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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of the War of 1812</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Frenchman's Creek</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frenchman%27s_Creek,_National_Historic_Site_of_Canada,_Between_Fort_Erie_and_Niagara_Falls,_Ontario_(29358757283).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Frenchman%27s_Creek%2C_National_Historic_Site_of_Canada%2C_Between_Fort_Erie_and_Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario_%2829358757283%29.jpg/250px-Frenchman%27s_Creek%2C_National_Historic_Site_of_Canada%2C_Between_Fort_Erie_and_Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario_%2829358757283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Frenchman%27s_Creek%2C_National_Historic_Site_of_Canada%2C_Between_Fort_Erie_and_Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario_%2829358757283%29.jpg/375px-Frenchman%27s_Creek%2C_National_Historic_Site_of_Canada%2C_Between_Fort_Erie_and_Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario_%2829358757283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Frenchman%27s_Creek%2C_National_Historic_Site_of_Canada%2C_Between_Fort_Erie_and_Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario_%2829358757283%29.jpg/500px-Frenchman%27s_Creek%2C_National_Historic_Site_of_Canada%2C_Between_Fort_Erie_and_Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario_%2829358757283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><br />Memorial at Frenchman's Creek, National Historic Site of Canada</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>November 28, 1812</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Frenchman's Creek, in present day <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie,_Ontario" title="Fort Erie, Ontario">Fort Erie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> American victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Cecil Bisshopp</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smyth" title="Alexander Smyth">Alexander Smyth</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 650</span><sup id="cite_ref-CruikshankJamesMalcomson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikshankJamesMalcomson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 770<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank260+Index_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank260+Index-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank288_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank288-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 13 killed;<br />44 wounded;<br />34 captured<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank230_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank230-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank268_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank268-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 24 killed;<br />55 (known) wounded;<br />39 captured<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank285_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank285-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank280_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank280-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Niagara_frontier" title="Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Niagara frontier"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Niagara_frontier" title="Template 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Creek</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1813</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">Fort George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Fort_Schlosser" title="Raid on Fort Schlosser">Fort Schlosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ball%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Ball's Farm">Ball's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanticoke_Creek" title="Battle of Nanticoke Creek">Nanticoke Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">1st Fort Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lewiston" title="Battle of Lewiston">Lewiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1814</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_Near_Fort_Niagara" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmish Near Fort Niagara">2nd Fort Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Fort Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Conjocta_Creek" title="Battle of Conjocta Creek">Conjocta Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Fort Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&params=42.94227_N_78.92645_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°56′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">78°55′35″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.94227°N 78.92645°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.94227; -78.92645</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p><p>The <b>Battle of Frenchman's Creek</b> took place during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> between <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the early hours of November 28, 1812, in the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Colony">Crown Colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_River" title="Niagara River">Niagara River</a>. The operation was conceived as a raid to prepare the ground for a larger American invasion. The Americans succeeded in crossing the Niagara and landing at both of their points of attack. They achieved one of their two objectives before withdrawing but the invasion was subsequently called off, rendering useless what had been accomplished. The <a href="/wiki/Engagement_(military)" title="Engagement (military)">engagement</a> was named, "the Battle of Frenchman's Creek"<sup id="cite_ref-Zaslow229_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zaslow229-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the Canadians, after the location of some of the severest fighting. To contemporary Americans, it was known as, "<b>the Affair opposite Black Rock</b>".<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton6_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle site was designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Site of Canada</a> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the American defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Battle of Queenston Heights</a>, command of the U.S. Army of the Centre<sup id="cite_ref-Quimby78_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quimby78-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier" title="Niagara Frontier">Niagara Frontier</a> passed from <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Van_Rensselaer" title="Stephen Van Rensselaer">Stephen Van Rensselaer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Militia">New York Militia</a> to his second-in-command, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smyth" title="Alexander Smyth">Alexander Smyth</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular U.S. Army</a>. Smyth had deeply resented being subordinated to a militia officer<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this was the opportunity for which he had been waiting. He immediately planned to invade Canada with 3,000 troops. Assembling his forces at <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, he directed a two-pronged attack in advance of his main invasion. <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">Captain</a> William King, with 220 men, was to cross the Niagara and <a href="/wiki/Touch_hole" title="Touch hole">spike</a> the <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">batteries</a> at the Red House, beside <a href="/wiki/Fort_Erie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Erie">Fort Erie</a>, in order to enable Smyth's main invasion force to land without facing artillery fire. At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> Charles Boerstler, with 200 men, was to land in Canada between Fort Erie and <a href="/wiki/Chippawa,_Ontario" title="Chippawa, Ontario">Chippawa</a> and destroy the bridge over Frenchman's Creek in order to hinder the bringing-up of British reinforcements to oppose Smyth's landing.