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<li id="toc-Core_values_reflected_in_the_lyrics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Core_values_reflected_in_the_lyrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Core values reflected in the lyrics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Core_values_reflected_in_the_lyrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lion_Rock_Spirit_in_modern_Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lion_Rock_Spirit_in_modern_Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lion Rock Spirit in modern Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lion_Rock_Spirit_in_modern_Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> 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The specific problem is: <b>The article needs copyediting and reorganisation for coherence.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Lion_Rock_Spirit" title="Special:EditPage/Lion Rock Spirit">improve this article</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock" title="Below the Lion Rock">Below the Lion Rock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock_(song)" title="Below the Lion Rock (song)">Below the Lion Rock (song)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwun_Tong_Road_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kwun_Tong_Road_1945.jpg/220px-Kwun_Tong_Road_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kwun_Tong_Road_1945.jpg/330px-Kwun_Tong_Road_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kwun_Tong_Road_1945.jpg/440px-Kwun_Tong_Road_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Kwun Tong Road below the Lion Rock in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lion Rock Spirit</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">獅子山精神</span>), also known as the <b>Spirit of Hong Kong</b> (<span lang="zh-Hant">香港精神</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a term referring to the "can-do" attitude of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> people and their collective determination to improve their lives in the face of difficulties. It has been compared to the "<a href="/wiki/Blitz_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Blitz Spirit">Blitz spirit</a>" and the "<a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term first emerged during the 1970s and was coined after <i><a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock" title="Below the Lion Rock">Below the Lion Rock</a></i> (<span lang="zh-Hant">獅子山下</span>), a television series first aired in 1972 by public broadcaster <a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a>. It featured stories about the working class and tackled sociopolitical issues.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rthkapp3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rthkapp3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The series became even more popular in 1979 with the addition of a sentimental <a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock_(song)" title="Below the Lion Rock (song)">theme song of the same name</a> sung by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Tam" title="Roman Tam">Roman Tam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the widespread popularity of the series and song, the "Lion Rock Spirit" only became a symbol of fortitude ingrained in the <a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">collective consciousness</a> of Hong Kong people in 2002, when it was referenced by the city's financial secretary, <a href="/wiki/Antony_Leung" title="Antony Leung">Antony Leung</a>, in his announcement of the government's budget plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthonityspeech-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting with the <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a>, different generations has increasingly had contrasting interpretations of the "Lion Rock Spirit". While older generations see it as a sense of societal unity to overcome difficulties, younger generations use the term in social contexts, most notably as perseverance in fighting for <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal suffrage in Hong Kong">universal suffrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "Lion Rock Spirit" was coined after the RTHK drama series <i><a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock" title="Below the Lion Rock">Below the Lion Rock</a></i>, which first aired in 1972. The series itself is named after the <a href="/wiki/Lion_Rock" title="Lion Rock">Lion Rock</a>, a mountain which has become symbolic of Hong Kong's growth as it overlooks <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a>'s densely-populated <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a> districts, including <a href="/wiki/Wong_Tai_Sin_District" title="Wong Tai Sin District">Wong Tai Sin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsz_Wan_Shan" title="Tsz Wan Shan">Tsz Wan San</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wang_Tau_Hom" title="Wang Tau Hom">Wang Tau Hom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1945 to 1951, there was <a href="/wiki/Refugee_wave_from_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_British_Hong_Kong" title="Refugee wave from the People's Republic of China to British Hong Kong">a large influx of mainland Chinese refugees into then-British Hong Kong</a>, who were attempting to escape the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> and later, <a href="/wiki/Maoist_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist China">Maoist China</a>. As Hong Kong's population tripled from about 600,000 to more than 2 million, causing a severe housing shortage, many of these refugees settled in <a href="/wiki/Shanty_town" title="Shanty town">squatter communities</a> around areas on the Kowloon hillsides.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living conditions in these communities were poor, as inhabitants suffered from hunger, malnutrition, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, extreme competition for work, low pay, and exploitation by bosses. In 1953, <a href="/wiki/Shek_Kip_Mei_fire" title="Shek Kip Mei fire">the Shek Kip Mei squatter area was destroyed by a fire</a>, leaving over 53,000 people homeless overnight. This led the Hong Kong government to begin building <a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Hong_Kong" title="Public housing in Hong Kong">public housing</a> and clearing the squatter areas. By 1972, an ambitious public housing programme promised affordable public housing for 1.8 million citizens, about 45% of the entire population at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong in the 1970s is also characterised by rapid economic development and expansion, attributed to the surge in labour force and the hard-working attitudes of the immigrants who aimed to improve their living standards.