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(PDF) Geochemical and Biochemical Co-Evolution of Uranium and Thorium Minerals | Robert Hazen - Academia.edu
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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F53413719%2FGeochemical_and_Biochemical_Co_Evolution_of_Uranium_and_Thorium_Minerals%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":70270115,"identifier":"Attachment_70270115","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":53413719,"created_at":"2021-09-26T13:30:21.810-07:00","from_world_paper_id":174058588,"updated_at":"2024-11-24T09:16:17.355-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"The origins and near-surface distributions of the ~250 known uranium and/or thorium minerals elucidate principles of mineral evolution. This history can be divided into four phases. The first, from ~4.5 to 3.5 Ga, involved successive concentrations of uranium and thorium from their initial uniform trace distribution into magmatic-related fluids from which the first U 4+ and Th 4+ minerals, uraninite (ideally UO 2), thorianite (ThO 2), and coffinite (USiO 4), precipitated in the crust. The second period, from ~3.5 to 2.2 Ga, saw the formation of large low-grade concentrations of detrital uraninite (containing several wt% Th) in the Witwatersrand-type quartz-pebble conglomerates deposited in a highly anoxic fluvial environment. Abiotic alteration of uraninite and coffinite, including radiolysis and auto-oxidation caused by radioactive decay and the formation of helium from alpha particles, may have resulted in the formation of a limited suite of uranyl oxide-hydroxides. Earth's third phase of uranium mineral evolution, during which most known U minerals first precipitated from reactions of soluble uranyl (U 6+ O 2) 2+ complexes, followed the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at ~2.2 Ga and thus was mediated indirectly by biologic activity. Most uraninite deposited during this phase was low in Th and precipitated from saline and oxidizing hydrothermal solutions (100 to 300 °C) transporting (UO 2) 2+-chloride complexes. Examples include the unconformity-and vein-type U deposits (Australia and Canada) and the unique Oklo natural nuclear reactors in Gabon. The onset of hydrothermal transport of (UO 2) 2+ complexes in the upper crust may reflect the availability of CaSO 4bearing evaporites after the GOE. During this phase, most uranyl minerals would have been able to form in the O 2-bearing near-surface environment for the first time through weathering processes. The fourth phase of uranium mineralization began ~400 million years ago, as the rise of land plants led to non-marine organic-rich sediments that promoted new sandstone-type ore deposits. The modes of accumulation and even the compositions of uraninite, as well as the multiple oxidation states of U (4+, 5+, and 6+), are a sensitive indicator of global redox conditions. In contrast, the behavior of thorium, which has only a single oxidation state (4+) that has a very low solubility in the absence of aqueous F-complexes, cannot reflect changing redox conditions. Geochemical concentration of Th relative to U at high temperatures is therefore limited to special magmatic-related environments, where U 4+ is preferentially removed by chloride or carbonate complexes, and at low temperatures by mineral surface reactions. The near-surface mineralogy of uranium and thorium provide a measure of a planet's geotectonic and geobiological history. In the absence of extensive magmatic-related fluid reworking of the crust and upper mantle, uranium and thorium will not become sufficiently concentrated to form their own minerals or ore deposits. Furthermore, in the absence of surface oxidation, all but a handful of the known uranium minerals are unlikely to have formed.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"70270115"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Geochemical and Biochemical Co-Evolution of Uranium and Thorium Minerals","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [38066937]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":70270115,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Geochemical and Biochemical Co-Evolution of Uranium and Thorium Minerals”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/70270115/mini_magick20210926-2099-tfnjyj.png?1632688697" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Geochemical and Biochemical Co-Evolution of Uranium and Thorium Minerals</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38066937" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RHazen"><img alt="Profile image of Robert Hazen" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Robert Hazen</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The origins and near-surface distributions of the ~250 known uranium and/or thorium minerals elucidate principles of mineral evolution. This history can be divided into four phases. The first, from ~4.5 to 3.5 Ga, involved successive concentrations of uranium and thorium from their initial uniform trace distribution into magmatic-related fluids from which the first U 4+ and Th 4+ minerals, uraninite (ideally UO 2), thorianite (ThO 2), and coffinite (USiO 4), precipitated in the crust. The second period, from ~3.5 to 2.2 Ga, saw the formation of large low-grade concentrations of detrital uraninite (containing several wt% Th) in the Witwatersrand-type quartz-pebble conglomerates deposited in a highly anoxic fluvial environment. Abiotic alteration of uraninite and coffinite, including radiolysis and auto-oxidation caused by radioactive decay and the formation of helium from alpha particles, may have resulted in the formation of a limited suite of uranyl oxide-hydroxides. Earth's third phase of uranium mineral evolution, during which most known U minerals first precipitated from reactions of soluble uranyl (U 6+ O 2) 2+ complexes, followed