<sup id="cite_ref-QuimbyCruikshank_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QuimbyCruikshank-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgeprevost.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Georgeprevost.JPG/170px-Georgeprevost.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Georgeprevost.JPG/255px-Georgeprevost.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Georgeprevost.JPG/340px-Georgeprevost.JPG 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/George_Prevost" title="George Prevost">George Prevost</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_General_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors General of Canada">Governor General of the Canadas</a>, forbade any offensive action on the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Peninsula" title="Niagara Peninsula">Niagara frontier</a>, leaving British forces no alternative but wait for an American attack.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British commander-in-chief in North America, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Prevost" title="George Prevost">George Prevost</a>, had forbidden any offensive action on the Niagara Frontier. This left the local British forces with no alternative but to wait for the Americans to make the first move and try to counter any attempt at invasion. The regular troops were distributed among the defensive outposts and supplemented with militia and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> forces.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a floridly worded proclamation, published on 10 November and addressed "To The Men of New York", Smyth wrote that, "in a few days the troops under my command will plant the American standard in Canada" and he urged New Yorkers not to "stand with your arms folded and look on in this interesting struggle" but to "advance…to our aid. I will wait for you a few days."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smyth's statement of intent appears to have attracted no attention from his opponents across the border. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Captain William King of the 13th U.S. Regiment of Infantry<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank291_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank291-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was detailed to attack the Red House with 150 troops and 70 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> sailors under <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant#Naval_rank" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> Samuel Angus.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank260+Index_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank260+Index-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King's soldiers came from Captain Willoughby Morgan's company of the 12th U.S. Regiment of Infantry<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Captains John Sproull and <a href="/wiki/John_E._Wool" title="John E. Wool">John E. Wool</a>'s companies of the 13th Regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lieutenant Colonel Charles Boerstler was directed against Frenchman's Creek with 200 men of his own 14th U.S. Regiment of Infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank237_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank237-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Winder" title="William H. Winder">William H. Winder</a>, commander of the 14th Regiment, was in reserve, with 350 of his own regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100th_Regiment_of_Foot_c1812-1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/100th_Regiment_of_Foot_c1812-1814.jpg/220px-100th_Regiment_of_Foot_c1812-1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/100th_Regiment_of_Foot_c1812-1814.jpg/330px-100th_Regiment_of_Foot_c1812-1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/100th_Regiment_of_Foot_c1812-1814.jpg/440px-100th_Regiment_of_Foot_c1812-1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a British private and officer of the period.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British local commander, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> Cecil Bisshopp, was stationed at Chippawa, with a company of the 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/41st_(Welsh)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="41st (Welsh) Regiment of Foot">41st Regiment of Foot</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> companies of the 5th <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Militia">Lincoln Militia</a> and a small detachment of Lincoln Militia <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">Artillery</a>. More of the 5th Lincoln Militia under <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a> Richard Hatt were posted nearby. In the area that would face attack on December 26, Bisshopp had several different detachments under his overall command. At Fort Erie were 80 of the <a href="/wiki/49th_(Princess_Charlotte_of_Wales%27s)_(Hertfordshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="49th (Princess Charlotte of Wales's) (Hertfordshire) Regiment of Foot">49th Regiment of Foot</a> under Major Ormsby and 50 of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Regiment" title="Royal Newfoundland Regiment">Royal Newfoundland Regiment</a> under Captain Whelan. At Black Rock Ferry were two companies of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_County,_Ontario" title="Norfolk County, Ontario">Norfolk</a> Militia under Captain John Bostwick. At the Red House, two-and-half miles from Fort Erie on the Chippawa Road, were 38 of the 49th Regiment under <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant#Army_ranks" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a> Thomas Lamont, some men of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Regiment of Artillery">Royal Regiment of Artillery</a> under Lieutenant King, and some militia artillerymen. Lamont's battery mounted two guns: an 18-pounder and a 24-pounder; while King's battery mounted a 6-pounder and a 3-pounder. Further along the Chippawa Road, about four-and-a-half miles from Fort Erie, lay the post at Frenchman's Creek, garrisoned by 38 more men of the 49th Regiment under Lieutenant J. Bartley. Not far away were 70 of the light infantry company of the 41st Regiment under Lieutenant Angus McIntyre.