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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Species</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Species-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Species subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-salmon_species_of_"salmon"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-salmon_species_of_"salmon""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Non-salmon species of "salmon"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-salmon_species_of_"salmon"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Life cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bears" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bears"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bears</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bears-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beavers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beavers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Beavers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beavers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lampreys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lampreys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Lampreys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lampreys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_pile_driving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_pile_driving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Effect of pile driving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_pile_driving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wild_fisheries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wild_fisheries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wild fisheries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wild_fisheries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wild fisheries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wild_fisheries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Commercial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Recreational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Farms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fishing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Commercial fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Recreational fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Salmon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salm" title="Salm – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Salm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="سلمون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلمون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocacamekw" title="Ocacamekw – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Ocacamekw" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="স্যামন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্যামন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-li%C3%A2n-h%C3%AE" title="Âng-liân-hî – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Âng-liân-hî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Сьомга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сьомга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salm%C3%B3" title="Salmó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salmó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Losos" title="Losos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Losos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachse" title="Lachse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lachse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salmon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmo" title="Salmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Salmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izokin" title="Izokin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izokin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ماهی آزاد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهی آزاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksur" title="Laksur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Laksur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saumon" title="Saumon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saumon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad%C3%A1n" title="Bradán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bradán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradan" title="Bradan – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bradan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="सैल्मन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैल्मन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmono" title="Salmono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Salmono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Salmon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lax" title="Lax – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lax" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmone" title="Salmone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Salmone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="אלתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwak_Salmon" title="Iwak Salmon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iwak Salmon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಸಾಲ್ಮನ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಲ್ಮನ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somon" title="Somon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Somon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C5%A1i%C5%A1os" title="Lašišos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lašišos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Salmon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Salmon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8" title="ဆယ်လမွန်ငါး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆယ်လမွန်ငါး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Salmon" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laksen" title="Laksen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Laksen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86" title="سالمن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سالمن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86" title="سالمون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سالمون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salm%C3%A3o" title="Salmão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Salmão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somoni_(pe%C8%99ti)" title="Somoni (pești) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Somoni (pești)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmoni" title="Salmoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Salmoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Salmon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Лососи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лососи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Salmon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salmon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சல்மான் மீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சல்மான் மீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="ปลาแซลมอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปลาแซลมอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27nom%C3%A1%27ne" title="Ma'nomá'ne – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ma'nomá'ne" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somon_Bal%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Somon Balığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Somon Balığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1_h%E1%BB%93i" title="Cá hồi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cá hồi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salmon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B2%91%E9%B1%BC" title="鲑鱼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鲑鱼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%96%87%E9%AD%9A" title="三文魚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="三文魚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AE%AD%E9%AD%9A" title="鮭魚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鮭魚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2796766#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a particular kind of fish. For the food, see <a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon as food</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Salmon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Salmon (disambiguation)">Salmon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Commercially important migratory fish</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota biota-infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Salmon </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmo_salar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Salmo_salar.jpg/220px-Salmo_salar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Salmo_salar.jpg/330px-Salmo_salar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Salmo_salar.jpg/440px-Salmo_salar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2472" data-file-height="807" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="image-section"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a>, <i>Salmo salar</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="min-width:15em;text-align:center;background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a><span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Salmoninae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmoniformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmoninae">Salmoninae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);">Groups included </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eosalmo_driftwoodensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosalmo driftwoodensis">Eosalmo driftwoodensis</a></i> <small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_V._H._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark V. H. Wilson (page does not exist)">Wilson</a>, 1977</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_gorbuscha" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus gorbuscha">Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Johann_Julius_Walbaum" title="Johann Julius Walbaum">Walbaum</a>, 1792)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_keta" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus keta">Oncorhynchus keta</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Johann_Julius_Walbaum" title="Johann Julius Walbaum">Walbaum</a>, 1792)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_kisutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus kisutch">Oncorhynchus kisutch</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Johann_Julius_Walbaum" title="Johann Julius Walbaum">Walbaum</a>, 1792)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_masou" title="Oncorhynchus masou">Oncorhynchus masou</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/J._Carson_Brevoort" title="J. Carson Brevoort">Brevoort</a>, 1856)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_nerka" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus nerka">Oncorhynchus nerka</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Johann_Julius_Walbaum" title="Johann Julius Walbaum">Walbaum</a>, 1792)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_tshawytscha" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncorhynchus tshawytscha">Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Johann_Julius_Walbaum" title="Johann Julius Walbaum">Walbaum</a>, 1792)</small></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmo_salar" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmo salar">Salmo salar</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, 1758</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="section-header" style="background:rgb(235,235,210);"><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistically</a> included but traditionally excluded taxa </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="section-content"> <p>all other members of <a href="/wiki/Salmoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmoninae">Salmoninae</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227369696">.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox{text-align:left;width:200px;font-size:100%}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td:not(.image-section){padding:2px 10px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox th.section-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.section-content{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.list-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.taxon-section{text-align:left;padding:0 0.25em}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox td.image-section{text-align:center;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy{margin:0 auto;text-align:left;background:transparent;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy tr{vertical-align:top}.mw-parser-output table.biota-infobox table.taxonomy td{padding:1px}</style> <p><b>Salmon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: salmon) is the <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> for several <a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">commercially important</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">euryhaline</a> <a href="/wiki/Ray-finned_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Ray-finned fish">ray-finned fish</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Salmo" title="Salmo">Salmo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Oncorhynchus</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a>, native to <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a> (<i>Salmo</i>) and <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pacific">North Pacific</a> (<i>Oncorhynchus</i>) basins. Other closely related fish in the same family include <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvelinus" title="Salvelinus">char</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thymallus" title="Thymallus">grayling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_whitefish" title="Freshwater whitefish">whitefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenok" title="Lenok">lenok</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hucho" title="Hucho">taimen</a>, all <a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">coldwater fish</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> and cooler <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> regions with some sporadic <a href="/wiki/Endorheic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic">endorheic</a> populations in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. </p><p>Salmon are typically <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">anadromous</a>: they hatch in the shallow <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">beds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> <a href="/wiki/Headstream" class="mw-redirect" title="Headstream">headstreams</a> and spend their <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">juvenile</a> years in <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> and freshwater <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, migrate to the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> as <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adults</a> and live like <a href="/wiki/Sea_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea fish">sea fish</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Natal_homing" title="Natal homing">return to their freshwater birthplace</a> to <a href="/wiki/Reproduce" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproduce">reproduce</a>. However, populations of several species are restricted to fresh waters (i.e. landlocked) throughout their lives. <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a> has it that the fish return to the exact <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a> where they themselves hatched to <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a>, and tracking studies have shown this to be mostly true. A portion of a returning <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon run</a> may stray and spawn in different freshwater systems; the percent of straying depends on the species of salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homing behavior has been shown to depend on <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_memory" title="Olfactory memory">olfactory memory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salmon are important <a href="/wiki/Food_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fish">food fish</a> and are intensively <a href="/wiki/Salmon_in_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon in aquaculture">farmed</a> in many parts of the world,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> being the world's largest producer of farmed salmon, followed by <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also highly prized <a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">game fish</a> for <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">recreational fishing</a>, by both freshwater and saltwater <a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">anglers</a>. Many species of salmon have since been <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naturalisation_(biology)" title="Naturalisation (biology)">naturalized</a> into non-native environments such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_etymology">Name and etymology</h2></div> <p>The Modern English term <i>salmon</i> is derived from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English language">Middle English</a>: <i lang="enm">samoun</i>, <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">samon</i></span> and <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">saumon</i></span>, which in turn are from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a>: <i>saumon</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_French_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old French language">Old French</a>: <i lang="fro">saumon</i>, and from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">salmō</i> (which in turn might have originated from <i>salire</i>, meaning "to leap".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The unpronounced "l" absent from Middle English was later added as a <a href="/wiki/Latinism" title="Latinism">Latinisation</a> to make the word closer to its Latin root. The term <i>salmon</i> has mostly displaced its now dialectal synonym <i>lax</i>, in turn from <a href="/wiki/Middle_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle English language">Middle English</a>: <i lang="enm">lax</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">leax</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a>: *<i lang="gem">lahsaz</i> from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>: <i>*lakso-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-salmon_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmon-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lax_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lax-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species">Species</h2></div> <p>The seven commercially important species of salmon occur in two genera of the <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Salmoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmoninae">Salmoninae</a>. The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Salmo" title="Salmo">Salmo</a></i> contains the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a>, found in both sides of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>, as well as more than 40 other species commonly named as <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>. The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Oncorhynchus</a></i> contains 12 recognised species which occur naturally only in the North Pacific, six of which are known as <a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">Pacific salmon</a> while the remainder are considered trout. Outside their native habitats, <a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a> have been successfully introduced in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">sockeye</a> and Atlantic salmon have been established in Patagonia, as well.