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id="toc-Phases_of_colonial_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_lease_renegotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_lease_renegotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Potential lease renegotiations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_lease_renegotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coexistence_with_the_People's_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coexistence_with_the_People's_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Coexistence with the People's Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coexistence_with_the_People's_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Approaching_deadline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaching_deadline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Approaching deadline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approaching_deadline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negotiations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negotiations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Negotiations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Negotiations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Negotiations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Negotiations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sovereignty_after_1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereignty_after_1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sovereignty after 1997 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereignty_after_1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_attempt_to_extend_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_attempt_to_extend_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 British attempt to extend administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_attempt_to_extend_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality_and_the_Joint_Liaison_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality_and_the_Joint_Liaison_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Nationality and the Joint Liaison Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality_and_the_Joint_Liaison_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Content </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Content subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Main text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annex_I:_Chinese_basic_policies_for_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annex_I:_Chinese_basic_policies_for_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Annex I: Chinese basic policies for Hong Kong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annex_I:_Chinese_basic_policies_for_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annex_II:_Sino-British_Joint_Liaison_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annex_II:_Sino-British_Joint_Liaison_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Annex II: Sino-British Joint Liaison Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annex_II:_Sino-British_Joint_Liaison_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annex_III:_Land_leases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annex_III:_Land_leases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Annex III: Land leases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annex_III:_Land_leases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memoranda_on_nationality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memoranda_on_nationality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Memoranda on nationality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memoranda_on_nationality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-agreement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-agreement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Post-agreement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-agreement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-agreement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-agreement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Contemporary reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Initial_period_after_1997_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_period_after_1997_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Initial period after 1997 transfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_period_after_1997_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute_over_treaty's_continued_binding_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_over_treaty's_continued_binding_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Dispute over treaty's continued binding status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_over_treaty's_continued_binding_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 News articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislation_and_treaty_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislation_and_treaty_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.3 Legislation and treaty law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislation_and_treaty_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sino-British Joint Declaration</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" > 25 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83" title="الإعلان الصيني البريطاني المشترك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الإعلان الصيني البريطاني المشترك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiong-Eng_Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp_Seng-b%C3%AAng" title="Tiong-Eng Liân-ha̍p Seng-bêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiong-Eng Liân-ha̍p Seng-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinesisch-britische_gemeinsame_Erkl%C3%A4rung_zu_Hongkong" title="Chinesisch-britische gemeinsame Erklärung zu Hongkong – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinesisch-britische gemeinsame Erklärung zu Hongkong" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiina-Briti_%C3%BChisdeklaratsioon" title="Hiina-Briti ühisdeklaratsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hiina-Briti ühisdeklaratsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%81%CF%85%CE%BE%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_1984" title="Σινοβρετανική Κοινή Διακήρυξη του 1984 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σινοβρετανική Κοινή Διακήρυξη του 1984" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaraci%C3%B3n_Conjunta_Sino-Brit%C3%A1nica" title="Declaración Conjunta Sino-Británica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Declaración Conjunta Sino-Británica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_commune_sino-britannique_sur_la_question_de_Hong_Kong" title="Déclaration commune sino-britannique sur la question de Hong Kong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Déclaration commune sino-britannique sur la question de Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%8D%EC%BD%A9_%EB%B0%98%ED%99%98_%ED%98%91%EC%A0%95" title="홍콩 반환 협정 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홍콩 반환 협정" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE" title="चीन-ब्रिटिश संयुक्त घोषणा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चीन-ब्रिटिश संयुक्त घोषणा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deklarasi_Bersama_Tiongkok-Britania" title="Deklarasi Bersama Tiongkok-Britania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Deklarasi Bersama Tiongkok-Britania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichiarazione_congiunta_sino-britannica" title="Dichiarazione congiunta sino-britannica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dichiarazione congiunta sino-britannica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-British Joint Declaration – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Sino-British Joint Declaration" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai%E2%80%93brit_visszacsatol%C3%A1si_meg%C3%A1llapod%C3%A1s" title="Kínai–brit visszacsatolási megállapodás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai–brit visszacsatolási megállapodás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengisytiharan_Bersama_China-British" title="Pengisytiharan Bersama China-British – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengisytiharan Bersama China-British" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E" title="英中共同声明 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="英中共同声明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xitoy-Britaniya_qo%CA%BBshma_deklaratsiyasi" title="Xitoy-Britaniya qoʻshma deklaratsiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xitoy-Britaniya qoʻshma deklaratsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_conjunta_sino-brit%C3%A2nica_sobre_a_quest%C3%A3o_de_Hong_Kong" title="Declaração conjunta sino-britânica sobre a questão de Hong Kong – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Declaração conjunta sino-britânica sobre a questão de Hong Kong" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Объединённая китайско-британская декларация по вопросу передачи Гонконга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Объединённая китайско-британская декларация по вопросу передачи Гонконга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кинеско-британска заједничка декларација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кинеско-британска заједничка декларација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinan_ja_Britannian_yhteisjulistus" title="Kiinan ja Britannian yhteisjulistus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinan ja Britannian yhteisjulistus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">1984 British-Chinese treaty regarding the transfer of Hong Kong</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%;">Sino-British Joint Declaration <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>中英联合声明</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above description" style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ededed">Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong<a href="#cite_note-ChineseUKname-1">[note 1]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;padding-top:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Hall_of_the_People_%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82_(Tomoaki_INABA)_-_Flickr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Great_Hall_of_the_People_%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82_%28Tomoaki_INABA%29_-_Flickr.jpg/300px-Great_Hall_of_the_People_%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82_%28Tomoaki_INABA%29_-_Flickr.