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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Televised_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Televised_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Televised debates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Televised_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opinion_polling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opinion_polling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Opinion polling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opinion_polling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Results_by_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_by_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Results by state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results_by_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constituency_seats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituency_seats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Constituency seats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituency_seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_seats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_seats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>List seats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_seats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Government formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">2013 German federal election</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestagswahl_2013" title="Bundestagswahl 2013 – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bundestagswahl 2013" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_2013" title="الانتخابات الفيدرالية الألمانية 2013 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الانتخابات الفيدرالية الألمانية 2013" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%9E_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_(2013)" title="Парламенцкія выбары ў Германіі (2013) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парламенцкія выбары ў Германіі (2013)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%9E_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3_2013_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83" title="Выбары ў Бундэстаг 2013 году – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Выбары ў Бундэстаг 2013 году" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesdogswoi_2013" title="Bundesdogswoi 2013 – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bundesdogswoi 2013" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleccions_federals_alemanyes_de_2013" title="Eleccions federals alemanyes de 2013 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eleccions federals alemanyes de 2013" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A9_volby_do_spolkov%C3%A9ho_sn%C4%9Bmu_2013" title="Německé volby do spolkového sněmu 2013 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Německé volby do spolkového sněmu 2013" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbundsdagsvalget_2013" title="Forbundsdagsvalget 2013 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Forbundsdagsvalget 2013" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestagswahl_2013" title="Bundestagswahl 2013 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bundestagswahl 2013" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013._aasta_Saksamaa_parlamendivalimised" title="2013. aasta Saksamaa parlamendivalimised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="2013. aasta Saksamaa parlamendivalimised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AD%CF%82_2013" title="Γερμανικές ομοσπονδιακές εκλογές 2013 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανικές ομοσπονδιακές εκλογές 2013" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elecciones_federales_de_Alemania_de_2013" title="Elecciones federales de Alemania de 2013 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Elecciones federales de Alemania de 2013" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamenta_baloto_en_Germanio_2013" title="Parlamenta baloto en Germanio 2013 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parlamenta baloto en Germanio 2013" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_(%DB%B2%DB%B0%DB%B1%DB%B3)" title="انتخابات فدرال آلمان (۲۰۱۳) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انتخابات فدرال آلمان (۲۰۱۳)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lections_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9rales_allemandes_de_2013" title="Élections fédérales allemandes de 2013 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Élections fédérales allemandes de 2013" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%EB%85%84_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C_%EC%84%A0%EA%B1%B0" title="2013년 독일 연방의회 선거 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="2013년 독일 연방의회 선거" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemilihan_umum_federal_Jerman_2013" title="Pemilihan umum federal Jerman 2013 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemilihan umum federal Jerman 2013" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elezioni_federali_in_Germania_del_2013" title="Elezioni federali in Germania del 2013 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elezioni federali in Germania del 2013" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_2013" title="הבחירות הכלליות בגרמניה 2013 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבחירות הכלליות בגרמניה 2013" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondsdagverkiezingen_2013" title="Bondsdagverkiezingen 2013 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bondsdagverkiezingen 2013" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E5%B9%B4%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E8%AD%B0%E4%BC%9A%E9%81%B8%E6%8C%99" title="2013年ドイツ連邦議会選挙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="2013年ドイツ連邦議会選挙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesdaiswool_2013" title="Bundesdaiswool 2013 – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bundesdaiswool 2013" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbundsdagsvalget_i_Tyskland_2013" title="Forbundsdagsvalget i Tyskland 2013 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Forbundsdagsvalget i Tyskland 2013" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybory_parlamentarne_w_Niemczech_w_2013_roku" title="Wybory parlamentarne w Niemczech w 2013 roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybory parlamentarne w Niemczech w 2013 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_federal_na_Alemanha_em_2013" title="Eleição federal na Alemanha em 2013 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eleição federal na Alemanha em 2013" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alegeri_legislative_%C3%AEn_Germania,_2013" title="Alegeri legislative în Germania, 2013 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alegeri legislative în Germania, 2013" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_(2013)" title="Парламентские выборы в Германии (2013) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парламентские выборы в Германии (2013)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BC%C3%BCtske_Buundesdaiwoalen_2013" title="Düütske Buundesdaiwoalen 2013 – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Düütske Buundesdaiwoalen 2013" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_2013." title="Немачки савезни избори 2013. – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачки савезни избори 2013." data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_liittop%C3%A4iv%C3%A4vaalit_2013" title="Saksan liittopäivävaalit 2013 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan liittopäivävaalit 2013" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rbundsdagsvalet_i_Tyskland_2013" title="Förbundsdagsvalet i Tyskland 2013 – Swedish" lang="sv" 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img{background-color:#f8f9fa}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style><table class="infobox ib-election infobox-table vevent" style="width:350px"><caption class="infobox-title summary">2013 German federal election</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/75px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:20%;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:60%;" class=""><b>22 September 2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013-09-22</span>)</span></b></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:20%;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;width:40%; text-align:center;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_17th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 17th Bundestag">outgoing members</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;width:40%; text-align:center;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_18th_Bundestag" title="List of members of the 18th Bundestag">elected members</a> →</div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><hr />All 631 seats in the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>, including 33 <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">leveling</a> seats<br />316 seats needed for a majority</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2013_German_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2013 German federal election">Opinion polls</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registered</th><td class="infobox-data">61,946,900 (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4%)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Turnout</th><td class="infobox-data">71.5% (<span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr class="sr-only"> <th style="text-align:left;">  </th> <th style="text-align:center">First party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Second party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Third party </th></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #151518;"><div class=""> <div style="width: 120px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundeskanzlerin_Angela_Merkel_bei_einer_Wahlkampfveranstaltung_2013_(Recortada).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bundeskanzlerin Angela Merkel bei einer Wahlkampfveranstaltung 2013 (Recortada).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bundeskanzlerin_Angela_Merkel_bei_einer_Wahlkampfveranstaltung_2013_%28Recortada%29.jpg/120px-Bundeskanzlerin_Angela_Merkel_bei_einer_Wahlkampfveranstaltung_2013_%28Recortada%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bundeskanzlerin_Angela_Merkel_bei_einer_Wahlkampfveranstaltung_2013_%28Recortada%29.jpg/180px-Bundeskanzlerin_Angela_Merkel_bei_einer_Wahlkampfveranstaltung_2013_%28Recortada%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bundeskanzlerin_Angela_Merkel_bei_einer_Wahlkampfveranstaltung_2013_%28Recortada%29.jpg/240px-Bundeskanzlerin_Angela_Merkel_bei_einer_Wahlkampfveranstaltung_2013_%28Recortada%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="834" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #E3000F;"><div class=""> <div style="width: 120px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Next_Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck_(SPD)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Next Peer Steinbrück (SPD) (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Next_Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck_%28SPD%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-Next_Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck_%28SPD%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Next_Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck_%28SPD%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Next_Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck_%28SPD%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Next_Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck_%28SPD%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-Next_Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck_%28SPD%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #BE3075;"><div class=""> <div style="width: 120px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregor_Gysi_(2013).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gregor Gysi (2013).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gregor_Gysi_%282013%29.jpg/120px-Gregor_Gysi_%282013%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gregor_Gysi_%282013%29.jpg/180px-Gregor_Gysi_%282013%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Gregor_Gysi_%282013%29.jpg/240px-Gregor_Gysi_%282013%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1658" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Candidate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck" title="Peer Steinbrück">Peer Steinbrück</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Gysi" title="Gregor Gysi">Gregor Gysi</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">Left</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Last election </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">33.8%, 239 seats </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">23.0%, 146 seats </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">11.9%, 76 seats </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seats won </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>311</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">193 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">64 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seat change </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 72 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 47 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>18,165,446</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">11,252,215 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">3,755,699 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><b>41.5%</b> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">25.7% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">8.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Swing </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 7.7% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.7% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><hr /> </td></tr> <tr class="sr-only"> <th style="text-align:left;">  </th> <th style="text-align:center">Fourth party </th> <th style="text-align:center">Fifth party </th></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #409A3C;"><div class=""> <div style="width: 120px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Greens_leadership_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="German Greens leadership 2013.