<sup id="cite_ref-rthkapp3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rthkapp3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huffington_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffington-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Below_the_Lion_Rock"><i>Below the Lion Rock</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Below the Lion Rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Starting in 1972, the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock" title="Below the Lion Rock">Below the Lion Rock</a></i> dramatised the difficult lives of the poor in these parts of Kowloon, with a focus on "reflecting the social situation".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show featured true-to-life characters like <a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Hawkers in Hong Kong">street hawkers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil servants</a>, reporters, and firemen; and tackled sociopolitical issues like corruption, drugs, gambling addiction, struggles of <a href="/wiki/Ex-cons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-cons">ex-cons</a> and of the disabled; resonating with the oppressed and the working class. The show was further popularised in 1979, with the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock_(song)" title="Below the Lion Rock (song)">sentimental theme song of the same name</a>, sang by <a href="/wiki/Cantopop" title="Cantopop">Cantopop</a> star <a href="/wiki/Roman_Tam" title="Roman Tam">Roman Tam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We wanted to produce a programme to relate the situation of the Hong Kong people, and what they were thinking at that time. We did not have a particular 'spirit' in mind, but I think in the early days it was about people being poor and working to improve their living standards.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rita Chan Man-yee, an executive director of <i>Below the Lion Rock</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>With <i>Below the Lion Rock</i> portraying how Hong Kong people in the 1960s and 1970s (who mostly lived near the Lion Rock) overcame adversities and collectively improved their lives in the city through unity, hard work, and resilience, the Lion Rock has since been seen as a representation of Hong Kong people's indomitable spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The series highlighted their commonly shared core values, named the "Lion Rock Spirit",<sup id="cite_ref-lion_rock_witness_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lion_rock_witness-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="It is unclear where in the source is this information mentioned. (June 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which has been described by <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Public broadcaster">public broadcaster</a> <a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a> as "perseverance and solidarity" (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">逆境自存，群策群力</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-qiaoyou_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qiaoyou-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_influence">Cultural influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the popularity of the show <i><a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock_(song)" title="Below the Lion Rock (song)">Below the Lion Rock</a></i> and its eponymous theme song <i><a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock_(song)" title="Below the Lion Rock (song)">Below the Lion Rock</a></i> since their inception, the symbolic meanings of the song's lyrics only started to become part of the <a href="/wiki/Collective_consciousness" title="Collective consciousness">collective consciousness</a> of Hong Kong people in 2002, when then-<a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_(Hong_Kong)" title="Financial Secretary (Hong Kong)">Financial Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Antony_Leung_Kam-chung" class="mw-redirect" title="Antony Leung Kam-chung">Antony Leung</a> cited the last stanza of the song's lyrics when announcing the government's annual budget plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthonityspeech-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of one mind in pursuit of our dream, All discord set aside, with one heart on the same bright quest, Fearless and valiant inside. Hand in hand to the ends of the Earth, Rough terrain no respite, Side by side we overcome ills, As the Hong Kong story we write.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthonityspeech-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock_(song)" title="Below the Lion Rock (song)">Below the Lion Rock</a></i> (translated from <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>With the Hong Kong economy badly hurt by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2002%E2%80%932004_SARS_outbreak" title="2002–2004 SARS outbreak">2002–2004 SARS epidemic</a>, Leung used the song (which reflected locals' poor livelihoods in the 1970s)<sup id="cite_ref-rthkapp3_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rthkapp3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a nostalgic appeal to Hong Kong people to revive the "Lion Rock Spirit", which had underpinned the city's economic success in the previous decades. He encouraged citizens to put aside their differences and unite around a spirit of neighbourhood and bonds of common destiny, as people have done in the 1970s, to overcome the city's economic difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthonityspeech-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, the "Lion Rock Spirit" has become a symbol of cultural identity for Hong Kong people.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song <i>Below the Lion Rock</i> is considered an unofficial <a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Anthem of Hong Kong">anthem of Hong Kong</a>, and its lyrics have been referred to by other politicians to raise the city's morale and in numerous festive events. For instance, the song's lyrics was recited in a 2002 speech by <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Premier of the People's Republic of China">Premier of China</a> <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a>, in an attempt to appeal to Hong Kong people. Zhu said that he could not sing the song or recite the lyrics in Cantonese, but that he shared its sentiments.<sup id="cite_ref-Premierspeech_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Premierspeech-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Core_values_reflected_in_the_lyrics">Core values reflected in the lyrics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Core values reflected in the lyrics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>, as its tone is essay-like and not encyclopaedic, and its relevance and connection to the rest of the article needs to be established.