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="13">Atlantic and Pacific salmon </th></tr> <tr> <th>Genus </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Maximum<br />length </th> <th>Common<br />length </th> <th>Maximum<br />weight </th> <th>Maximum<br />age </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic<br />level</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">Fish<br />Base</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ITIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ITIS">ITIS</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN status</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Salmo" title="Salmo">Salmo</a></i><br /><small>(Atlantic salmon)</small> </th> <td><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmo_salar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Salmo_salar.png/120px-Salmo_salar.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Salmo_salar.png/180px-Salmo_salar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Salmo_salar.png/240px-Salmo_salar.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Salmo salar</i> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">150 cm (4 ft 11 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 cm (3 ft 11 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.8 kilograms (103 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-FAOSalmo_salar_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSalmo_salar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NT_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NT IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="NT IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/NT_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-NT_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span><small>Near threatened</small><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="8" style="text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Oncorhynchus</a></i><br /><small>(Pacific salmon)</small> </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Chinook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Chinook.jpg/120px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Chinook.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Chinook.jpg/180px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Chinook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Chinook.jpg/240px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Chinook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2141" data-file-height="725" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Chinook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Chinook.jpg/120px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Chinook.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Chinook.jpg/180px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Chinook.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Chinook.jpg/240px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Chinook.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2145" data-file-height="704" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i> <small>(Walbaum, 1792)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">150 cm (4 ft 11 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70 cm (2 ft 4 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61.4 kilograms (135 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0,_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_2016.jpg/120px-%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_2016.jpg/180px-%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_2016.jpg/240px-%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%2C_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3065" data-file-height="1724" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chum_salmon" title="Chum salmon">Chum salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Oncorhynchus keta</i> <small>(Walbaum, 1792)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100 cm (3 ft 3 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58 cm (1 ft 11 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.9 kilograms (35 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Coho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Coho.jpg/120px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Coho.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Coho.jpg/180px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Coho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Coho.jpg/240px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Coho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2163" data-file-height="785" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Coho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Coho.jpg/120px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Coho.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Coho.jpg/180px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Coho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Coho.jpg/240px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Coho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="692" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">Coho salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i> <small>(Walbaum, 1792)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">108 cm (3 ft 7 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">71 cm (2 ft 4 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.2 kilograms (34 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oncorhynchus_masou_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Oncorhynchus_masou_02.jpg/120px-Oncorhynchus_masou_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Oncorhynchus_masou_02.jpg/180px-Oncorhynchus_masou_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Oncorhynchus_masou_02.jpg/240px-Oncorhynchus_masou_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3334" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Masu_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Masu salmon">Masu salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Oncorhynchus masou</i> <small>(Brevoort, 1856)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">79 cm (2 ft 7 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50 cm (1 ft 8 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10.0 kilograms (22.0 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humpback_Salmon_Adult_Male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Humpback_Salmon_Adult_Male.jpg/120px-Humpback_Salmon_Adult_Male.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Humpback_Salmon_Adult_Male.jpg/180px-Humpback_Salmon_Adult_Male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Humpback_Salmon_Adult_Male.jpg/240px-Humpback_Salmon_Adult_Male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Humpback_Salmon_Breeding_Male.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Humpback_Salmon_Breeding_Male.jpg/120px-Humpback_Salmon_Breeding_Male.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Humpback_Salmon_Breeding_Male.jpg/180px-Humpback_Salmon_Breeding_Male.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Humpback_Salmon_Breeding_Male.jpg/240px-Humpback_Salmon_Breeding_Male.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2219" data-file-height="1220" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pink_salmon" title="Pink salmon">Pink salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i> <small>(Walbaum, 1792)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">76 cm (2 ft 6 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50 cm (1 ft 8 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.8 kilograms (15 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg/120px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg/180px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg/240px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="715" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Sockeye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Sockeye.jpg/120px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Sockeye.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Sockeye.jpg/180px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Sockeye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Sockeye.jpg/240px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_male_freshwater_phase_Sockeye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">Sockeye salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i> <small>(Walbaum, 1792)</small> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84 cm (2 ft 9 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58 cm (1 ft 11 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.7 kilograms (17 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LC_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LC IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="LC IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LC_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-LC_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Least concern</small><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>     <sup>†</sup> Both the <i>Salmo</i> and <i>Oncorhynchus</i> genera also contain a number of <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> species informally referred to as salmon. Within <i>Salmo</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic salmon">Adriatic salmon</a> (<i>Salmo obtusirostris</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_salmon" title="Black Sea salmon">Black Sea salmon</a> (<i>Salmo labrax</i>) have both been named as salmon in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, although they fall outside the generally recognized seven salmon species. The <a href="/wiki/Masu_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Masu salmon">masu salmon</a> (<i>Oncorhynchus masou</i>) is actually considered a trout ("cherry trout") in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, with <i>masu</i> actually being the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> word for trout. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">steelhead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_trout" title="Sea trout">sea trout</a>, the anadromous forms of <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a> respectively, are from the same genera as salmon and live identical migratory lives, but neither is termed "salmon" .</small> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:14em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender; font-size:125%;">Commercial fish</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_walleye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/75px-Blue_walleye.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/113px-Blue_walleye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Blue_walleye.jpg/150px-Blue_walleye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Large predatory</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish#Species" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonito#Species" title="Bonito">bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel#Species" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Species">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Etymology" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy#Commercial_species" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring#Species" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden#Taxonomy" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine#Species" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alosidae" title="Alosidae">shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat#Species" title="Sprat">sprat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod#Species" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel#Commercial_species" title="Eel">eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish#Species_and_species_groups" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock#Species" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">ray</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:gainsboro"> Mixed</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Species" title="Carp">carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia#Species" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Common_fish" title="Template:Common fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Common_fish" title="Template talk:Common fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Common_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Common fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The extinct <i><a href="/wiki/Eosalmo_driftwoodensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosalmo driftwoodensis">Eosalmo driftwoodensis</a></i>, the oldest known <a href="/wiki/Salmoninae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmoninae">Salmoninae</a> fish in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>, helps scientists figure how the different species of salmon diverged from a <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> salmon's fossil from <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> provides evidence that the divergence between Pacific and Atlantic salmon had not yet occurred 40 million years ago. Both the fossil record and analysis of <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> suggest the divergence occurred 10 to 20 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a>. This independent evidence from <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a> and the fossil record indicate that salmon divergence occurred long before the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary glaciation</a> began the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">glacial</a> advance and retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-salmon_species_of_"salmon""><span id="Non-salmon_species_of_.22salmon.22"></span>Non-salmon species of "salmon"</h3></div> <p>There are several other species of fish which are colloquially called "salmon" but are not true salmon. Of those listed below, the Danube salmon or <i><a href="/wiki/Huchen" title="Huchen">huchen</a></i> is a large freshwater <a href="/wiki/Salmonid" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmonid">salmonid</a> closely related (from the same subfamily) to the seven species of salmon above, but others are fishes of unrelated <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a>, given the common name "salmon" simply due to similar shapes, behaviors and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niches</a> occupied: </p> <table class="wikitable collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="11">Some other fishes called salmon </th></tr> <tr> <th>Common name </th> <th>Scientific name </th> <th>Order </th> <th>Maximum<br />length </th> <th>Common<br />length </th> <th>Maximum<br />weight </th> <th>Maximum<br />age </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic<br />level</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">Fish<br />Base</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ITIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ITIS">ITIS</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/IUCN" class="mw-redirect" title="IUCN">IUCN status</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian salmon">Australian salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Arripis trutta</i> <small>(Forster, 1801)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perciformes" title="Perciformes">Perciformes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">89 cm (2 ft 11 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47 cm (1 ft 7 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.4 kilograms (21 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Danube_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube salmon">Danube salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Hucho hucho</i> <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmoniformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmoniformes">Salmoniformes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">150 cm (4 ft 11 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70 cm (2 ft 4 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">52 kilograms (115 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.2 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EN_IUCN_3_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="EN IUCN 3 1.svg"><img alt="EN IUCN 3 1.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/EN_IUCN_3_1.svg/32px-EN_IUCN_3_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/EN_IUCN_3_1.svg/48px-EN_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/EN_IUCN_3_1.svg/64px-EN_IUCN_3_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <small>Endangered</small><sup id="cite_ref-IUCNthynnus_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCNthynnus-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian salmon">Hawaiian salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Elagatis bipinnulata</i> <small>(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carangiformes" title="Carangiformes">Carangiformes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">180 cm (5 ft 11 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">90 cm (2 ft 11 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.2 kilograms (102 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3.6 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian salmon">Indian salmon</a> </td> <td><i>Eleutheronema tetradactylum</i> <small>(Shaw, 1804)</small> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perciformes" title="Perciformes">Perciformes</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200 cm (6 ft 7 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50 cm (1 ft 8 in) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">145 kilograms (320 lb) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">years </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4.4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><small>Not assessed</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:334px;max-width:334px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmon_leaping_at_Willamette_Falls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Salmon_leaping_at_Willamette_Falls.jpg/330px-Salmon_leaping_at_Willamette_Falls.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Salmon_leaping_at_Willamette_Falls.jpg/495px-Salmon_leaping_at_Willamette_Falls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Salmon_leaping_at_Willamette_Falls.jpg/660px-Salmon_leaping_at_Willamette_Falls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3128" data-file-height="2264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Pacific salmon leaping at <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Falls" title="Willamette Falls">Willamette Falls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_series_for_global_production_of_all_salmon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Time_series_for_global_production_of_all_salmon.png/330px-Time_series_for_global_production_of_all_salmon.