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</li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Structure of the phosphotungstate anion"><img alt="Structure of the phosphotungstate anion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png/220px-Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png/330px-Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png/440px-Phosphotungstate-3D-polyhedra.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphotungstic_acid.%E1%83%95%E1%83%99.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phosphotungstic_acid.%E1%83%95%E1%83%99.jpg/220px-Phosphotungstic_acid.%E1%83%95%E1%83%99.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phosphotungstic_acid.%E1%83%95%E1%83%99.jpg/330px-Phosphotungstic_acid.%E1%83%95%E1%83%99.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Phosphotungstic_acid.%E1%83%95%E1%83%99.jpg/440px-Phosphotungstic_acid.%E1%83%95%E1%83%99.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Tungstophosphoric acid (TPA)<br />Phosphotungstic acid (PTA, PWA) 12-Phosphotungstic acid<br />12-Tungstophosphoric acid<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Dodecatungstophosphoric acid</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1343-93-7">1343-93-7</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li><li>(hydrate): <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=12501-23-4">12501-23-4</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BW%5D18%2521%2524%28O%5BW%5D%2516%2518%2523%28O%5BW%5D56%28O1%29%28O%5BW%5D247%28O%5BW%5D9%2522%28O%5BW%5D%2512%2513%28O2%29%28O%5BW%5D3%2511%2514%28O%5BW%5D%2517%2519%28O%5BW%5D%28O3%29%28O4%29%28O5%29%28%5BO%2B%2B%5D67%5BP%2B%5D%2515%2520%5BO%2B%2B%5D89%5BW%5D%2510%28O%5BW%5D%28O%5BW%5D%28O%2510%29%28O%2511%29%28O%2512%29%28%5BO%2B%2B%5D%2513%2514%2515%29%5BO-%5D%29%28O%2516%29%28O%2517%29%28%5BO%2B%2B%5D%2518%2519%2520%29%5BO-%5D%29%28O%2521%29%28O%2522%29%5BO-%5D%29%5BO-%5D%29%28O%2523%29%5BO-%5D%29%5BO-%5D%29%5BO-%5D%29%28O%2524%29O%29%5BO-%5D%29O%29%5BO-%5D%29O">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.21241328.html">21241328</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.108.885">100.108.885</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2246598#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>(hydrate): 603-020-3</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>(hydrate): <span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16212977">16212977</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/5KAC2X78XM">5KAC2X78XM</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID30583755">DTXSID30583755</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2246598#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">(hydrate): InChI=1S/H3O4P.H2O.36O.12W/c1-5(2,3)4;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;/h(H3,1,2,3,4);1H2;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: AVFBYUADVDVJQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[W]18%21%24(O[W]%16%18%23(O[W]56(O1)(O[W]247(O[W]9%22(O[W]%12%13(O2)(O[W]3%11%14(O[W]%17%19(O[W](O3)(O4)(O5)([O++]67[P+]%15%20[O++]89[W]%10(O[W](O[W](O%10)(O%11)(O%12)([O++]%13%14%15)[O-])(O%16)(O%17)([O++]%18%19%20)[O-])(O%21)(O%22)[O-])[O-])(O%23)[O-])[O-])[O-])(O%24)O)[O-])O)[O-])O</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub>]</span>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>2880.2 g/mol (anhydrous)    </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>89 °C (192 °F; 362 K) (hydrate) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H302: Harmful if swallowed">H302</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H411</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P264: Wash ... thoroughly after handling.">P264</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P270: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.">P270</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P312: IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell.">P301+P312</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P301+P330+P331: IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.">P301+P330+P331</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P303+P361+P353: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower].">P303+P361+P353</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing.">P304+P340</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P310: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P310</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P321: Specific treatment (see ... on this label).">P321</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P330: Rinse mouth.">P330</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P363: Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.">P363</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P391: Collect spillage.">P391</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P405: Store locked up.">P405</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P501: Dispose of contents/container to ...">P501</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/12px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/18px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/24px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=428739813&page2=Phosphotungstic+acid">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Phosphotungstic acid</b> (<b>PTA</b>) or <b>tungstophosphoric acid</b> (<b>TPA</b>), is a <a href="/wiki/Heteropoly_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteropoly acid">heteropoly acid</a> with the chemical formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">H</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">O</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub>]</span>. It forms hydrates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub>]·<i>n</i>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>. It is normally isolated as the <i>n</i> = 24 hydrate but can be <a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccated</a> to the hexahydrate (<i>n</i> = 6).<sup id="cite_ref-Dias_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dias-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>EPTA</b> is the name of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanolic</a> phosphotungstic acid, its alcohol solution used in biology. It has the appearance of small, colorless-grayish or slightly yellow-green crystals, with melting point 89 °C (24 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> hydrate). It is odorless and soluble in water (200 g/100 ml). It is not especially toxic, but is a mild acidic irritant. The compound is known by a variety of names and acronyms (see 'other names' section of infobox). </p><p>In these names the "12" or "dodeca" reflects the fact that the anion contains 12 tungsten atoms. Some early workers who did not know the structure<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called it phospho-24-tungstic acid, formulating it as 3H<sub>2</sub>O·P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> 24WO<sub>3</sub>·59H<sub>2</sub>O, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">24</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">80</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>)·29H<sub>2</sub>O</span>, which