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Lion_Rock_Spirit" title="Talk:Lion Rock Spirit">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The last stanza of the lyrics of <i><a href="/wiki/Below_the_Lion_Rock" title="Below the Lion Rock">Below the Lion Rock</a></i> symbolises the core values of the "Lion Rock Spirit": </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of one mind in pursuit of our dream, All discord set aside, with one heart on the same bright quest, Hand in hand to the ends of the Earth<sup id="cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthonityspeech-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><b>Solidarity</b> is upheld by Hong Kongers. They would disregard of <a href="/wiki/Social_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Social classes">social classes</a> and ethnic differences, so as to collectively overcome the adversaries "on the same boat" (<span lang="zh-Hant">同舟共濟</span>). For instance, the whole family worked together to produce plastic flowers or to put stickers on toys to sustain the family's living.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthonityspeech-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Fearless and valiant inside, Rough terrain no respite. Side by side we overcome ills, As the Hong Kong story we write.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthonityspeech-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><b>Perseverance</b> of Hong Kong people is reflected. Hong Kong people weigh upon the motto of "never give up" (<span lang="zh-Hant">永不放棄</span>) in the face of challenges. They believed they could "create miracles from the impossible" (<span lang="zh-Hant">化腐朽為神奇</span>) as long as they worked hard and supported each other to fulfill their life goals.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By upholding solidarity and perseverance of "Lion Rock Spirit", HongKongers are empowered with the collective strength to conquer traumatic events like the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Financial_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Financial Crisis">Asian financial crisis</a> in 1997, and <a href="/wiki/SARS_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="SARS epidemic">SARS epidemic</a> in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-huffington_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffington-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lion_Rock_Spirit_in_modern_Hong_Kong">Lion Rock Spirit in modern Hong Kong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lion Rock Spirit in modern Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With rapid socio-economic advancement, families have become more prosperous. Living standard has risen to an extent that it is different from the adverse living conditions in the 1970s. Children nowadays can receive free education.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. The source is a website for homework essays that features no citations to back up its contents. (June 2024)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup> Moreover, foods are more abundant to an extent that the government is obliged to encourage citizens to reduce food wastage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to enhancement in the living standard of Hong Kong people, their problems have changed from maintaining a secured living environment to pursuing political advancement.<sup id="cite_ref-huffington_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffington-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Umbrella_Revolution_Harcourt_Road_View_20141028.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Umbrella_Revolution_Harcourt_Road_View_20141028.jpg/220px-Umbrella_Revolution_Harcourt_Road_View_20141028.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Umbrella_Revolution_Harcourt_Road_View_20141028.jpg/330px-Umbrella_Revolution_Harcourt_Road_View_20141028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Umbrella_Revolution_Harcourt_Road_View_20141028.jpg/440px-Umbrella_Revolution_Harcourt_Road_View_20141028.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Thousands gathered in <a href="/wiki/Admiralty,_Hong_Kong" title="Admiralty, Hong Kong">Admiralty</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a> to protest for <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Democracy in Hong Kong">democratic reform and universal suffrage</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting with the <a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a>, the "Lion Rock Spirit" has been interpreted differently by younger generations, who use the term in social and political contexts, notably in protests for <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Democracy in Hong Kong">democratic reform</a>, social equality, and justice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-huffington_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffington-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The young people have become more mobilised to voice out their opinions and demands through active political participation. More young people assembled together to join protests and public consultations on issues like <a href="/wiki/Moral_and_national_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral and national education">moral and national education</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the amendments in housing policies<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic reform">democratic reform</a> for genuine <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> in the legislative and executive positions.<sup id="cite_ref-huffington_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffington-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Lion Rock Spirit" has been redefined by the new generation through integrating the traditionally shared values of solidarity and perseverance to strive for upward social mobility and economic advancement, with the recent socio-political context in fighting for a just and fair society.