the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) at ~2.2 Ga and thus was mediated indirectly by biologic activity. Most uraninite deposited during this phase was low in Th and precipitated from saline and oxidizing hydrothermal solutions (100 to 300 °C) transporting (UO 2) 2+-chloride complexes. Examples include the unconformity-and vein-type U deposits (Australia and Canada) and the unique Oklo natural nuclear reactors in Gabon. The onset of hydrothermal transport of (UO 2) 2+ complexes in the upper crust may reflect the availability of CaSO 4bearing evaporites after the GOE. During this phase, most uranyl minerals would have been able to form in the O 2-bearing near-surface environment for the first time through weathering processes. The fourth phase of uranium mineralization began ~400 million years ago, as the rise of land plants led to non-marine organic-rich sediments that promoted new sandstone-type ore deposits. The modes of accumulation and even the compositions of uraninite, as well as the multiple oxidation states of U (4+, 5+, and 6+), are a sensitive indicator of global redox conditions. In contrast, the behavior of thorium, which has only a single oxidation state (4+) that has a very low solubility in the absence of aqueous F-complexes, cannot reflect changing redox conditions. Geochemical concentration of Th relative to U at high temperatures is therefore limited to special magmatic-related environments, where U 4+ is preferentially removed by chloride or carbonate complexes, and at low temperatures by mineral surface reactions. The near-surface mineralogy of uranium and thorium provide a measure of a planet's geotectonic and geobiological history. In the absence of extensive magmatic-related fluid reworking of the crust and upper mantle, uranium and thorium will not become sufficiently concentrated to form their own minerals or ore deposits. Furthermore, in the absence of surface oxidation, all but a handful of the known uranium minerals are unlikely to have formed.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":70270115,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/53413719/Geochemical_and_Biochemical_Co_Evolution_of_Uranium_and_Thorium_Minerals"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":70270115,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/53413719/Geochemical_and_Biochemical_Co_Evolution_of_Uranium_and_Thorium_Minerals"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="70270115" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/53413719/Geochemical_and_Biochemical_Co_Evolution_of_Uranium_and_Thorium_Minerals" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="25205644" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25205644/Evolution_of_uranium_and_thorium_minerals">Evolution of uranium and thorium minerals</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46865802" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RodneyCEwing">Rodney C Ewing</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Mineralogist, 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The origins and near-surface distributions of the ~250 known uranium and/or thorium minerals elucidate principles of mineral evolution. This history can be divided into four phases. The first, from ~4.5 to 3.5 Ga, involved successive concentrations of uranium and thorium from their initial uniform trace distribution into magmatic-related fluids from which the first U 4+ and Th 4+ minerals, uraninite (ideally UO 2 ), thorianite (ThO 2 ), and coffinite (USiO 4 ), precipitated in the crust. The second period, from ~3.5 to 2.2 Ga, saw the formation of large low-grade concentrations of detrital uraninite (containing several wt% Th) in the Witwatersrand-type quartz-pebble conglomerates deposited in a highly anoxic fluvial environment. Abiotic alteration of uraninite and coffinite, including radiolysis and auto-oxidation caused by radioactive decay and the formation of helium from alpha particles, may have resulted in the formation of a limited suite of uranyl oxide-hydroxides.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evolution of uranium and thorium minerals","attachmentId":45517396,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25205644/Evolution_of_uranium_and_thorium_minerals","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25205644/Evolution_of_uranium_and_thorium_minerals"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="61460539" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61460539/Oxidation_of_hydrothermal_U_deposits_influence_of_primary_mineralization_on_type_and_apparence_of_secondary_U_minerals">Oxidation of hydrothermal U deposits: influence of primary mineralization on type and apparence of secondary U minerals</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="101534107" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZBerner">Zsolt Berner</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The hydrothermal uranium vein-type deposits of Menzenschwand and Wittichen in the Schwarzwald in southwestern Germany have been investigated with regards to their primary and secondary mineralization. Primary magmatic uraninite I from the host granite of Menzenschwand, primary hydrothermal uraninite II and secondary (supergene) uranyl silicates (uranophane and cuprosklodowskite), uranyl phosphates (torbernite and uranocircite), and uranyl arsenates (zeunerite, heinrichite, nováčekite, walpurgite, and uranospinite) were analyzed for their REE contents by LA-ICP-MS together with uraninite II samples from other known Schwarzwald uraninite II occurrences for comparison. Water samples were taken from drillings and abandoned mines and were analyzed for their major and trace element composition including U and REE. The REE patterns of uraninite show significant Eu anomaly variations: negative Eu anomalies are related to granitic host rocks, whereas positive Eu anomalies imply a gneissic REE source. This is in agreement with the observation of