correctly identifies the atomic ratios of P, W and O. This formula was still quoted in papers as late as 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-quintarelli_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quintarelli-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phosphotungstic acid is used in <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> as a component for <a href="/wiki/Staining" title="Staining">staining</a> of cell specimens, often together with <a href="/wiki/Haematoxylin" title="Haematoxylin">haematoxylin</a> as <a href="/wiki/PTAH" class="mw-redirect" title="PTAH">PTAH</a>. It binds to <a href="/wiki/Fibrin" title="Fibrin">fibrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>, and fibres of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissues</a>, and replaces the anions of dyes from these materials, selectively decoloring them. </p><p>Phosphotungstic acid is electron dense, opaque for <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a>. It is a common <a href="/wiki/Negative_stain" title="Negative stain">negative stain</a> for <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, and other biological tissue materials for imaging by a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron microscope">transmission electron microscope</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphotungstate-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Phosphotungstate-3D-balls.png/240px-Phosphotungstate-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Phosphotungstate-3D-balls.png/360px-Phosphotungstate-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Phosphotungstate-3D-balls.png/480px-Phosphotungstate-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Structure of the phosphotungstate anion</figcaption></figure> <p>Gouzerh<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> summarises the historical views on the structure of phosphotungstic acid leading up to Keggin's determination of the structure as: </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub>[P(W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">7</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]</span> proposed by Miolati and further developed by Rosenheim</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>[PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">18</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">36</sub>]</span> (Pauling)</li></ul> <p>The structure was determined by J.F Keggin first published in 1933<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then in 1934<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is generally known as the <a href="/wiki/Keggin_structure" title="Keggin structure">Keggin structure</a>. The anion has full tetrahedral symmetry and comprises a cage of twelve tungsten atoms linked by oxygen atoms with the phosphorus atom at its centre. The picture on the right shows the octahedral coordination of oxygen atoms around the tungsten atoms, and that the surface of the anion has both bridging and terminal oxygen atoms. Further investigation showed that the compound was a hexahydrate not a pentahydrate as Keggin had proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation_and_chemical_properties">Preparation and chemical properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparation and chemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phosphotungstic acid can be prepared by the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_tungstate" title="Sodium tungstate">sodium tungstate</a> dihydrate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>WO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O</span>, with <a href="/wiki/Phosphoric_acid" title="Phosphoric acid">phosphoric acid</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>PO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>, acidified with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, HCl.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This procedure has been updated.<sup id="cite_ref-Dias_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dias-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phosphotungstic acid solutions decompose as the pH is increased. A step-wise decomposition has been determined and the approximate compositions at various pH values are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-zhu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>pH</th> <th>principal components </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.0</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub>]<sup>3−</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.2</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub>]<sup>3−</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">21</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">71</sub>]<sup>6−</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">39</sub>]<sup>7−</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.5</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub>]<sup>3−</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">21</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">71</sub>]<sup>6−</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">39</sub>]<sup>7−</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">18</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">62</sub>]<sup>6−</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">19</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">67</sub>]<sup>10−</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5.4</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">21</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">71</sub>]<sup>6−</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">39</sub>]<sup>7−</sup></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">18</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">62</sub>]<sup>6−</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7.3</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">9</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">34</sub>]<sup>9−</sup></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8.3</td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">PO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>3−</span><span>4</span></span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">WO<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>2−</span><span>4</span></span></span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>The species <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">11</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">39</sub>]<sup>7−</sup></span> is a lacunary, or defective Keggin ion. The <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[P<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">18</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">62</sub>]<sup>6−</sup></span> has a <a href="/wiki/Polyoxometalate" title="Polyoxometalate">Dawson structure</a>. At pH less than 8, the presence of ethanol or acetone stabilises the anion, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub>]<sup>3−</sup></span>, reducing decomposition.