theory&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.1488648&rft.aulast=Kazan%C3%A7&rft.aufirst=Fethi+Kerim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecords%2F1488648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadri-118-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kadri-118_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadri2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadri, Sadakat (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law"><i>Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia ...</i></a> macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">118–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099523277" title="Special:BookSources/9780099523277"><bdi>9780099523277</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201227213749/https://books.google.com/books?id=ztCRZOhJ10wC&q=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heaven+on+Earth%3A+A+Journey+Through+Shari%27a+Law+from+the+Deserts+of+Ancient+Arabia+...&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780099523277&rft.aulast=Kadri&rft.aufirst=Sadakat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DztCRZOhJ10wC%26q%3DHeaven%2Bon%2BEarth%253A%2BA%2BJourney%2BThrough%2BShari%2527a%2BLaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghazali_2000,_pp.116-7-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghazali_2000,_pp.116-7_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For al-Ghazali's argument see <i>The Incoherence of the Philosophers</i>. Translated by Michael E. Marmura. 2nd ed, Provo Utah, 2000, pp.116–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-For_[[Ibn_Rushd]]_2005,_p.162-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-For_[[Ibn_Rushd]]_2005,_p.162_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For Ibn Rushd's response, see Khalid, Muhammad A. ed. <i>Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings</i>, Cambridge UK, 2005, p.162)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1997187-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1997187_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1997">Martin 1997</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199796-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199796_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1997">Martin 1997</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasalou2008" class="citation book cs1">Vasalou, Sophia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/VASMAA-2"><i>Moral Agents and Their Deserts: The Character of Mu'tazilite Ethics</i></a>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Agents+and+Their+Deserts%3A+The+Character+of+Mu%27tazilite+Ethics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Vasalou&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FVASMAA-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240803001911/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ash-ariyya-and-mu-tazila/v-1">"Ash'ariyya and Mu'tazila - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a>. <i>www.rep.routledge.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/ash-ariyya-and-mu-tazila/v-1#">the original</a> on 2024-08-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rep.routledge.com&rft.atitle=Ash%27ariyya+and+Mu%27tazila+-+Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fash-ariyya-and-mu-tazila%2Fv-1%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul-Raof2012" class="citation book cs1">Abdul-Raof, Hussein (2012). <i>Theological Approaches to Quranic Exegesis: A Practical Comparative-Contrastive Analysis</i>. London: Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41544-958-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-41544-958-8"><bdi>978-0-41544-958-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Approaches+to+Quranic+Exegesis%3A+A+Practical+Comparative-Contrastive+Analysis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-41544-958-8&rft.aulast=Abdul-Raof&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaman1997" class="citation book cs1">Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (1997). <i>Religion and Politics Under the Early 'Abbasids: The Emergence of the Proto-Sunni Elite</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/E.J._Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J. Brill">E.J. Brill</a>. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-00410-678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-00410-678-9"><bdi>978-9-00410-678-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+Under+the+Early+%27Abbasids%3A+The+Emergence+of+the+Proto-Sunni+Elite&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9-00410-678-9&rft.aulast=Zaman&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Qasim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: Ḍirār b. ʿAmr (died 728/815) In his al-Taḥrīsh wa-l-irjāʾ</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghani-65-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghani-65_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghani-65_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhani2015" class="citation book cs1">Ghani, Usman (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9lamCwAAQBAJ&q=The+second+stance+consisted+of+accepting+a+report+if+it+was+supported+by+some+form+of+taw%C4%81tur&pg=PA65">"3. Concept of Sunna in Mu'tazilite Thought."</a>. In Duderija, Adis (ed.). <i>The Sunna and its Status in Islamic Law: The Search for a Sound Hadith</i>. Springer. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137369925" title="Special:BookSources/9781137369925"><bdi>9781137369925</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014234228/https://books.google.com/books?id=9lamCwAAQBAJ&q=The+second+stance+consisted+of+accepting+a+report+if+it+was+supported+by+some+form+of+taw%C4%81tur&pg=PA65">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Concept+of+Sunna+in+Mu%27tazilite+Thought.&rft.btitle=The+Sunna+and+its+Status+in+Islamic+Law%3A+The+Search+for+a+Sound+Hadith&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781137369925&rft.aulast=Ghani&rft.aufirst=Usman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9lamCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bsecond%2Bstance%2Bconsisted%2Bof%2Baccepting%2Ba%2Breport%2Bif%2Bit%2Bwas%2Bsupported%2Bby%2Bsome%2Bform%2Bof%2Btaw%25C4%2581tur%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wael-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wael_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallaq1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hallaq, Wael (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://almuslih.com/Library/Hallaq,%20W%20-%20The%20authenticity.pdf">"The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadîth: A Pseudo-Problem"</a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studia Islamica</i>. <b>89</b> (89): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1596086">10.2307/1596086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1596086">1596086</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510232152/http://almuslih.com/Library/Hallaq,%20W%20-%20The%20authenticity.