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Time_series_for_global_production_of_all_salmon.png/495px-Time_series_for_global_production_of_all_salmon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Time_series_for_global_production_of_all_salmon.png/660px-Time_series_for_global_production_of_all_salmon.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="826" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Commercial production of salmon in million tonnes 1950–2010<sup id="cite_ref-FAOdata_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> (<i>Salmo salar</i>) reproduce in northern rivers on both coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. <ul><li>Landlocked Atlantic salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i> m. <i>sebago</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Potamodromous" class="mw-redirect" title="Potamodromous">potamodromous</a> (migratory only between fresh waters) <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Morph_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morph (biology)">morph</a> that live in a number of lakes in eastern North America and in Northern Europe, for instance in lakes <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sebago" title="Lake Sebago">Sebago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Onega" title="Lake Onega">Onega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Ladoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saimaa" title="Saimaa">Saimaa</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4nern" title="Vänern">Vänern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipesaukee" title="Lake Winnipesaukee">Winnipesaukee</a>. They are not a different species from the sea-run Atlantic salmon but have independently evolved a freshwater-only life cycle, which they maintain even when they could access the ocean.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a> (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) are also known in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="King salmon">king salmon</a> or "blackmouth salmon", and as "spring salmon" in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. Chinook salmon is the largest of all Pacific salmon, frequently exceeding 6 ft (1.8 m) and 14 kg (30 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>tyee</i> is also used in British Columbia to refer to Chinook salmon over 30 pounds and in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> watershed, especially large Chinooks were once referred to as <a href="/wiki/June_hogs" title="June hogs">June hogs</a>. Chinook salmon are known to range as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kugluktuk" title="Kugluktuk">Kugluktuk</a> in the central Canadian arctic,<sup id="cite_ref-dfo-mpo.gc.ca_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfo-mpo.gc.ca-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as far south as the <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)" title="Central Coast (California)">Central Californian Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chum_salmon" title="Chum salmon">Chum salmon</a> (<i>Oncorhynchus keta</i>) is known as dog salmon or calico salmon in some parts of the US, and as <i>keta</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>. This species has the widest geographic range of the Pacific species:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the eastern Pacific from north of the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a> in Canada to south of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_River" title="Sacramento River">Sacramento River</a> in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and in the western Pacific from <a href="/wiki/Lena_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lena River">Lena River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to the island of <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">Coho salmon</a> (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>) are also known in the US as <a href="/wiki/Silver_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver salmon">silver salmon</a>. This species is found throughout the coastal waters of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and British Columbia and as far south as <a href="/wiki/Central_California" title="Central California">Central California</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay" title="Monterey Bay">Monterey Bay</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also now known to occur, albeit infrequently, in the Mackenzie River.<sup id="cite_ref-dfo-mpo.gc.ca_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfo-mpo.gc.ca-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masu_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Masu salmon">Masu salmon</a> (<i>Oncorhynchus masou</i>), also known as "cherry trout"<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">桜鱒サクラマス</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">sakura masu</i></span>)</span> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, are found only in the western Pacific Ocean in Japan, Korea, and Russian Far East. A landlocked subspecies known as the Taiwanese salmon or Formosan salmon (<i><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_masou_formosanus" title="Oncorhynchus masou formosanus">Oncorhynchus masou formosanus</a></i>) is found in central Taiwan's Chi Chia Wan Stream.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_salmon" title="Pink salmon">Pink salmon</a> (<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i>), known as humpback salmon or "humpies" in southeast and southwest Alaska, are found in the western Pacific from Lena River in Siberia to Korea, found throughout northern Pacific, and in the eastern Pacific from the Mackenzie River in Canada<sup id="cite_ref-dfo-mpo.gc.ca_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfo-mpo.gc.ca-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to northern California, usually in shorter coastal streams. It is the smallest of the Pacific species, with an average weight of 1.6 to 1.8 kg (3.5 to 4.0 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">Sockeye salmon</a> (<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>) is also known as <a href="/wiki/Red_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Red salmon">red salmon</a> in the US (especially Alaska).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lake-rearing species is found in the eastern Pacific from <a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Inlet" title="Bathurst Inlet">Bathurst Inlet</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic">Canadian Arctic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Klamath_River" title="Klamath River">Klamath River</a> in California, and in the western Pacific from the <a href="/wiki/Anadyr_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Anadyr River">Anadyr River</a> in Siberia to northern <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a> island in Japan. Although most adult Pacific salmon feed on small fish, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, sockeye feed on <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> they filter through <a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill rakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USFWS_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFWS-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kokanee_salmon" title="Kokanee salmon">Kokanee salmon</a> are the landlocked form of sockeye salmon.</li> <li>Danube salmon, or <a href="/wiki/Huchen" title="Huchen">huchen</a> (<i>Hucho hucho</i>), are the largest permanent freshwater salmonid species.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Juvenile salmon">Juvenile salmon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_cycle_of_Pacific_salmon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Life_cycle_of_Pacific_salmon.jpg/220px-Life_cycle_of_Pacific_salmon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Life_cycle_of_Pacific_salmon.jpg/330px-Life_cycle_of_Pacific_salmon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Life_cycle_of_Pacific_salmon.jpg/440px-Life_cycle_of_Pacific_salmon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Life cycle of Pacific salmon</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmoneggskils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Salmoneggskils.jpg/160px-Salmoneggskils.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Salmoneggskils.jpg/240px-Salmoneggskils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Salmoneggskils.jpg/320px-Salmoneggskils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1860" data-file-height="1308" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Eggs in different stages of development: In some, only a few cells grow on top of the <a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">yolk</a>, in the lower right, the <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> surround the yolk, and in the upper left, the black eyes are visible, even the little lens.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmonlarvakils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salmonlarvakils.jpg/160px-Salmonlarvakils.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salmonlarvakils.jpg/240px-Salmonlarvakils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Salmonlarvakils.jpg/320px-Salmonlarvakils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1249" data-file-height="1821" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Salmon fry hatching—the baby has grown around the remains of the yolk—visible are the <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">arteries</a> spinning around the yolk and small oil drops, also the gut, the spine, the main caudal blood vessel, the bladder, and the arcs of the gills.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Salmon eggs are laid in freshwater streams typically at high latitudes. The <a href="/wiki/Fish_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish egg">eggs</a> hatch into alevin or sac fry. The fry quickly develop into parr with camouflaging vertical stripes. The parr stay for six months to three years in their natal stream before becoming smolts, which are distinguished by their bright, silvery colour with <a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">scales</a> that are easily rubbed off. Only 10% of all salmon eggs are estimated to survive to this stage.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The smolt body chemistry changes, allowing them to live in salt water. While a few species of salmon remain in fresh water throughout their life cycle, the majority are <a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">anadromous</a> and migrate to the ocean for maturation: in these species, smolts spend a portion of their out-migration time in brackish water, where their body chemistry becomes accustomed to <a href="/wiki/Osmoregulation" title="Osmoregulation">osmoregulation</a> in the ocean. This body chemistry change is hormone-driven, causing physiological adjustments in the function of osmoregulatory organs such as the gills, which leads to large increases in their ability to secrete salt.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hormones involved in increasing <a href="/wiki/Salinity_tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinity tolerance">salinity tolerance</a> include <a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin-like growth factor I">insulin-like growth factor I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">thyroid hormones</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which permits the fish to endure the transition from a freshwater environment to the ocean. </p><p>The salmon spend about one to five years (depending on the species) in the open ocean, where they gradually become sexually mature. The adult salmon then return primarily to their natal streams to spawn. Atlantic salmon spend between one and four years at sea. When a fish returns after just one year's sea feeding, it is called a grilse in Canada, Britain, and Ireland. Grilse may be present at spawning, and go unnoticed by large males, releasing their own sperm on the eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prior to spawning, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, salmon undergo changes. They may grow a hump, develop canine-like teeth, or develop a <a href="/wiki/Kype" title="Kype">kype</a> (a pronounced curvature of the jaws in male salmon). All change from the silvery blue of a fresh-run fish from the sea to a darker colour. Salmon can make amazing journeys, sometimes moving hundreds of miles upstream against strong currents and rapids to reproduce. Chinook and sockeye salmon from central Idaho, for example, travel over 1,400 km (900 mi) and climb nearly 2,100 m (7,000 ft) from the Pacific Ocean as they return to spawn. Condition tends to deteriorate the longer the fish remain in fresh water, and they then deteriorate further after they spawn, when they are known as kelts. In all species of Pacific salmon, the mature individuals die within a few days or weeks of spawning, a trait known as <a href="/wiki/Semelparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Semelparity">semelparity</a>. Between 2 and 4% of Atlantic salmon kelts survive to spawn again, all females. However, even in those species of salmon that may survive to spawn more than once (<a href="/wiki/Iteroparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Iteroparity">iteroparity</a>), postspawning mortality is quite high (perhaps as high as 40 to 50%). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Redds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Redds.jpg/220px-Redds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Redds.jpg/330px-Redds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Redds.jpg/440px-Redds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Redds on riverbed</figcaption></figure> <p>To lay her <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a>, the female salmon uses her tail (caudal fin), to create a low-pressure zone, lifting gravel to be swept downstream, excavating a shallow depression, called a redd. The redd may sometimes contain 5,000 eggs covering 2.8 m<sup>2</sup> (30 sq ft).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eggs usually range from orange to red. One or more males approach the female in her redd, depositing sperm, or milt, over the roe.<sup id="cite_ref-USFWS_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFWS-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female then covers the eggs by disturbing the gravel at the upstream edge of the depression before moving on to make another redd. The female may make as many as seven redds before her supply of eggs is exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-USFWS_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFWS-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each year, the fish experiences a period of rapid growth, often in summer, and one of slower growth, normally in winter. This results in ring formation around an earbone called the <a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">otolith</a> (annuli), analogous to the growth rings visible in a tree trunk. Freshwater growth shows as densely crowded rings, sea growth as widely spaced rings; spawning is marked by significant erosion as body mass is converted into eggs and milt. </p><p>Freshwater streams and <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> provide important habitat for many salmon species. They feed on <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">terrestrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic insects">aquatic insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphipods" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipods">amphipods</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">crustaceans</a> while young, and primarily on other fish when older. Eggs are laid in deeper water with larger gravel and need cool water and good water flow (to supply oxygen) to the developing embryos. Mortality of salmon in the early life stages is usually high due to natural predation and human-induced changes in habitat, such as siltation, high water temperatures, low oxygen concentration, loss of stream cover, and reductions in river flow. <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">Estuaries</a> and their associated <a href="/wiki/Wetlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetlands">wetlands</a> provide vital nursery areas for the salmon prior to their departure to the open ocean. Wetlands not only help buffer the estuary from silt and pollutants, but also provide important feeding and hiding areas. </p><p>Salmon not killed by other means show greatly accelerated deterioration (<a href="/wiki/Phenoptosis" title="Phenoptosis">phenoptosis</a>, or "programmed aging") at the end of their lives. Their bodies rapidly deteriorate right after they spawn as a result of the release of massive amounts of <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SalmonoidsBergeau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juvenile salmon, parr, grow up in the relatively protected natal river"><img alt="Juvenile salmon, parr, grow up in the relatively protected natal river" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/SalmonoidsBergeau.jpg/220px-SalmonoidsBergeau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/SalmonoidsBergeau.jpg/330px-SalmonoidsBergeau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/SalmonoidsBergeau.jpg/440px-SalmonoidsBergeau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2859" data-file-height="1886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Juvenile salmon, parr, grow up in the relatively protected natal river</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coho.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The parr lose their camouflage bars and become smolt as they become ready for the transition to the ocean."><img alt="The parr lose their camouflage bars and become smolt as they become ready for the transition to the ocean." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coho.jpg/220px-Coho.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Coho.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="139" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The parr lose their camouflage bars and become smolt as they become ready for the transition to the ocean.