<sup id="cite_ref-huffington_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffington-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Culture of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiasu" title="Kiasu">Kiasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitz_Spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Blitz Spirit">Blitz Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/48px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/64px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong" title="Portal:Hong Kong">Hong Kong portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:4-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYan2019" class="citation web cs1">Yan, Flora (29 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hongkongfp.com/2019/08/29/hong-kongs-pro-democracy-human-chain-redefined-lion-rock-spirit/">"How Hong Kong's pro-democracy human chain has redefined the Lion Rock Spirit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press" title="Hong Kong Free Press">Hong Kong Free Press</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hong+Kong+Free+Press&rft.atitle=How+Hong+Kong%27s+pro-democracy+human+chain+has+redefined+the+Lion+Rock+Spirit&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Flora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhongkongfp.com%2F2019%2F08%2F29%2Fhong-kongs-pro-democracy-human-chain-redefined-lion-rock-spirit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlundy2017" class="citation web cs1">Blundy, Rachel (22 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2089601/lion-rock-spirit-still-casting-its-spell-hong">"Lion Rock spirit still casting its spell on Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240531050023/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/2089601/lion-rock-spirit-still-casting-its-spell-hong">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Lion+Rock+spirit+still+casting+its+spell+on+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2017-04-22&rft.aulast=Blundy&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Feducation-community%2Farticle%2F2089601%2Flion-rock-spirit-still-casting-its-spell-hong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2022" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Gary (16 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220515-the-can-do-attitude-that-defines-hong-kong">"The 'can do' attitude that defines Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602190954/https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220515-the-can-do-attitude-that-defines-hong-kong">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+%27can+do%27+attitude+that+defines+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2022-05-16&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20220515-the-can-do-attitude-that-defines-hong-kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rthkapp3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rthkapp3_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rthkapp3_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rthkapp3_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531102622/http://app3.rthk.hk/cultureweb/details.php?id=1398">"港人情繫獅子山 / People Below the Lion Rock"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://app3.rthk.hk/cultureweb/details.php?id=1398">the original</a> on 31 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTHK&rft.atitle=%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%83%85%E7%B9%AB%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%B1+%2F+People+Below+the+Lion+Rock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapp3.rthk.hk%2Fcultureweb%2Fdetails.php%3Fid%3D1398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthonityspeech-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthonityspeech_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeung2003" class="citation news cs1">Yeung, Chris (3 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/article/407911/lion-rock">"Lion rock"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403054304/https://www.scmp.com/article/407911/lion-rock">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Lion+rock&rft.date=2003-03-03&rft.aulast=Yeung&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Farticle%2F407911%2Flion-rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLai2015" class="citation web cs1">Lai, Ying-kit (27 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1826834/below-lion-rock-hong-kong-liaison-office-director-latest">"Below the Lion Rock: Hong Kong liaison office director latest official to cite classic song's lyrics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916073701/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/1826834/below-lion-rock-hong-kong-liaison-office-director-latest">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Below+the+Lion+Rock%3A+Hong+Kong+liaison+office+director+latest+official+to+cite+classic+song%27s+lyrics&rft.date=2015-06-27&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=Ying-kit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fhong-kong%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F1826834%2Fbelow-lion-rock-hong-kong-liaison-office-director-latest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2019" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Jerome (13 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hongkongfp.com/2019/10/13/pictures-hong-kongs-lion-rock-final-resting-place-lady-liberty-democracy-statue/">"In Pictures: Hong Kong's Lion Rock 'final resting place' for Lady Liberty democracy statue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Free_Press" title="Hong Kong Free Press">Hong Kong Free Press</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agence_France-Presse" title="Agence France-Presse">Agence France-Presse</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+WorldPost&rft.atitle=The+New+Lion+Rock+Spirit+%E2%80%93+How+a+Banner+on+a+Hillside+Redefined+the+Hong+Kong+Dream&rft.date=2014-12-29&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Yuen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fyuen-chan%2Fthe-new-lion-rock-spirit-_b_6345212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lion_rock_witness-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lion_rock_witness_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621012545/http://rthk9.rthk.hk/downloads/lionrock/eng/index.html">"Below the Lion Rock"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RTHK&rft.atitle=%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%8B+%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E9%87%8D%E6%BA%AB&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpodcast.rthk.hk%2Fpodcast%2Fitem_all.php%3Fpid%3D568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陳2007" class="citation journal cs1">陳, 銘匡 (September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commons.ln.edu.hk/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=mcsln">"從《獅子山下》到「許冠傑金曲」到《始終有你》 : 「香港人的歌」與「香港人」有什麼關係?"