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=The+Authenticity+of+Prophetic+%E1%B8%A4ad%C3%AEth%3A+A+Pseudo-Problem&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=89&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1596086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1596086%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hallaq&rft.aufirst=Wael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falmuslih.com%2FLibrary%2FHallaq%2C%2520W%2520-%2520The%2520authenticity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/4362/GhaniU.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109033912/https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/handle/10036/4362/GhaniU.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fore.exeter.ac.uk%2Frepository%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10036%2F4362%2FGhaniU.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Racha El-Omari, "Accommodation and Resistance: Classical Muʿtazilites on Ḥadīth" in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</a></i>, Vol. 71, No. 2 (October 2012), pp. 234–235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">RMaha Elkaisy-Friemuth, "God and Humans in Islamic Thought Abd Al-Jabbar", <i>Ibn Sina and Al-Ghazali</i>, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Lane Craig, <i>The Cosmological Argument from Plato to Leibniz</i>, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JISYYHIU1981:92-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JISYYHIU1981:92_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#JISYYHIU1981">Smith & Haddad, <i>Islamic Understanding</i>, 1981</a>: p.92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JISYYHIU1981:95-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JISYYHIU1981:95_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#JISYYHIU1981">Smith & Haddad, <i>Islamic Understanding</i>, 1981</a>: p.95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrd-2007-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byrd-2007_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrd2007" class="citation book cs1">Byrd, Anthony Robert (27 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=rs_theses/"><i>A Euro-American 'Ulama? Mu 'tazilism, (Post)Modernity, and Minority Islam</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308210823/https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1012&context=rs_theses%2F">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Euro-American+%27Ulama%3F+Mu+%27tazilism%2C+%28Post%29Modernity%2C+and+Minority+Islam&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=Anthony+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.gsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1012%26context%3Drs_theses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Ess2005" class="citation book cs1">Van Ess, Joseph (2005). Jones, Lindsay (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillian Reference USA. p. 6322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=6322&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillian+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Van+Ess&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=5d2e31eac71dd">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014234228/https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=5d2e31eac71dd">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fsecure%2FPOJ%2Fdownloadpdf.php%3Fticket_id%3D5d2e31eac71dd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/history-muslim-philosophy-volume-2-book-8/chapter-74-jamal-al-din-al-afghani">"Chapter 74: Jamal Al-Din Al-Afghani"</a>. <i>www.al-islam.org</i>. September 3, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411094050/https://www.al-islam.org/history-muslim-philosophy-volume-2-book-8/chapter-74-jamal-al-din-al-afghani">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.al-islam.org&rft.atitle=Chapter+74%3A+Jamal+Al-Din+Al-Afghani&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Fhistory-muslim-philosophy-volume-2-book-8%2Fchapter-74-jamal-al-din-al-afghani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-rahim-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-al-rahim_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Al-Rahim2006" class="citation journal cs1">H. Al-Rahim, Ahmed (January 2006). "Islam and Liberty". <i>Journal of Democracy</i>. <b>17</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">166–</span>169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjod.2006.0002">10.1353/jod.2006.0002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154412966">154412966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Democracy&rft.atitle=Islam+and+Liberty&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjod.2006.0002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154412966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=H.+Al-Rahim&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2010" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Malcolm H. (2010). Hoiberg, Dale H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/20"><i><span></span>'Abduh Muhammad</i></a> (15 ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/20">20–21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8"><bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Abduh+Muhammad&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=20-21&rft.edition=15&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59339-837-8&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewencyclopaedia2009ency%2Fpage%2F20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenzine2008" class="citation book cs1">Benzine, Rachid (2008). <i>Les Nouveaux Penseurs de l'Islam</i>. Albin Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-226-29040-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-226-29040-3"><bdi>978-2-226-29040-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Nouveaux+Penseurs+de+l%27Islam&rft.pub=Albin+Michel&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-226-29040-3&rft.aulast=Benzine&rft.aufirst=Rachid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito1995" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John (1995). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195148039" title="Special:BookSources/9780195148039"><bdi>9780195148039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780195148039&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsack1999" class="citation book cs1">Esack, Farid (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onbeingmuslimfin0000esac"><i>On Being a Muslim: Finding a Religious Path in the World Today</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-146-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-146-9"><bdi>1-85168-146-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Being+a+Muslim%3A+Finding+a+Religious+Path+in+the+World+Today&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-85168-146-9&rft.aulast=Esack&rft.aufirst=Farid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonbeingmuslimfin0000esac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinWoodwardAtmaja1997" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C.; Woodward, Mark R.; Atmaja, Dwi S. (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defendersreasoni00mart"><i>Defenders of Reason in Islam: Muʿtazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oneworld. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/defendersreasoni00mart/page/n180">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851681471" title="Special:BookSources/9781851681471"><bdi>9781851681471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defenders+of+Reason+in+Islam%3A+Mu%CA%BFtazilism+from+Medieval+School+to+Modern+Symbol&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Oneworld&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781851681471&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft.au=Woodward%2C+Mark+R.&rft.au=Atmaja%2C+Dwi+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdefendersreasoni00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Zayd1998" class="citation book cs1">Abu Zayd, Nasr (1998). <i>Rationalism in Exegesis: A Study of the Problem of Metaphor in the Writing of the Mutazilites</i> (4 ed.). Beirut and Casablanca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rationalism+in+Exegesis%3A+A+Study+of+the+Problem+of+Metaphor+in+the+Writing+of+the+Mutazilites&rft.place=Beirut+and+Casablanca&rft.edition=4&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Abu+Zayd&rft.aufirst=Nasr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arim-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arim_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mutazilisme.fr">"Mutazilisme"</a>. <i>mutazilisme.fr</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222105123/http://mutazilisme.fr/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mutazilisme.fr&rft.atitle=Mutazilisme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmutazilisme.fr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLia2011" class="citation book cs1">Lia, Brynjar (2011). "Jihadis divided between strategists and doctrinarians". In Moghadam, Assaf; Fishman, Brian (eds.). <i>Fault Lines in Global Jihad : Organizational, Strategic, and Ideological Fissures</i>. Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81492-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-81492-5"><bdi>978-0-203-81492-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/797919202">797919202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jihadis+divided+between+strategists+and+doctrinarians&rft.btitle=Fault+Lines+in+Global+Jihad+%3A+Organizational%2C+Strategic%2C+and+Ideological+Fissures.&rft.place=Hoboken&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F797919202&rft.isbn=978-0-203-81492-5&rft.aulast=Lia&rft.aufirst=Brynjar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF'Abd_al-Jabbar1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">'Abd al-Jabbar (1965). 'Abd al-Karim 'Uthman (ed.). <i>Sharh al-Usul al-Khamsa</i> (in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Wahba.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharh+al-Usul+al-Khamsa&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Maktabat+Wahba&rft.date=1965&rft.au=%27Abd+al-Jabbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="DWBRTMIT1996" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Daniel W. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/116836545/Rethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown"><i>Rethinking tradition in modern Islamic thought</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521570778" title="Special:BookSources/0521570778"><bdi>0521570778</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+tradition+in+modern+Islamic+thought&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0521570778&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Daniel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F116836545%2FRethinking-Traditions-in-Modern-Islamic-Thought-Daniel-w-Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_al-Hasan_al-Ash'ari1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (1969). M. M. 'Abd al-Hamid (ed.). <i>Maqalat al-Islamiyin wa Ikhtilaf al-Musallin</i> (in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahdah al-Misriyah.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maqalat+al-Islamiyin+wa+Ikhtilaf+al-Musallin&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Maktabat+al-Nahdah+al-Misriyah&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Abu+al-Hasan+al-Ash%27ari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperson2005" class="citation book cs1">Cooperson, Michael (2005). <i>Al-Ma'mun (Makers of the Muslim World)</i>. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85168-386-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85168-386-0"><bdi>1-85168-386-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Ma%27mun+%28Makers+of+the+Muslim+World%29&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85168-386-0&rft.aulast=Cooperson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig2000" class="citation book cs1">Craig, W. L. (2000). <i>The Kalam Cosmological Argument</i>. USA: Wipf & Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57910-438-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57910-438-X"><bdi>1-57910-438-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalam+Cosmological+Argument&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-57910-438-X&rft.au=Craig%2C+W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEss2006" class="citation book cs1">Ess, J. V. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/floweringofmusli00essj"><i>The Flowering of Muslim Theology</i></a>. USA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02208-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02208-4"><bdi>0-674-02208-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flowering+of+Muslim+Theology&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-02208-4&rft.au=Ess%2C+J.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffloweringofmusli00essj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimaret1979" class="citation journal cs1">Gimaret, D. (1979). "Les Usul al-Hamsa du Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar et leurs commentaires". <i>Annales Islamologiques</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">47–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fanisl.1979.979">10.3406/anisl.1979.979</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259055137">259055137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+Islamologiques&rft.atitle=Les+Usul+al-Hamsa+du+Qadi+%27Abd+al-Jabbar+et+leurs+commentaires&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fanisl.1979.979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259055137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Gimaret%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2002" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, S. A. (2002). <i>On the Boundaries of Theological Tolerance in Islam: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali's Faysal al-Tafriqa</i>. Studies in Islamic Philosophy, V.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579791-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579791-4"><bdi>0-19-579791-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Boundaries+of+Theological+Tolerance+in+Islam%3A+Abu+Hamid+al-Ghazali%27s+Faysal+al-Tafriqa&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Studies+in+Islamic+Philosophy%2C+V.1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-579791-4&rft.au=Jackson%2C+S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2005" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, S. A. (2005). <i>Islam and the Blackamerican: Looking Toward the Third Resurrection</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-518081-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-518081-X"><bdi>0-19-518081-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+Blackamerican%3A+Looking+Toward+the+Third+Resurrection&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-518081-X&rft.au=Jackson%2C+S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1997" class="citation book cs1">Martin, R. C.; M. R. Woodward; D. S. Atmaja (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R03YAAAAMAAJ&q=defenders+of+reason"><i>Defenders of Reason in Islam: Mu'tazilism from Medieval School to Modern Symbol</i></a>. Oxford, England: Oneworld Publications. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851681471" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851681471"><bdi>978-1851681471</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defenders+of+Reason+in+Islam%3A+Mu%27tazilism+from+Medieval+School+to+Modern+Symbol&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1851681471&rft.au=Martin%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=M.+R.+Woodward&rft.au=D.+S.+Atmaja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR03YAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddefenders%2Bof%2Breason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawas1994" class="citation journal cs1">Nawas, J. A. (1994). "A Rexamination of Three Current Explanations for al-Ma'mun's Introduction of the Mihna". <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">615–</span>629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800061134">10.1017/S0020743800061134</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159973328">159973328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Rexamination+of+Three+Current+Explanations+for+al-Ma%27mun%27s+Introduction+of+the+Mihna&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E615-%3C%2Fspan%3E629&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800061134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159973328%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Nawas%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNawas1996" class="citation journal cs1">Nawas, J. 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Revisited: An Empirical Study". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>116</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">698–</span>708. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605440">10.2307/605440</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605440">605440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Mihna+of+218+A.H.%2F833+A.+D.+Revisited%3A+An+Empirical+Study&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E698-%3C%2Fspan%3E708&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605440%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Nawas%2C+J.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalzer1967" class="citation book cs1">Walzer, R. (1967). "Early Islamic Philosophy". In <a href="/wiki/A._H._Armstrong" title="A. H. Armstrong">A. H. Armstrong</a> (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy</i>. UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-04054-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-04054-X"><bdi>0-521-04054-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Later+Greek+and+Early+Medieval+Philosophy&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-521-04054-X&rft.au=Walzer%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GIIESSMSI" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/213350181/Islamic-Schools-Movements-and-Sects#scribd"><i>Aqeedah 11, An Exposition of Some Schools, Movements and Sects of Islam</i></a>. West Coast Demarara, Guyana: Guyana Islamic Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aqeedah+11%2C+An+Exposition+of+Some+Schools%2C+Movements+and+Sects+of+Islam&rft.place=West+Coast+Demarara%2C+Guyana&rft.pub=Guyana+Islamic+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F213350181%2FIslamic-Schools-Movements-and-Sects%23scribd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMu%27tazilism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mu%27tazilism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mutazila.net">Mu'tazila: The use of reason in Islamic theology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mutazilisme.fr/">Association pour la renaissance de l'Islam mutazilite (ARIM)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_philosophy22" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_philosophy22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology"><i>Aqidah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(theology)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'<i>Aql</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(intellect)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">medieval astronomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam"><i>Kalam</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dialectic)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(jurisprudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_metaphysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Natural philosophy <span style="font-size:85%;">(physics)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa"><i>Madrasah</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(education)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism <span style="font-size:85%;">(mysticism)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Illuminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Transcendent theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">ʻAṣabīya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Ḥāl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27jaz" title="I'jaz">Iʻjaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ʼIjtihād</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm_(Arabic)" title="Ilm (Arabic)">ʻIlm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">ʻIrfān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijmāʿ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shūrā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawḥīd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Philosophers_by_century_(CE)22" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_philosophers" title="List of Muslim philosophers">Philosophers</a> by century (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th–10th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">Al-Kindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Sahl_Rabban_al-Tabari" title="Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari">Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Abbas_Iranshahri" title="Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri">Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abu Bakr al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Apharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hatim_Ahmad_ibn_Hamdan_al-Razi" title="Abu Hatim Ahmad ibn Hamdan al-Razi">Abu Hatim al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hassan_al-Amiri" title="Abu al-Hassan al-Amiri">Al Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_Purity" title="Brethren of Purity">Ikhwan al-Safa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sulayman_Sijistani" title="Abu Sulayman Sijistani">Abu Sulayman Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Masarra" title="Ibn Masarra">Ibn Masarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ya%27qub_al-Sijistani" title="Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani">Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Ibn Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahmany%C4%81r" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmanyār">Bahmanyār</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw" title="Nasir Khusraw">Nasir Khusraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afdal_al-Din_Kashani" title="Afdal al-Din Kashani">Afdal al-Din Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahi_Evren" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahi Evren">Ahi Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja_Akhmet_Yassawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoja Akhmet Yassawi">Ahmad Yasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Quzat_Hamadani" title="Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani">Ayn-al-Quzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Tufail">Ibn Tufail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyám</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Yahya_ibn_Habash_Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bektash_Veli" title="Haji Bektash Veli">Hajji Bektash Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sab%27in" title="Ibn Sab'in">Ibn Sab’in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ath%C4%ABr_al-D%C4%ABn_al-Abhar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Athīr al-Dīn al-Abharī">al-Abharī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_al-Din_al-Qunawi" title="Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi">Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th–16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunus_Emre" title="Yunus Emre">Yunus Emre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Bayram_Veli" title="Haji Bayram Veli">Hajji Bayram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaladdin_Davani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalaladdin Davani">Jalaladdin Davani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadr_ad-Din_Dashtaki" title="Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki">Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hudayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Hudayi">Aziz Mahmud Hudayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Mir_Husayn_al-Maybudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi">Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shabestari" title="Mahmoud Shabestari">Mahmud Shabistari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Haydar Amuli">Sayyid Haydar Amuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daw%C5%ABd_al-Qay%E1%B9%A3ar%C4%AB" title="Dawūd al-Qayṣarī">Dawūd al-Qayṣarī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th–19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad">Mir Damad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Fendereski" title="Mir Fendereski">Mir Fendereski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Fayz_Kashani" title="Mohsen Fayz Kashani">Mohsen Fayz Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Razzaq_Lahiji" title="Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji">Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajab_Ali_Tabrizi" title="Rajab Ali Tabrizi">Rajab Ali Tabrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Sa%E2%80%99id_Qumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazi Sa’id Qumi">Qazi Sa’id Qumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadi_Sabzavari" title="Hadi Sabzavari">Hādī Sabzavārī</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riaz_Ahmed_Gohar_Shahi" title="Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi">Gohar Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frithjof_Schuon" title="Frithjof