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male ocean-phase adult sockeye"><img alt="Male ocean-phase adult sockeye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg/220px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg/330px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg/440px-Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal_Fish_Ladder_pamphlet_-_ocean_phase_Sockeye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2166" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male ocean-phase adult sockeye</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oncorhynchus_nerka.flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male spawning-phase adult sockeye"><img alt="Male spawning-phase adult sockeye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oncorhynchus_nerka.flipped.jpg/220px-Oncorhynchus_nerka.flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oncorhynchus_nerka.flipped.jpg/330px-Oncorhynchus_nerka.flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Oncorhynchus_nerka.flipped.jpg/440px-Oncorhynchus_nerka.flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1006" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male spawning-phase adult sockeye</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet">Diet</h2></div> <p>Salmon are mid-<a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">level</a> <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> whose diet change according to their life stage. Salmon <a href="/wiki/Fry_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fry (fish)">fry</a> predominantly feed upon <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplanktons</a> until they reach <a href="/wiki/Fingerling_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerling (fish)">fingerling</a> sizes, when they start to consume more aquatic <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Insect_larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect larvae">insect larvae</a>, micro<a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">juveniles</a> (parrs), they become more predatory and actively prey upon <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">aquatic insects</a>, small crustaceans, <a href="/wiki/Tadpole" title="Tadpole">tadpoles</a> and small <a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">bait fishes</a>. They are also known to breach the water to attack terrestrial insects such as <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonflies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as consuming <a href="/wiki/Fish_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish egg">fish eggs</a> (even those of other salmon). </p><p>As adults, salmon behave like other mid-sized <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic fish</a>, eating a variety of sea creatures including smaller <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lanternfish" title="Lanternfish">lanternfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herrings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand_lance" title="Sand lance">sand lances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barracudina" title="Barracudina">barracudina</a>. They also eat <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">polychaete worms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cub_with_trophy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cub_with_trophy.jpg/220px-Cub_with_trophy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cub_with_trophy.jpg/330px-Cub_with_trophy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Cub_with_trophy.jpg/440px-Cub_with_trophy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>Bear cub with salmon</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, salmon are <a href="/wiki/Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">keystone species</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Willson_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willson-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The migration of salmon represent a massive retrograde <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> transfer, rich in <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, from the ocean to the inland <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a>. Predation by <a href="/wiki/Piscivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Piscivorous">piscivorous</a> land animals (such as <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">ospreys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otters</a>) along the journey serve to transfer the nutrients from the water to land, and <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> of salmon carcass benefits the <a href="/wiki/Forest_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest ecosystem">forest ecosystem</a>. </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">Pacific salmon</a>, most (if not all) of the salmon that survive to reach the <a href="/wiki/Headwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwater">headwater</a> spawning grounds will <a href="/wiki/Semelparity" class="mw-redirect" title="Semelparity">die after laying eggs</a> and their dead bodies sink to cover the gravel beds, with the nutrients released from the <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradation</a> of their corpses providing a significant boost to these otherwise <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">biomass</a>-poor shallow streams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bears">Bears</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">Grizzly bears</a> function as <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" title="Ecosystem engineer">ecosystem engineers</a>, capturing salmon and carrying them into adjacent dry land to eat the fish. There they deposit nutrient-rich urine and feces and partially eaten carcasses. Bears preparing for <a href="/wiki/Hibernation" title="Hibernation">hibernation</a> tend to preferentially consume the more nutrient- and <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">energy</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/Salmon_roe" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon roe">salmon roes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> over the actual <a href="/wiki/Flesh" title="Flesh">flesh</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are estimated to discard up to half the salmon they've harvested uneaten on the forest floor,<sup id="cite_ref-Reimchen2001_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reimchen2001-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Quinn2009_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quinn2009-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in densities that can reach 4,000 kg (8,800 lb) per hectare,<sup id="cite_ref-Reimchen2002_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reimchen2002-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing as much as 24% of the total nitrogen available to the <a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">riparian</a> <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a>. The foliage of <a href="/wiki/Picea_glauca" title="Picea glauca">spruce trees</a> up to 500 m (1,600 ft) from a stream where grizzlies fish salmon have been found to contain nitrogen originating from the fished salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-Helfield2006_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helfield2006-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beavers">Beavers</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sockeye_salmon_jumping_over_beaver_dam_Lake_Aleknagik,_AK_Kristina_Ramstad_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Sockeye_salmon_jumping_over_beaver_dam_Lake_Aleknagik%2C_AK_Kristina_Ramstad_1997.jpg/170px-Sockeye_salmon_jumping_over_beaver_dam_Lake_Aleknagik%2C_AK_Kristina_Ramstad_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Sockeye_salmon_jumping_over_beaver_dam_Lake_Aleknagik%2C_AK_Kristina_Ramstad_1997.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Sockeye salmon jumping over beaver dam</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">Beavers</a> also function as ecosystem engineers; in the process of tree-cutting and <a href="/wiki/Beaver_dam" title="Beaver dam">damming</a>, beavers alter the local ecosystems extensively. Beaver ponds can provide critical habitat for <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Juvenile salmon">juvenile salmon</a>. </p><p>An example of this was seen in the years following 1818 in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a> Basin. In 1818, the British government made an agreement with the U.S. government to allow U.S. citizens access to the Columbia catchment (see <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a>). At the time, the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> sent word to <a href="/wiki/Fur_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Fur trapping">trappers</a> to extirpate all furbearers from the area in an effort to make the area less attractive to U.S. fur traders. In response to the elimination of beavers from large parts of the river system, <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon runs</a> plummeted, even in the absence of many of the factors usually associated with the demise of salmon runs. Salmon recruitment can be affected by beavers' dams because dams can:<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Slow the rate at which nutrients are flushed from the water system; nutrients provided by adult salmon dying throughout the fall and winter remain available in the spring to newly hatched juveniles</li> <li>Provide deeper <a href="/wiki/Salmon_pool" title="Salmon pool">salmon pools</a> where young salmon can avoid avian predators</li> <li>Increase productivity through <a href="/wiki/Algal" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal">algal</a> <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and by enhancing the conversion efficiency of the <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Detritus_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Detritus cycle">detritus cycle</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Not directly clear how it's related to Salmon; also, only one of the references seem to posit a question that the photosynthesis increase due to fertilizers related to Salmon may help juvenile salmons. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Create slow-water environments where juvenile salmon put the food they ingest into growth rather than into fighting currents</li> <li>Increase structural complexity with many physical niches where salmon can avoid predators</li></ul> <p>Beaver dams are able to nurture salmon juveniles in estuarine <a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">tidal marshes</a> where the salinity is less than 10 ppm. Beavers build small dams of generally less than 60 cm (2 ft) high in channels in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrtle_zone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myrtle zone (page does not exist)">myrtle zone</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What's a 'myrtle zone' (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. These dams can be overtopped at high tide and hold water at low tide. This provides refuges for juvenile salmon so they do not have to swim into large channels where they are subject to predation by larger fish.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lampreys">Lampreys</h3></div> <p>It has been discovered that rivers which have seen a decline or disappearance of anadromous <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lampreys</a>, loss of the lampreys also affects the salmon in a negative way. Like salmon, anadromous lampreys stop feeding and die after spawning, and their decomposing bodies release nutrients into the stream. Also, along with species like <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">rainbow trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_sucker" title="Sacramento sucker">Sacramento sucker</a>, lampreys clean the gravel in the rivers during spawning.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their larvae, called ammocoetes, are <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a> which contribute to the health of the waters. They are also a food source for the young salmon, and being fattier and oilier, it is assumed predators prefer them over salmon offspring, taking off some of the predation pressure on smolts.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2019)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Adult lampreys are also the preferred prey of seals and sea lions, which can eat 30 lampreys to every salmon, allowing more adult salmon to enter the rivers to spawn without being eaten by the marine mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parasites">Parasites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_salmon" title="Diseases and parasites in salmon">Diseases and parasites in salmon</a></div> <p>According to Canadian biologist Dorothy Kieser, the <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">myxozoan</a> parasite <i><a href="/wiki/Henneguya_salminicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Henneguya salminicola">Henneguya salminicola</a></i> is commonly found in the flesh of salmonids. It has been recorded in the field samples of salmon returning to the <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Haida Gwaii Islands">Haida Gwaii Islands</a>. The fish responds by walling off the parasitic infection into a number of cysts that contain milky fluid. This fluid is an accumulation of a large number of parasites. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon,_BC,_Canada.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon%2C_BC%2C_Canada.JPG/220px-Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon%2C_BC%2C_Canada.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon%2C_BC%2C_Canada.JPG/330px-Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon%2C_BC%2C_Canada.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon%2C_BC%2C_Canada.JPG/440px-Henneguya_salminicola_in_flesh_of_coho_salmon%2C_BC%2C_Canada.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Henneguya_salminicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Henneguya salminicola">Henneguya salminicola</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">myxozoan</a> parasite commonly found in the flesh of salmonids on the West Coast of Canada, in coho salmon</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Henneguya</i> and other parasites in the <a href="/wiki/Myxosporean" class="mw-redirect" title="Myxosporean">myxosporean</a> group have complex life cycles, where the salmon is one of two hosts. The fish releases the spores after spawning. In the <i>Henneguya</i> case, the spores enter a second host, most likely an invertebrate, in the spawning stream. When juvenile salmon migrate to the Pacific Ocean, the second host releases a stage infective to salmon. The parasite is then carried in the salmon until the next spawning cycle. The myxosporean parasite that causes <a href="/wiki/Whirling_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Whirling disease">whirling disease</a> in trout has a similar life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as opposed to whirling disease, the <i>Henneguya</i> infestation does not appear to cause disease in the host salmon—even heavily infected fish tend to return to spawn successfully. </p><p>According to Dr. Kieser, a lot of work on <i>Henneguya salminicola</i> was done by scientists at the Pacific Biological Station in Nanaimo in the mid-1980s, in particular, an overview report<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which states, "the fish that have the longest fresh water residence time as juveniles have the most noticeable infections. Hence in order of <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a>, coho are most infected followed by sockeye, chinook, chum and pink. As well, the report says, at the time the studies were conducted, stocks from the middle and upper reaches of large river systems in British Columbia such as <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeena_River" title="Skeena River">Skeena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nass_River" title="Nass River">Nass</a> and from mainland coastal streams in the southern half of B.C., "are more likely to have a low prevalence of infection." The report also states, "It should be stressed that <i>Henneguya</i>, economically deleterious though it is, is harmless from the view of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>. It is strictly a <a href="/wiki/Fish_parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish parasite">fish parasite</a> that cannot live in or affect <a href="/wiki/Warm_blooded" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm blooded">warm blooded</a> animals, including man". </p><p>According to Klaus Schallie, Molluscan Shellfish Program Specialist with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Food_Inspection_Agency" title="Canadian Food Inspection Agency">Canadian Food Inspection Agency</a>, "<i>Henneguya salminicola</i> is found in southern B.C. also and in all species of salmon. I have previously examined smoked chum salmon sides that were riddled with cysts and some sockeye runs in <a href="/wiki/Barkley_Sound" title="Barkley Sound">Barkley Sound</a> (southern B.C., west coast of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>) are noted for their high incidence of infestation."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This paragraph appears to be sentences that are copied from website to website with unclear origin; would improve reliability if primary source is specified. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sea_lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea lice">Sea lice</a>, particularly <i>Lepeophtheirus salmonis</i> and various <i>Caligus</i> species, including <i>C. clemensi</i> and <i>C. rogercresseyi</i>, can cause deadly infestations of both farm-grown and wild salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea lice are <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasite">ectoparasites</a> which feed on mucus, blood, and skin, and migrate and latch onto the skin of wild salmon during free-swimming, planktonic nauplii and copepodid larval stages, which can persist for several days.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large numbers of highly populated, open-net salmon farms<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can create exceptionally large concentrations of sea lice; when exposed in river estuaries containing large numbers of open-net farms, many young wild salmon are infected, and do not survive as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-MortonRoutledge2008_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MortonRoutledge2008-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KrkosekLewis2006_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KrkosekLewis2006-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult salmon may survive otherwise critical numbers of sea lice, but small, thin-skinned juvenile salmon migrating to sea are highly vulnerable. On the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific coast of Canada">Pacific coast of Canada</a>, the louse-induced mortality of pink salmon in some regions is commonly over 80%.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_pile_driving">Effect of pile driving</h3></div> <p>The risk of injury caused by <a href="/wiki/Pile_driver#Environmental_effects_.28offshore_pile_driving.29" title="Pile driver">underwater pile driving</a> has been studied by Dr. Halvorsen and her co-workers.<sup id="cite_ref-BrowmanHalvorsen2012_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrowmanHalvorsen2012-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study concluded that the fish are at risk of injury if the cumulative <a href="/wiki/Sound_exposure_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound exposure level">sound exposure level</a> exceeds 210 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a> relative to 1 μPa<sup>2</sup> s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The cumulative SEL number is most likely meaningless to a layperson; probably needs examples to what this number is equivalent. (May 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wild_fisheries">Wild fisheries</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_series_for_global_capture_of_true_salmon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Time_series_for_global_capture_of_true_salmon.png/400px-Time_series_for_global_capture_of_true_salmon.