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the United States">Conflict of laws in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_question" title="Incidental question">Incidental question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renvoi" title="Renvoi">Renvoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">Public policy doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conference_on_Private_International_Law" title="Hague Conference on Private International Law">Hague Conference</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Definitional elements</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedure_in_conflict_of_laws" title="Procedure in conflict of laws">Procedure</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forum_non_conveniens" title="Forum non conveniens">Forum non conveniens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_causae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex causae">Lex causae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_fori" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex fori">Lex fori</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_shopping" title="Forum shopping">Forum shopping</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lis_alibi_pendens" title="Lis alibi pendens">Lis alibi pendens</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Connecting factors</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domicile_(law)" title="Domicile (law)">Domicile</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_domicilii" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex domicilii">Lex domicilii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitual_residence" title="Habitual residence">Habitual residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">Nationality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex patriae">Lex patriae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_arbitri" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci arbitri">Lex loci arbitri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_rei_sitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci rei sitae">Lex loci rei sitae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_contractus" title="Lex loci contractus">Lex loci contractus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_delicti_commissi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci delicti commissi">Lex loci delicti commissi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_actus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci actus">Lex loci actus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_solutionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci solutionis">Lex loci solutionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_protectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci protectionis">Lex loci protectionis</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Proper law</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_celebrationis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci celebrationis">Lex loci celebrationis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law_clause" title="Choice of law clause">Choice of law clause</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9pe%C3%A7age" title="Dépeçage">Dépeçage</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_selection_clause" title="Forum selection clause">Forum selection clause</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Substantive legal areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Status (law)">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_(law)" title="Capacity (law)">Capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_contract_laws" title="Conflict of contract laws">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_tort_laws" title="Conflict of tort laws">Tort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_marriage_laws" title="Conflict of marriage laws">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_divorce_laws" title="Conflict of divorce laws">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_rei_sitae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci rei sitae">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_heirship" title="Forced heirship">Forced heirship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Trust_Convention" title="Hague Trust Convention">Hague Trust Convention</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Enforcement</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_of_foreign_judgments" title="Enforcement of foreign judgments">Enforcement of foreign judgments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-suit_injunction" title="Anti-suit injunction">Anti-suit injunctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_foreign_revenue_enforcement" title="Rule against foreign revenue enforcement">Revenue rule</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conflict_of_laws" title="Template:Conflict of laws"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conflict_of_laws" title="Template talk:Conflict of laws"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conflict_of_laws" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conflict of laws"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The doctrine of the <b>proper law</b> is applied in the <a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law" title="Choice of law">choice of law</a> stage of a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> involving the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">conflict of laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> is in dispute, one or more state laws will be relevant to the decision-making process. If the laws are the same, this will cause no problems, but if there are substantive differences, the <a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law" title="Choice of law">choice of which law</a> to apply will produce a different <a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">judgment</a>. Each state, therefore, produces a set of rules to guide the choice of law, and one of the most significant rules is that the law to be applied in any given situation will be the <i>proper law</i>. This is the law that seems to have the closest and most real connection to the <a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">facts of the case</a>, and so has the best claim to be applied. The term "proper" refers back to the older English sense as being "proper to". In other words, the law proper to the contract or the contractual term or issue involved. </p><p>All laws, to a greater or lesser extent, are reflections of the <a href="/wiki/Public_policy_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public policy (law)">public policies</a> of the state that enacted them. The more important the policy to the <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>, the greater the claim of the relevant law to be applied. Thus, if laws exist to protect <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a>, the law of the place where loss or damage is sustained might have a strong claim to apply: e.g. in a traffic accident, two cars collide because of faulty maintenance and both drivers are injured – the local laws exist to provide some degree of protection for all those who use the roads in that state, setting minimum standards for the design and maintenance of vehicles, specifying what levels of <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">insurance</a> should be carried, setting the minimum age and qualifications for the right to drive, etc. </p><p>But the problem with accepting the claim of anyone state to have its law apply is that the result may be somewhat arbitrary. So, in the example given, if neither driver had a residence in the state, and the cars were both maintained outside the state, the laws of other states may have an equal or better claim to apply. The advantage of the <i>proper law</i> approach is that it builds in flexibility rather than offering a mechanical rule. Suppose that there is a <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> between an <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Company_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Company (law)">company</a> and an <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnership</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sale_of_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale of goods">sale of goods</a> made in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> to be shipped from <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> on a ship flying the flag of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> port. Adopting a rule such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_contractus" title="Lex loci contractus">lex loci contractus</a></i>, i.e. apply the law of the place where the contract was made, might actually select a law having no other connection with the substance of the bargain made by the parties. Similarly, picking the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_loci_solutionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex loci solutionis">lex loci solutionis</a></i>, i.e. the law of the place where the contract is to be performed, may prove to be equally irrelevant, assuming that there is only one place where performance is to occur: in the example, there is manufacture in Greece, delivery to Belgium, loading in Belgium, carriage on the high seas, and unloading in Sweden. So, if the contract does not make an express selection of the law to apply (see the <a href="/wiki/Choice_of_law_clause" title="Choice of law clause">choice of law clause</a>), the parties are deemed to have chosen to be bound by the law with which the contract has the closest and most real connection. </p><p>The general rule is that the <i>proper law</i> is the primary system of law that governs most aspects of the factual situation giving rise to the dispute. This does not imply that all the aspects of the factual circumstances are necessarily governed by the same system of law, but there is a strong presumption that this will be the case (see <a href="/wiki/Characterisation_(conflict)" class="mw-redirect" title="Characterisation (conflict)">characterization</a>). So, the process of legal analysis undertaken by the courts in each case identifies all the facts that have a specific geographical connection, e.g. where the parties reside or their businesses operate, where an agreement was made, where relevant actions were performed, etc. Once all the relevant connecting factors have been identified, the law of the state that has the greatest number of connections will be the proper law. In the event of a tie, the connecting factors which relate to performance will be given greater weight than the connecting factors affect form. In most cases, this weighting will produce a clear winner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proper_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J H C Morris. "The Proper Law of the Contract". The Conflict of Laws. Third Edition. Stevens and Sons. London. 1984. ISBN 0-420-46890-0. Pages 265 to 282. See also "The proper law of the tort" at pages 304 and 305, "The proper law of the transfer" at page 351, and "The proper law of the debt" at page 359. And see also pages 72, 135, 136, 414 to 416, 422 and 423.</li> <li>A E Anton. "The Proper Law". Private International Law: A treatise from the standpoint of Scots law. (Scottish Universities Law Institute). W Green & Son. Edinburgh. 1967. Reprinted 1970. Pages 185 to 199. See also "Proper Law" at page 451, and see also pages 244 and 470.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uollb.com/blog/law/what-is-proper-law">"What Is Proper Law?"</a>. <i>UOLLB</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UOLLB&rft.atitle=What+Is+Proper+Law%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuollb.com%2Fblog%2Flaw%2Fwhat-is-proper-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProper+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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