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Great_Hall_of_the_People_%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82_%28Tomoaki_INABA%29_-_Flickr.jpg/450px-Great_Hall_of_the_People_%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82_%28Tomoaki_INABA%29_-_Flickr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Great_Hall_of_the_People_%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82_%28Tomoaki_INABA%29_-_Flickr.jpg/600px-Great_Hall_of_the_People_%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%82_%28Tomoaki_INABA%29_-_Flickr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a>, where the Joint Declaration was signed</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Context</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">Agreement on the future of Hong Kong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Drafted</th><td class="infobox-data">June 1984 to September 1984; 40 years ago (1984-09)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signed</th><td class="infobox-data">19 December 1984; 39 years ago (1984-12-19)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a>, Beijing, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Effective</th><td class="infobox-data">27 July 1985; 39 years ago (1985-07-27)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Exchange of ratifications</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expiry</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sino-British_Joint_Declaration#Disputed" title="Talk:Sino-British Joint Declaration">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (October 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> in China View</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Negotiators</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist">British delegation led by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Cradock" title="Percy Cradock">Percy Cradock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evans_(British_diplomat)" title="Richard Evans (British diplomat)">Richard Evans</a>, Chinese delegation led by <a href="/wiki/Yao_Guang" title="Yao Guang">Yao Guang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Nan" title="Zhou Nan">Zhou Nan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data attendee plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier of the State Council of People's Republic of China</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parties</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Full text</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/16px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/32px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Declaration" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Sino-British Joint Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Sino–British Joint Declaration</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中英聯合聲明</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中英联合声明</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōng-Yīng Liánhé Shēngmíng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chung1-Ying1 Lien2-ho2 Sheng1-ming2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zung1-Yin1 Lien2hap6 Sang1min2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jūng-yīng lyùhnhahp singmìhng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zung1-Jing1 Lyun4hap6 Sing1ming4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʊ́ŋjɪ́ŋ ly̏ːnhɐ̀p ɕɪ́ŋmɪ̏ŋ]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Joint Declaration of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the Question of Hong Kong<a href="#cite_note-ChineseUKname-1">[note 1]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中華人民共和國政府和大不列顛及北愛爾蘭聯合王國政府關於香港問題的聯合聲明</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">中华人民共和国政府和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府关于香港问题的联合声明</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó zhèngfŭ hé Dà Búlièdiàn jí Běi Ài'ěrlán Liánhé Wángguó zhèngfŭ guānyú Xiānggǎng Wèntí de Liánhé Shēngmíng</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zung1fa2 Ngin2min2 Kiung4fo2get5(or gok5) zin4fu3 fo2 Tai4 But5liet6dien1 kip6 Bet5 Oi4li3(or ni3)lan2 Lien2hap6 Vong2get5(or gok5) zin4fu3 gan1yi1 Hiong1gong3 Mun4ti2 dit5(or e4) Lien2hap6 Sang1min2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jūngwàah Jàhnmàhn Guhngwòhgwok jing fú wòh daaih bāk liht dīn kahp bāk oi yíh làahn lyùhn hahp wòhng gwok jing fú gwāan yū heùng góng mahn taìh dīk lyùhn hahp sīng mìhng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Zung1waa4 Jan4man4 Gung6wo4gwok3 zing3fu2 wo4 Daai6 Bak1lit6din1 kap6 Bak1 Oi3ji5laan4 Lyun4hap6 Wong4gwok3 zing3fu2 gwaan1jyu1 Hoeng1gong2 Man6tai4 dik1 Lyun4hap6 Sing1ming4</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Sino-British Joint Declaration was a <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a> between the governments of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and People’s Republic of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> signed in 1984 setting the conditions in which <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> was <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">transferred to Chinese control</a> and for the governance of the territory after 1 July 1997. Hong Kong had been a <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">colony of the British Empire</a> since 1842 after the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a> and its territory was expanded on two occasions; first in 1860 with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula" title="Kowloon Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stonecutters_Island" title="Stonecutters Island">Stonecutters Island</a>, and again in 1898 when Britain obtained a <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">99-year lease</a> for the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a>. The date of the handover in 1997 marked the end of this lease. The Chinese government declared in the treaty its basic policies for governing Hong Kong after the transfer. A <a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">special administrative region</a> would be established in the territory that would be self-governing with a high degree of autonomy, except in foreign affairs and defence. Hong Kong would maintain its existing governing and economic systems separate from that of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> under the principle of "<a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">one country, two systems</a>". This blueprint would be elaborated on in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a> (the post-handover regional constitution) and the central government's policies for the territory were to remain unchanged for a period of 50 years after 1997. China has stated since 2014 that it considers the treaty to be <a href="/wiki/Spent_enactment" title="Spent enactment">spent</a> with no further legal effect, while the United Kingdom maintains that the document remains binding in operation. Following China's 2020 imposition of <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">national security legislation on Hong Kong</a> and a 2021 <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> decision to <a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral reform">approve a rework of local election laws</a> that reduces the number of <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">regional legislature</a> <a href="/wiki/Geographical_constituency" title="Geographical constituency">seats elected by the public</a>, the UK has declared China as being in a "state of ongoing non-compliance" with the Joint Declaration. China deemed the document expired and invalid as of June 30, 1997, while the UK continues to believe that it remains valid and effective. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">History of Hong Kong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="China–United Kingdom relations">China–United Kingdom relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phases_of_colonial_expansion">Phases of colonial expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phases of colonial expansion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of Beijing">Convention of Beijing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acquisition_of_Hong_Kong.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acquisition_of_Hong_Kong.svg/220px-Acquisition_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acquisition_of_Hong_Kong.svg/330px-Acquisition_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Acquisition_of_Hong_Kong.svg/440px-Acquisition_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>Britain acquired <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a> in 1842, <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula" title="Kowloon Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a> in 1860, and leased the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> in 1898 for 99 years.</figcaption></figure> Hong Kong became a British colony in 1842 after the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>'s defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a>. The territory initially consisted only of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a> and was expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula" title="Kowloon Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stonecutters_Island" title="Stonecutters Island">Stonecutters Island</a> in 1860 after another Qing loss in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200716,_21–24-2">[1]</a> After this addition, the British government resisted calls by colonial officials and merchants for further expansion into China, deciding to cease territorial acquisitions in the area. However, as <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> coerced China into granting <a href="/wiki/Concessions_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Concessions in China">concessions</a> in the late 1890s, Britain considered another expansion of Hong Kong to bolster the colony's defence against attack from these other <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200767–69-3">[2]</a> When <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> obtained a lease for <a href="/wiki/Guangzhouwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a>, only 210 miles (340 km) away from Hong Kong,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2019182-4">[3]</a> Britain entered into negotiations with the Qing to acquire the <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a> as a compensatory concession in 1898. The British negotiator considered the 99-year lease term to be sufficiently suggestive that the ceded area would be a permanent cession,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2019191–192-5">[4]</a> which was granted rent-free.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200769-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_lease_renegotiations">Potential lease renegotiations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Potential lease renegotiations">edit</a>]</div> Hong Kong Governor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lugard" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Lugard">Frederick Lugard</a> first proposed renegotiating the lease as a formal cession in 1909 in return for restoring <a href="/wiki/British_Weihaiwei" title="British Weihaiwei">Weihaiwei</a> to China. Although the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Offices</a> considered this, the plan was never brought to the Chinese government before Weihaiwei was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> in 1930. Alternate plans that involved offering China a substantial loan and settling land disputes on the <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burmese</a> border were suggested, but these ideas similarly did not progress past discussion. The start of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> and ensuing <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation of Hong Kong</a> stifled further debate on obtaining a cession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997423–424-7">[6]</a> The British government initially prepared for the possibility of having to relinquish Hong Kong after the war, but moved towards retaining the colony over the course of the conflict. Hong Kong returned to British control in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997425-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007127–129-9">[8]</a> In the immediate post-war period, the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> continued this dialogue with the British