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Time_series_for_global_capture_of_true_salmon.png/600px-Time_series_for_global_capture_of_true_salmon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Time_series_for_global_capture_of_true_salmon.png/800px-Time_series_for_global_capture_of_true_salmon.png 2x" data-file-width="1177" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a> – commercial capture in tonnes of all true wild salmon species 1950–2010, as reported by the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a><sup id="cite_ref-FAOdata_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seiner_fishing_for_salmon_Prince_William_Sound-2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Seiner_fishing_for_salmon_Prince_William_Sound-2007.jpg/220px-Seiner_fishing_for_salmon_Prince_William_Sound-2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Seiner_fishing_for_salmon_Prince_William_Sound-2007.jpg/330px-Seiner_fishing_for_salmon_Prince_William_Sound-2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Seiner_fishing_for_salmon_Prince_William_Sound-2007.jpg/440px-Seiner_fishing_for_salmon_Prince_William_Sound-2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1219" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seine fishing</a> for salmon <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Sound" title="Prince William Sound">Prince William Sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As can be seen from the production chart at the left, the global capture reported by different countries to the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a> of commercial wild salmon has remained fairly steady since 1990 at about one million tonnes per year. This is in contrast to farmed salmon (below) which has increased in the same period from about 0.6 million tonnes to well over two million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOdata_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all captured wild salmon are <a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">Pacific salmon</a>. The capture of wild <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> has always been relatively small, and has declined steadily since 1990. In 2011 only 2,500 tonnes were reported.<sup id="cite_ref-FAOSalmo_salar_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOSalmo_salar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, about half of all farmed salmon are Atlantic salmon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational">Recreational</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:In_the_net%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_98595.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/In_the_net%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_98595.jpg/220px-In_the_net%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_98595.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/In_the_net%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_98595.jpg/330px-In_the_net%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_98595.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/In_the_net%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_98595.jpg/440px-In_the_net%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_98595.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">gillie</a> landing a salmon in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational</a> salmon fishing can be a technically demanding kind of <a href="/wiki/Sport_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport fishing">sport fishing</a>, not necessarily intuitive for beginning fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A conflict exists between <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial fishermen">commercial fishermen</a> and recreational fishermen for the right to salmon <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">stock resources</a>. Commercial fishing in <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal">coastal</a> areas is often restricted so enough salmon can return to their natal rivers where they can spawn and be available for sport fishing. On parts of the North American West Coast salmon sport fishing has completely replaced inshore commercial salmon fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw1987_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw1987-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most cases, the commercial value of a salmon sold as <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a> can be several times less than the value attributed to the same fish caught by a sport fisherman. This is "a powerful economic argument for allocating stock resources preferentially to sport fishing".<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw1987_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw1987-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Farms">Farms</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Salmon" title="Special:EditPage/Salmon">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Salmon%22">"Salmon"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Salmon%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Salmon%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Salmon%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Salmon%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Salmon%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Time_series_for_global_aquaculture_of_true_salmon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Time_series_for_global_aquaculture_of_true_salmon.png/400px-Time_series_for_global_aquaculture_of_true_salmon.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Time_series_for_global_aquaculture_of_true_salmon.png/600px-Time_series_for_global_aquaculture_of_true_salmon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Time_series_for_global_aquaculture_of_true_salmon.png/800px-Time_series_for_global_aquaculture_of_true_salmon.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Aquaculture production in tonnes of all true salmon species 1950–2010, as reported by the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a><sup id="cite_ref-FAOdata_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAOdata-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_farming_in_Torskefjorden,_Senja,_Troms,_Norway,_2014_August.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fish_farming_in_Torskefjorden%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg/220px-Fish_farming_in_Torskefjorden%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fish_farming_in_Torskefjorden%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg/330px-Fish_farming_in_Torskefjorden%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Fish_farming_in_Torskefjorden%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg/440px-Fish_farming_in_Torskefjorden%2C_Senja%2C_Troms%2C_Norway%2C_2014_August.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>Salmon farming <a href="/wiki/Sea_cage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cage">sea cage</a> in Torskefjorden, <a href="/wiki/Senja" title="Senja">Senja</a> Island, <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Aquaculture of salmon</a></div> <p>Salmon <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> is a major contributor to the world production of farmed finfish, representing about US$10 billion annually. Other commonly cultured fish species include <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barred_sand_bass" title="Barred sand bass">sea bass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bream" title="Bream">bream</a>. Salmon farming is significant in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, Canada and the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>; it is the source for most salmon consumed in the United States and Europe. Atlantic salmon are also, in very small volumes, farmed in Russia and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, Australia. </p><p>Salmon are <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a>, and need to be fed meals produced from catching other wild <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a> and other marine organisms. Salmon farming leads to a high demand for wild <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a>. As a predator, salmon require large nutritional intakes of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, and farmed salmon consume more fish than they generate as a final product. On a dry weight basis, 2–4 kg of wild-caught fish are needed to produce one kilogram of salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the salmon farming industry expands, it requires more forage fish for feed, at a time when 75% of the world's monitored fisheries are already near to or have exceeded their <a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">maximum sustainable yield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alliance_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alliance-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industrial-scale extraction of wild forage fish for salmon farming affects the survivability of other wild predatory fish which rely on them for food. Research is ongoing into sustainable and plant-based salmon feeds.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intensive salmon farming uses open-net cages, which have low production costs. It has the drawback of allowing disease and <a href="/wiki/Sea_lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea lice">sea lice</a> to spread to local wild salmon stocks.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmon_newborn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Salmon_newborn.jpg/220px-Salmon_newborn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Salmon_newborn.jpg/330px-Salmon_newborn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Salmon_newborn.jpg/440px-Salmon_newborn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Artificially incubated <a href="/wiki/Chum_salmon" title="Chum salmon">chum salmon</a> <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">fries</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another form of salmon production, which is safer but less controllable, is to raise salmon in <a href="/wiki/Hatchery" title="Hatchery">hatcheries</a> until they are old enough to become independent. They are released into rivers in an attempt to increase the salmon population. This system is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranching">ranching</a>. It was very common in countries such as Sweden, before the Norwegians developed salmon farming, but is seldom done by private companies. As anyone may catch the salmon when they return to spawn, a company is limited in benefiting financially from their investment. </p><p>Because of this, the ranching method has mainly been used by various public authorities and non-profit groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet_Aquaculture_Association" title="Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association">Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association</a>, as a way to increase salmon populations in situations where they have declined due to <a href="/wiki/Overharvest" class="mw-redirect" title="Overharvest">overharvesting</a>, construction of <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">fragmentation</a>. Negative consequences to this sort of population manipulation include genetic "dilution" of the wild stocks. Many jurisdictions are now beginning to discourage supplemental fish planting in favour of harvest controls, and habitat improvement and protection. </p><p>A variant method of <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">fish stocking</a>, called ocean ranching, is under development in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. There, the young salmon are released into the ocean far from any wild salmon streams. When it is time for them to spawn, they return to where they were released, where fishermen can catch them. </p><p>An alternative method to hatcheries is to use spawning channels. These are <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">artificial streams</a>, usually parallel to an existing stream, with concrete or rip-rap sides and gravel bottoms. Water from the adjacent stream is piped into the top of the channel, sometimes via a header pond, to settle out sediment. Spawning success is often much better in channels than in adjacent streams due to the control of floods, which in some years can wash out the natural redds. Because of the lack of floods, spawning channels must sometimes be cleaned out to remove accumulated sediment. The same floods that destroy natural redds also clean the regular streams. Spawning channels preserve the natural selection of natural streams, as there is no benefit, as in hatcheries, to use prophylactic chemicals to control diseases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Farm-raised salmon are fed the carotenoids <a href="/wiki/Astaxanthin" title="Astaxanthin">astaxanthin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canthaxanthin" title="Canthaxanthin">canthaxanthin</a> to match their flesh colour to wild salmon<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to improve their marketability.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild salmon get these <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoids</a>, primarily astaxanthin, from eating <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>. </p><p>One proposed alternative to the use of wild-caught fish as feed for the salmon, is the use of <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>-based products. This should be better for the local environment of the fish farm, but producing soy beans has a high environmental cost for the producing region. The fish omega-3 fatty acid content would be reduced compared to fish-fed salmon. </p><p>Another possible alternative is a yeast-based coproduct of <a href="/wiki/Bioethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioethanol">bioethanol</a> production, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteinaceous</a> fermentation biomass. Substituting such products for engineered feed can result in equal (sometimes enhanced) growth in fish.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated56_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated56-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With its increasing availability, this would address the problems of rising costs for buying hatchery <a href="/wiki/Fish_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish feed">fish feed</a>. </p><p>Yet another attractive alternative is the increased use of <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a>. Seaweed provides essential minerals and vitamins for growing organisms. It offers the advantage of providing natural amounts of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> and having a lower <a href="/wiki/Glycemic_load" title="Glycemic load">glycemic load</a> than grain-based <a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">fish meal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated56_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated56-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the best-case scenario, widespread use of seaweed could yield a future in aquaculture that eliminates the need for land, freshwater, or fertilizer to raise fish.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Becharof_Wilderness_Salmon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Becharof_Wilderness_Salmon.jpg/220px-Becharof_Wilderness_Salmon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Becharof_Wilderness_Salmon.jpg/330px-Becharof_Wilderness_Salmon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Becharof_Wilderness_Salmon.jpg/440px-Becharof_Wilderness_Salmon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Spawning <a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">sockeye salmon</a> in Becharof Creek, <a href="/wiki/Becharof_Wilderness" class="mw-redirect" title="Becharof Wilderness">Becharof Wilderness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_salmon_size_declines_could_result_in_negative_consequences_for_ecosystems_and_people.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pacific_salmon_size_declines_could_result_in_negative_consequences_for_ecosystems_and_people.webp/220px-Pacific_salmon_size_declines_could_result_in_negative_consequences_for_ecosystems_and_people.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pacific_salmon_size_declines_could_result_in_negative_consequences_for_ecosystems_and_people.webp/330px-Pacific_salmon_size_declines_could_result_in_negative_consequences_for_ecosystems_and_people.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pacific_salmon_size_declines_could_result_in_negative_consequences_for_ecosystems_and_people.webp/440px-Pacific_salmon_size_declines_could_result_in_negative_consequences_for_ecosystems_and_people.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>Significant declines in the size of many species of Pacific salmon over the past 30 years are negatively impacting salmon fecundity, nutrient transport, commercial fishery profits, and rural food security.<sup id="cite_ref-salmonsize2_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmonsize2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_salmon" title="Environmental issues with salmon">Environmental issues with salmon</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon conservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon#Issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Aquaculture of salmon § Issues</a></div> <p>Salmon <a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">population levels</a> are of concern in the Atlantic and in some parts of the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-Lackey_-_1999_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lackey_-_1999-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of wild salmon declined markedly in recent decades, especially North Atlantic populations, which spawn in the waters of western Europe and eastern Canada, and wild salmon in the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake</a> and Columbia River systems in northwestern United States. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alaska_salmon_fishery" title="Alaska salmon fishery">Alaska fishery</a> stocks are still abundant, and catches have been on the rise in recent decades, after the state initiated limitations in 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The references already given are inaccessible including the archived versions. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of the most important Alaskan salmon sustainable <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a> are located near the <a href="/wiki/Kenai_River" title="Kenai River">Kenai River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_River_(Alaska)" title="Copper River (Alaska)">Copper River</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bay" title="Bristol Bay">Bristol Bay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a> of Pacific salmon is outlawed in the United States <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, there is a substantial network of publicly funded <a href="/wiki/Hatchery" title="Hatchery">hatcheries</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the State of Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fisheries management</a> system is viewed as a leader in the management of wild <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stocks</a>. </p><p>In Canada, returning <a href="/wiki/Skeena_River" title="Skeena River">Skeena River</a> wild salmon support <a href="/wiki/Commercial_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial fisheries">commercial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artisan_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Artisan fishing">subsistence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">recreational fisheries</a>, as well as the area's diverse wildlife on the coast and around communities hundreds of miles inland in the watershed. The status of wild salmon in Washington is mixed. Of 435 wild stocks of salmon and steelhead, only 187 of them were classified as healthy; 113 had an unknown status, one was extinct, 12 were in critical condition and 122 were experiencing depressed populations.