Eu anomalies in granite and gneiss derived waters, which display negative and positive Eu anomalies, respectively. Rare earth element distributions in the secondary uranyl minerals provide information about the sequence of mineral precipitation and the degree of remobilization of U. Cerium anomalies (or their absence) imply that uranyl silicates formed during an earlier stage of weathering under more reduced conditions than the uranyl arsenates and phosphates. The REE patterns of the uranyl silicates in Wittichen are similar to those of uraninite II, suggesting a very local redistribution on the millimeter-to centimeter-scale. In contrast, the REE patterns of uranyl arsenates and phosphates are different from uraninite II patterns and resemble those of the waters. This shows that the uranyl phosphates and arsenates are formed not only by redistribution of U in the hydrothermal veins but are influenced by waters from the host rock implying that U was probably transported over a greater distance. These conclusions are supported by field observations, where uranyl silicates are often found in the vicinity of uraninite II, whereas uranyl phosphates and arsenates are commonly found on fissures in the host rock. To explain specific features in the sulfide-rich (pyrite, chalcopyrite) Menzenschwand deposit, we conducted thermodynamic reaction modeling using the PHREEQC computer code. Sulfide oxidation was modeled by reaction of a U-rich water in equilibrium with atmospheric oxygen with FeS 2 and CuFeS 2. A water that initially precipitates uranophane gradually evolves to more acidic pH values, thereby reaching torbernite saturation. This is in agreement with observed paragenetic sequences. Ongoing reaction results in a further decrease of pH and in the destabilization of uranophane and torbernite. Since goethite precipitates even at low-pH values, these calculations can explain observed pseudomorphs of goethite after both uranophane and torbernite, which are frequently observed at Menzenschwand. If the reaction proceeds and f O2 in the system is buffered by the surrounding minerals, U 6+ can be reduced to U 4+ and uraninite can form and replace pyrite and earlier formed secondary uranium minerals such as ianthinite. Also these textures have been observed. We show that the combination of REE geochemistry, careful paragenetic observations and thermodynamic modeling allows to reconstruct the formation and weathering of uranium deposits in great detail.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Oxidation of hydrothermal U deposits: influence of primary mineralization on type and apparence of secondary U minerals","attachmentId":74484165,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/61460539/Oxidation_of_hydrothermal_U_deposits_influence_of_primary_mineralization_on_type_and_apparence_of_secondary_U_minerals","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/61460539/Oxidation_of_hydrothermal_U_deposits_influence_of_primary_mineralization_on_type_and_apparence_of_secondary_U_minerals"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="30128548" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30128548/Litho_geochemistry_and_relationships_with_potential_Uranium_mineralizations">Litho-geochemistry and relationships with potential Uranium mineralizations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="57328330" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatricePoyet">Patrice Poyet</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1983</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper describes recent results obtained following initial work performed during contract CEE n°003-79-1-EXU-F and presented by Pierre Leymarie in the report CTAM/81/R/08 . The objective was to characterize lithogeochemical anomalies and to relate them to potential geochemical halos observed in rocks and surrounding known uranium mineralizations. Previous studies had shown the existence of halos extending as far as several kilometres beyond known U ore bodies and results obtained here evidence two major types of halos, at different scale and lead to their geochemical characterization.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Litho-geochemistry and relationships with potential Uranium mineralizations","attachmentId":50588329,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/30128548/Litho_geochemistry_and_relationships_with_potential_Uranium_mineralizations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/30128548/Litho_geochemistry_and_relationships_with_potential_Uranium_mineralizations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="13773343" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13773343/Uranium_isotope_fractionation_suggests_oxidative_uranium_mobilization_at_2_50_Ga">Uranium isotope fractionation suggests oxidative uranium mobilization at 2.50 Ga</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32881074" href="https://uwaterloo.academia.edu/BrianKendall">Brian Kendall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemical Geology, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">and sharing with colleagues.