about the future of Hong Kong, which included discussions of a full retrocession and proposals of turning the colony into an <a href="/wiki/International_city" title="International city">international city</a>. However, communist victory in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> made a transfer of Hong Kong to the Nationalists an increasingly unlikely scenario, and the status quo was maintained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997427–429,_435-10">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coexistence_with_the_People's_Republic">Coexistence with the People's Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coexistence with the People's Republic">edit</a>]</div> Although communist troops marched up to the border with Hong Kong, they did not try to forcefully take the colony. Initial engagement between the colonial and new Chinese authorities were largely friendly and cooperative. While it was clear that the long-term goal of the communists was to absorb the territory, they chose to take no action on the issue in the near-term. The Chinese were content with the political status of the colony for the time being so long as no efforts were made to introduce democratic development in the territory; they were simply hostile to the idea of a potentially independent Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997436–441-11">[10]</a> In 1972, China successfully petitioned the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to remove Hong Kong from its <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">list of non-self-governing territories</a>, and declared that the colony was a "Chinese territory under British administration". The United Kingdom did not raise any objections to this and the local population did not think the move was significant, but the implication of this change was that Communist China alone would determine the territory's future, excluding the people of Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007176–177-12">[11]</a> Post-war Hong Kong experienced rapid economic growth through the 1950s as it industrialised into a manufacturing-based export economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007143–144-13">[12]</a> This development continued through the following decades bolstered by a strong trading network, robust banking and financial systems, and an educated and growing workforce supplemented by continuing immigration from mainland China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007162–163-14">[13]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> embroiled mainland China beginning in 1966, <a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)#Pro-CCP_leftists" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">local communists in Hong Kong</a> started a series of demonstrations against colonial rule that escalated into the <a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007150–153-15">[14]</a> However, the disturbances never gained local support and the subsequent restoration of public order conversely resulted in the colonial government achieving increased popularity among the territory's residents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007156–158-16">[15]</a> By the late 1970s, Hong Kong had become one of the largest trading ports and financial centres in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESo1986241-17">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hongkong_1980_(View_from_Peak).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hongkong_1980_%28View_from_Peak%29.jpg/220px-Hongkong_1980_%28View_from_Peak%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hongkong_1980_%28View_from_Peak%29.jpg/330px-Hongkong_1980_%28View_from_Peak%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hongkong_1980_%28View_from_Peak%29.jpg/440px-Hongkong_1980_%28View_from_Peak%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Urban Hong Kong in 1980</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaching_deadline">Approaching deadline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Approaching deadline">edit</a>]</div> Local investors began expressing their concern in the mid-1970s over the long-term viability of continued real estate investment. The colonial government could not legally grant new land leases in the New Territories past 1997 and needed to resolve the uncertainty with the Chinese government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007177-18">[17]</a> During an official visit to Beijing in March 1979, Governor <a href="/wiki/Murray_MacLehose" class="mw-redirect" title="Murray MacLehose">Murray MacLehose</a> raised the issue with Vice Premier <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>. MacLehose suggested setting aside the 1997 date for land leases and replacing those contracts with ones that were valid for as long as British administration continued in the colony. Deng rejected this suggestion, but he informed the governor that while sovereignty over Hong Kong belonged to China, the territory held a special status that would continue to be respected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2010-19">[18]</a> MacLehose informed the public that further investment would be safe. Market reaction was optimistic; stock valuations rose and further investment in real estate boosted the value of Hong Kong's land to the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007177–178-20">[19]</a> Just before the start of formal negotiations with China over Hong Kong, Parliament enacted a major reform of <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">British nationality law</a> – the <a href="/wiki/British_Nationality_Act_1981" title="British Nationality Act 1981">British Nationality Act 1981</a>. Prior to the passage of this Act, all citizens of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> (including Hongkongers) held a common nationality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen199978-21">[20]</a> Citizens of the United Kingdom and Colonies (CUKCs) previously had the unrestricted right to enter and live in the UK until 1962,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen199971-22">[21]</a> although non-white immigration was systemically discouraged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen199990-23">[22]</a> Immigration from the colonies and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries was gradually restricted by Parliament from 1962 to 1971 amid <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonisation</a>, when <a href="/wiki/British_subject" title="British subject">British subjects</a> originating from outside of the <a href="/wiki/British_Islands" title="British Islands">British Islands</a> first had immigration controls imposed on them when entering the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1972-24">[23]</a> The 1981 Act reclassified CUKCs into different nationality groups based on their ancestry and birthplace,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Nationality_Act_1981-25">[24]</a> and the vast majority of British subjects in Hong Kong became <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Dependent Territories citizens</a> (BDTCs) with <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">right of abode only in Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE1996_Population_By-Census31-26">[25]</a> Only those reclassified as British citizens held an automatic <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Right of abode in the United Kingdom">right to live in the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Nationality_Act_1981s_11-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Negotiations">Negotiations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Negotiations">edit</a>]</div> Formal negotiations began in September 1982 with the arrival of British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and Hong Kong Governor <a href="/wiki/Edward_Youde" title="Edward Youde">Edward Youde</a> in Beijing to meet with Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWren1982a-28">[27]</a> In the initial phase of negotiations from October 1982 to June 1983, the main point of contention was the issue of sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198648-30">[29]</a> The goals of the Chinese government were made clear from the beginning of the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWren1982b-31">[30]</a> China would resume both sovereignty and administration over Hong Kong in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuang1996211-33">[32]</a> It would do this by force if necessary,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180-29">[28]</a> but preferred to keep the territory's socioeconomic climate stable to maximize the economic benefits it could reap from the transfer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007179-34">[33]</a> Its proposed plan was to establish a special administrative region in the territory that would be governed by local residents and to maintain the existing structures of government and economy in place for as long as 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898-32">[31]</a> Constitutional arrangements had already been made to implement this plan and the Chinese would not accept anything less than a full reversion of Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198648-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898-32">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereignty_after_1997">Sovereignty after 1997</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sovereignty after 1997">edit</a>]</div> During her first visit to Beijing, Thatcher asserted the continuing validity of British treaty rights for the sovereignty of Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWren1982b-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2003500-35">[34]</a> The British began negotiations believing that they could secure an extension of the New Territories lease while retaining sovereignty of the ceded areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898-32">[31]</a> Although the UK had just successfully defended its hold on the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">war against Argentina</a>, Hong Kong's proximity to mainland China made a military defence of the territory impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1985169-36">[35]</a> Thatcher later recounted that Deng had told her directly "I could walk in and take the whole lot this afternoon", to which she replied, "There is nothing I could do to stop you, but the eyes of the world would now know what China is like."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan2007-37">[36]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Thatcher_(1983).