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/German_Greens_leadership_2013.jpg/120px-German_Greens_leadership_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/German_Greens_leadership_2013.jpg/180px-German_Greens_leadership_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/German_Greens_leadership_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td> <td class="notheme" style="text-align:center;border-bottom: 6px solid #FFED00;"><div class=""> <div style="width: 120px; height: 160px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 120px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:13-06-10-dosb-wahlhearing-podium-022_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="13-06-10-dosb-wahlhearing-podium-022 (cropped).jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/13-06-10-dosb-wahlhearing-podium-022_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-13-06-10-dosb-wahlhearing-podium-022_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/13-06-10-dosb-wahlhearing-podium-022_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-13-06-10-dosb-wahlhearing-podium-022_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/13-06-10-dosb-wahlhearing-podium-022_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-13-06-10-dosb-wahlhearing-podium-022_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="2135" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Candidate </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Trittin" title="Jürgen Trittin">Jürgen Trittin</a> & <a href="/wiki/Katrin_G%C3%B6ring-Eckardt" title="Katrin Göring-Eckardt">Katrin Göring-Eckardt</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Br%C3%BCderle" title="Rainer Brüderle">Rainer Brüderle</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="width:75px;text-align:left">Party </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a> </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Last election </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">10.7%, 68 seats </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">14.6%, 93 seats </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seats won </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">63 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">0 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Seat change </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 93 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Popular vote </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">3,694,057 </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">2,083,533 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Percentage </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">8.4% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center">4.8% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Swing </th> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2.3% </td> <td style="width:75px;text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9.8% </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Federal_Election_2013_-_Results_By_Constituency.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/German_Federal_Election_2013_-_Results_By_Constituency.svg/350px-German_Federal_Election_2013_-_Results_By_Constituency.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/German_Federal_Election_2013_-_Results_By_Constituency.svg/525px-German_Federal_Election_2013_-_Results_By_Constituency.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/German_Federal_Election_2013_-_Results_By_Constituency.svg/700px-German_Federal_Election_2013_-_Results_By_Constituency.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1469" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span><div>The left side shows constituency winners of the election by their party colours. The right side shows party list winners of the election for the additional members by their party colours.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="background:transparent; color: inherit; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%; text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Government</a> before election</b><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Second_Merkel_cabinet" title="Second Merkel cabinet">Second Merkel cabinet</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–<a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a> </p> </td> <td style="width:50%; text-align:right;"><b>Government after election</b> <br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Third_Merkel_cabinet" title="Third Merkel cabinet">Third Merkel cabinet</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>–<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double var(--background-color-inverted, #101418);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:var(--color-base, #101112)">This article is part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#d33; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany"><span style="color: white;"><small>Politics of </small><br />Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Constitution <span style="font-size:85%;">(Basic Law)</span></span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Head of State</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Executive</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(1949%E2%80%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (1949–)">Chancellor of Germany</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_chancellors_of_Germany" title="List of chancellors of Germany">list</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice Chancellor of Germany</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Habeck" title="Robert Habeck">Robert Habeck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Scholz_cabinet" title="Scholz cabinet">Scholz</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_agency_(Germany)" title="Federal agency (Germany)">Federal agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bundestag_constituencies" title="List of Bundestag constituencies">constituencies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_German_Bundestag" title="Member of the German Bundestag">members</a></dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermittlungsausschuss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vermittlungsausschuss (page does not exist)"><i>Vermittlungsausschuss</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsamer_Ausschuss" title="Gemeinsamer Ausschuss"><i>Gemeinsamer Ausschuss</i></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Judiciary</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>Federal courts</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Justice" title="Federal Court of Justice">Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Administrative_Court_(Germany)" title="Federal Administrative Court (Germany)">Administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Fiscal_Court" title="Federal Fiscal Court">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Labour_Court" title="Federal Labour Court">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Social_Court" title="Federal Social Court">Social</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Senate_of_the_Supreme_Courts_of_the_Federation" title="Joint Senate of the Supreme Courts of the Federation">Joint Senate</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany#Courts" title="Judiciary of Germany">Other courts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Subdivisions</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State (<i>Land</i>)</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_President_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister President (Germany)">Minister president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Parliament_(Germany)" title="State Parliament (Germany)">State Parliament (<i>Landtag</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_German_state_parliaments" title="Composition of the German state parliaments">composition</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk"><i>Regierungsbezirk</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">District (<i>Kreis</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Germany" title="List of districts of Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amt_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amt (country subdivision)">Collective municipality (<i>Amt</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Germany" title="Municipalities of Germany">Municipality (<i>Gemeinde</i>)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Germany" title="List of municipalities in Germany">list</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Elections</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Germany" title="Electoral system of Germany">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Referendums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_governing_coalition" title="German governing coalition">Coalitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)" title="Federal Convention (Germany)">Federal Convention (<i>Bundesversammlung</i>)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Presidential elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">Weimar Republic (1919–1933)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_presidential_election" title="1919 German presidential election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Germany" title="President of East Germany">East Germany (1949–1960)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_East_German_presidential_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 East German presidential election (page does not exist)">1957</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany (since 1949)</a></li></ul> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_presidential_election" title="1949 West German presidential election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_West_German_presidential_election" title="1954 West German presidential election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_West_German_presidential_election" title="1959 West German presidential election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_West_German_presidential_election" title="1964 West German presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_presidential_election" title="1969 West German presidential election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_West_German_presidential_election" title="1974 West German presidential election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_West_German_presidential_election" title="1979 West German presidential election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_West_German_presidential_election" title="1984 West German presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_West_German_presidential_election" title="1989 West German presidential election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_presidential_election" title="1994 German presidential election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_German_presidential_election" title="1999 German presidential election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_German_presidential_election" title="2004 German presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_presidential_election" title="2009 German presidential election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_German_presidential_election" title="2010 German presidential election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_German_presidential_election" title="2012 German presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_presidential_election" title="2017 German presidential election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election" title="2022 German presidential election"><i>2022</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Parliamentary election</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="February 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="August 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Zollparlament_election" title="1868 Zollparlament election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_German_federal_election" title="1871 German federal election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_German_federal_election" title="1878 German federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_German_federal_election" title="1881 German federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_German_federal_election" title="1884 German federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_German_federal_election" title="1887 German federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_German_federal_election" title="1890 German federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_German_federal_election" title="1893 German federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_German_federal_election" title="1898 German federal election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_German_federal_election" title="1907 German federal election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">1924 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">1924 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">1932 (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">1932 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">1933 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_parliamentary_election" title="November 1933 German parliamentary election">1933 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <ul><li><b>European elections</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany"><i>2024</i></a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">State and local politics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><b>State Politics</b></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Politics of Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bavaria" title="Politics of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Berlin" title="Politics of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brandenburg" title="Politics of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_of_Bremen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics of Bremen (page does not exist)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hamburg" title="Politics of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hesse" title="Politics of Hesse">Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lower_Saxony" title="Politics of Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="Politics of North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Politics of Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saarland" title="Politics of Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony" title="Politics of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saxony-Anhalt" title="Politics of Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Politics of Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Thuringia" title="Politics of Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany"><span style="color:#000;">Foreign relations</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><br /> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Foreign relations by country</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>International Relations</b></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_German_citizens" title="Visa requirements for German citizens">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_passport" title="German passport">Passport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#FFCC00; color:black; border: 1px double #8C959A;;color: var(--color-base)">Political ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Germany" title="Political culture of Germany">Political culture</a> / <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_Germany" title="Federalism in Germany">Federalism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Germany_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Communism in Germany (disambiguation)">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Conservatism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarian Conservatism in Germany">Agrarian Conservatism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="Far-right politics in Germany (1945–present)">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democracy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Federal_elections_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal elections in Germany">Federal elections</a> were held on 22 September to elect the members of the 18th <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dates&deadlines_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates&deadlines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At stake were all 598 seats to the Bundestag, plus 33 <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a> determined thereafter. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">Christian Social Union of Bavaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a>) of incumbent chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> won their best result since <a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a> with nearly 42% of the vote and nearly 50% of the seats, just five short for an overall majority. The <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) failed to meet the 5% vote <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral threshold in Germany">electoral threshold</a> in what was their worst showing ever in a federal election, denying them seats in the Bundestag for the first time in their history. </p><p>As the FDP, the CDU/CSU's junior coalition partner, failed to get any seats and a <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">red–green alliance</a>, which governed Germany from <a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a> to <a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a>, did not have enough seats for a majority, the only possible coalition without the CDU/CSU was a left-wing <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93red%E2%80%93green_coalition" title="Red–red–green coalition">red–red–green coalition</a> government. Merkel scared it off, and both the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) and <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a> ruled out governing with <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a>. Ultimately, Merkel's party reached a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition agreement">coalition agreement</a> with the then-main opposition party, the SPD, to form a <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">grand coalition</a>, the third in the country's history since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The SPD leadership conducted a ratification vote by their broader membership before the agreement was made final. The grand coalition was renewed after the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 German federal election</a> due to failure during the negotiations of a <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_coalition_(politics)" title="Jamaica coalition (politics)">Jamaica coalition</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009 German federal election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU) and its sister party, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">Christian Social Union of Bavaria</a> (CSU), and the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) won the election with <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guido_Westerwelle" title="Guido Westerwelle">Guido Westerwelle</a> as <a href="/wiki/Vice-Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Vice-Chancellor of Germany">Vice-Chancellor of Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date">Date</h2></div> <p>The date of the federal election is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (Germany's constitution) and the Federal Election Law (<i>Bundeswahlgesetz</i>). Article 39 of the Basic Law states that the Bundestag shall be elected between 46 and 48 months after the beginning of the legislative period.<sup id="cite_ref-Grundgesetz_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grundgesetz-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the 17th Bundestag convened on 27 October 2009, the election was scheduled between 27 August and 27 October 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid school holidays, a date in late September is usually chosen; this made 15 or 22 September 2013 the most likely dates.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President of Germany</a> ordered 22 September 2013 to be the election day upon the recommendation of the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polling stations were open from 8:00 to 18:00.<sup id="cite_ref-dates&deadlines_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dates&deadlines-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_system">Electoral system</h2></div> <p>According to Article 38 of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a>, members of the Bundestag shall be elected in general, direct, free, equal, and secret elections; everyone over the age of eighteen is entitled to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, some modifications to the electoral system were required under an order of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court of Germany</a>. The court had found a provision in the Federal Election Law by which it was possible for a party to experience a <a href="/wiki/Negative_vote_weight" title="Negative vote weight">negative vote weight</a>, namely losing seats due to more votes, violated the constitutional guarantee of the electoral system being equal and direct.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court allowed three years for these changes, so the <a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009 German federal election</a> was not affected. The changes were due by 30 June 2011 but appropriate legislation was not completed by that deadline. A new electoral law was enacted in late 2011 but was declared unconstitutional once again by the Federal Constitutional Court upon lawsuits from the opposition parties and a group of some 4,000 private citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four of the five factions in the Bundestag agreed on an electoral reform whereby the number of seats in the Bundestag will be increased as much as necessary to ensure that any <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat" title="Overhang seat">overhang seats</a> are <a href="/wiki/Overhang_seat#Dealing_with_overhang_seats" title="Overhang seat">compensated</a> through apportioned <a href="/wiki/Leveling_seat" title="Leveling seat">leveling seats</a>, to ensure full proportionality according to the political party's share of party votes at the national level.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bundestag approved and enacted the new electoral reform in February 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bundestag is elected using <a href="/wiki/Mixed-member_proportional_representation" title="Mixed-member proportional representation">mixed-member proportional representation</a>, meaning that each voter has two votes, a first vote for the election of a constituency candidate by <a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post" class="mw-redirect" title="First-past-the-post">first-past-the-post</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a second vote for the election of a state list.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB/Schepers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte-Laguë/Schepers">Sainte-Laguë/Schepers</a> method is used to convert the votes into seats,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a two-stage process with each stage involving two calculations. First, the number of seats to be allocated to each state is calculated, based on the proportion of the German population living there. Then the seats in each state are allocated to the party lists in that state, based on the proportion of second votes each party received.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the distribution of seats among state lists, only parties that have obtained at least five percent of the valid second votes cast in the electoral area or have won a seat in at least three constituencies are taken into consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The minimum number of seats for each party at federal level is then determined. This is done by calculating, for each party state list, the number of constituency seats it won on the basis of the first votes, as well as the number of seats to which it is entitled on the basis of the second votes. The higher of these two figures is the party's minimum number of seats in that state. Adding together the minimum number of seats to which the party is entitled in all of the states produces a total representing its guaranteed minimum number of seats in the country as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to ensure that each party receives its guaranteed minimum number of seats when the seats are allocated using the Sainte-Laguë/Schepers method, it may become necessary to increase the number of seats in the Bundestag. Then it must be ensured that the seats are distributed to the parties in line with their national share of the second votes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional overhang seats, or balance seats, are created to ensure that the distribution of the seats reflects the parties' share of the second votes and that no party receives fewer than its guaranteed minimum number of seats. Balance seats are also necessary to ensure that each party requires roughly the same number of second votes per seat. Once the number of seats which each party is entitled to receive across the country has been determined, the seats are allocated to the parties' individual state lists. Each state list must receive at least as many seats as the number of constituencies which the party won in the state in question.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chancellor-candidates">Chancellor-candidates</h2></div> <p>Although the chancellor-candidates (<i>Kanzlerkandidaten</i>) play a very important role in election campaigns, their office is not regulated in any law, and it is up to each party to determine how, and if at all, to name a chancellor-candidate. The SPD names a chancellor-candidate, while the CDU and the CSU name a common one. The smaller Bundestag parties (the FDP, the Left, and the Greens) usually<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do not name a chancellor-candidate as it is very improbable for such a candidate to actually be elected chancellor. They instead name one or two persons (<i>Spitzenkandidaten</i>) who are to become the faces of that party's campaign. Although there is nearly no chance for them to win seats in the Bundestag, especially due to the required minimum quota of votes required to be granted any seats, and much less have their candidate become chancellor, fringe parties sometimes name a chancellor-candidate, such as the Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität with its chancellor-candidate <a href="/wiki/Helga_Zepp-LaRouche" title="Helga Zepp-LaRouche">Helga Zepp-LaRouche</a> in the 2009 federal election.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a sitting chancellor is usually named chancellor-candidate for his or her own party, the main opposition party's process to determine their chancellor-candidate differs. Most times, such a person is determined in an inner party circle and then anointed in a party convention. As the CDU/CSU is the main government party, CDU chairwoman and incumbent chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> was not challenged as chancellor-candidate. In the SPD, the situation was a bit less clear, as there were four candidates in the discussion. While the party chairman <a href="/wiki/Sigmar_Gabriel" title="Sigmar Gabriel">Sigmar Gabriel</a>, the parliamentary caucus leader <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck" title="Peer Steinbrück">Peer Steinbrück</a>, former minister-president of Nordrhein-Westfalen and former federal minister of Finance, were quasi-official contenders for the candidacy, incumbent Nordrhein-Westfalen minister-president <a href="/wiki/Hannelore_Kraft" title="Hannelore Kraft">Hannelore Kraft</a> denied interest in the candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gabriel, Steinmeier, and Steinbrück all had a bad electoral record, as they all had led their party into painful defeats in state or general elections. Gabriel and Steinbrück lost their inherited minister-president offices in 2003 and 2005, and Steinmeier failed as a chancellor-candidate in 2009. On 28 September 2012, the party announced that Steinbrück would be the SPD's chancellor-candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2></div> <p>After taking heat domestically for bailing out other European countries, Finance-Minister <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a> took the step of mentioning that Greece would need a third bailout. This was in stark contrast to his colleagues who had refrained from making such measures in light of the election, in particularly following Merkel's dismissal of a potential future bailout. In reaction to the statement and the dithering, <a href="/wiki/Peer_Steinbrueck" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer Steinbrueck">Peer Steinbrueck</a> of the SPD said that it was "time that Mrs. Merkel tells people the truth", while <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Trittin" title="Jürgen Trittin">Jürgen Trittin</a> of the Greens also criticized Merkel.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Merkel also became the first chancellor to visit <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> after an invitation by former inmate <a href="/wiki/Max_Mannheimer" title="Max Mannheimer">Max Mannheimer</a>, who leads a survivor group, saying: "What happened at the concentration camps was and continues to be incomprehensible." Merkel also warning of a rising tide of antisemitism and racism as a threat to democracy in Europe. Her visit was welcomed by residents of the town due to its historic nature but was also suggested as a vote ploy ahead of the election.