<sup id="cite_ref-CruikshankJamesMalcomson_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruikshankJamesMalcomson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King's_Attack"><span id="King.27s_Attack"></span>King's Attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: King's Attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only part of Captain King's force, including 35 of Lieutenant Angus's 70 sailors, succeeded in making a landing at the Red House.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank285_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank285-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under fire from the defenders, the invaders charged Lieutenant Lamont's detachment of the 49th Regiment. The sailors, armed with pikes and swords, closed in for hand-to-hand fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lamont's troops drove back the attackers three times but King made a fourth assault which hit the British left flank and overwhelmed them; capturing Lamont and killing, taking or dispersing all of his men.<sup id="cite_ref-James112_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James112-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The victorious Americans set fire to the post, spiked the guns and set off back to the landing-point, where they expected their boats to have re-landed in order to evacuate them. However, in the moonless darkness, King's force became dispersed and split into two parties: one led by King and the other by Lieutenant Angus. Angus returned to the landing-point and found only four of the party's ten boats there. Unaware that the six missing boats had not in fact landed, Angus assumed that King had already departed, and he re-crossed the river in the remaining boats. When King's party reached the landing-point, they found themselves stranded.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank260-261_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank260-261-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A search downriver found two unattended British boats,<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank319_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank319-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which King sent half of his men, and the prisoners that he had captured, over the Niagara while he waited with his 30 remaining men for more boats to come from Buffalo and pick him up.<sup id="cite_ref-Quimby76_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quimby76-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boerstler's_Attack"><span id="Boerstler.27s_Attack"></span>Boerstler's Attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Boerstler's Attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lieutenant Colonel Boerstler made for Frenchman's Creek but four of his eleven boats, "misled by the darkness of the night or the inexperienced rowers being unable to force them across the current, fell below, near the bridge and were forced to return". Nevertheless, Boerstler's seven remaining boats forced a landing, opposed by Lieutenant Bartley and his 37 men of the 49th Regiment. Boerstler led the attack, shooting with his pistol a British soldier who was about to bayonet him. Bartley's outnumbered force retired, pursued to the Frenchman's Creek Bridge by the Americans, who took two prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank261_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank261-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boerstler's men were then attacked by Captain Bostwick's two companies of Norfolk Militia, who had advanced from Black Rock Ferry. After an exchange of fire in which Bostwick's force lost 3 killed, 15 wounded and 6 captured, the Canadians retreated.<sup id="cite_ref-James114_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James114-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boerstler now encountered another problem: many of the axes provided for the destruction of the Frenchman's Creek bridge were in the four boats that had turned back and those that were in the seven remaining boats had been left behind when the Americans fought their way ashore. Boerstler dispatched eight men under Lieutenant John Waring<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to "break up the bridge by any means which they could find". Waring had torn up about a third of the planking on the bridge when it was learned from a prisoner that "the whole force from Fort Erie was coming down upon them". Boerstler quickly re-embarked his command and rowed back to Buffalo, leaving behind Waring and his party at the bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank261-262_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank261-262-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_response">British response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to the attack, Major Ormsby advanced from Fort Erie to Frenchman's Creek with his 80 men of the 49th Regiment, where he was joined by Lieutenant McIntyre's 70 light infantrymen, Major Hatt's Lincoln Militia and some British-allied Native Americans under Major Givins. Finding that Boerstler's invaders had already gone, and being unable to determine any other enemy presence in the pitch dark, Ormsby's 300 men remained in position until daybreak, when Lieutenant Colonel Bisshopp arrived from Fort Erie. Bisshopp led the force to the Red House, where they found Captain King and his men still waiting to be evacuated. Outnumbered by ten-to-one, King surrendered.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank254-255_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank254-255-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winder's_reinforcement"><span id="Winder.27s_reinforcement"></span>Winder's reinforcement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Winder's reinforcement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_H_Winder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/William_H_Winder.jpg/170px-William_H_Winder.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/William_H_Winder.jpg/255px-William_H_Winder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/William_H_Winder.jpg/340px-William_H_Winder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>When news of the Americans' success arrived in Buffalo, Col <a href="/wiki/William_H._Winder" title="William H. Winder">William Winder</a> was dispatched to evacuate the American forces at Frenchman's Creek.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the news arrived in Buffalo that King had spiked the Red House batteries, General Smyth was overjoyed. "<a href="/wiki/Huzza" class="mw-redirect" title="Huzza">Huzza</a>!" he exclaimed, "Canada is ours! Canada is ours! Canada is ours! This will be a glorious day for the United States!" and he dispatched Colonel Winder with his 350 men across the river to evacuate King and the rest of his force.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winder collected Lieutenant Waring and his party<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank263_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank263-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then landed. However, he had only disembarked part of his force when Bisshopp's 300 men appeared. Winder ordered his men back to their boats and cast off for Buffalo but his command came under a severe fire as they rowed away, costing him 28 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank288_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank288-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spiking the guns at the Red House battery, the Americans had accomplished the more important of their two objectives: an invading force could now land between Chippawa and Fort Erie without facing artillery fire. However, subsequent events would render their service useless. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British official casualty return gave 15 killed, 46 wounded and 30 missing. As was often done in casualty returns with officers (but not with enlisted men), Lieutenant King of Royal Artillery and Lieutenant Lamont of the 49th were included in the "wounded" category although they were also taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank230_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank230-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans took 34 prisoners, including Lamont and King, which would indicate that two of the enlisted men who were thought to have been killed were in fact captured.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank268_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank268-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This gives a revised British loss (with Lamont and King counted among the prisoners rather than the wounded) of 13 killed, 44 wounded and 34 captured. </p><p>Eaton's Compilation states that Captain King's command had 8 killed and 9 wounded; that Colonel Winder's detachment had 6 killed and 22 wounded but that the losses of Lieutenant Colonel Boerstler's detachment were unknown, being "nowhere stated" in the records.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton6_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New York Gazette of December 15, 1812, reported that, of Lieutenant Angus's 35 sailors who assaulted the Red House, 28 were killed or wounded, 2 were captured and only 5 escaped unscathed.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank285_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank285-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Captain King (who was slightly wounded in the foot<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank245_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank245-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and 38 other prisoners were taken by the British,<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank280_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank280-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British reported that King and Angus's detachment left 12 killed behind them at the Red House<sup id="cite_ref-James113_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James113-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (4 of whom were presumably from Angus's naval detachment) and that 18 American dead were recovered altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank280_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank280-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since only 30 prisoners had surrendered along with King<sup id="cite_ref-Cruikshank245_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruikshank245-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and since Winder's detachment did not come under fire until they had re-embarked and cast off for Buffalo, it would appear that 6 of the dead left on the battlefield and 8 of the prisoners belonged to Boerstler's command. The known American casualties (which include the killed and captured but not the wounded in Boerstler's detachment) therefore appear to have been 24 killed, 55 wounded and 39 captured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Smyth_UPDATE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alexander_Smyth_UPDATE.jpg/170px-Alexander_Smyth_UPDATE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alexander_Smyth_UPDATE.jpg/255px-Alexander_Smyth_UPDATE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Alexander_Smyth_UPDATE.jpg/340px-Alexander_Smyth_UPDATE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Following the raid, Brig Gen <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Smyth" title="Alexander Smyth">Alexander Smyth</a> pressed on with plans for invasion against <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>. However, the invasion failed to materialize, due to poor logistics, weather, and a drop in troop morale.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the Red House batteries out of action, Smyth immediately pressed on with his invasion plans. However, attempts to embark his 3,000 men ended in chaos; with only 1,200 men managing to board because of a shortage of boats and the artillery taking up an unexpected amount of space on board. Amid torrential rain and freezing cold, a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_war" title="Council of war">council of war</a> headed by Smyth decided to postpone the invasion pending more thorough preparations that would enable the embarkation of whole force.<sup id="cite_ref-Quimby77_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quimby77-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 30, Smyth tried again, ordering his men to embark two hours before dawn in order to avoid enemy fire. This time, the embarkation was so slow that, two hours after daylight, only 1,500 men were on board. Rather than attempt an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious</a> landing in broad daylight, Smyth once again postponed the invasion. By this time, morale in Smyth's command had plummeted: "all discipline had dissolved; the camp was a <a href="/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital" title="Bethlem Royal Hospital">bedlam</a>". This, and widespread illness among the troops, persuaded a second council of war called by Smyth to suspend all offensive operations until the army was reinforced.<sup id="cite_ref-Quimby77_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quimby77-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Army of the Centre went into winter quarters without attempting any further offensive operations and General Smyth requested leave to visit his family in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Three months later, without Smyth either resigning his commission or facing a <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>, his name was dropped from the U.S. Army rolls by <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">President</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Quimby78_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quimby78-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unaware of the American intentions, the British and Canadians thought that King, Boerstler and Winder had been intended as the first wave of Smyth's invasion rather than as a preparatory raid. The Canadian press praised the "gallant achievement" of the defenders in apparently repulsing the Americans and singled out Bisshopp for particular congratulation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his dispatch to Prevost, Major General Sir <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hale_Sheaffe" title="Roger Hale Sheaffe">Roger Hale Sheaffe</a>, the British commander in Upper Canada, wrote that "Lieut.-Colonel Bisshopp deserves high commendation for the spirit and activity he displayed, and great credit is due the officers and men who acted under his orders."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bisshopp was killed the following summer while leading the Raid On Newport. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Active_Regular_Army_units_with_campaign_credit_for_the_War_of_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="Active Regular Army units with campaign credit for the War of 1812">Seven active infantry battalions of the Regular Army</a> (1-2 Inf, 2-2 Inf, 1-4 Inf, 2-4 Inf, 3-4 Inf, 1-5 Inf and 2-5 Inf) perpetuate the lineages of several American infantry regiments (the old 13th, 20th and 23rd Infantry Regiments) that were at the Battle of Frenchman's Creek.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CruikshankJamesMalcomson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CruikshankJamesMalcomson_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CruikshankJamesMalcomson_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James, p. 110, for the units, commanders and dispositions. Cruikshank, Index, pp. ii, xi, for first names of Bartley, Bostwick and Lamont. Malcomson, p. 163, for McIntyre's first name and the correct spelling of his surname.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank260+Index-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank260+Index_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank260+Index_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 260 for composition of force. Cruikshank, Index, p. i, for Angus's first name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank288-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank288_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank288_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank230-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank230_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank230_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank268-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank268_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank268_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton6_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton6_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton6_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eaton, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank285-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank285_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank285_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank285_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank280-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank280_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank280_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank280_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zaslow229-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zaslow229_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaslow, p. 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=352">"Frenchman's Creek National Historic Site of Canada"</a>. <i>Directory of Federal Heritage Designations</i>. <a href="/wiki/Parks_Canada" title="Parks Canada">Parks Canada</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Directory+of+Federal+Heritage+Designations&rft.atitle=Frenchman%27s+Creek+National+Historic+Site+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fapps%2Fdfhd%2Fpage_nhs_eng.aspx%3Fid%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frenchman%27s+Creek" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quimby78-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quimby78_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quimby78_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quimby, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaslow, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuimbyCruikshank-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QuimbyCruikshank_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quimby, p. 76, for Smyth's plan. Quimby wrongly gives Captain King's first name as 'Samson'. King's real first name is in his report to General Smyth, given in Cruikshank, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcomson, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, pp. 193–194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank291-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank291_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heitman, Volume 1, p. 726; Heitman, Volume 2, p. 391; Cruikshank, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heitman, Volume 1, pp. 913 and 1059; Heitman, Volume 2, p. 391; Cruikshank, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank237-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank237_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 288, for Winder's numbers; Cruikshank, p. 259, for his detachment being from his own regiment; Heitman, Volume 1, p. 1049 for his colonelcy of the 14th Regiment.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James112-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James112_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank260-261-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank260-261_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, pp. 260–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank319-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank319_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quimby76-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quimby76_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quimby, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank261-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank261_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James114-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James114_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heitman, Volume I, p. 1002, for Waring's first name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank261-262-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank261-262_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank254-255-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank254-255_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, pp. 254–255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank263-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank263_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cruikshank245-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank245_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cruikshank245_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James113-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James113_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quimby77-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quimby77_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quimby77_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quimby, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, pp. 279–280, quoting the <i>Quebec Mercury</i> of 22 December 1812</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cruikshank, p. 253</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshank1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Alexander_Cruikshank" title="Ernest Alexander Cruikshank">Cruikshank, Ernest</a> (1971). <i>The Documentary History of the Campaigns upon the Niagara Frontier in the Year 1812. Part II</i>. New York: Arno Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-02838-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-02838-5"><bdi>0-405-02838-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Documentary+History+of+the+Campaigns+upon+the+Niagara+Frontier+in+the+Year+1812.