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The commercial salmon fisheries in California have been either severely curtailed or closed completely in recent years, due to critically low returns on the Klamath and or Sacramento rivers, causing millions of dollars in losses to commercial fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Atlantic and Pacific salmon are popular <a href="/wiki/Sportfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportfish">sportfish</a>. </p><p>Salmon populations have been established in all the Great Lakes. Coho stocks were planted by the state of Michigan in the late 1960s to control the growing population of non-native <a href="/wiki/Alewife_(fish)" title="Alewife (fish)">alewife</a>. Now Chinook (king), Atlantic, and coho (silver) salmon are annually stocked in all Great Lakes by most bordering states and provinces. These populations are not self-sustaining and do not provide much in the way of a commercial fishery, but have led to the development of a thriving sport fishery. </p><p>Wild, self sustaining Pacific salmon populations have been established in New Zealand, Chile, and Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are highly prized by sport fishers, but others worry about displacing native fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, and especially in Chile (<a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Aquaculture in Chile</a>), both Atlantic and Pacific salmon are used in net pen farming. </p><p>In 2020 researchers reported widespread declines in the sizes of four species of wild <a href="/wiki/Pacific_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific salmon">Pacific salmon</a>: Chinook, chum, coho, and sockeye. These declines have been occurring for 30 years, and are thought to be associated with climate change and competition with growing numbers of pink and hatchery salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-salmonsize_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmonsize-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-salmonsize2_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmonsize2-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_food">As food</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">Salmon as food</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmon_sashimi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Salmon_sashimi.jpg/220px-Salmon_sashimi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Salmon_sashimi.jpg/330px-Salmon_sashimi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Salmon_sashimi.jpg/440px-Salmon_sashimi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Salmon <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmon_eggs_at_the_Tsukiji_Fish_Market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Salmon_eggs_at_the_Tsukiji_Fish_Market.jpg/220px-Salmon_eggs_at_the_Tsukiji_Fish_Market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Salmon_eggs_at_the_Tsukiji_Fish_Market.jpg/330px-Salmon_eggs_at_the_Tsukiji_Fish_Market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Salmon_eggs_at_the_Tsukiji_Fish_Market.jpg/440px-Salmon_eggs_at_the_Tsukiji_Fish_Market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2220" /></a><figcaption>Salmon eggs being sold at <a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji fish market</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Salmon is a popular <a href="/wiki/Food_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Food fish">food fish</a>. Classified as an <a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">oily fish</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> salmon is considered to be healthy due to the fish's high <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega-3 fatty acids</a>, and high <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">vitamin D</a><sup id="cite_ref-FactD_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FactD-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> content. Salmon is also a source of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, with a range of <span class="nowrap">23–214 mg/100 g</span> depending on the species.<sup id="cite_ref-cholesterol_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cholesterol-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to reports in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, farmed salmon may contain high levels of <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxins</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (September 2015)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> PCB (<a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">polychlorinated biphenyl</a>) levels may be up to eight times higher in farmed salmon than in wild salmon,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but still well below levels considered dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, according to a 2006 study published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a></i>, the benefits of eating even farmed salmon still outweigh any risks imposed by contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmed salmon has a high omega-3 fatty acid content comparable to wild salmon.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The type of omega-3 present may not be a factor for other important health functions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness"><span title="This sentence maybe too vague. (May 2019)">vague</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Salmon flesh is generally orange to red, although white-fleshed wild salmon with white-black skin colour occurs. The natural colour of salmon results from <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoid</a> pigments, largely <a href="/wiki/Astaxanthin" title="Astaxanthin">astaxanthin</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Canthaxanthin" title="Canthaxanthin">canthaxanthin</a>, in the flesh.<sup id="cite_ref-ECHealthCommissionOpinion_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECHealthCommissionOpinion-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wild salmon get these carotenoids from eating <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> and other tiny <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>. </p><p>The vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> available in market around the world are farmed (almost 99%),<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the majority of <a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Pacific salmon</a> are wild-caught (greater than 80%). Canned salmon in the U.S. is usually wild Pacific catch, though some farmed salmon is available in canned form. <a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">Smoked salmon</a> is another popular preparation method, and can either be hot or cold <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking (food)">smoked</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a> can refer to either cold-smoked salmon or salmon cured in a brine solution (also called <a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">gravlax</a>). Traditional canned salmon includes some skin (which is harmless) and bone (which adds calcium). Skinless and boneless canned salmon is also available. </p><p>Raw salmon flesh may contain <i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, marine <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a> that cause <a href="/wiki/Anisakiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Anisakiasis">anisakiasis</a>. Before the availability of <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigeration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> did not consume raw salmon. Salmon and salmon <a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">roe</a> have only recently come into use in making <a href="/wiki/Sashimi" title="Sashimi">sashimi</a> (raw fish) and <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast</a>, salmon is considered a vital part of the diet. Specifically, the indigenous peoples of <a href="/wiki/Haida_Gwaii" title="Haida Gwaii">Haida Gwaii</a>, located near former <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte Island">Queen Charlotte Island</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, rely on salmon as one of their main sources of food, although many other bands have fished Pacific waters for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-haidanation1_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haidanation1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salmon are not only ancient and unique, but it is important because it is expressed in culture, art forms, and ceremonial feasts. Annually, salmon spawn in Haida, feeding on everything on the way upstream and down.<sup id="cite_ref-haidanation1_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haidanation1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the Haida nation, salmon is referred to as <i>"tsiin"</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-haidanation1_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haidanation1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is prepared in several ways including smoking, baking, frying, and making soup. </p><p>Historically, there has always been enough salmon, as traditional <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsistence fishing">subsistence fishing</a> methods did not result in overfishing, and people only took what they needed.<sup id="cite_ref-fish.bc.ca_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish.bc.ca-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, a report on <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> participation in commercial fisheries, including salmon, commissioned by BC's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Food">Ministry of Agriculture and Food</a> found that there were 595 First Nation-owned and operated commercial vessels in the province. Of those vessels, First Nations' members owned 564.<sup id="cite_ref-fish.bc.ca_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fish.bc.ca-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, employment within the industry has decreased overall by 50% in the last decade, with 8,142 registered commercial fishermen in 2003. This has affected employment for many fisherman, who rely on salmon as a source of income.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. This paragraph is mostly related to employment, not food. (May 2019)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bears</a> also rely on salmon as food. The leftovers the bears leave behind are considered important nutrients for the <a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Canada" title="Forests of Canada">Canadian forest</a>, such as the soil, trees and plants. In this sense, the salmon feed the forest and in return receive clean water and gravel in which to hatch and grow, sheltered from extremes of temperature and water flow in times of high and low rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-haidanation1_120-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haidanation1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the condition of the salmon in Haida has been affected in recent decades. Due to logging and development, much of the salmon's habitat (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Ain_River_(Haida_Gwaii)" title="Ain River (Haida Gwaii)">Ain River</a>) has been destroyed, resulting in the fish being close to endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-haidanation1_120-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haidanation1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For residents, this has resulted in limits on catches, in turn, has affected families diets, and cultural events such as feasts. Some of the salmon systems in danger include: the Davidon, Naden, Mamim, and Mathers.<sup id="cite_ref-haidanation1_120-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haidanation1-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fishing">Fishing</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Salmon_fishing_(State_1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Salmon_fishing_%28State_1%29.jpg/220px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Salmon_fishing_%28State_1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Salmon_fishing_%28State_1%29.jpg/330px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Salmon_fishing_%28State_1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Salmon_fishing_%28State_1%29.jpg/440px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Salmon_fishing_%28State_1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5289" data-file-height="3932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seine fishing</a> for salmon – <a href="/wiki/Wenzel_Hollar" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenzel Hollar">Wenzel Hollar</a>, 1607–1677</figcaption></figure> <p>The salmon has long been at the heart of the culture and livelihood of coastal dwellers, which can be traced as far back as 5,000 years when archeologists discovered <a href="/wiki/Nisqually_people" title="Nisqually people">Nisqually tribe</a> remnants.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original distribution of the genus <i>Oncorhynchus</i> covered the Pacific Rim coastline.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> History shows salmon used tributaries, rivers and estuaries without regard to jurisdiction for 18–22 million years. Baseline data is near impossible to recreate based on the inconsistent historical data, but there has been massive depletion since the 1900s. The <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> once sprawled with native inhabitants who ensured little degradation was caused by their actions to salmon habitats. As <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animists</a>, the indigenous people relied not only for salmon for food, but spiritual guidance. The role of the salmon spirit guided the people to respect ecological systems such as the rivers and tributaries the salmon used for spawning. Natives often used the entire fish and left little waste by turning the bladder into glue, and using bones for toys and skin for clothing and shoes. The original salmon ceremony, introduced by indigenous tribes on the Pacific coast, consisted of three major parts. First was the welcoming of the first catch, and then the cooking of it. Finally the bones were returned to the sea to induce hospitality so other salmon would give their lives to the people of that village.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yurok" title="Yurok">Yurok</a>, had a <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> against harvesting the first fish that swam upriver in summer, but once they confirmed that the <a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">salmon run</a> had returned in abundance they would begin to catch them in plentiful.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indigenous practices were guided by deep ecological wisdom, which was eradicated when Euro-American settlements began to be developed.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salmon have a much grander history than what is presently shown today. The salmon that once dominated the Pacific Ocean are now just a fraction in population and size. The Pacific salmon population is now less than 1–3% of what it was when <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark arrived</a> at the region.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1908 <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_address" class="mw-redirect" title="State of the Union address">State of the Union address</a>, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> observed that the fisheries were in significant decline:<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p><i>The salmon fisheries of the Columbia River are now but a fraction of what they were twenty-five years ago, and what they would be now if the United States Government had taken complete charge of them by intervening between Oregon and Washington. During these twenty-five years the fishermen of each State have naturally tried to take all they could get, and the two legislatures have never been able to agree on joint action of any kind adequate in degree for the protection of the fisheries. At the moment the fishing on the Oregon side is practically closed, while there is no limit on the Washington side of any kind, and no one can tell what the courts will decide as to the very statutes under which this action and non-action result. Meanwhile very few salmon reach the spawning grounds, and probably four years hence the fisheries will amount to nothing; and this comes from a struggle between the associated, or gill-net, fishermen on the one hand, and the owners of the fishing wheels up the river.</i></p></blockquote> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph_Dam" title="Chief Joseph Dam">Chief Joseph Dam</a> completed in 1955 completely blocks salmon migration to the upper Columbia River system. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fraser_River" title="Fraser River">Fraser River</a> salmon population was affected by the 1914 slide caused by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hells_Gate_(British_Columbia)" title="Hells Gate (British Columbia)">Hells Gate</a>. The 1917 catch was one quarter of the 1913 catch.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Salmon_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon argument">origin of the word for "salmon"</a> was one of the arguments about the location of the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_fishing">Commercial fishing</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational_fishing">Recreational fishing</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2></div> <p>The salmon is an important creature in several strands of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> and poetry, which often associated them with wisdom and venerability. In Irish folklore, fishermen associated salmon with fairies and thought it was unlucky to refer to them by name.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a>, a creature called the <a href="/wiki/Salmon_of_Knowledge" title="Salmon of Knowledge">Salmon of Knowledge</a><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plays key role in the tale <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boyhood_Deeds_of_Fionn" title="The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn">The Boyhood Deeds of Fionn</a></i>. In the tale, the Salmon will grant powers of knowledge to whoever eats it, and is sought by poet <a href="/wiki/Finn_Eces" title="Finn Eces">Finn Eces</a> for seven years. Finally Finn Eces catches the fish and gives it to his young pupil, <a href="/wiki/Fionn_mac_Cumhaill" title="Fionn mac Cumhaill">Fionn mac Cumhaill</a>, to prepare it for him. However, Fionn burns his thumb on the salmon's juices, and he instinctively puts it in his mouth. In so doing, he inadvertently gains the Salmon's wisdom. Elsewhere in Irish mythology, the salmon is also one of the incarnations of both <a href="/wiki/Tuan_mac_Cairill" title="Tuan mac Cairill">Tuan mac Cairill</a><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Fintan_mac_B%C3%B3chra" title="Fintan mac Bóchra">Fintan mac Bóchra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salmon also feature in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a>. In the prose tale <i><a href="/wiki/Culhwch_and_Olwen" title="Culhwch and Olwen">Culhwch and Olwen</a></i>, the Salmon of Llyn Llyw is the oldest animal in Britain, and the only creature who knows the location of <a href="/wiki/Mabon_ap_Modron" title="Mabon ap Modron">Mabon ap Modron</a>. After speaking to a string of other ancient animals who do not know his whereabouts, <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>'s men <a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Cai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedwyr</a> are led to the Salmon of Llyn Llyw, who lets them ride its back to the walls of Mabon's prison in <a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> tricked the blind god <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a> into killing his brother <a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a>, Loki jumped into a river and transformed himself into a salmon to escape punishment from the other <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">gods</a>. When they held out a net to trap him he attempted to leap over it but was caught by <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> who grabbed him by the tail with his hand, and this is why the salmon's tail is tapered.