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Uranium isotope fractionation suggests oxidative uranium mobilization at 2.50 Ga","attachmentId":38124200,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/13773343/Uranium_isotope_fractionation_suggests_oxidative_uranium_mobilization_at_2_50_Ga","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/13773343/Uranium_isotope_fractionation_suggests_oxidative_uranium_mobilization_at_2_50_Ga"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="18221869" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18221869/Study_of_uranium_oxidation_states_in_geological_material">Study of uranium oxidation states in geological material</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38211355" href="https://helsinki.academia.edu/JuhaniSuksi">Juhani Suksi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="38603788" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IPidchenko">I. Pidchenko</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A wet chemical method to determine uranium (U) oxidation states in geological material has been developed and tested. The problem faced in oxidation state determinations with wet chemical methods is that U redox state may change when extracted from the sample material, thereby leading to erroneous results. In order to quantify and monitor U redox behavior during the acidic extraction in the procedure, an analysis of added isotopic redox tracers, 236 U(VI) and 232 U(IV), and of variations in natural uranium isotope ratio ( 234 U/ 238 U) of indigenous U(IV) and U(VI) fractions was performed. Two sample materials with varying redox activity, U bearing rock and U-rich clayey lignite sediment, were used for the tests. The Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox-pair of the mineral phases was postulated as a potentially disturbing redox agent. The impact of Fe(III) on U was studied by reducing Fe(III) with ascorbic acid, which was added to the extraction solution. We observed that ascorbic acid protected most of the U from oxidation. The measured 234 U/ 238 U ratio in U(IV) and U(VI) fractions in the sediment samples provided a unique tool to quantify U oxidation caused by Fe(III). Annealing (sample heating) to temperatures above 500 C was supposed to heal ionizing radiation induced defects in the material that can disturb U redox state during extraction. Good agreement between two independent methods was obtained for DL-1a material: an average 38% of U(IV) determined by redox tracer corrected wet chemistry and 45% for XANES.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Study of uranium oxidation states in geological material","attachmentId":42114675,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18221869/Study_of_uranium_oxidation_states_in_geological_material","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18221869/Study_of_uranium_oxidation_states_in_geological_material"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="23561144" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23561144/Origin_of_uranium_deposits_revealed_by_their_rare_earth_element_signature">Origin of uranium deposits revealed by their rare earth element signature</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45590006" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JessicaBonhoure">Jessica Bonhoure</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Terra Nova, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Origin of uranium deposits revealed by their rare earth element signature","attachmentId":43987423,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23561144/Origin_of_uranium_deposits_revealed_by_their_rare_earth_element_signature","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23561144/Origin_of_uranium_deposits_revealed_by_their_rare_earth_element_signature"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="27019186" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27019186/REE_geochemical_characteristics_of_the_No_302_uranium_deposit_in_northern_Guangdong_South_China">REE geochemical characteristics of the No. 302 uranium deposit in northern Guangdong, South China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50959569" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JianTian4">Jian Tian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chinese Journal of Geochemistry, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"REE geochemical characteristics of the No. 302 uranium deposit in northern Guangdong, South China","attachmentId":47278499,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27019186/REE_geochemical_characteristics_of_the_No_302_uranium_deposit_in_northern_Guangdong_South_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/27019186/REE_geochemical_characteristics_of_the_No_302_uranium_deposit_in_northern_Guangdong_South_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="3441443" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3441443/Critical_geochemical_and_mineralogical_factors_for_the_formation_of_unconformity_related_uranium_deposits_comparison_between_barren_and_mineralized_systems_in_the_">Critical geochemical and mineralogical factors for the formation of unconformity-related uranium deposits: comparison between barren and mineralized systems in the …</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4015673" href="https://brandonu.academia.edu/PaulAlexandre">Paul Alexandre</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economic Geology, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Critical geochemical and mineralogical factors for the formation of unconformity-related uranium deposits: comparison between barren and mineralized systems in the …","attachmentId":34979718,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3441443/Critical_geochemical_and_mineralogical_factors_for_the_formation_of_unconformity_related_uranium_deposits_comparison_between_barren_and_mineralized_systems_in_the_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3441443/Critical_geochemical_and_mineralogical_factors_for_the_formation_of_unconformity_related_uranium_deposits_comparison_between_barren_and_mineralized_systems_in_the_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="25205928" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25205928/Trace_element_immobilization_by_uranyl_minerals_in_granite_hosted_uranium_ores_Evidences_from_the_Xiazhuang_ore_field_of_Guangdong_province_China">Trace element immobilization by uranyl minerals in granite-hosted uranium ores: Evidences from the Xiazhuang ore field of Guangdong province, China</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46865802" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RodneyCEwing">Rodney C Ewing</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Radiochimica