<sup id="cite_ref-zhu_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tungstophosphoric acid is thermally stable up to 400 °C, and is more stable than the analogous <a href="/wiki/Silicotungstic_acid" title="Silicotungstic acid">silicotungstic acid</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>[SiW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-okuharaencyclo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okuharaencyclo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large quantities of polar molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Pyridine" title="Pyridine">pyridine</a> are absorbed into the bulk phase and not simply adsorbed onto the surface. Solid state <a href="/wiki/NMR" class="mw-redirect" title="NMR">NMR</a> studies of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> absorbed in the bulk phase show that both protonated dimers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">(C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>, and monomers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>OH<span class="template-chem2-su"><span>+</span><span>2</span></span></span>, are present. </p><p>Phosphotungstic acid is less sensitive to reduction than phosphomolybdic acid. Reduction with <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_sulfate" title="Iron(II) sulfate">iron(II) sulfate</a> produces a brown coloured compound. the related silicotungstic acid when reduced forms a similar brown compound where one of the four <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> units in the Keggin structure becomes a metal-metal bonded cluster of three edge shared <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">W<sup class="template-chem2-sup">IV</sup></span> octahedra.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Phosphotungstic acid is the strongest of <a href="/wiki/Heteropolyacid" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteropolyacid">heteropolyacids</a>. Its conjugate base is the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PW<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub>]<sup>3−</sup></span> anion.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its acidity in acetic acid has been investigated and shows that the three protons dissociate independently rather than sequentially, and the acid sites are of the same strength.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One estimate of the acidity is that the solid has an acidity stronger than <a href="/wiki/Hammett_acidity_function" title="Hammett acidity function">H<sub>0</sub></a> = −13.16,<sup id="cite_ref-okuharaencyclo_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okuharaencyclo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would qualify the compound as a <a href="/wiki/Superacid" title="Superacid">superacid</a>. This acidic strength means that even at low pH the acid is fully dissociated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalyst">Catalyst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Catalyst"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In common with the other <a href="/wiki/Heteropolyacid" class="mw-redirect" title="Heteropolyacid">heteropolyacids</a> phosphotungstic acid is a catalyst and its high acidity and thermal stability make it a catalyst of choice according to some researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is in solution as a <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_catalysis" title="Homogeneous catalysis">homogeneous catalyst</a>, and as a <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous catalyst</a> "supported" on a substrate e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">alumina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a>. Some acid catalysed reactions include: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_catalysis" title="Homogeneous catalysis">homogeneous catalysis</a> of the hydrolysis of propene to give 2-propanol</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Homogeneous_catalysis" title="Homogeneous catalysis">homogeneous catalysis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prins_reaction" title="Prins reaction">Prins reaction</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous_catalysis" title="Heterogeneous catalysis">heterogeneous catalysis</a> of the dehydration of 2-propanol to propene and <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> to hydrocarbons.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyeing_and_pigments">Dyeing and pigments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dyeing and pigments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phosphotungstic acid has been used to precipitate different types of dyes as "<a href="/wiki/Lake_pigment" title="Lake pigment">lakes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are basic dyes and triphenylmethane dyes, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pararosaniline" title="Pararosaniline">pararosaniline</a> derivatives.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Histology">Histology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Histology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phosphotungstic acid is used in <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> for staining specimens, as a component of phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin, <a href="/wiki/PTAH" class="mw-redirect" title="PTAH">PTAH</a>, and “trichrome” reagents, and as a <a href="/wiki/Negative_stain" title="Negative stain">negative stain</a> for imaging by a <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission electron microscope">transmission electron microscope</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>Phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin (<a href="/wiki/PTAH" class="mw-redirect" title="PTAH">PTAH</a>)</dt></dl> <dl><dd>Mallory described the reagent now generally known as PTAH in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PTAH stains tissues either reddish brown or blue depending on their type. This property of simultaneously staining two different colours is different from other haematoxylin reagents e.g. alum-haematoxylin. The role of phosphotungstic acid and the mechanism of staining is not fully understood. The active component of haematoxylin is the oxidised form, haematin, although this rarely acknowledged in the literature which refer to haematoxylin staining. Phosphotungstic acid forms a lake with haematin.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The make –up of the reagent is uncertain, examination of a year old sample showed there to be three coloured components, blue, red and yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were not identified. Some investigations of “model” systems, reacting various compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">pyrimidines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">amines</a> with PTAH show that they give rise to different colours.