+Part+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arno+Press+Inc.&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-405-02838-5&rft.aulast=Cruikshank&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frenchman%27s+Creek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_H._Eaton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph H. Eaton (page does not exist)">Eaton, Joseph H.</a> (2000). <i>Returns of Killed and Wounded in Battles or Engagements with Indians and British and Mexican Troops, 1790-1848, Compiled by Lt. Col J. H. Eaton (Eaton’s Compilation)</i>. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration Microfilm Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Returns+of+Killed+and+Wounded+in+Battles+or+Engagements+with+Indians+and+British+and+Mexican+Troops%2C+1790-1848%2C+Compiled+by+Lt.+Col+J.+H.+Eaton+%28Eaton%E2%80%99s+Compilation%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration+Microfilm+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Joseph+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frenchman%27s+Creek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeitman1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_B._Heitman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis B. Heitman (page does not exist)">Heitman, Francis B.</a> (1965) [1903]. <i>Historical Register and Dictionary of the United States Army, from its Organization, September 29, 1789, to March 2, 1903. (Two volumes)</i>. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Register+and+Dictionary+of+the+United+States+Army%2C+from+its+Organization%2C+September+29%2C+1789%2C+to+March+2%2C+1903.+%28Two+volumes%29&rft.place=Urbana%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Heitman&rft.aufirst=Francis+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frenchman%27s+Creek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1818" class="citation book cs1">James, William (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/McGillLibrary-rbsc_lc_full-military_lande00468-v1-17260"><i>A full and correct account of the military occurrences of the late war between Great Britain and the United States of America - Volume 1</i></a>. London: Published for the Author. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6918202M">6918202M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+full+and+correct+account+of+the+military+occurrences+of+the+late+war+between+Great+Britain+and+the+United+States+of+America+-+Volume+1&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Published+for+the+Author&rft.date=1818&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6918202M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMcGillLibrary-rbsc_lc_full-military_lande00468-v1-17260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frenchman%27s+Creek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcomson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Malcomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Malcomson (page does not exist)">Malcomson, Robert</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hWhkMwAACAAJ%pg=PP1"><i>A Very Brilliant Affair: The Battle of Queenston Heights, 1812</i></a>. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-896941-33-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-896941-33-8"><bdi>1-896941-33-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Very+Brilliant+Affair%3A+The+Battle+of+Queenston+Heights%2C+1812&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Robin+Brass+Studio&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-896941-33-8&rft.aulast=Malcomson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhWhkMwAACAAJ%25pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frenchman%27s+Creek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuimby1997" class="citation book cs1">Quimby, Robert S. (1997). <i>The U.S. Army in the War of 1812: An Operational and Command Study</i>. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87013-441-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87013-441-8"><bdi>0-87013-441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Army+in+the+War+of+1812%3A+An+Operational+and+Command+Study&rft.place=East+Lansing%2C+MI&rft.pub=Michigan+State+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-87013-441-8&rft.aulast=Quimby&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frenchman%27s+Creek" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaslow1964" class="citation book cs1">Zaslow, Morris (1964). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116300872201"><i>The Defended Border: Upper Canada and the War of 1812</i></a></span>. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7705-1242-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7705-1242-9"><bdi>0-7705-1242-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defended+Border%3A+Upper+Canada+and+the+War+of+1812&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company+of+Canada+Limited&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=0-7705-1242-9&rft.aulast=Zaslow&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrent_0116300872201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frenchman%27s+Creek" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">St. Philip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copus_massacre" title="Copus massacre">Copus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Meigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Mackinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Callabee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Sinquefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Sink Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">George</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frenchman's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Erie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">Pensacola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">HMS <i>Cyane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/War of 1812">definition</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/War of 1812">textbooks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/War of 1812">media</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/War of 1812">news stories</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_New_Brunswick" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Nova_Scotia" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Ontario" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ontario">Ontario</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Hamilton,_Ontario" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Kingston,_Ontario" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Kingston, Ontario">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Niagara_Region" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Niagara Region">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Ottawa" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Ottawa">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Toronto" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Toronto">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Quebec" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec">Quebec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada_in_Montreal" title="List of National Historic Sites of Canada 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