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also campaigned on Germany's unemployment record that fell to a two-decade low during her premiership, progress towards a balanced budget, and the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>'s advantages for Germany's exports. There were questions asked about her legacy and a potential heir to the party leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campaigning in the "hot phase"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ended on 21 September, as Merkel appealed to voters to support her against <a href="/wiki/Eurosceptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosceptics">Eurosceptics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Televised_debates">Televised debates</h3></div> <p>A 90-minute televised debate between the lead candidates of the CDU/CSU and the SPD, the two leading contenders, was held on 1 September.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smaller-party top-ranking candidates <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Br%C3%BCderle" title="Rainer Brüderle">Rainer Brüderle</a> (FDP), <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Trittin" title="Jürgen Trittin">Jürgen Trittin</a> (Alliance 90/The Greens), and <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Gysi" title="Gregor Gysi">Gregor Gysi</a> (The Left) held a separate debate on 2 September.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_polling">Opinion polling</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_for_the_2013_German_federal_election" title="Opinion polling for the 2013 German federal election">Opinion polling for the 2013 German federal election</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Election_opinion_polls_german_2009-2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Election_opinion_polls_german_2009-2013.png/700px-Election_opinion_polls_german_2009-2013.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Election_opinion_polls_german_2009-2013.png/1050px-Election_opinion_polls_german_2009-2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Election_opinion_polls_german_2009-2013.png 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>15-point average trend line of poll results from 2 October 2009 to 22 September 2013, with each line corresponding to a political party. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#151518 solid 5px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#E3000F solid 5px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#FFED00 solid 5px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">FDP</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#BE3075 solid 5px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">LINKE</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#409A3C solid 5px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">GRÜNE</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#FF820A solid 5px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">PIRATEN</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-line mw-no-invert" style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; width: 1.67em; height: 0; border-style: none; border-top: 2px dotted black;border-top:#00A2DE solid 5px;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">AfD</a></div></div></figcaption></figure> <p>In Germany, there are regular opinion polls during the whole of the legislative period. Germany's major polling agencies are <a href="/wiki/Allensbach_Institute" title="Allensbach Institute">Allensbach</a>, Emnid, <a href="/wiki/Forsa_Institute" title="Forsa Institute">Forsa</a>, Forschungsgruppe Wahlen, GMS, Infratest dimap, and INSA/<a href="/wiki/YouGov" title="YouGov">YouGov</a>. August 2013 opinion polls suggested that the CDU/CSU and the FDP (black–yellow coalition) would be just short of or just above an absolute majority, rather than the SPD and Greens (red–green coalition), partners in <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a>-led government (1998–2005).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For results by state and constituency, see <a href="/wiki/Results_of_the_2013_German_federal_election" title="Results of the 2013 German federal election">Results of the 2013 German federal election</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundestag-2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bundestag-2013.png/220px-Bundestag-2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bundestag-2013.png/330px-Bundestag-2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bundestag-2013.png/440px-Bundestag-2013.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2406" /></a><figcaption>Parliamentary districts won by<br /> <span style="color:#000000;">■</span> – CDU <span style="color:#00008B;">■</span> – CSU <span style="color:#FF0000;">■</span> – SPD <span style="color:#C71585;">■</span> – The Left <span style="color:#32CD32;">■</span> – Greens</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_German_federal_election_-_Results_by_state.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2013_German_federal_election_-_Results_by_state.svg/220px-2013_German_federal_election_-_Results_by_state.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2013_German_federal_election_-_Results_by_state.svg/330px-2013_German_federal_election_-_Results_by_state.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/2013_German_federal_election_-_Results_by_state.svg/440px-2013_German_federal_election_-_Results_by_state.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="818" /></a><figcaption>Results of the second vote by state</figcaption></figure> <p>Only four parties were present in the Bundestag for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987 West German federal election</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU/CSU</a> operates as one Bundestag group. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> (CDU) and the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">Christian Social Union of Bavaria</a> (CSU) scored 42 percent of the vote, their best result since tallying 44% in <a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a>. Since 15.7 percent of the vote went to parties that fell short of the 5% <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a>, the CDU/CSU came up just five seats short of a majority. The <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP), junior partner in the outgoing <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a>, failed to pass the 5% threshold. It also failed to win any directly elected seats, as it has not won any directly elected seats since 1990, shutting it out of the Bundestag altogether for the first time in the party's history. A new Eurosceptic party, <a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a>, nearly won seats but was shut out by narrowly missing the 5% <a href="/wiki/Electoral_threshold" title="Electoral threshold">electoral threshold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"><caption></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="10" style="text-align:center;color:black;background:#F8F9FA"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschland_Bundestag_2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Deutschland_Bundestag_2013.svg/360px-Deutschland_Bundestag_2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Deutschland_Bundestag_2013.svg/540px-Deutschland_Bundestag_2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Deutschland_Bundestag_2013.svg/720px-Deutschland_Bundestag_2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th scope="col" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Party</th><th scope="col" colspan="3">Party-list</th><th scope="col" colspan="3">Constituency</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">Total<br />seats</th><th scope="col" rowspan="2">+/–</th></tr><tr><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Votes</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">%</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Seats</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Votes</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">%</th><th scope="col" rowspan="1">Seats</th></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#151518"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union</a></td><td style="text-align:right">14,921,877</td><td style="text-align:right">34.13</td><td style="text-align:right">64</td><td style="text-align:right">16,233,642</td><td style="text-align:right">37.21</td><td style="text-align:right">191</td><td style="text-align:right">255</td><td style="text-align:right">+61</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#E3000F"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">11,252,215</td><td style="text-align:right">25.73</td><td style="text-align:right">135</td><td style="text-align:right">12,843,458</td><td style="text-align:right">29.44</td><td style="text-align:right">58</td><td style="text-align:right">193</td><td style="text-align:right">+47</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#BE3075"></td><td><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a></td><td style="text-align:right">3,755,699</td><td style="text-align:right">8.59</td><td style="text-align:right">60</td><td style="text-align:right">3,585,178</td><td style="text-align:right">8.22</td><td style="text-align:right">4</td><td style="text-align:right">64</td><td style="text-align:right">−12</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#409A3C"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Alliance 90/The Greens</a></td><td style="text-align:right">3,694,057</td><td style="text-align:right">8.45</td><td style="text-align:right">62</td><td style="text-align:right">3,180,299</td><td style="text-align:right">7.29</td><td style="text-align:right">1</td><td style="text-align:right">63</td><td style="text-align:right">−5</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#008AC5"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a></td><td style="text-align:right">3,243,569</td><td style="text-align:right">7.42</td><td style="text-align:right">11</td><td style="text-align:right">3,544,079</td><td style="text-align:right">8.12</td><td style="text-align:right">45</td><td style="text-align:right">56</td><td style="text-align:right">+11</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FFED00"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">2,083,533</td><td style="text-align:right">4.76</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">1,028,645</td><td style="text-align:right">2.36</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">−93</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#00A2DE"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right">2,056,985</td><td style="text-align:right">4.70</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">810,915</td><td style="text-align:right">1.86</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FF820A"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party_Germany" title="Pirate Party Germany">Pirate Party Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right">959,177</td><td style="text-align:right">2.19</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">963,623</td><td style="text-align:right">2.21</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#8B4726"></td><td><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">560,828</td><td style="text-align:right">1.28</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">635,135</td><td style="text-align:right">1.46</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#F7A800"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Free_Voters" title="Free Voters">Free Voters</a></td><td style="text-align:right">423,977</td><td style="text-align:right">0.97</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">431,640</td><td style="text-align:right">0.99</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#00545F"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">140,366</td><td style="text-align:right">0.32</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">4,437</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FF6400"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">127,088</td><td style="text-align:right">0.29</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">128,209</td><td style="text-align:right">0.29</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#0075BE"></td><td><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a></td><td style="text-align:right">91,193</td><td style="text-align:right">0.21</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">27,299</td><td style="text-align:right">0.06</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#B5152B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Die_PARTEI" title="Die PARTEI">Die PARTEI</a></td><td style="text-align:right">78,674</td><td style="text-align:right">0.18</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">39,388</td><td style="text-align:right">0.09</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:grey"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Pro_Germany_Citizens%27_Movement" title="Pro Germany Citizens' Movement">Pro Germany Citizens' Movement</a></td><td style="text-align:right">73,854</td><td style="text-align:right">0.17</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">4,815</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#386ABC"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">57,395</td><td style="text-align:right">0.13</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">28,430</td><td style="text-align:right">0.07</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:white"></td><td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_jetzt_%E2%80%A6_Demokratie_durch_Volksabstimmung" class="extiw" title="de:Ab jetzt … Demokratie durch Volksabstimmung">Democracy by Referendum</a></td><td style="text-align:right">28,654</td><td style="text-align:right">0.07</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">1,748</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FF8000"></td><td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentner_Partei_Deutschland" class="extiw" title="de:Rentner Partei Deutschland">Pensioners' Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">25,134</td><td style="text-align:right">0.06</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">920</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#005488"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Reason" title="Party of Reason">Party of Reason</a></td><td style="text-align:right">24,719</td><td style="text-align:right">0.06</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">3,861</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DF221D"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Party_of_Germany" title="Marxist–Leninist Party of Germany">Marxist–Leninist Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">24,219</td><td style="text-align:right">0.06</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">12,904</td><td style="text-align:right">0.03</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FF6666"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Bible-abiding_Christians" title="Party