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Trichrome reagents</dt> <dd>In these reagents two or three basic dyes are used with phosphotungstic acid, in either a one step or multi-stage procedure. These reagents colour different tissue types different colours. Again the mechanism of staining is not fully understood. Some explanations include the proposal that phosphotungstic acid acts as a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> to bind the dye to the tissue<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that alternatively it binds to tissue blocking it to dye molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Negative staining</dt> <dd>Adsorption onto tissue or the surface of viruses and its electron density are the bases of phosphotungstic acids action as a <a href="/wiki/Negative_stain" title="Negative stain">negative stain</a>. This electron density arises from the presence of the 12 tungsten atoms which each have an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> of 74. The mechanism of the adsorption onto tissue has been proposed as being electrostatic rather than involving hydrogen bonding, as adsorption is not affected by pH.<sup id="cite_ref-quintarelli_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quintarelli-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The potassium salt is only slightly soluble, unlike most other phosphotungstate salts, and has been proposed as a method for the <a href="/wiki/Gravimetric_analysis" title="Gravimetric analysis">gravimetric analysis</a> of potassium.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precipitation_of_proteins">Precipitation of proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Precipitation of proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a number of analytical procedures one of the roles of phosphotungstic acid is to precipitate out proteins. It has been termed a "universal" precipitant for polar proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further studies showed that no precipitation occurred with α-amino groups but did occur with guanidino, ε-amino and imidazole groups.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicinal">Medicinal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medicinal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Very little work appears to have been carried out in this area. One example relates to liver necrosis in rats.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composite_proton_exchange_membranes">Composite proton exchange membranes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Composite proton exchange membranes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The heteropoly acids, including phosphotungstic acid, are being investigated as materials in composite <a href="/wiki/Proton_exchange_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton exchange membrane">proton exchange membranes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nafion" title="Nafion">Nafion</a>. The interest lies in the potential of these composite materials in the manufacture of fuel cells as they have improved operating characteristics.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphomolybdic_acid" title="Phosphomolybdic acid">Phosphomolybdic acid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphotungstic_acid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCottonWilkinson1966" class="citation book cs1">Cotton FA, Wilkinson G (1966). <i>Advanced inorganic chemistry: a comprehensive text</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0470175583" title="Special:BookSources/0470175583"><bdi>0470175583</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/66020662">66020662</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85904497">85904497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+inorganic+chemistry%3A+a+comprehensive+text&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85904497&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F66020662&rft.isbn=0470175583&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=Frank+Albert&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphotungstic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dias-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dias_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dias_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiasDiasCaliman2014" class="citation book cs1">Dias, J. A.; Dias, S. C. L.; Caliman, E. (2014). "Keggin Structure Polyoxometalates". <i>Keggin Structure Polyoxoometalates</i>. Inorganic Syntheses. Vol. 36. p. 210-217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118744994.ch39">10.1002/9781118744994.ch39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118744994" title="Special:BookSources/9781118744994"><bdi>9781118744994</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Keggin+Structure+Polyoxometalates&rft.btitle=Keggin+Structure+Polyoxoometalates&rft.series=Inorganic+Syntheses&rft.pages=210-217&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118744994.ch39&rft.isbn=9781118744994&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Dias%2C+S.+C.+L.&rft.au=Caliman%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphotungstic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wu-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wu_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsein1920" class="citation journal cs1">Hsein W (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/content/43/1/189.short">"Contribution to the chemistry of phosphomolybdic acids, phosphotungstic acids and allied substances"</a>. <i>Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>43</b>: 189–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2986325-6">10.1016/S0021-9258(18)86325-6</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Contribution+to+the+chemistry+of+phosphomolybdic+acids%2C+phosphotungstic+acids+and+allied+substances&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=189-220&rft.date=1920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2818%2986325-6&rft.aulast=Hsein&rft.aufirst=W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcontent%2F43%2F1%2F189.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphotungstic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quintarelli-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quintarelli_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quintarelli_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuintarelliZitoCifonelli1971" class="citation journal cs1">Quintarelli G, Zito R, Cifonelli JA (November 1971). 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"From Scheele and Berzelius to Müller Polyoxometalates (POMs) revisited and the "missing link" between the bottom up and top down approaches". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Actualit%C3%A9_Chimique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Actualité Chimique (page does not exist)">L'Actualité Chimique</a></i>. <b>298</b>: 9–22. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42749543">42749543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Actualit%C3%A9+Chimique&rft.atitle=From+Scheele+and+Berzelius+to+M%C3%BCller+Polyoxometalates+%28POMs%29+revisited+and+the+%22missing+link%22+between+the+bottom+up+and+top+down+approaches&rft.volume=298&rft.pages=9-22&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42749543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gouzerh&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Che%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphotungstic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeggin1933" class="citation journal cs1">Keggin JF (1933). 