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/152px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/228px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg/304px-Margaret_Thatcher_%281983%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3259" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhao_Ziyang_(1985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg/152px-Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg/228px-Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg/304px-Zhao_Ziyang_%281985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1659" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> and Chinese Premier <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a>, signatories to the Joint Declaration</div></div></div></div> The Chinese pushed back against the assertion of sovereignty rights and insisted that it was not bound by the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaties</a> that ceded Hong Kong to the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWren1982b-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007178-38">[37]</a> Even if the two sides had agreed on the binding nature of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a>, the vast majority of the colony's land still would have reverted to China at the conclusion of the New Territories lease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984896-39">[38]</a> Because most of the territory's industry was developed there, separating the leased area and returning only that part of the colony to China was economically and logistically infeasible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2003500-35">[34]</a> Negotiations were stalled until Britain conceded that it would relinquish sovereignty over the entire territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_attempt_to_extend_administration">British attempt to extend administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British attempt to extend administration">edit</a>]</div> In the second phase of negotiations, the British attempted to negotiate an extension of their administration in Hong Kong past 1997 in exchange for their acknowledgement of Chinese sovereignty. This was again soundly rejected by the Chinese as unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898–899-40">[39]</a> The continued stalled state of negotiations precipitated a drop in investor confidence, causing a sharp decline in local property values<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007178-38">[37]</a> that culminated with the crash of the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a>'s value on <a href="/wiki/Black_Saturday_(1983)" title="Black Saturday (1983)">Black Saturday</a> in September 1983.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898–899-40">[39]</a> The talks were entirely conducted without meaningful input from the people of Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984900-41">[40]</a> Early in the process, British officials had used the analogy of a "three-legged stool" to describe a scenario where Hong Kong was party to the negotiations with the United Kingdom and China. The Chinese government dismissed this idea, claiming that it already represented the interests of the people of Hong Kong.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWren1984a-42">[41]</a> Local residents were apprehensive about the prospect of being handed over to Chinese rule and overwhelmingly preferred that Hong Kong remain a British territory;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180-29">[28]</a> contemporary opinion polls show that 85 per cent of residents favoured this option.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1984117-43">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a> rejected holding a general referendum on the future of the colony due to vehement opposition from the Chinese<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984902-44">[43]</a> and because it assumed that educating the public on the complexity of the issue would be too difficult.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHau20218-45">[44]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Unofficial_Members_of_the_Executive_and_Legislative_Councils" title="Office of the Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils">Unofficial Members of the Executive and Legislative Councils</a> had repeatedly petitioned the British negotiators to insist on continued administration for as long as possible, they were ultimately unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYui2020374–376-46">[45]</a> By November 1983, the British accepted that they would have no further authority over Hong Kong after 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984899-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationality_and_the_Joint_Liaison_Group">Nationality and the Joint Liaison Group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nationality and the Joint Liaison Group">edit</a>]</div> Negotiations in 1984 centred on nationality and the role of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Joint_Liaison_Group" title="Sino-British Joint Liaison Group">Joint Liaison Group</a>. British negotiators and Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Executive Council of Hong Kong">Executive Council</a> members wanted to ensure the continued status of Hongkongers as <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Dependent Territories citizens</a> (BDTCs) after the transfer of sovereignty, but the Chinese would not allow this and even demanded that further granting of BDTC status be halted immediately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYui2020376–377-48">[47]</a> Although there were debates in the British Parliament on granting all residents <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_citizen" title="British Overseas citizen">British Overseas citizenship</a> that could be transferred to children for up to two generations after 1997,<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> this was not implemented and the Joint Declaration instead provided for a new status to be created.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationUnited_Kingdom_Memorandum-50">[49]</a> The Chinese initially wanted the Joint Liaison Group to act as an oversight committee during the transition period of administering Hong Kong up to the handover date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007181-51">[50]</a> At the insistence of Governor Youde and Executive Council members, the group was limited in its scope to be strictly advisory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007181-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYui2020377-52">[51]</a> A bilateral working group was created in June 1984 to draft the text of the treaty and its annexes. This was completed in three months,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamChanChoi_KwanLeung201213-53">[52]</a> and on 26 September 1984, a draft copy of the Joint Declaration was initialed by British Ambassador to China <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evans_(British_diplomat)" title="Richard Evans (British diplomat)">Richard Evans</a> and Chinese Vice Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Nan" title="Zhou Nan">Zhou Nan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWren1984b-54">[53]</a> The final version was signed on 19 December 1984 by Prime Minister Thatcher and Premier Zhao in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a> in Beijing;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1984-55">[54]</a> the treaty came into force when instruments of ratification were exchanged on 27 May 1985<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> and was registered at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> by both governments on 12 June 1985.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Content">edit</a>]</div> The Joint Declaration consists of its main text, Annex I elaborating the Chinese government's basic policies for Hong Kong, Annex II concerning plans for the <a href="/wiki/Sino%E2%80%93British_Joint_Liaison_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino–British Joint Liaison Group">Sino–British Joint Liaison Group</a>, Annex III explaining protections for land leases granted by the colonial government, and two memoranda from each party describing transitional nationality arrangements for local residents.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_Declaration-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_text">Main text</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Main text">edit</a>]</div> In the main text of the treaty, the Chinese government declared its intention to resume the exercise of its sovereignty over the entire area of Hong Kong (including the ceded areas of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Island" title="Hong Kong Island">Hong Kong Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kowloon_Peninsula" title="Kowloon Peninsula">Kowloon Peninsula</a>, as well as the leased <a href="/wiki/New_Territories" title="New Territories">New Territories</a>) on 1 July 1997<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_Declarations_1-60">[59]</a> and the British government agreed to transfer control of the territory on that date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_Declarations_2-61">[60]</a> China stated its basic policies for administering the returned area; it would establish a special administrative region that would be autonomous in governing local affairs. The economic, social, governing, and legal systems would remain basically unchanged from as they existed under colonial administration. Hong Kong would remain a separate customs territory with free flow of capital. Civil and property rights would remain protected after the transfer of sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_Declarations_3-62">[61]</a> During the transition period from the date the treaty came into force until 30 June 1997, the United Kingdom would continue to be responsible for administering Hong Kong with the objective of maintaining its economic prosperity and social stability.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_Declarations_4-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annex_I:_Chinese_basic_policies_for_Hong_Kong">Annex I: Chinese basic policies for Hong Kong</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Annex I: Chinese basic policies for Hong Kong">edit</a>]</div> The first annex of the treaty elaborates on the Chinese government's basic policies for Hong Kong. There are 14 policies listed in Annex I, providing a framework under which the post-handover government would be established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_I-64">[63]</a> This part of the Joint Declaration provides for economic and administrative continuity through the transfer of sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_I,_art._I,_VI-65">[64]</a> Executive, legislative, and judicial powers would be devolved by the central government to the special administrative region, which is given a "high degree of autonomy" in exercising those powers in all areas except for defence and diplomatic affairs. The region retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations with foreign nations. <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism</a> as practised in mainland China would not be extended to Hong Kong and the territory's capitalist economy and the civil liberties of its residents (such as freedom of speech, assembly, and religion) would be protected and remain unchanged for 50 years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_I,_art._I-66">[65]</a> The territory would be allowed to maintain its separate financial markets; the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a> remains the regional currency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_I,_art._VII-67">[66]</a> In the areas of civil aviation and maritime shipping, Hong Kong would continue as a separate entity from the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_I,_art._VIII,_IX-68">[67]</a> Education and the maintenance of public order would be the regional government's responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_I,_art._X,_XII-69">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_Hong_Kong" title="Right of abode in Hong Kong">Right of abode in Hong Kong</a> and immigration matters remain separate from mainland China, and the region could issue <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Special_Administrative_Region_passport" title="Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passport">its own passports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_I,_art._XIII-70">[69]</a> All of these policies would be further detailed in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a>, which would stipulate the framework in which the new special administrative region would function.