of Bible-abiding Christians">Party of Bible-abiding Christians</a></td><td style="text-align:right">18,542</td><td style="text-align:right">0.04</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">2,081</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#ED803F"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Innovation_and_Justice" title="Alliance for Innovation and Justice">Alliance for Innovation and Justice</a></td><td style="text-align:right">17,743</td><td style="text-align:right">0.04</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">2,680</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#003366"></td><td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrgerrechtsbewegung_Solidarit%C3%A4t" title="Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität">Bürgerrechtsbewegung Solidarität</a></td><td style="text-align:right">12,814</td><td style="text-align:right">0.03</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">17,988</td><td style="text-align:right">0.04</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#FFA500"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Party_of_Germany" title="Feminist Party of Germany">Feminist Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">12,148</td><td style="text-align:right">0.03</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#EC7113"></td><td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partei_der_Nichtw%C3%A4hler" class="extiw" title="de:Partei der Nichtwähler">Party of the Non-voters</a></td><td style="text-align:right">11,349</td><td style="text-align:right">0.03</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#C0C0C0"></td><td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentnerinnen-_und_Rentner-Partei" class="extiw" title="de:Rentnerinnen- und Rentner-Partei">Alliance 21/RRP</a></td><td style="text-align:right">8,578</td><td style="text-align:right">0.02</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">5,324</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#EE82EE"></td><td><a href="/wiki/The_Violets_(political_party)" title="The Violets (political party)">The Violets</a></td><td style="text-align:right">8,211</td><td style="text-align:right">0.02</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">2,516</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#E16B0B"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party</a></td><td style="text-align:right">7,449</td><td style="text-align:right">0.02</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">4,478</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#BA141A"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(Germany)" title="Socialist Equality Party (Germany)">Party for Social Equality</a></td><td style="text-align:right">4,564</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#553A26"></td><td><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right</a></td><td style="text-align:right">2,245</td><td style="text-align:right">0.01</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#ED1C24"></td><td><a href="/wiki/German_Communist_Party" title="German Communist Party">German Communist Party</a></td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">1,699</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#EDB800"></td><td><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bund_f%C3%BCr_Gesamtdeutschland" class="extiw" title="de:Bund für Gesamtdeutschland">Federation for a Complete Germany</a></td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">1,431</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#66CCFF"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Bergpartei,_die_%22%C3%9CberPartei%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei"">Bergpartei, die "ÜberPartei"</a></td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">624</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#4D4C49"></td><td>NO! Idea</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">290</td><td style="text-align:right">0.00</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">New</td></tr><tr><td style="width:0px;background-color:#DCDCDC"></td><td><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independents</a> and voter groups</td><td colspan="3"></td><td style="text-align:right">77,306</td><td style="text-align:right">0.18</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td><td style="text-align:right">0</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold"><td colspan="2">Total</td><td style="text-align:right">43,726,856</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td><td style="text-align:right">332</td><td style="text-align:right">43,625,042</td><td style="text-align:right">100.00</td><td style="text-align:right">299</td><td style="text-align:right">631</td><td style="text-align:right">+9</td></tr><tr class="sortbottom"><td colspan="10" style="color:black;background:#eaecf0"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Valid votes</th><td>43,726,856</td><td>98.68</td><td></td><td>43,625,042</td><td>98.45</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Invalid/blank votes</th><td>583,069</td><td>1.32</td><td></td><td>684,883</td><td>1.55</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;background:inherit;color:inherit">Total votes</th><td>44,309,925</td><td>100.00</td><td></td><td>44,309,925</td><td>100.00</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><th scope="row" colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal;color:inherit;background:inherit">Registered voters/turnout</th><td>61,946,900</td><td>71.53</td><td></td><td>61,946,900</td><td>71.53</td><td></td><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr class="sortbottom" style="text-align:right"><td colspan="10" style="text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundestagswahlen/2013/ergebnisse/bund-99.html">Bundeswahlleiter</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Results_by_state">Results by state</h3></div> <p>Below are second votes (<i>Zweitstimme</i>), or votes for party list, by <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>State</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Christlich_Demokratische_Union_Deutschlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands">CDU</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christlich-Soziale_Union_in_Bayern" class="mw-redirect" title="Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern">CSU</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sozialdemokratische_Partei_Deutschlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands">SPD</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">LINKE</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_90/Die_Gr%C3%BCnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bündnis 90/Die Grünen">GRÜNE</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Freie_Demokratische_Partei" class="mw-redirect" title="Freie Demokratische Partei">FDP</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alternative_f%C3%BCr_Deutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative für Deutschland">AfD</a></th> <th>Other </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a></td> <td><b>45.7</b></td> <td>20.6</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>11.0</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td> <td><b>49.3</b></td> <td>20.0</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>8.4</td> <td>5.1</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>9.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Berlin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Berlin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td><b>28.5</b></td> <td>24.6</td> <td>18.5</td> <td>12.3</td> <td>3.6</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>7.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></td> <td><b>34.8</b></td> <td>23.1</td> <td>22.4</td> <td>4.7</td> <td>2.5</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Flag_of_Bremen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bremen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></td> <td>29.3</td> <td><b>35.7</b></td> <td>10.1</td> <td>12.1</td> <td>3.4</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>5.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_Hamburg.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hamburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td>32.2</td> <td><b>32.4</b></td> <td>8.8</td> <td>12.6</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Hesse.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hesse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a></td> <td><b>39.2</b></td> <td>28.8</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>4.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mecklenburg-Western_Pomerania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></td> <td><b>42.5</b></td> <td>17.8</td> <td>21.5</td> <td>4.3</td> <td>2.2</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>6.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lower_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a></td> <td><b>41.1</b></td> <td>33.1</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>8.8</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>3.7</td> <td>4.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Rhine-Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></td> <td><b>39.8</b></td> <td>31.9</td> <td>6.1</td> <td>8.0</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>3.9</td> <td>5.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rhineland-Palatinate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></td> <td><b>43.3</b></td> <td>27.5</td> <td>5.4</td> <td>7.6</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>4.8</td> <td>5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Saarland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saarland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></td> <td><b>37.8</b></td> <td>31.0</td> <td>10.0</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>3.8</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Flag_of_Saxony.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a></td> <td><b>42.6</b></td> <td>14.6</td> <td>20.0</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>3.1</td> <td>6.8</td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saxony-Anhalt_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a></td> <td><b>41.2</b></td> <td>18.2</td> <td>23.9</td> <td>4.0</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></td> <td><b>39.2</b></td> <td>31.6</td> <td>5.2</td> <td>9.4</td> <td>5.6</td> <td>4.6</td> <td>4.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Thuringia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Thuringia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="250" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a></td> <td><b>38.8</b></td> <td>16.1</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>2.6</td> <td>6.2</td> <td>8.0 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Btw13_cdu_zweit_endgueltig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="CDU-CSU vote"><img alt="CDU-CSU vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Btw13_cdu_zweit_endgueltig.svg/84px-Btw13_cdu_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Btw13_cdu_zweit_endgueltig.svg/127px-Btw13_cdu_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Btw13_cdu_zweit_endgueltig.svg/169px-Btw13_cdu_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CDU-CSU vote</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Btw13_spd_zweit_endgueltig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="SPD vote"><img alt="SPD vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Btw13_spd_zweit_endgueltig.svg/84px-Btw13_spd_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Btw13_spd_zweit_endgueltig.svg/127px-Btw13_spd_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Btw13_spd_zweit_endgueltig.svg/169px-Btw13_spd_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">SPD vote</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Btw13_linke_zweit_endgueltig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Linke vote"><img alt="Linke vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Btw13_linke_zweit_endgueltig.svg/84px-Btw13_linke_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Btw13_linke_zweit_endgueltig.svg/127px-Btw13_linke_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Btw13_linke_zweit_endgueltig.svg/169px-Btw13_linke_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Linke vote</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Btw13_gruene_zweit_endgueltig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grüne vote"><img alt="Grüne vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Btw13_gruene_zweit_endgueltig.svg/84px-Btw13_gruene_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Btw13_gruene_zweit_endgueltig.svg/127px-Btw13_gruene_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Btw13_gruene_zweit_endgueltig.svg/169px-Btw13_gruene_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Grüne vote</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Btw13_fdp_zweit_endgueltig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="FDP vote"><img alt="FDP vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Btw13_fdp_zweit_endgueltig.svg/84px-Btw13_fdp_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Btw13_fdp_zweit_endgueltig.svg/127px-Btw13_fdp_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Btw13_fdp_zweit_endgueltig.svg/169px-Btw13_fdp_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">FDP vote</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Btw13_afd_zweit_endgueltig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="AfD vote"><img alt="AfD vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Btw13_afd_zweit_endgueltig.svg/84px-Btw13_afd_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Btw13_afd_zweit_endgueltig.svg/127px-Btw13_afd_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Btw13_afd_zweit_endgueltig.svg/169px-Btw13_afd_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">AfD vote</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Btw13_piraten_zweit_endgueltig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piraten vote"><img alt="Piraten vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Btw13_piraten_zweit_endgueltig.svg/84px-Btw13_piraten_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Btw13_piraten_zweit_endgueltig.svg/127px-Btw13_piraten_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Btw13_piraten_zweit_endgueltig.svg/169px-Btw13_piraten_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Piraten vote</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Btw13_npd_zweit_endgueltig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="NPD vote"><img alt="NPD vote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Btw13_npd_zweit_endgueltig.svg/84px-Btw13_npd_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Btw13_npd_zweit_endgueltig.svg/127px-Btw13_npd_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Btw13_npd_zweit_endgueltig.svg/169px-Btw13_npd_zweit_endgueltig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">NPD