</a>. <i>香港的文化及身份認同</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=SAR+can+rely+on+China%27s+foreign+assets%2C+says+Zhu&rft.date=2002-11-20&rft.aulast=Hon&rft.aufirst=May+Sin-mi&rft.au=Hui%2C+Yuk-min&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Farticle%2F398211%2Fsar-can-rely-chinas-foreign-assets-says-zhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2015" class="citation news cs1">Chan, Gloria (12 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/magazines/48hrs/article/1709383/amahs-explores-hong-kongs-lion-rock-spirit">"The Amahs explores Hong Kong's 'Lion Rock spirit'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317192144/http://www.scmp.com/magazines/48hrs/article/1709383/amahs-explores-hong-kongs-lion-rock-spirit">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=The+Amahs+explores+Hong+Kong%27s+%27Lion+Rock+spirit%27&rft.date=2015-02-12&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2F48hrs%2Farticle%2F1709383%2Famahs-explores-hong-kongs-lion-rock-spirit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novelguide.com/reportessay/social-issues/global-issues/materialism-hong-kong">"Materialism in Hong Kong"</a>. <i>Novelguide</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Out+Hong+Kong&rft.atitle=Record-high+turnout+for+anti-national+education+protests&rft.date=2012-09-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeout.com.hk%2Fbig-smog%2Ffeatures%2F53078%2Frecord-high-turnout-for-anti-national-education-protests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2014" class="citation news cs1">Lee, Joseph Kok-long (15 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131328/http://www.ejinsight.com/20141215-how-solve-housing-problem-hong-kong/">"How to solve the housing problem in Hong Kong"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic_Journal#EJ_Insight" title="Hong Kong Economic Journal">EJ Insight</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejinsight.com/20141215-how-solve-housing-problem-hong-kong/">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EJ+Insight&rft.atitle=How+to+solve+the+housing+problem+in+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Kok-long&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejinsight.com%2F20141215-how-solve-housing-problem-hong-kong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALion+Rock+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lion_Rock_Spirit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modernised Lion Rock Spirit in political context: </p> <ul><li>Mak, Sarah Y., T. "Everyday Imaginings Under the Lion Rock: An Analysis of Identity Formation in Hong Kong". <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>, 2013.</li></ul> <p>Cultural Identity: </p> <ul><li>陳銘匡. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commons.ln.edu.hk/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1080&context=mcsln">從《獅子山下》到「許冠傑金曲」到《始終有你》 : 「香港人的歌」與「香港人」有什麼關係?</a>". <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_University_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingnan University (Hong Kong)">Lingnan University</a>, 2007.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Bao%27an_County" title="Bao'an County">Bao'an County and Xin'an County</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">British colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong_(1800s%E2%80%931930s)" title="History of Hong Kong (1800s–1930s)">1800s–1930s</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_during_World_War_I" title="Hong Kong during World War I">WWI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1950s in Hong Kong">1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1960s in Hong Kong">1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1970s in Hong Kong">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_in_Hong_Kong" title="1980s in Hong Kong">1980s</a></li> <li><a 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Kong">Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of bays in Hong Kong">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_of_Hong_Kong" title="Beaches of Hong Kong">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of buildings and structures in Hong Kong">Buildings and structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_channels_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of channels in Hong Kong">Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of towns in Hong Kong">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservation in Hong Kong">Country parks and conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Hong_Kong" title="Environment of Hong Kong">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation_in_Hong_Kong" title="Land reclamation in Hong Kong">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harbours_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of harbours in Hong Kong">Harbours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_and_peninsulas_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of islands and peninsulas of Hong Kong">Islands and peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lakes of Hong Kong">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_parks_in_Hong_Kong" title="Marine parks in Hong Kong">Marine parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains,_peaks_and_hills_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of mountains, peaks and hills in Hong Kong">Mountains and peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_public_parks_and_gardens_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of urban public parks and gardens in Hong Kong">Public parks and gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of reservoirs of Hong Kong">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_nullahs_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of rivers and nullahs in Hong Kong">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of villages in Hong Kong">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hong_Kong" title="Politics of Hong Kong">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Basic Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Hong_Kong" title="Districts of Hong Kong">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hong_Kong" title="Elections in Hong Kong">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Hong_Kong" title="Emblem of Hong Kong">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hong_Kong" title="Flag of Hong Kong">Flag</a></li> <li><a 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Department">Fire services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Health_Bureau" title="Food and Health Bureau">Food and Health Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hong_Kong" title="Health in Hong Kong">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Police_Force" title="Hong Kong Police Force">Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hong_Kong" title="List of banks in Hong Kong">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of companies of Hong Kong">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_in_Hong_Kong" title="Employment in Hong Kong">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkers_in_Hong_Kong" title="Hawkers in Hong Kong">Hawkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hong_Kong" title="Port of Hong Kong">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Stock_Exchange" title="Hong Kong Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Communications in Hong Kong">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_(business)" title="Hong (business)">The Hongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Tourism in Hong Kong">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport of Hong Kong">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Hong_Kong" title="List of airlines of Hong Kong">Airlines</a></li> <li><a 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