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_I,_art._I-66">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annex_II:_Sino-British_Joint_Liaison_Group">Annex II: Sino-British Joint Liaison Group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Annex II: Sino-British Joint Liaison Group">edit</a>]</div> The second annex of the treaty provided for the establishment of the Sino-British Joint Liaison Group, consisting of diplomats from both governments,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_II,_s_7-71">[70]</a> to facilitate ongoing dialogue for the implementation of the Joint Declaration and a smooth transfer of government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_II,_s_1-72">[71]</a> This group was strictly intended to be a channel of close communication for both parties and did not have authority to supervise or participate in the administration of the territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_II,_s_6-73">[72]</a> The Joint Liaison Group was given two specific objectives during the period between its establishment and the transfer of sovereignty. In the first half of this period, it would consider actions necessary to maintain Hong Kong's status as a separate customs territory and ensure continuity of its international rights and obligations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_II,_s_4-74">[73]</a> During the second half leading up to the handover, the Liaison Group would consider actions needed to ensure a successful transition in 1997 and assist the incoming regional government in developing relations and agreements with other countries and international organisations for economic and cultural purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_II,_s_5-75">[74]</a> The mandate for this group ended on 1 January 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_II,_s_8-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annex_III:_Land_leases">Annex III: Land leases</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Annex III: Land leases">edit</a>]</div> The third annex of the treaty dealt with the validity of land leases granted by the colonial Hong Kong government. All existing land lease contracts continue to be recognised by the post-handover SAR government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_III,_s_1-77">[76]</a> All leases without options of renewal that expired before 30 June 1997 could be extended for periods lasting no later than 30 June 2047.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_III,_s_2-78">[77]</a> New leases granted by the colonial government after the treaty came into force could last no longer than the 2047 date<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_III,_s_3-79">[78]</a> and were subject to a 50-hectare annual aggregate limit on the total amount of land the government could contract out for purposes other than for housing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_III,_s_4-80">[79]</a> A Land Commission consisting of an equal number of representatives from the British and Chinese governments was established to oversee the implementation of this annex until the transfer of sovereignty in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationAnnex_III,_s_7-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memoranda_on_nationality">Memoranda on nationality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Memoranda on nationality">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British nationality law and Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationality_law" title="Chinese nationality law">Chinese nationality law</a></div> The memoranda attached to the end of the treaty contains transitional nationality arrangements for local residents, which included a stipulation that a new nationality would be created for Hongkongers that did not confer <a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Right of abode in the United Kingdom">right of abode in the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationUnited_Kingdom_Memorandum-50">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Act_1985" title="Hong Kong Act 1985">Hong Kong Act 1985</a> created the <a href="/wiki/British_National_(Overseas)" title="British National (Overseas)">British National (Overseas)</a> status to fulfil this requirement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong_Kong_Act_1985-82">[81]</a> All <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories_citizen" title="British Overseas Territories citizen">British Dependent Territories citizens</a> (BDTCs) connected with Hong Kong who did not have a connection with a remaining <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Dependent Territory</a> would lose that status on the day of the transfer in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hong_Kong_(British_Nationality)_Order_1986ss_3–4-83">[82]</a> Ethnic Chinese Hongkongers became Chinese nationals and could only retain British nationality if they had registered as BN(O)s before the handover.<a href="#cite_note-BNOandBDTC-84">[83]</a> Although they were permitted to use <a href="/wiki/British_passport" title="British passport">British passports</a> for international travel after the transfer, ethnic Chinese BN(O)s were explicitly restricted from accessing British consular protection within the Hong Kong SAR or any other part of Chinese territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationChinese_Memorandum-85">[84]</a> Residents who were not ethnically Chinese, had not registered as BN(O)s, and would have been stateless on that date automatically became <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_citizen" title="British Overseas citizen">British Overseas citizens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BNOandBDTC-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-agreement">Post-agreement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post-agreement">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_reactions">Contemporary reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contemporary reactions">edit</a>]</div> The signing of the Joint Declaration caused some controversy in the United Kingdom because UK's <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> was agreeing with <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">China's Communist government</a> represented by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-name-86">[85]</a> In the White Paper that contained the Joint Declaration, it was declared by <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Government">Her Majesty's Government</a> that "the alternative to acceptance of the present agreement is to have no agreement", a statement meant as a rebuttal to criticisms that the declaration had made too many concessions to China, and hinting at China's significant leverage during the negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-name-86">[85]</a> Some political analysts thought that there was an urgency to make an agreement because there were fears that without a treaty the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">economy in Hong Kong</a> would collapse in the 1980s. Concerns about land ownership in the leased New Territories also added to the problem. Although discussions on the future of Hong Kong had started in the late 1970s, the final timing of the Joint Declaration was more affected by property and economic factors rather than geopolitical necessities.<a href="#cite_note-name-86">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_period_after_1997_transfer">Initial period after 1997 transfer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Initial period after 1997 transfer">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></div> In the immediate years following the transfer of sovereignty, Chinese oversight of Hong Kong was considered relatively benign and hands-off.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Although the Chinese had reversed the last British <a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1994 Hong Kong electoral reform">democratic reforms</a> for Legislative Council elections,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007200-89">[88]</a> general governance of the region was otherwise virtually unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> While most <a href="/wiki/Organisations_with_former_royal_patronage_in_Hong_Kong" title="Organisations with former royal patronage in Hong Kong">organisations with royal patronage</a> dropped this association prior to the handover, there was no strict requirement for renaming; the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hong_Kong_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club">Royal Hong Kong Yacht Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Asiatic_Society_Hong_Kong_Branch" title="Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch">Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch</a> maintain the "Royal" prefix in their names.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> Colonial-era street names and postbox <a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">royal cyphers</a> are not actively removed by the government and remain unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a> in 1997 the Hong Kong measures were taken with the full co-operation of the Central Chinese government. This did not mean that the Chinese government dictated what to do and therefore still followed the points of the declaration.<a href="#cite_note-Mc-93">[92]</a> Despite this autonomy, the government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region sometimes sought interference from the Central Chinese government. For example, in 1999 the government of the HKSAR asked China's State Council to seek an interpretation by the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="National People's Congress Standing Committee">National People's Congress Standing Committee</a> on a provision in the Basic Law. The original decision reached by the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal">Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal</a> was seen as problematic by the HKSAR government as it would have allowed up to 1.6 million mainland immigrants to enter Hong Kong. The Chinese authorities obliged and the Hong Kong court's judgment was overturned, stopping the potential immigration.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-94">[93]</a> Pressures from the mainland government were also apparent, for example in 2000, after the election of pro-independence candidate <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a> as <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s president, a senior mainland official in Hong Kong warned journalists not to report the news. Another senior official advised businessmen not to do business with pro-independence Taiwanese.<a href="#cite_note-Frank-94">[93]</a> With this and other changes,<a href="#cite_note-Frank-94">[93]</a> ten years after the return, in 2007, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> wrote that on the one hand, "nothing has changed since the handover to China 10 years ago", but this was in comparison to the situation before the last governor <a href="/wiki/Chris_Patten" title="Chris Patten">Chris Patten</a> had introduced <a href="/wiki/1994_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" title="1994 Hong Kong electoral reform">democratic reforms</a> three years before the handover. A chance for democracy had been lost as Hong Kong had just begun to develop three vital elements for a western-style democracy (the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, official accountability and a political class outside the one-party system) but the Sino–British deal had prevented any of these changes to continue according to Jonathan Fenby of The Guardian.