vote</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constituency_seats">Constituency seats</h4></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">State </th> <th rowspan="3">Total<br />seats </th> <th colspan="5">Seats won </th></tr> <tr> <th class="unsortable" style="width:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">Linke</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#151518;"> </th> <th style="background:#E3000F;"> </th> <th style="background:#008AC5;"> </th> <th style="background:#BE3075;"> </th> <th style="background:#409A3C;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </th> <th>38 </th> <td>38 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </th> <th>45 </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>45 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </th> <th>12 </th> <td>5 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </th> <th>10 </th> <td>9 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> </th> <th>2 </th> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </th> <th>6 </th> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> </th> <th>22 </th> <td>17 </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </th> <th>30 </th> <td>17 </td> <td>13 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> </th> <th>6 </th> <td>6 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> </th> <th>64 </th> <td>37 </td> <td>27 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> </th> <th>15 </th> <td>14 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> </th> <th>4 </th> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> </th> <th>16 </th> <td>16 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> </th> <th>9 </th> <td>9 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </th> <th>11 </th> <td>9 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> </th> <th>9 </th> <td>9 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th style="text-align: left;">Total </th> <th>299 </th> <th>191 </th> <th>58 </th> <th>45 </th> <th>4 </th> <th>1 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_seats">List seats</h4></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 0.9em;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">State </th> <th rowspan="3">Total<br />seats </th> <th colspan="5">Seats won </th></tr> <tr> <th class="unsortable" style="width:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">CDU</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Grüne</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">Linke</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:45px;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">CSU</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#E3000F;"> </th> <th style="background:#151518;"> </th> <th style="background:green;"> </th> <th style="background:#BE3075;"> </th> <th style="background:#008AC5;"> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </th> <th>40 </th> <td>20 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </th> <th>46 </th> <td>22 </td> <td> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </th> <th>15 </th> <td>6 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </th> <th>10 </th> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> </th> <th>4 </th> <td> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </th> <th>7 </th> <td> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> </th> <th>23 </th> <td>11 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </th> <th>36 </th> <td>12 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> </th> <th>7 </th> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> </th> <th>74 </th> <td>25 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>10 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> </th> <th>16 </th> <td>9 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> </th> <th>5 </th> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> </th> <th>17 </th> <td>6 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> </th> <th>10 </th> <td>4 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </th> <th>13 </th> <td>7 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> </th> <th>9 </th> <td>3 </td> <td> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;">Total </th> <th>332 </th> <th>135 </th> <th>64 </th> <th>62 </th> <th>60 </th> <th>11 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3></div> <p>Incumbent chancellor <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> said: "It was a strong vote to take responsibility in Germany, but also in Europe and the world."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peer_Steinbr%C3%BCck" title="Peer Steinbrück">Peer Steinbrück</a> announced his withdrawal from top politics and his intention to focus on his ordinary tasks as a member of parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_formation">Government formation</h2></div> <p>As in the <a href="/wiki/Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">red-baiting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a> campaign ("red socks") during the <a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994 German federal election</a>, Merkel scared off that the alternative was a left-wing <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93red%E2%80%93green_coalition" title="Red–red–green coalition">red–red–green coalition</a> government, since the FDP lost all its seats.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottens_2021_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottens_2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many SPD insiders did not want to work with The Left. One day after the election, Merkel announced that she had already spoken with the SPD but would not rule out other possibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An opinion poll conducted shortly after the election showed that 65% of SPD members were opposed to entering a Merkel-led <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)" title="Grand coalition (Germany)">grand coalition</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the SPD executive voted to enter coalition talks with the proviso that they would seek a vote from their membership before making a final agreement on entering a coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greens were open to coalition talks with the CDU/CSU,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but CSU leaders said they opposed a coalition with the Greens.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greens announced they would not consider going into coalition with the Left.<sup id="cite_ref-FT1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FT1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Formal talks began in the first week of October when Merkel met SPD leaders on 4 October. She said: "Europe is watching us, the world is watching us. We have the common responsibility to build a stable government." She also planned to hold talks with the Greens the following week.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After five weeks of negotiations that culminated in an all-night session 27–28 November, the CDU/CSU reached agreement with the SPD to form a new coalition government. Issues resolved in the talks included the planned introduction of a minimum hourly wage of €8.50 in 2015 and no new taxes. The deal depended on approval by the SPD rank and file, with a poll set for 6 December.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 December, 76% of the SPD's members voted for the coalition to go ahead. The <a href="/wiki/Third_Merkel_cabinet" title="Third Merkel cabinet">Third Merkel cabinet</a> was sworn in on 17 December.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This grand coalition continued after the <a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017 German federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ottens_2021_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ottens_2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Bundestag_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German Bundestag constituencies">List of German Bundestag constituencies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merkel-Raute" title="Merkel-Raute">Merkel-Raute</a></i> – described by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> as "probably one of the most recognisable hand gestures in the world", <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a>'s trademark has become a <a href="/wiki/Political_symbolism" title="Political symbolism">political symbol</a> used by both her supporters and opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Arzheimer, Kai. "The AfD: Finally a successful right-wing populist Eurosceptic party for Germany?." <i>West European Politics</i> 38.3 (2015): 535–556 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.essex.ac.uk/14030/1/afd-right-wing-populist-eurosceptic-germany.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Berbuir, Nicole, Marcel Lewandowsky, and Jasmin Siri. "The AfD and its sympathisers: Finally a right-wing populist movement in Germany?." <i>German Politics</i> 24.2 (2015): 154–178 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/39965973/Siri__LewandowskyBerbuir_2014.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Faas, Thorsten. "The German federal election of 2013: Merkel’s triumph, the disappearance of the liberal party, and yet another grand coalition." <i>West European Politics</i> 38.1 (2015): 238–247.</li> <li>Jungherr, Andreas, Harald Schoen, and Pascal Jürgens. "The mediation of politics through Twitter: An analysis of messages posted during the campaign for the German federal election 2013." <i>Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication</i> 21.1 (2016): 50–68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?output=instlink&q=info:Oy05puSQEeIJ:scholar.google.com/&hl=en&as_sdt=1,27&as_ylo=2014&scillfp=5270264987246947124&oi=lle">online</a></li> <li>Kayser, Mark Andreas, and Arndt Leininger. "A Predictive Test of Voters' Economic Benchmarking: The 2013 German Bundestag Election." <i>German Politics</i> 25.1 (2016): 106–130. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/54770650/BundestagForecastRR151121id.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Nuernbergk, Christian, et al. "The German Election Campaign 2013." in <i>The Routledge companion to social media and politics</i> (2015) pp: 419+.</li> <li>Selb, Peter, and Simon Munzert. "Forecasting the 2013 German Bundestag election using many polls and historical election results." <i>German Politics</i> 25.1 (2016): 73–83.</li> <li>Wüst, Andreas M. "Immigration into Politics: Immigrant-origin candidates and their success in the 2013 Bundestag election." <i>German Politics and Society</i> 32.3 (2014): 1–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghahnjournals.com/downloadpdf/journals/gps/32/3/gps320301.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Zeh, Reimar, and Christina Holtz-Bacha. "Internet, Social Medie Use and Political Participation in the 2013 Parliamentary Election in Germany." in <i>Political Parties in the Digital Ages. The Impact of New Technologies in Politics</i> (2015) pp: 43–57.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:2013_Germany_Bundestagswahl" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:2013 Germany Bundestagswahl">2013 Germany Bundestagswahl</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gysi was the leading candidate on a list of 8 top candidates appointed by the party congress. The others were <a href="/wiki/Sahra_Wagenknecht" title="Sahra Wagenknecht">Sahra Wagenknecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Aken_(politician)" title="Jan van Aken (politician)">Jan van Aken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dietmar_Bartsch" title="Dietmar Bartsch">Dietmar Bartsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Ernst" title="Klaus Ernst">Klaus Ernst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Gohlke" title="Nicole Gohlke">Nicole Gohlke</a>, Diana Golze, and <a href="/wiki/Caren_Lay" title="Caren Lay">Caren Lay</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dates&deadlines-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dates&deadlines_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dates&deadlines_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001182505/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_13/terminkalender_btw13/">"Dates and deadlines for the Election to the 18th German Bundestag on 22 September 2013"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Returning_Officer" title="Federal Returning Officer">The Federal Returning Officer</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2013</span>. <q>Casting of votes as a rule from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dates+and+deadlines+for+the+Election+to+the+18th+German+Bundestag+on+22+September+2013&rft.pub=The+Federal+Returning+Officer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswahlleiter.de%2Fen%2Fbundestagswahlen%2FBTW_BUND_13%2Fterminkalender_btw13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/German-elections-Politikverdrossenheit-and-rightist-fears_a1255.html">"German elections: Politikverdrossenheit and rightist fears"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925093510/http://www.lejournalinternational.fr/German-elections-Politikverdrossenheit-and-rightist-fears_a1255.html">Archived</a> 25 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Katrin Heilmann, Le Journal International, 22 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grundgesetz-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grundgesetz_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103110623/http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_gg/englisch_gg.html">Archived</a> 3 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Bundestag%3A+Deutschland+hat+ein+neues+Wahlrecht&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft.issn=0044-2070&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2F2013-02%2Fbundestag-wahlrecht-beschluss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bwahlg/__5.html">"BWahlG - § 5 Wahl in den Wahlkreisen"</a> [Federal Election Act: Section 5]. <i>www.gesetze-im-internet.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104512/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bwahlg/__5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gesetze-im-internet.de&rft.atitle=BWahlG+-+%C2%A7+5+Wahl+in+den+Wahlkreisen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fbwahlg%2F__5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bwahlg/__4.html">"BWahlG - § 4 Stimmen"</a> [Federal Election Act: Section 4]. <i>www.gesetze-im-internet.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104554/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bwahlg/__4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/glossar/texte/Saint_Lague_Schepers.