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Salmon are central spiritually and culturally to <a href="/wiki/Native_American_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American mythology">Native American mythology</a> on the Pacific coast, from the <a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish" title="Coast Salish">Coast Salish</a> peoples, to the <a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuu-chah-nulth people">Nuu-chah-nulth peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Open-net fish farms are large anchored floating net cages often located in bays and relatively sheltered areas. Each farm may have over a million fish.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/publications/scipubs/techmemos/tm30/quinn.html">"NOAA/NMFS/NWFSC-TM30: Homing, Straying, and Colonization"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Salmo+salar&rft.volume=1996&rft.pages=e.T19855A9026693&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T19855A9026693.en&rft.au=World+Conservation+Monitoring+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F19855%2F9026693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Oncorhynchus&speciesname=tshawytscha">"<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Oncorhynchus+tshawytscha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DOncorhynchus%26speciesname%3Dtshawytscha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2933/en">"Species Fact Sheet: <i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i> (Walbaum, 1792)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403151355/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2933/en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Oncorhynchus+tshawytscha+%28Walbaum%2C+1792%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2933%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161980">"Oncorhynchus tshawytscha"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oncorhynchus+tshawytscha&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D161980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Oncorhynchus&speciesname=keta">"<i>Oncorhynchus keta</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Oncorhynchus+keta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DOncorhynchus%26speciesname%3Dketa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2931/en">"Species Fact Sheet: <i>Oncorhynchus keta</i> (Walbaum, 1792)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403151354/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2931/en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Oncorhynchus+keta+%28Walbaum%2C+1792%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2931%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161976">"Oncorhynchus keta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oncorhynchus+keta&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D161976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Oncorhynchus&speciesname=kisutch">"<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Oncorhynchus+kisutch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DOncorhynchus%26speciesname%3Dkisutch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2118/en">"Species Fact Sheet: <i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i> (Walbaum, 1792)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403211413/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2118/en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Oncorhynchus+kisutch+%28Walbaum%2C+1792%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2118%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161975">"Oncorhynchus kisutch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oncorhynchus+kisutch&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D161975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Oncorhynchus&speciesname=masou">"<i>Oncorhynchus masou</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Oncorhynchus+masou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DOncorhynchus%26speciesname%3Dmasou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161978">"Oncorhynchus masou"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oncorhynchus+masou&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D161978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Oncorhynchus&speciesname=gorbuscha">"<i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Oncorhynchus+gorbuscha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DOncorhynchus%26speciesname%3Dgorbuscha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2116/en">"Species Fact Sheet: <i>Oncorhynchus gorbuscha</i> (Walbaum, 1792)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403211409/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2116/en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Oncorhynchus+gorbuscha+%28Walbaum%2C+1792%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2116%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161975">"Oncorhynchus gorbuscha"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oncorhynchus+gorbuscha&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D161975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Oncorhynchus&speciesname=nerka">"<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Oncorhynchus+nerka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DOncorhynchus%26speciesname%3Dnerka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2117/en">"Species Fact Sheet: <i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i> (Walbaum, 1792)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403211417/http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2117/en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Oncorhynchus+nerka+%28Walbaum%2C+1792%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F2117%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=161979">"Oncorhynchus nerka"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oncorhynchus+nerka&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D161979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRand,_P.S.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rand, P.S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/135301/4071001">"<i>Oncorhynchus nerka</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2011</b>: e.T135301A4071001. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T135301A4071001.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T135301A4071001.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Oncorhynchus+nerka&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=e.T135301A4071001&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T135301A4071001.en&rft.au=Rand%2C+P.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F135301%2F4071001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2004" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, David (2004). <i>King of Fish</i>. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press. pp. 27–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813342996" title="Special:BookSources/0813342996"><bdi>0813342996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+Fish&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=27-28&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0813342996&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Arripis&speciesname=trutta">"<i>Arripis trutta</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Arripis+trutta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DArripis%26speciesname%3Dtrutta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=168827">"Arripis trutta"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arripis+trutta&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D168827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Hucho&speciesname=hucho">"<i>Hucho hucho</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Hucho+hucho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DHucho%26speciesname%3Dhucho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=162024">"Hucho hucho"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hucho+hucho&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D162024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCNthynnus-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCNthynnus_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreyhof,_J.Kottelat,_M.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Freyhof, J.; Kottelat, M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/10264/3186143">"<i>Hucho hucho</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2008</b>: e.T10264A3186143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10264A3186143.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10264A3186143.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Hucho+hucho&rft.volume=2008&rft.pages=e.T10264A3186143&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T10264A3186143.en&rft.au=Freyhof%2C+J.&rft.au=Kottelat%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F10264%2F3186143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Elagatis&speciesname=bipinnulata">"<i>Elagatis bipinnulata</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Elagatis+bipinnulata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DElagatis%26speciesname%3Dbipinnulata&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3122/en">"Species Fact Sheet: <i>Elagatis bipinnulata</i> (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181125090431/http://www.fao.org/home/en/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Species+Fact+Sheet%3A+Elagatis+bipinnulata+%28Quoy+%26+Gaimard%2C+1825%29&rft.pub=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffishery%2Fspecies%2F3122%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=168738">"Elagatis bipinnulata"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elagatis+bipinnulata&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D168738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroesePauly" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Froese" title="Rainer Froese">Froese, Rainer</a>; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Eleutheronema&speciesname=tetradactylum">"<i>Eleutheronema tetradactylum</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></i>. April 2012 version.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FishBase&rft.atitle=Eleutheronema+tetradactylum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fishbase.org%2Fsummary%2FSpeciesSummary.php%3Fgenusname%3DEleutheronema%26speciesname%3Dtetradactylum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=645505">"Eleutheronema tetradactylum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eleutheronema+tetradactylum&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D645505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOdata-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAOdata_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on data sourced from the relevant <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/search/en">FAO Species Fact Sheets</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061217130226/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/chinook.php">"Chinook Salmon"</a>. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/chinook.php">the original</a> on 17 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinook+Salmon&rft.pub=Alaska+Department+of+Fish+and+Game&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adfg.state.ak.us%2Fpubs%2Fnotebook%2Ffish%2Fchinook.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dfo-mpo.gc.ca-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dfo-mpo.gc.ca_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dfo-mpo.gc.ca_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dfo-mpo.gc.ca_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson" class="citation web cs1">Stephenson, S. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/321160.pdf">"The Distribution of Pacific Salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus</i> spp.) in the Canadian Western Arctic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712043429/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/321160.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Distribution+of+Pacific+Salmon+%28Oncorhynchus+spp.%29+in+the+Canadian+Western+Arctic&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfo-mpo.gc.ca%2FLibrary%2F321160.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528081218/http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Chinook/">"Chinook Salmon"</a>. NOAA Fisheries. 6 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Chinook/">the original</a> on 28 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinook+Salmon&rft.pub=NOAA+Fisheries&rft.date=2012-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwr.noaa.gov%2FESA-Salmon-Listings%2FSalmon-Populations%2FChinook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405173410/http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/chum.php">"Chum Salmon"</a>. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adfg.state.ak.us/pubs/notebook/fish/chum.php">the original</a> on 5 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chum+Salmon&rft.pub=Alaska+Department+of+Fish+and+Game&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adfg.state.ak.us%2Fpubs%2Fnotebook%2Ffish%2Fchum.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202014228/http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Coho/">"Coho Salmon"</a>. NOAA Fisheries. 28 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ESA-Salmon-Listings/Salmon-Populations/Coho/">the original</a> on 2 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Coho+Salmon&rft.pub=NOAA+Fisheries&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwr.noaa.gov%2FESA-Salmon-Listings%2FSalmon-Populations%2FCoho%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013213219/http://taiwanjournal.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=10710&CtNode=122">"Formosan salmon"</a>. <i>Taiwan Journal</i>. 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University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295980119" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295980119"><bdi>978-0295980119</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44391504">44391504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messages+from+Frank%27s+Landing%3A+A+Story+of+Salmon%2C+Treaties%2C+and+the+Indian+Way&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44391504&rft.isbn=978-0295980119&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmessagesfromfran0000wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadel.2005" class="citation book cs1">Nadel., Foley, Dana (1 January 2005). <i>Atlas of pacific salmon : the first map-based status assessment of salmon in the North Pacific</i>. California University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520245044" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520245044"><bdi>978-0520245044</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470376738">470376738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+pacific+salmon+%3A+the+first+map-based+status+assessment+of+salmon+in+the+North+Pacific&rft.pub=California+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470376738&rft.isbn=978-0520245044&rft.aulast=Nadel.&rft.aufirst=Foley%2C+Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmoss1987" class="citation journal cs1">Amoss, Pamela T. 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Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559633604" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559633604"><bdi>978-1559633604</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868995261">868995261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salmon+Without+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+the+Pacific+Salmon+Crisis&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868995261&rft.isbn=978-1559633604&rft.aulast=Lichatowich&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE.2001" class="citation book cs1">E., Taylor, Joseph (2001). <i>Making Salmon: An Environmental History of the Northwest Fisheries Crisis</i>. 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Archived from the original on 15 November 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Endangered+Salmon&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Mcdermott&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.house.gov%2Fmcdermott%2Fissues_salmon.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nwcouncil.org/history/commercialfishing.asp">"Columbia River History: Commercial Fishing"</a>. Northwest Power and Conservation Council. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101211190259/http://www.nwcouncil.org/history/CommercialFishing.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=1319">the original</a> on 30 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Union+Address+Part+II+by+Theodore+Roosevelt&rft.date=1908-12-08&rft.au=Roosevelt%2C+Theodore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachingamericanhistory.org%2Flibrary%2Findex.asp%3Fdocument%3D1319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabcock1920" class="citation book cs1">Babcock, John P (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fraserriversalmo00babciala"><i>Fraser River Salmon Situation a Reclamation Project</i></a>. Victoria, B.C: W. H. 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Translated by Henry Adams Bellows. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506071029/http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/poe/poe10.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fneu%2Fpoe%2Fpoe10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.critfc.org/salmon-culture/tribal-salmon-culture/">"Tribal Salmon Culture: Salmon Culture of the Pacific Northwest Tribes"</a>. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513060812/https://www.critfc.org/salmon-culture/tribal-salmon-culture/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribal+Salmon+Culture%3A+Salmon+Culture+of+the+Pacific+Northwest+Tribes&rft.pub=Columbia+River+Inter-Tribal+Fish+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.critfc.org%2Fsalmon-culture%2Ftribal-salmon-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li><i>Atlas of Pacific Salmon</i>, Xanthippe Augerot and the State of the Salmon Consortium, University of California Press, 2005, hardcover, 152 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24504-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24504-0">0-520-24504-0</a></li> <li><i>Making Salmon: An Environmental History of the Northwest Fisheries Crisis</i>, Joseph E. Taylor III, University of Washington Press, 1999, 488 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98114-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98114-8">0-295-98114-8</a></li> <li><i>Trout and Salmon of North America</i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Behnke" title="Robert J. Behnke">Robert J. Behnke</a>, Illustrated by Joseph R. Tomelleri, The Free Press, 2002, hardcover, 359 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2220-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-2220-2">0-7432-2220-2</a></li> <li><i>Come back, salmon</i>, By Molly Cone, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_Books" title="Sierra Club Books">Sierra Club Books</a>, 48 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87156-572-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87156-572-2">0-87156-572-2</a> – A book for juveniles describes the restoration of 'Pigeon Creek'.</li> <li><i>The salmon: their fight for survival</i>, By Anthony Netboy, 1973, Houghton Mifflin Co., 613 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-14013-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-14013-7">0-395-14013-7</a></li> <li><i>A River Lost</i>, by Blaine Harden, 1996, WW Norton Co., 255 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31690-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31690-4">0-393-31690-4</a>. (Historical view of the Columbia River system).</li> <li><i>River of Life, Channel of Death</i>, by Keith C. Peterson, 1995, Confluence Press, 306 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87071-496-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87071-496-2">978-0-87071-496-2</a>. (Fish and dams on the Lower Snake River.)</li> <li><i>Salmon</i>, by Dr Peter Coates, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86189-295-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86189-295-0">1-86189-295-0</a></li> <li>Lackey, Robert T (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/staff/lackey/pubs/illusion.htm">"Restoring Wild Salmon to the Pacific Northwest: Chasing an Illusion?"</a> In: Patricia Koss and Mike Katz (Eds) <i>What we don't know about Pacific Northwest fish runs: An inquiry into decision-making under uncertainty,</i> Portland State University, Portland, Oregon. Pages 91–143.</li> <li>Mills D (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kkRKJCofvXMC&pg=PA246&dq=herring%7Cherrings+clupea&hl=en&sa=X&ei=kKGXT5P7IOuwiQf83ICHBg&ved=0CJYBEOgBMBA#v=onepage&q=herring%7Cherrings%20clupea&f=false">"Salmonids"</a> In: pp. 252–261, Steele JH, Thorpe SA and Turekian KK (2010) <i>Marine Biology: A Derivative of the Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences</i>, Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-096480-5">978-0-08-096480-5</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/30/AR2007013001757.html">NEWS January 31, 2007: U.S. Orders Modification of Klamath River – Dams Removal May Prove More Cost-Effective for allowing the passage of Salmon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.state.ak.us/asp/edocs/2007/04/ocn131181333.pdf">Salmon age and sex composition and mean lengths for the Yukon River area, 2004 / by Shawna Karpovich and Larry DuBois.</a> Hosted by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.state.ak.us/">Alaska State Publications Program</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 61/July 1902/Studies in the Natural History of the Sacramento Salmon"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_61/July_1902/Studies_in_the_Natural_History_of_the_Sacramento_Salmon">"Studies in the Natural History of the Sacramento Salmon" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i>. Vol. 61. July 1902.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Studies+in+the+Natural+History+of+the+Sacramento+Salmon&rft.volume=61&rft.date=1902-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalmon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traffic.org/fisheries-reports/traffic_pub_fisheries7.pdf">Trading Tails: Linkages Between Russian Salmon Fisheries and East Asian Markets. Shelley Clarke. (November 2007). 120pp.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85850-230-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85850-230-4">978-1-85850-230-4</a>.</li> <li><i>The Salmons Tale</i>, one of the twelve Ionan Tales by Jim MacCool</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Salmon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Salmon">Salmon</a></span>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Salmon" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Salmon">Salmon</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/salmon" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/salmon">salmon</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Salmon" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Salmon">Salmon</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511194227/http://www.mensjournal.com/salmon">"Last Stand of the American Salmon"</a>, G. Bruce Knecht for Men's Journal (archived 11 May 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfb.ca/film/Plea_for_the_Wanderer/"><i>Plea for the Wanderer</i>, an NFB documentary on West Coast salmon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/arcticsalmon">Arctic Salmon on Facebook</a> research project studying Pacific salmon in the Arctic and potential links to climate change</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/salmonweb/index.html">University of Washington Libraries Digital Collections – Salmon Collection</a> A collection of documents describing salmon of the Pacific Northwest.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salmonnation.com/">Salmon Nation</a> A movement to create a bioregional community, based on the historic spawning area of Pacific salmon (CA to AK).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arcticsalmon.ca/">Arctic Salmon</a> – Pacific salmon distribution and abundance seems to be increasing in the Arctic. Links to a Canadian research project documenting changes in Pacific salmon and studying Pacific salmon ecology in the Arctic.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salmon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salmon" title="Template:Salmon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salmon" title="Template talk:Salmon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salmon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salmon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salmon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salmon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups and<br />species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">Salmonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_salmon" title="Black Sea salmon">Black Sea salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus" title="Oncorhynchus">Pacific salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chum_salmon" title="Chum salmon">Chum salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">Chinook salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">Coho salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_masou" title="Oncorhynchus masou">Masu salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_salmon" title="Pink salmon">Pink salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelhead" title="Steelhead">Steelhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">Sockeye salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_masou_formosanus" title="Oncorhynchus masou formosanus">Taiwanese salmon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huchen" title="Huchen">Danube salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncorhynchus_rastrosus" title="Oncorhynchus rastrosus">Spike-toothed salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified salmon">Genetically modified salmon</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg/140px-Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg/210px-Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg/280px-Salmo_salar_GLERL_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="331" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_salmon_fishery" title="Alaska salmon fishery">Alaska salmon fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Aquaculture of salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_fly_fishing_(species_related)#Fly_fishing_for_salmon,_steelhead,_and_seatrout" title="Bibliography of fly fishing (species related)">Fly fishing bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_McKenzie_Fish_Hatchery" title="Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery">Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Salmon_War" title="Pacific Salmon War">Pacific Salmon War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-spawn_mortality_in_coho_salmon" title="Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon">Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Putcher">Putcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putcher_fishing" title="Putcher fishing">Putcher fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_hogs" title="June hogs">June hogs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_as_food" title="Salmon as food">As food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cured_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cured salmon">Cured salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohikeitto" title="Lohikeitto">Lohikeitto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomi-lomi_salmon" title="Lomi-lomi salmon">Lomi salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui-be" title="Rui-be">Rui-be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Salmon burger">Salmon burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_tartare" title="Salmon tartare">Salmon tartare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_salmon" title="Smoked salmon">Smoked salmon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and<br />parasites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_salmon" title="Diseases and parasites in salmon">Diseases and parasites in salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_gill_disease" title="Amoebic gill disease">Amoebic gill disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratomyxa_shasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratomyxa shasta">Ceratomyxa shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gyrodactylus_salaris" title="Gyrodactylus salaris">Gyrodactylus salaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henneguya_zschokkei" title="Henneguya zschokkei">Henneguya zschokkei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_salmon_anemia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious salmon anemia virus">Infectious salmon anemia virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M74_syndrome" title="M74 syndrome">M74 syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">Myxobolus cerebralis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanophyetus_salmincola" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanophyetus salmincola">Nanophyetus salmincola</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_louse" title="Salmon louse">Salmon louse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_louse" title="Sea louse">Sea louse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium">Salmon tapeworm</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerothecum_destruens" title="Sphaerothecum destruens">Sphaerothecum destruens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetracapsuloides_bryosalmonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae">Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound_salmon_recovery" title="Puget Sound salmon recovery">Puget Sound salmon recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_with_salmon" title="Environmental issues with salmon">Environmental issues with salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Klamath_River_fish_kill" title="2002 Klamath River fish kill">2002 Klamath River fish kill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelhead_and_salmon_distinct_population_segments" title="Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments">Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Salmon_Federation" title="Atlantic Salmon Federation">Atlantic Salmon Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Inlet_Aquaculture_Association" title="Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association">Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Salmon_Conservation_Organization" title="North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization">North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Salmon_Commission" title="Pacific Salmon Commission">Pacific Salmon Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Salmon_and_Trout_Angling_Association" title="Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association">Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Salmon_Center" title="Wild Salmon Center">Wild Salmon Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_Klickitat_Fisheries_Project" title="Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project">Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceasg" title="Ceasg">Ceasg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(book)" title="Salmon (book)">Salmon (book)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_(color)" title="Salmon (color)">Salmon (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_of_Knowledge" title="Salmon of Knowledge">Salmon of Knowledge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Fishing_in_the_Yemen" title="Salmon Fishing in the Yemen">Salmon Fishing in the Yemen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Salmon_Fly" title="The Salmon Fly">The Salmon Fly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Fish" title="The Big Fish">The Big Fish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Template talk:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial_fish_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commercial fish topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Principal_commercial_fishery_species_groups" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Principal commercial <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a> species groups</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Large pelagic fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Tuna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albacore" title="Albacore">albacore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigeye_tuna" title="Bigeye tuna">bigeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_bluefin_tuna" title="Atlantic bluefin tuna">Atlantic bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_bluefin_tuna" title="Pacific bluefin tuna">Pacific bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bluefin_tuna" title="Southern bluefin tuna">southern bluefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skipjack_tuna" title="Skipjack tuna">skipjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowfin_tuna" title="Yellowfin tuna">yellowfin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">Anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capelin" title="Capelin">Capelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">Menhaden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_saury" title="Pacific saury">Saury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shad">Shad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">Sprat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_sprat" title="European sprat">european</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">Cod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_cod" title="Atlantic cod">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_cod" title="Pacific cod">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock" title="Alaska pollock">Alaska pollock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">Flatfish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaice" title="Plaice">plaice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(fish)" title="Sole (fish)">sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbot" title="Turbot">turbot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">Mullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_roughy" title="Orange roughy">Orange roughy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastes" title="Sebastes">Rockfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sillaginidae" title="Sillaginidae">Smelt-whitings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Toothfish">Toothfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturgeon" title="Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">Trout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild fish">Other wild fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">Eel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitebait" title="Whitebait">Whitebait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_fish" title="Category:Commercial fish">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">Crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">Krill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster" title="Lobster">Lobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prawn" title="Prawn">Prawns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_crustaceans" title="Category:Commercial crustaceans">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_molluscs" title="Category:Commercial molluscs">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber" title="Sea cucumber">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commercial_echinoderms" title="Category:Commercial echinoderms">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fisheries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlantic_cod.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Atlantic cod"><img alt="Atlantic cod" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/140px-Atlantic_cod.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/210px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Atlantic_cod.jpg/280px-Atlantic_cod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="255" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lobster_(PSF).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lobster"><img alt="Lobster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/100px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/150px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Lobster_%28PSF%29.png/200px-Lobster_%28PSF%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pacific oysters"><img alt="Pacific oysters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/80px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/120px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pacific_oysters_01.jpg/160px-Pacific_oysters_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1282" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Farmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighead_carp" title="Bighead carp">bighead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carp" title="Common carp">common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucian_carp" title="Crucian carp">crucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilt-head_bream" title="Gilt-head bream">Gilt-head bream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_trout" title="Rainbow trout">salmon trout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coho_salmon" title="Coho salmon">coho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_salmon" title="Chinook salmon">chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" 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