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ">opinion</a>] <a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="National People's Congress Standing Committee">National People's Congress Standing Committee</a> stated in a conference in Beijing 2007, that "Hong Kong had considerable autonomy only because the central government had chosen to authorize that autonomy".<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_over_treaty's_continued_binding_status">Dispute over treaty's continued binding status</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dispute over treaty's continued binding status">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93Mainland_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong–Mainland conflict">Hong Kong–Mainland conflict</a></div> The Chinese and Hong Kong governments have stated since 2014 that they consider the Joint Declaration to have ceased any legal effect after the transfer of sovereignty, and that the central government's basic policies as elaborated in the document were a unilateral statement not actually binding. These statements are directly contradicted by the 50-year period of unchanged policies in Hong Kong that the central government committed to as part of the Joint Declaration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2015529-97">[96]</a> Former LegCo president and <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a> member <a href="/wiki/Rita_Fan" title="Rita Fan">Rita Fan</a> has asserted that United Kingdom supervisory responsibility over the Joint Declaration's implementation lapsed when the Sino-British Joint Liaison Group disbanded in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsoi2014-98">[97]</a> The United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a> maintain that the Joint Declaration remains valid and in force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELau2019-99">[98]</a> The Foreign Office has labelled the <a href="/wiki/Causeway_Bay_Books_disappearances" title="Causeway Bay Books disappearances">Causeway Bay Books disappearances</a> in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> enactment of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">Hong Kong national security law</a> in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_Legislative_Council_candidates%27_disqualification_controversy" title="2020 Hong Kong Legislative Council candidates' disqualification controversy">disqualification of opposition Legislative Council candidates</a> in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Hong_Kong_electoral_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Hong Kong electoral reform">electoral reform</a> in 2021 as serious breaches of the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELau2021-103">[102]</a> Since 2021, the UK has considered China to be in a "state of ongoing non-compliance" with the Joint Declaration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2021-104">[103]</a> China disregards accusations of Joint Declaration breaches as foreign interference and <a href="/wiki/Neocolonialism" title="Neocolonialism">neocolonist</a> tampering,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2019-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2019-106">[105]</a> and considers Hong Kong matters to be part of its internal affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham–HarrisonKuoDavidson2020-107">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQin2020-108">[107]</a> Chinese foreign ministry spokespersons have repeatedly stated that the United Kingdom lacks supervisory authority over Hong Kong following the handover in 1997 and that the treaty is a historical document with no extant binding authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2017-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2017-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"China_says_Sino-British_Joint_Declaration_on_Hong_Kong_no_longer_has_meaning",_''Reuters''-111">[110]</a> The central government's primary regional agency, the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Liaison Office</a>, declared in April 2020 that it was exempt from Basic Law restrictions on mainland government interference in local affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongCheungSum2020-112">[111]</a> Following China's imposition of <a href="/wiki/2020_Hong_Kong_national_security_law" title="2020 Hong Kong national security law">national security legislation on Hong Kong</a> in 2020, the UK extended residence rights and created a new path to citizenship for Hong Kong residents with British National (Overseas) status.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2020-113">[112]</a> The Chinese government derided this change as "gross interference"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham–HarrisonKuoDavidson2020-107">[106]</a> and subsequently withdrew recognition of BN(O) passports as valid travel documents in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The United States enacted the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Autonomy_Act" title="Hong Kong Autonomy Act">Hong Kong Autonomy Act</a> in response to the national security law,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuningerMacias2020-115">[114]</a> and imposed economic sanctions on 34 individuals that the US <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Departments</a> determined to have materially contributed to Joint Declaration breaches. The list of sanctioned persons includes Chief Executive <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Carrie Lam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principal_officials_of_Hong_Kong" title="Principal officials of Hong Kong">principal officials of the Hong Kong government</a>, and members of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee of the National People's Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> In March 2024 the pro-Beijing legislature in Hong Kong fast-tracked Article 23, a new security law which introduces harsh new penalties such as life imprisonment for new offences such as external interference and insurrection. Critics claim the law further erodes the civil liberties that were enshrined in the Joint Declaration.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Joint_Declaration" title="Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration">Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ChineseUKname-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChineseUKname_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChineseUKname_1-1">b</a> For the official name of the declaration, the English-language document has the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland named first, whilst the Chinese-language document has the Government of the People's Republic of China named first. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200716,_21–24-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll200716,_21–24_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 16, 21–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200767–69-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll200767–69_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 67–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2019182-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2019182_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBecker2019">Becker 2019</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker2019191–192-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBecker2019191–192_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBecker2019">Becker 2019</a>, pp. 191–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll200769-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll200769_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997423–424-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997423–424_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWesley-Smith1997">Wesley-Smith 1997</a>, pp. 423–424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997425-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997425_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWesley-Smith1997">Wesley-Smith 1997</a>, p. 425. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007127–129-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007127–129_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 127–129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997427–429,_435-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997427–429,_435_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWesley-Smith1997">Wesley-Smith 1997</a>, pp. 427–429, 435. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997436–441-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesley-Smith1997436–441_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWesley-Smith1997">Wesley-Smith 1997</a>, pp. 436–441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007176–177-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007176–177_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 176–177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007143–144-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007143–144_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 143–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007162–163-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007162–163_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007150–153-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007150–153_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 150–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007156–158-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007156–158_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 156–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESo1986241-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESo1986241_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSo1986">So 1986</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007177-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007177_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2010-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheung2010_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheung2010">Cheung 2010</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007177–178-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007177–178_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, pp. 177–178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen199978-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen199978_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen1999">Hansen 1999</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen199971-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen199971_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen1999">Hansen 1999</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansen199990-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHansen199990_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHansen1999">Hansen 1999</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1972-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans1972_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans1972">Evans 1972</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Nationality_Act_1981-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Nationality_Act_1981_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBritish_Nationality_Act_1981">British Nationality Act 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE1996_Population_By-Census31-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE1996_Population_By-Census31_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF1996_Population_By-Census">1996 Population By-Census</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritish_Nationality_Act_1981s_11-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritish_Nationality_Act_1981s_11_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBritish_Nationality_Act_1981">British Nationality Act 1981</a>, s 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWren1982a-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWren1982a_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWren1982a">Wren 1982a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007180_29-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris198648-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198648_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris198648_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris1986">Harris 1986</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWren1982b-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWren1982b_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWren1982b_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWren1982b_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWren1982b">Wren 1982b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898_32-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1984">Johnson 1984</a>, p. 898. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuang1996211-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChuang1996211_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChuang1996">Chuang 1996</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007179-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007179_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChan2003500-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan2003500_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChan2003500_35-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChan2003">Chan 2003</a>, p. 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy1985169-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoy1985169_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoy1985">Roy 1985</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan2007-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan2007_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheridan2007">Sheridan 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007178-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007178_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007178_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984896-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984896_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1984">Johnson 1984</a>, p. 896. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898–899-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898–899_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984898–899_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1984">Johnson 1984</a>, pp. 898–899. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984900-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984900_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1984">Johnson 1984</a>, p. 900. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWren1984a-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWren1984a_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWren1984a">Wren 1984a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng1984117-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheng1984117_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheng1984">Cheng 1984</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984902-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984902_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1984">Johnson 1984</a>, p. 902. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHau20218-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHau20218_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHau2021">Hau 2021</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYui2020374–376-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYui2020374–376_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYui2020">Yui 2020</a>, pp. 374–376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984899-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984899_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJohnson1984">Johnson 1984</a>, p. 899. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYui2020376–377-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYui2020376–377_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYui2020">Yui 2020</a>, pp. 376–377. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Euan_Geddes,_3rd_Baron_Geddes" title="Euan Geddes, 3rd Baron Geddes">Lord Geddes</a>, <a href="#CITEREF"Hong_Kong:_Future"">"Hong Kong: Future"</a>, col. 112–115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationUnited_Kingdom_Memorandum-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationUnited_Kingdom_Memorandum_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESino-British_Joint_DeclarationUnited_Kingdom_Memorandum_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSino-British_Joint_Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration</a>, United Kingdom Memorandum. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2007181-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007181_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarroll2007181_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarroll2007">Carroll 2007</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYui2020377-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYui2020377_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYui2020">Yui 2020</a>, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETamChanChoi_KwanLeung201213-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamChanChoi_KwanLeung201213_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTamChanChoi_KwanLeung2012">Tam et al. 2012</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWren1984b-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWren1984b_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWren1984b">Wren 1984b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns1984-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns1984_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurns1984">Burns 1984</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette50150" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/50150/page/8075">"No. 50150"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 12 June 1985. p. 8075.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+50150&rft.pages=8075&rft.date=1985-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F50150%2Fpage%2F8075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Secretary+declares+breach+of+Sino-British+Joint+Declaration&rft.pub=Foreign+and+Commonwealth+Office&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2Fforeign-secretary-declares-breach-of-sino-british-joint-declaration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELau2021-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELau2021_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLau2021">Lau 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2021-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage2021_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSavage2021">Savage 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheung2019-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheung2019_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheung2019">Cheung 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYan2019-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYan2019_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYan2019">Yan 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraham–HarrisonKuoDavidson2020-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham–HarrisonKuoDavidson2020_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraham–HarrisonKuoDavidson2020_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraham–HarrisonKuoDavidson2020">Graham–Harrison, Kuo & Davidson 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQin2020-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQin2020_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQin2020">Qin 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor2017-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor2017_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2017">Connor 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips2017-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips2017_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhillips2017">Phillips 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"China_says_Sino-British_Joint_Declaration_on_Hong_Kong_no_longer_has_meaning",_''Reuters''-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"China_says_Sino-British_Joint_Declaration_on_Hong_Kong_no_longer_has_meaning",_''Reuters''_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF"China_says_Sino-British_Joint_Declaration_on_Hong_Kong_no_longer_has_meaning",_Reuters">"China says Sino-British Joint Declaration on Hong Kong no longer has meaning", Reuters</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWongCheungSum2020-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWongCheungSum2020_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWongCheungSum2020">Wong, Cheung & Sum 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooper2020-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooper2020_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooper2020">Cooper 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202101/29/P2021012900763.htm">"HKSAR Government follows up on China's countermeasures against British Government's handling of issues related to British National (Overseas) passport"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hong_Kong" title="Government of Hong Kong">Government of Hong Kong</a>. 29 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209025551/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202101/29/P2021012900763.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HKSAR+Government+follows+up+on+China%27s+countermeasures+against+British+Government%27s+handling+of+issues+related+to+British+National+%28Overseas%29+passport&rft.pub=Government+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.info.gov.hk%2Fgia%2Fgeneral%2F202101%2F29%2FP2021012900763.