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bundeswahlleiter.de&rft.atitle=Der+Bundeswahlleiter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswahlleiter.de%2Fen%2Fglossar%2Ftexte%2FSaint_Lague_Schepers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bwahlg/__6.html">"BWahlG - § 6"</a> [Federal Election Act: Section 6]. <i>www.gesetze-im-internet.de</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006104513/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/bwahlg/__6.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gesetze-im-internet.de&rft.atitle=BWahlG+-+%C2%A7+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fbwahlg%2F__6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The FDP named their chairman, Guido Westerwelle, chancellor-candidate in <a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helga-zepp-larouche.de/node/118">Die BüSo wird Recht behalten: Weltfinanzsystem kurz vor der Desintegration!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927211203/http://www.helga-zepp-larouche.de/node/118">Archived</a> 27 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 13 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/politik/Steinbrueck-Steinmeier-oder-doch-Hannelore-Kraft-id20425166.html">Steinbrück, Steinmeier - oder doch Hannelore Kraft?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927201828/http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/politik/Steinbrueck-Steinmeier-oder-doch-Hannelore-Kraft-id20425166.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Augsburger Allgemeine. 3 June 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tagesschau.de/inland/spd930.html">"Steinbrück wird Kanzlerkandidat"</a> [Steinbrück to be chancellor-candidate] (in German). <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a>. 28 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930230827/http://www.tagesschau.de/inland/spd930.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Steinbr%C3%BCck+wird+Kanzlerkandidat&rft.pub=ARD&rft.date=2012-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftagesschau.de%2Finland%2Fspd930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinancial_Crisis2013" class="citation web cs1">Financial Crisis (20 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/10255527/Greece-needs-third-bail-out-admits-German-finance-minister.html">"Greece needs third bail-out, admits German finance minister"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130823054522/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/10255527/Greece-needs-third-bail-out-admits-German-finance-minister.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Greece+needs+third+bail-out%2C+admits+German+finance+minister&rft.date=2013-08-20&rft.au=Financial+Crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ffinance%2Ffinancialcrisis%2F10255527%2FGreece-needs-third-bail-out-admits-German-finance-minister.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/08/20138212732885348.html">"German chancellor visits former Nazi camp - Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>. 21 August 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921065621/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/08/20138212732885348.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=German+chancellor+visits+former+Nazi+camp+-+Europe&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2013%2F08%2F20138212732885348.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzuczka2013" class="citation news cs1">Czuczka, Tony (19 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-19/merkel-seeks-mandate-to-top-thatcher-as-third-term-risks-loom.html">"Merkel Seeks Mandate to Top Thatcher as Third-Term Risks Loom"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055443/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-19/merkel-seeks-mandate-to-top-thatcher-as-third-term-risks-loom.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Merkel+Seeks+Mandate+to+Top+Thatcher+as+Third-Term+Risks+Loom&rft.date=2013-09-19&rft.aulast=Czuczka&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-09-19%2Fmerkel-seeks-mandate-to-top-thatcher-as-third-term-risks-loom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollier2013" class="citation news cs1">Bollier, Sam (21 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2013/09/20139211330063866.html">"Germany's election campaign draws to a close"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925025902/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2013/09/20139211330063866.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+election+campaign+draws+to+a+close&rft.date=2013-09-21&rft.aulast=Bollier&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Finpictures%2F2013%2F09%2F20139211330063866.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/09/2013921141238756448.html">"Germany rivals conclude election campaigns"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 21 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922134058/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/09/2013921141238756448.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Germany+rivals+conclude+election+campaigns&rft.date=2013-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2013%2F09%2F2013921141238756448.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/09/20139182555766505.html">"Merkel to face rival in German TV debate - Europe"</a>. Al Jazeera English. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921065625/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/09/20139182555766505.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merkel+to+face+rival+in+German+TV+debate+-+Europe&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2013%2F09%2F20139182555766505.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/roesler-bleibt-fdp-chef-bruederle-als-spitzenkandidat-a-878784.html">"Rösler bleibt FDP-Chef - Brüderle als Spitzenkandidat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065233/http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/roesler-bleibt-fdp-chef-bruederle-als-spitzenkandidat-a-878784.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=R%C3%B6sler+bleibt+FDP-Chef+-+Br%C3%BCderle+als+Spitzenkandidat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2Froesler-bleibt-fdp-chef-bruederle-als-spitzenkandidat-a-878784.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pollytix.eu/pollytix-german-election-trend">"Average of polling chart by pollytix"</a>. Pollytix.eu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054205/http://pollytix.eu/pollytix-german-election-trend">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+of+polling+chart+by+pollytix&rft.pub=Pollytix.eu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpollytix.eu%2Fpollytix-german-election-trend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsok.com/merkel-triumphs-in-german-vote-but-allies-crushed/article/feed/594439">"Merkel triumphs in German vote but allies crushed"</a>. News OK. 18 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928095747/http://newsok.com/merkel-triumphs-in-german-vote-but-allies-crushed/article/feed/594439">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merkel+triumphs+in+German+vote+but+allies+crushed&rft.pub=News+OK&rft.date=2013-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsok.com%2Fmerkel-triumphs-in-german-vote-but-allies-crushed%2Farticle%2Ffeed%2F594439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittrock2013" class="citation news cs1">Wittrock, Philipp (23 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/conservatives-react-to-success-of-merkel-in-german-election-a-923824.html">"Conservatives React to Success of Merkel in German Election"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. Spiegel Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925022119/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/conservatives-react-to-success-of-merkel-in-german-election-a-923824.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Conservatives+React+to+Success+of+Merkel+in+German+Election&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft.aulast=Wittrock&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fconservatives-react-to-success-of-merkel-in-german-election-a-923824.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130925030833/http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_13/ergebnisse/landesergebnisse/">"The Federal Returning Officer"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundestagswahlen/BTW_BUND_13/ergebnisse/landesergebnisse/">the original</a> on 25 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Returning+Officer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundeswahlleiter.de%2Fen%2Fbundestagswahlen%2FBTW_BUND_13%2Fergebnisse%2Flandesergebnisse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2013" class="citation news cs1">Young, Marc (23 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/more-merkel--the-upshot-from-the-german-election-142122721.html">"More Merkel: The upshot of the German election"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! News">Yahoo! News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927213246/http://news.yahoo.com/more-merkel--the-upshot-from-the-german-election-142122721.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=More+Merkel%3A+The+upshot+of+the+German+election&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fmore-merkel--the-upshot-from-the-german-election-142122721.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossland2013" class="citation news cs1">Crossland, David (30 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/press-review-and-news-roundup-on-german-coalition-talks-a-925327.html">"World From Berlin: Coalition Talks Could Last into January"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930170859/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/press-review-and-news-roundup-on-german-coalition-talks-a-925327.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=World+From+Berlin%3A+Coalition+Talks+Could+Last+into+January&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft.aulast=Crossland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fpress-review-and-news-roundup-on-german-coalition-talks-a-925327.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ottens_2021-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ottens_2021_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ottens_2021_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttens2021" class="citation web cs1">Ottens, Nick (3 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/opinion/152799">"Scholz would be foolish to rule out a left-wing coalition"</a>. <i>EUobserver</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001033935/https://euobserver.com/opinion/152799">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUobserver&rft.atitle=Scholz+would+be+foolish+to+rule+out+a+left-wing+coalition&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft.aulast=Ottens&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fopinion%2F152799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollier2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam_Bollier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sam Bollier (page does not exist)">Bollier, Sam</a> (24 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/09/201392495038862444.html">"Germany's Merkel looks for 'grand coalition'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115083902/http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/09/201392495038862444.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+Merkel+looks+for+%27grand+coalition%27&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft.aulast=Bollier&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2013%2F09%2F201392495038862444.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinJones2013" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Michelle; Jones, Gareth (27 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-spd-poll-idUSBRE98Q0QY20130927">"Majority of SPD members oppose coalition with Merkel: poll"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906203441/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-spd-poll-idUSBRE98Q0QY20130927">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Majority+of+SPD+members+oppose+coalition+with+Merkel%3A+poll&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Jones%2C+Gareth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-germany-spd-poll-idUSBRE98Q0QY20130927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003143005/http://main.omanobserver.om/?p=17145">"Merkel ally attacks left plan to poll members over tie-up"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oman_Daily_Observer" title="Oman Daily Observer">Oman Daily Observer</a></i>. 28 September 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://main.omanobserver.om/?p=17145">the original</a> on 3 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oman+Daily+Observer&rft.atitle=Merkel+ally+attacks+left+plan+to+poll+members+over+tie-up&rft.date=2013-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmain.omanobserver.om%2F%3Fp%3D17145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/greens-open-to-coalition-talks-with-merkels-cdu/a-17121330">"Greens open to coalition talks with Merkel's CDU"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Agence France-Press">AFP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Presseagentur" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Presseagentur">dpa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 28 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130929073958/http://www.dw.de/greens-open-to-coalition-talks-with-merkels-cdu/a-17121330">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Greens+open+to+coalition+talks+with+Merkel%27s+CDU&rft.date=2013-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fgreens-open-to-coalition-talks-with-merkels-cdu%2Fa-17121330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreidthardt2013" class="citation news cs1">Breidthardt, Annika (24 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014038/http://www.thestar.com.my/News/World/2013/09/24/Merkel-camp-eyes-tieup-with-Social-Democrats-shuns-Greens.aspx">"Merkel camp eyes tie-up with Social Democrats, shuns Greens"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/News/World/2013/09/24/Merkel-camp-eyes-tieup-with-Social-Democrats-shuns-Greens.aspx">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Merkel+camp+eyes+tie-up+with+Social+Democrats%2C+shuns+Greens&rft.date=2013-09-24&rft.aulast=Breidthardt&rft.aufirst=Annika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2FNews%2FWorld%2F2013%2F09%2F24%2FMerkel-camp-eyes-tieup-with-Social-Democrats-shuns-Greens.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FT1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FT1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ab5476ac-2406-11e3-b506-00144feab7de.html#axzz2fjUu6AUF">"Merkel begins search for coalition partner after election win"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. 