Acta, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Uraninite alteration / Trace element immobilization / Uranyl mineral paragenesis / Source-term estimation / Spent UO 2 fuel / Geological disposal Summary. The oxidative alteration of uraninite and the fate of trace elements (Y, LREE, Zr, and Th) in a granitehosted uranium ore deposit in north Guangdong province, China, were investigated to understand the geochemical behavior of spent UO 2 fuel and associated fission products and transuranium elements under oxidizing conditions. In light of the paragenetic relationship of the alteration products, two alteration series of uraninite were identified: one is the silicate series with a mineral paragenesis of uraninite → uranyl oxide hydrates → Si-rich uranyl phase → uranophane (Ca[(UO 2 )(SiO 3 OH)] 2 (H 2 O) 5 ), and the other is the phosphate series with a mineral paragenesis of uraninite → uranyl oxide</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Trace element immobilization by uranyl minerals in granite-hosted uranium ores: Evidences from the Xiazhuang ore field of Guangdong province, China","attachmentId":45517547,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25205928/Trace_element_immobilization_by_uranyl_minerals_in_granite_hosted_uranium_ores_Evidences_from_the_Xiazhuang_ore_field_of_Guangdong_province_China","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25205928/Trace_element_immobilization_by_uranyl_minerals_in_granite_hosted_uranium_ores_Evidences_from_the_Xiazhuang_ore_field_of_Guangdong_province_China"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="63849737" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63849737/Biogenic_non_crystalline_U_IV_revealed_as_major_component_in_uranium_ore_deposits">Biogenic non-crystalline U(IV) revealed as major component in uranium ore deposits</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32585259" href="https://colostate.academia.edu/ThomasBorch">Thomas Borch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature Communications</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Historically, it is believed that crystalline uraninite, produced via the abiotic reduction of hexavalent uranium (U (VI)) is the dominant reduced U species formed in low-temperature uranium roll-front ore deposits. Here we show that non-crystalline U (IV) generated through biologically mediated U (VI) reduction is the predominant U (IV) species in an undisturbed U roll-front ore deposit in Wyoming, USA. Characterization of U species revealed that the majority (B58-89%) of U is bound as U (IV) to C-containing organic functional groups or inorganic carbonate, while uraninite and U (VI) represent only minor components. The uranium deposit exhibited mostly 238 U-enriched isotope signatures, consistent with largely biotic reduction of U (VI) to U (IV). This finding implies that biogenic processes are more important to uranium ore genesis than previously understood. The predominance of a relatively labile form of U (IV) also provides an opportunity for a more economical and environmentally benign mining process, as well as the design of more effective post-mining restoration strategies and human health-risk assessment.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biogenic non-crystalline U(IV) revealed as major component in uranium ore deposits","attachmentId":76136610,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63849737/Biogenic_non_crystalline_U_IV_revealed_as_major_component_in_uranium_ore_deposits","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/63849737/Biogenic_non_crystalline_U_IV_revealed_as_major_component_in_uranium_ore_deposits"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":70270115,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":70270115,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_70270115" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="14375695" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14375695/Uranium_in_Metamorphic_Rocks">Uranium in Metamorphic Rocks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33255192" href="https://smu-ca.academia.edu/JDostal">Jaroslav Dostal</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22026531" href="https://smu-ca.academia.edu/jaroslavdostal">jaroslav dostal</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Uranium in Metamorphic Rocks","attachmentId":38286879,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14375695/Uranium_in_Metamorphic_Rocks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14375695/Uranium_in_Metamorphic_Rocks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="10262229" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10262229/Giant_uranium_deposits_formed_from_exceptionally_uranium_rich_acidic_brines">Giant uranium deposits formed from exceptionally uranium-rich acidic brines</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32394895" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidBanks9">David Banks</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="25128300" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CUNEYMichel">CUNEY Michel</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nature Geoscience, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Giant uranium 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href="https://www.academia.edu/25205817/Alteration_of_uranium_minerals_in_the_Koongarra_deposit_Australia_Unweathered_zone">Alteration of uranium minerals in the Koongarra deposit, Australia: Unweathered zone</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46865802" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RodneyCEwing">Rodney C Ewing</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Nuclear Materials, 1992</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Alteration of uranium minerals in the Koongarra deposit, Australia: Unweathered 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