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"Dodecatungstophosphoric acid hexahydrate, (H<sub>5</sub>O<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>)<sub>3</sub>(PW<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub><sup>3−</sup>). The true structure of Keggin's 'pentahydrate' from single-crystal X-ray and neutron diffraction data". <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Crystallographica_Section_B" title="Acta Crystallographica Section B">Acta Crystallographica Section B</a></i>. <b>33</b> (4): 1038–1046. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2Fs0567740877005330">10.1107/s0567740877005330</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0567-7408">0567-7408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica+Section+B&rft.atitle=Dodecatungstophosphoric+acid+hexahydrate%2C+%28H%3Csub%3E5%3C%2Fsub%3EO%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E%2B%3C%2Fsup%3E%29%3Csub%3E3%3C%2Fsub%3E%28PW%3Csub%3E12%3C%2Fsub%3EO%3Csub%3E40%3C%2Fsub%3E%3Csup%3E3%E2%88%92%3C%2Fsup%3E%29.+The+true+structure+of+Keggin%27s+%27pentahydrate%27+from+single-crystal+X-ray+and+neutron+diffraction+data&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1038-1046&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2Fs0567740877005330&rft.issn=0567-7408&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=GM&rft.au=Noe-Spirlet%2C+MR&rft.au=Busing%2C+WR&rft.au=Levy%2C+HA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhosphotungstic+acid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailar,_Jr.BoothGrennert1939" class="citation book cs1">Bailar, Jr., John C.; Booth, H. 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tungsten_compounds" title="Template:Tungsten compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tungsten_compounds" title="Template talk:Tungsten compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tungsten_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tungsten compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tungsten_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten compounds">Tungsten compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexacarbonyl" title="Tungsten hexacarbonyl">W(CO)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexakis(trimethylphosphine)tungsten" title="Hexakis(trimethylphosphine)tungsten">W(PMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_disilicide" title="Tungsten disilicide">WSi<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(II)_chloride" title="Tungsten(II) chloride">WCl<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(II)_iodide" title="Tungsten(II) iodide">WI<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten(II)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten(II) hydroxide (page does not exist)">W(OH)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditungsten_tetra(hpp)" title="Ditungsten tetra(hpp)">W<sub>2</sub>(hpp)<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_oxide" title="Tungsten(III) oxide">W<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_chloride" title="Tungsten(III) chloride">WCl<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(III)_iodide" title="Tungsten(III) iodide">WI<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III)" title="Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungsten(III)">W<sub>2</sub>(O<i>t</i>Bu)<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_carbide" title="Tungsten carbide">WC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_oxide" title="Tungsten(IV) oxide">WO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(IV) sulfide">WS<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_diselenide" title="Tungsten diselenide">WSe<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_telluride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(IV) telluride">WTe<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_fluoride" title="Tungsten(IV) fluoride">WF<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_chloride" title="Tungsten(IV) chloride">WCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten(IV)_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten(IV) bromide (page does not exist)">WBr<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(IV)_iodide" title="Tungsten(IV) iodide">WI<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_pentoxide" title="Tungsten pentoxide">W<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(V)_bromide" title="Tungsten(V) bromide">WBr<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(V)_chloride" title="Tungsten(V) chloride">W<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hexafluorotungstate" title="Lithium hexafluorotungstate">LiWF<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tungsten(VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_dichloride_dioxide" title="Tungsten dichloride dioxide">WO<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexabromide" title="Tungsten hexabromide">WBr<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexachloride" title="Tungsten hexachloride">WCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_hexafluoride" title="Tungsten hexafluoride">WF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_nitride" title="Tungsten nitride">WN<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trioxide" title="Tungsten trioxide">WO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_trisulfide" title="Tungsten trisulfide">WS<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_diarsenide" title="Tungsten diarsenide">WAs<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(VI)_oxytetrabromide" title="Tungsten(VI) oxytetrabromide">WOBr<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(VI)_oxytetrachloride" title="Tungsten(VI) oxytetrachloride">WOCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten(VI)_oxytetrafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten(VI) oxytetrafluoride">WOF<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungstic_acid" title="Tungstic acid">H<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organotungsten_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotungsten compounds">Organotungsten(VI) compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethyltungsten" title="Hexamethyltungsten">W(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polytungstate salts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">H<sub>3</sub>PW<sub>12</sub>O<sub>40</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_paratungstate" title="Ammonium paratungstate">(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>10</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>W<sub>12</sub>O<sub>42</sub>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatungstate" title="Sodium metatungstate"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>[H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>W<sub class="template-chem2-sub">12</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">40</sub>]</span></a></li></ul> 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