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuningerMacias2020-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuningerMacias2020_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuningerMacias2020">Breuninger & Macias 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201015031346/https://www.state.gov/identification-of-foreign-persons-involved-in-the-erosion-of-the-obligations-of-china-under-the-joint-declaration-or-the-basic-law/">"Identification of Foreign Persons Involved in the Erosion of the Obligations of China Under the Joint Declaration or the Basic Law"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 14 October 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/identification-of-foreign-persons-involved-in-the-erosion-of-the-obligations-of-china-under-the-joint-declaration-or-the-basic-law/">the original</a> on 15 October 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Identification+of+Foreign+Persons+Involved+in+the+Erosion+of+the+Obligations+of+China+Under+the+Joint+Declaration+or+the+Basic+Law&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fidentification-of-foreign-persons-involved-in-the-erosion-of-the-obligations-of-china-under-the-joint-declaration-or-the-basic-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/update-to-report-on-identification-of-foreign-persons-involved-in-the-erosion-of-the-obligations-of-china-under-the-joint-declaration-or-the-basic-law/">"Update to Report on Identification of Foreign Persons Involved in the Erosion of the Obligations of China Under the Joint Declaration or the Basic Law"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+to+Report+on+Identification+of+Foreign+Persons+Involved+in+the+Erosion+of+the+Obligations+of+China+Under+the+Joint+Declaration+or+the+Basic+Law&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.date=2021-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fupdate-to-report-on-identification-of-foreign-persons-involved-in-the-erosion-of-the-obligations-of-china-under-the-joint-declaration-or-the-basic-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-68594448">"Article 23: Hong Kong passes tough security law"</a>. BBC News. 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Article+23%3A+Hong+Kong+passes+tough+security+law&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-68594448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: General and cited sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Publications">Publications</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2019" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Bert (2019). "French Kwang-Chow-Wan and British Hong Kong: Politics and Shipping, 1890s–1920s". In Fitcher, James R. (ed.). British and French Colonialism in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. 181–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-97964-9_9">10.1007/978-3-319-97964-9_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97963-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97963-2"><bdi>978-3-319-97963-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201357213">201357213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=French+Kwang-Chow-Wan+and+British+Hong+Kong%3A+Politics+and+Shipping%2C+1890s%E2%80%931920s&rft.btitle=British+and+French+Colonialism+in+Africa%2C+Asia+and+the+Middle+East&rft.series=Cambridge+Imperial+and+Post-Colonial+Studies&rft.pages=181-221&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201357213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-97964-9_9&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97963-2&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2007" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, John (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D37ijXG-FykC">A Concise History of Hong Kong</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3422-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3422-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-3422-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-3422-3&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD37ijXG-FykC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Ming K. (2003). 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(26 September 1984b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/26/world/hong-kong-accord-initialed-in-china.html">"Hong Kong Accord Initialed in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 5 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+Accord+Initialed+in+China&rft.date=1984-09-26&rft.aulast=Wren&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F09%2F26%2Fworld%2Fhong-kong-accord-initialed-in-china.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYan2019" class="citation news cs1">Yan, Sophia (9 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/09/hong-hong-leader-carrie-lam-declares-extradition-bill-dead/">"Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam declares extradition bill 'dead' – but stops short of withdrawing it"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190922110314/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/07/09/hong-hong-leader-carrie-lam-declares-extradition-bill-dead/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 1 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+leader+Carrie+Lam+declares+extradition+bill+%27dead%27+%E2%80%93+but+stops+short+of+withdrawing+it&rft.date=2019-07-09&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2019%2F07%2F09%2Fhong-hong-leader-carrie-lam-declares-extradition-bill-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislation_and_treaty_law">Legislation and treaty law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Legislation and treaty law">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBritish_Nationality_Act_1981"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/">"British Nationality Act 1981"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 1981 c. 61</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=British+Nationality+Act+1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1981%2F61%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFHong_Kong_Act_1985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1985/15/">"Hong Kong Act 1985"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 1985 c. 15</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Hong+Kong+Act+1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1985%2F15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"></cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFSino-British_Joint_Declaration">Sino-British Joint Declaration (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hklii.hk/eng/hk/legis/instrument/A301/all.html">Instrument A301</a>)</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFThe_Hong_Kong_(British_Nationality)_Order_1986"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1986/948/made">"The Hong Kong (British Nationality) Order 1986"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, SI 1986/948</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Hong+Kong+%28British+Nationality%29+Order+1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1986%2F948%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASino-British+Joint+Declaration" class="Z3988"></cite></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sino-British_Joint_Declaration&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Sino-British Joint Declaration <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sino-British+Joint+Declaration">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Sino-British+Joint+Declaration&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Mark, Chi-kwan (2017). "To 'educate' Deng Xiaoping in capitalism: Thatcher's visit to China and the future of Hong Kong in 1982". Cold War History 17.2: 1–20. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14682745.2015.1094058">10.1080/14682745.2015.1094058</a>.</li> <li>Tang, James T. H. (May 1994). "From empire defence to imperial retreat: Britain's postwar China policy and the decolonization of Hong Kong". Modern Asian Studies 28.02: 317–337. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312889">312889</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiBurnhamKerr2024" class="citation journal cs1">Wei, Rong; Burnham, Peter; Kerr, Peter (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13691481231190502">"Reassessing Thatcher's foreign policy: The Sino-British Declaration 1984"</a>. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations. 26 (3): 848–863. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F13691481231190502">10.1177/13691481231190502</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-1481">1369-1481</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County and Xin'an County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">1800s–1930s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">WWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1990s in Hong Kong">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2000s in Hong Kong">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2010s in Hong Kong">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_in_Hong_Kong" title="2020s in Hong Kong">2020s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hong_Kong" title="Geography of Hong Kong">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Hong_Kong" title="Air pollution in Hong Kong">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of places in Hong Kong">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of bays in Hong Kong">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Hong_Kong" title="Beaches of Hong Kong">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_channels_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of channels in Hong Kong">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of towns in Hong Kong">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Country parks and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hong_Kong" title="Environment of Hong Kong">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harbours_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of harbours in Hong Kong">Harbours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_peninsulas_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong">Islands and peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Hong Kong">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_parks_in_Hong_Kong" title="Marine parks in Hong Kong">Marine parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains,_peaks_and_hills_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong">Mountains and peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_public_parks_and_gardens_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong">Public parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of reservoirs of Hong Kong">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_nullahs_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of rivers and nullahs in Hong Kong">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of villages in Hong Kong">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Emblem of Hong Kong">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Flag</a></li> <li><a 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1,\n [\"CITEREFWren1982a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWren1982b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWren1984a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWren1984b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYui2020\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"China\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite hansard\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite legislation UK\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Sino-British Joint Declaration\"] = 1,\n [\"Disputed\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hong Kong topics\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Treaty\"] = 1,\n [\"JSTOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 2,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Opinion\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 112,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 4,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 3,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","27.5"],["?","220","15.9"],["type","80","5.8"],["(for generator)","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","4.3"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.3"],["init \u003CModule:Unicode_data/scripts\u003E","40","2.9"],["recursiveClone 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