23 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130172747/https://www.ft.com/content/ab5476ac-2406-11e3-b506-00144feab7de#axzz2fjUu6AUF">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Merkel+begins+search+for+coalition+partner+after+election+win&rft.date=2013-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fab5476ac-2406-11e3-b506-00144feab7de.html%23axzz2fjUu6AUF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/10/merkel-set-for-tricky-coalition-talks-201310461129632480.html">"Merkel, rivals to continue coalition talks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 4 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115155127/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/10/merkel-set-for-tricky-coalition-talks-201310461129632480.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Merkel%2C+rivals+to+continue+coalition+talks&rft.date=2013-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2013%2F10%2Fmerkel-set-for-tricky-coalition-talks-201310461129632480.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey2013" class="citation news cs1">Lindsey, Daryl (27 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/merkel-reaches-agreement-to-form-new-german-government-a-935934.html">"Coalition Deal: Merkel Reaches Agreement on Next Government"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Spiegel_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiegel Online">Spiegel Online</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213193216/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/merkel-reaches-agreement-to-form-new-german-government-a-935934.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spiegel+Online&rft.atitle=Coalition+Deal%3A+Merkel+Reaches+Agreement+on+Next+Government&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fmerkel-reaches-agreement-to-form-new-german-government-a-935934.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25116115">"Deal reached on new government for Germany under Merkel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 27 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131204190013/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25116115">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Deal+reached+on+new+government+for+Germany+under+Merkel&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-25116115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmaleEddy2013" class="citation news cs1">Smale, Alison; Eddy, Melissa (27 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/28/world/europe/merkel-and-rivals-strike-deal-on-new-german-government.html?hp&_r=0">"German Rivals Reach Pact for Coalition Government"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924175809/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/28/world/europe/merkel-and-rivals-strike-deal-on-new-german-government.html?hp&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=German+Rivals+Reach+Pact+for+Coalition+Government&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft.aulast=Smale&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft.au=Eddy%2C+Melissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F11%2F28%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fmerkel-and-rivals-strike-deal-on-new-german-government.html%3Fhp%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/12/german-party-clears-way-third-merkel-term-20131214142726226800.html">"German party clears way for third Merkel term"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a></i>. 15 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216065633/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2013/12/german-party-clears-way-third-merkel-term-20131214142726226800.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=German+party+clears+way+for+third+Merkel+term&rft.date=2013-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2F2013%2F12%2Fgerman-party-clears-way-third-merkel-term-20131214142726226800.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/german-elections-blog-2013/2013/sep/03/angela-merkel-diamond-german-election-campaign">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Merkel diamond' takes centre stage in German election campaign"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 3 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021230626/http://www.theguardian.com/world/german-elections-blog-2013/2013/sep/03/angela-merkel-diamond-german-election-campaign">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Merkel+diamond%27+takes+centre+stage+in+German+election+campaign&rft.date=2013-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Fgerman-elections-blog-2013%2F2013%2Fsep%2F03%2Fangela-merkel-diamond-german-election-campaign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A2013+German+federal+election" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundeswahlleiter.de/en/bundestagswahlen/2013/ergebnisse/bund-99.html">Official voting results from the Federal Returning Officer</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Germany&#124;link=Germany_Elections_and_referendums_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_elections" title="Template:German elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_elections" title="Template talk:German elections"><abbr title="Discuss this 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Germany">Elections and referendums in Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parliamentary elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1848_German_federal_election" title="1848 German federal election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="February 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1867_North_German_federal_election" title="August 1867 North German federal election">1867 (Aug)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Zollparlament_election" title="1868 Zollparlament election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_German_federal_election" title="1871 German federal election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_German_federal_election" title="1874 German federal election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1877_German_federal_election" title="1877 German federal election">1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_German_federal_election" title="1878 German federal election">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881_German_federal_election" title="1881 German federal election">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_German_federal_election" title="1884 German federal election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_German_federal_election" title="1887 German federal election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_German_federal_election" title="1890 German federal election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_German_federal_election" title="1893 German federal election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_German_federal_election" title="1898 German federal election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_German_federal_election" title="1907 German federal election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_German_federal_election" title="1919 German federal election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_German_federal_election" title="1920 German federal election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">1924 (May)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">1924 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">1932 (July)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">1932 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">1933 (Mar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_parliamentary_election" title="November 1933 German parliamentary election">1933 (Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_West_German_federal_election" title="1949 West German federal election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_West_German_federal_election" title="1953 West German federal election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_West_German_federal_election" title="1957 West German federal election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_West_German_federal_election" title="1961 West German federal election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_West_German_federal_election" title="1965 West German federal election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_West_German_federal_election" title="1969 West German federal election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_West_German_federal_election" title="1972 West German federal election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_West_German_federal_election" title="1976 West German federal election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_West_German_federal_election" title="1980 West German federal election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_West_German_federal_election" title="1983 West German federal election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_West_German_federal_election" title="1987 West German federal election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_German_federal_election" title="1990 German federal election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_German_federal_election" title="1994 German federal election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_German_federal_election" title="1998 German federal election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_German_federal_election" title="2002 German federal election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_German_federal_election" title="2005 German federal election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_German_federal_election" title="2009 German federal election">2009</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_German_federal_election" title="2017 German federal election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_German_federal_election" title="2021 German federal election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_German_federal_election" title="2025 German federal election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">Presidential elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the European Union">European elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1979 European Parliament election in West Germany">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1984 European Parliament election in West Germany">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_European_Parliament_election_in_West_Germany" title="1989 European Parliament election in West Germany">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1994 European Parliament election in Germany">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="1999 European Parliament election in Germany">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2004 European Parliament election in Germany">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2009 European Parliament election in Germany">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2014 European Parliament election in Germany">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2019 European Parliament election in Germany">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_European_Parliament_election_in_Germany" title="2024 European Parliament election in Germany">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_Germany" title="Referendums in Germany">Referendums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1926_German_property_expropriation_referendum" title="1926 German property expropriation referendum">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_German_Young_Plan_referendum" title="1929 German Young Plan referendum">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_German_League_of_Nations_withdrawal_referendum" title="1933 German League of Nations withdrawal referendum">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_German_head_of_state_referendum" title="1934 German head of state referendum">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><b>See also: Elections and referendums in</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_state_elections" title="Template:Baden-Württemberg state elections">Baden-Württemberg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bavaria_state_elections" title="Template:Bavaria state elections">Bavaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Berlin_state_elections" title="Template:Berlin state elections">Berlin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Brandenburg_state_elections" title="Template:Brandenburg state elections">Brandenburg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Bremen_state_elections" title="Template:Bremen state elections">Bremen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hamburg_state_elections" title="Template:Hamburg state elections">Hamburg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hesse_state_elections" title="Template:Hesse state elections">Hesse</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Lower_Saxony_state_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Lower Saxony state election">Lower Saxony</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern_state_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:North_Rhine-Westphalia_state_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:North Rhine-Westphalia state election">North Rhine-Westphalia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhineland-Palatinate_state_elections" title="Template:Rhineland-Palatinate state elections">Rhineland-Palatinate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Saarland_state_elections" title="Template:Saarland state elections">Saarland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Saxony_state_elections" title="Template:Saxony state elections">Saxony</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Saxony-Anhalt_state_elections" title="Template:Saxony-Anhalt state elections">Saxony-Anhalt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Schleswig-Holstein_state_elections" title="Template:Schleswig-Holstein state elections">Schleswig-Holstein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Thuringia_state_elections" title="Template:Thuringia state elections">Thuringia</a></dd> <dd><b>former:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:East_German_elections" title="Template:East German elections">East Germany</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Prussian_state_elections" title="Template:Prussian state elections">Free State of Prussia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_Provinzialtag_elections_in_the_Weimar_Republic" title="East Prussian Provinzialtag elections in the Weimar Republic">East Prussia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2013_elections_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2013_elections_in_Germany" title="Template:2013 elections in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2013_elections_in_Germany" title="Template talk:2013 elections in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2013_elections_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2013 elections in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this 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