Schuon">Frithjof Schuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_al-Faruqi" title="Ismail al-Faruqi">Ismail al-Faruqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Muhammad_Naquib_al-Attas" title="Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas">Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolkarim_Soroush" title="Abdolkarim Soroush">Abdolkarim Soroush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gholamhossein_Ebrahimi_Dinani" title="Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani">Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Abdurrahman" title="Taha Abdurrahman">Taha Abdurrahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Abed_al-Jabri" title="Mohammed Abed al-Jabri">Mohammed Abed al-Jabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouad_Zakariyya" title="Fouad Zakariyya">Fouad Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Davari_Ardakani" title="Reza Davari Ardakani">Reza Davari Ardakani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Ahmad Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostafa_Malekian" title="Mostafa Malekian">Mostafa Malekian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Hassanzadeh_Amoli" title="Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli">Hasanzadeh Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Javadi-Amoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah Javadi-Amoli">Javadi Amoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_Nasir_Hunzai" title="Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai">Partawi Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_theology48" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">‘Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li> <li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li> <li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li> <li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li> <li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li> <li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li> <li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li> <li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li> <li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a> <ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Jarud_al-Hamdani" title="Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani">Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_ibn_Zayd" title="Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd">Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li> <li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kullabiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <ul><li>Hārbīyya <ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li> <li>Janāhiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li> <li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Sam‘ānīyya <ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li> <li>Rezāmīyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a> <ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ajardi <ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li> <li>Maymunīyyah</li> <li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bayhasīyyah <ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī <ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li> <li>Dhīmmīyya</li> <li>Hakāiqīyya</li> <li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li> <li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li> <li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li> <li>Maʿīyya</li> <li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li> <li>Nūnīyya</li> <li>Razīnīyya</li> <li>Sauwāqīyya</li> <li>Sūramīyya</li> <li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li> <li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li> <li>Wāhidīyya</li> <li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaylānīyya <ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li> <li>Yūnusīyya <ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li> <li>Gassānīyya <ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li> <li>Tūmanīyya <ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li> <li>Sawbānīyya <ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li> <li>Sālehīyya <ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li> <li>Shamrīyya <ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li> <li>Ubaydīyya <ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li> <li>Ziyādīyya <ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li> <li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li> <li>Sābit Kutna</li> <li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li> <li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li> <li>Umar ibn Zar</li> <li>Salm ibn Sālem</li> <li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li> <li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li> <li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li> <li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li> <li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jawārībīyya <ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li> <li>Hāshwīyya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a> <ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li> <li>Muʿāmmarīyya <ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li> <li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya <ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li> <li>Mānsūrīyya <ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li> <li>Mukhāmmīsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li> <li>Saba'īyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mā’marīyya <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li> <li>Huzaylīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī <ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ikhshīdiyya</li> <li>Nazzāmīyya <ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li> <li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li> <li>Hābītīyya <ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sumamīyya <ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li> <li>Kā‘bīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theology115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Conceptions_of_God115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conceptions_of_God" title="Conceptions of God">Conceptions of God</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystheism" title="Dystheism">Dystheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urmonotheismus" title="Urmonotheismus">Urmonotheismus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polydeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_finitism" title="Theistic finitism">Theistic finitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theopanism" title="Theopanism">Theopanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_of_God" title="Gender of God">Gender of God</a> <i>and gods</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numen" title="Numen">Numen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Singular god</a><br />theologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By faith</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Sikhism" title="God in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Tenrikyo" title="God in Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Supreme Being</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">God as</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Sustainer" title="God the Sustainer">Sustainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good" title="Good">Good</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Father_of_Greatness" title="Father of Greatness">Father of Greatness</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_Comma" title="Johannine Comma">Comma Johanneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">Consubstantiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoousion" title="Homoousion">Homoousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoiousian" title="Homoiousian">Homoiousian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perichoresis" title="Perichoresis">Perichoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_of_the_Trinity" title="Shield of the Trinity">Shield of the Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism_in_the_Church_Fathers" title="Trinitarianism in the Church Fathers">Trinity of the Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_universalism" title="Trinitarian universalism">Trinitarian universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fate_of_the_unlearned" title="Fate of the unlearned">Fate of the unlearned</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_religion11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_eschatology" title="Hindu eschatology">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Incantations_Scripture" title="Divine Incantations Scripture">Taoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frashokereti" title="Frashokereti">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binitarianism" title="Binitarianism">Binitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_simplicity" title="Divine simplicity">Divine simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">Divine presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egotheism" title="Egotheism">Egotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotheology" title="Exotheology">Exotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhead_in_Christianity" title="Godhead in Christianity">Godhead in Christianity</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/God_in_Mormonism" title="God in Mormonism">Latter Day Saints</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olelbis" title="Olelbis">Olelbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_theism" title="Open theism">Open theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_god" title="Personal god">Personal god</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_definition_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomenological definition of God">Phenomenological definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo%27s_view_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo's view of God">Philo's view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmoved_mover" title="Unmoved mover">Unmoved mover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a> in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_names_of_Krishna" title="List of titles and names of Krishna">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_faith115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By faith</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Christian188" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">Hamartiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianism" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophiology" title="Sophiology">Sophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Soteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Hindu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi_theology" title="Ayyavazhi theology">Ayyavazhi theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Krishnology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Scriptures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Last Judgment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_theology" title="Category:Jewish theology">Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Abrahamic prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_pagan_theology" title="Category:Modern pagan theology">Pagan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_theology_and_cosmology" title="Slavic Native Faith's theology and cosmology">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiccan_views_of_divinity" title="Wiccan views of divinity">Wiccan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo_theology" title="Tenrikyo theology">Tenrikyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span 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42 Template:Cite_book"," 14.44% 170.565 17 Template:Cite_web"," 11.89% 140.472 2 Template:Aqidah"," 11.71% 138.287 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 10.18% 120.230 4 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 9.75% 115.172 3 Template:Langx"," 7.48% 88.398 19 Template:Sfn"," 6.38% 75.412 24 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.759","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23778428,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026#039;Abd_al-Jabbar1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbd_al-Jabbār\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdul-Raof2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu_Zayd1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu_al-Hasan_al-Ash\u0026#039;ari1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAkyol2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAytekin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenzine2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBusse2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrd2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampanini2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampo2009\"] = 1,\n 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