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id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_and_19th-century_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_and_19th-century_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Background and 19th-century roots </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_and_19th-century_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fin_de_siècle_era_and_lead_up_to_World_War_I_(1880–1914)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fin_de_siècle_era_and_lead_up_to_World_War_I_(1880–1914)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Fin de siècle era and lead up to World War I (1880–1914) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fin_de_siècle_era_and_lead_up_to_World_War_I_(1880–1914)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_its_aftermath_(1914–1929)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_its_aftermath_(1914–1929)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 World War I and its aftermath (1914–1929) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_its_aftermath_(1914–1929)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact_of_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Impact of World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_Bolshevik_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_Bolshevik_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Impact of the Bolshevik Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_Bolshevik_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascist_Manifesto_and_Charter_of_Carnaro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_Manifesto_and_Charter_of_Carnaro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Fascist Manifesto and Charter of Carnaro </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascist_Manifesto_and_Charter_of_Carnaro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_populism_to_conservative_accommodations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_populism_to_conservative_accommodations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 From populism to conservative accommodations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_populism_to_conservative_accommodations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascist_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.5 Fascist violence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascist_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascist_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascist_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Fascist Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascist_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mussolini_in_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mussolini_in_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Mussolini in power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mussolini_in_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Catholic Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporatist_economic_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporatist_economic_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Corporatist economic system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporatist_economic_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggressive_foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggressive_foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 Aggressive foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aggressive_foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_adoption_of_the_Italian_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_adoption_of_the_Italian_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 Nazi adoption of the Italian model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_adoption_of_the_Italian_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_impact_of_the_Great_Depression_and_buildup_to_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_impact_of_the_Great_Depression_and_buildup_to_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 International impact of the Great Depression and buildup to World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_impact_of_the_Great_Depression_and_buildup_to_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_(1939–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_(1939–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 World War II (1939–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_(1939–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II_(1945–2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II_(1945–2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Post-World War II (1945–2008) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II_(1945–2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_fascism_(2008–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_fascism_(2008–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Contemporary fascism (2008–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_fascism_(2008–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.1 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8.2 Post-Soviet Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Tenets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tenets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tenets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tenets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ultranationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultranationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ultranationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultranationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Totalitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Totalitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Totalitarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Totalitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Direct action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Age_and_gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Age_and_gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Age and gender roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Age_and_gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palingenesis_and_modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palingenesis_and_modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Palingenesis and modernism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palingenesis_and_modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aesthetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aesthetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Aesthetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aesthetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-democratic_and_tyrannical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-democratic_and_tyrannical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Anti-democratic and tyrannical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-democratic_and_tyrannical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unprincipled_opportunism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unprincipled_opportunism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Unprincipled opportunism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unprincipled_opportunism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_dishonesty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_dishonesty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Ideological dishonesty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_dishonesty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Anti-fascism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Tertiary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fascism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" > 151 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschismus" title="Faschismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Faschismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%BA%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%9D" title="ፋሺዝም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፋሺዝም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फ़ासीवाद – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ़ासीवाद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilmr%C7%A3d" title="Gilmrǣd – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gilmrǣd" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Афашизм – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Афашизм" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فاشية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاشية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faixismo" title="Faixismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Faixismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismu" title="Fascismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fascismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फासीवाद – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फासीवाद" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%9Fizm" title="Faşizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Faşizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فاشیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فاشیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ফ্যাসিবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্যাসিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasci-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Fasci-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Fasci-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фашызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фашызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फासीवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फासीवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Фашизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фашизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschismus" title="Faschismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Faschismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥ་ཤི་སིའི་རིང་ལུགས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥ་ཤི་སིའི་རིང་ལུགས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izam" title="Fašizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fašizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faskouriezh" title="Faskouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Faskouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feixisme" title="Feixisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Feixisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1ismus" title="Fašismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fašismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffasgaeth" title="Ffasgaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffasgaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschismus" title="Faschismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Faschismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1ism" title="Fašism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fašism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Φασισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φασισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas%C3%AC%C5%9Bum" title="Fasìśum – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fasìśum" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%9Dismo" title="Faŝismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faŝismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismu" title="Fascismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Fascismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faxismo" title="Faxismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Faxismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فاشیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاشیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faksisme" title="Faksisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Faksisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassisim" title="Fassisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fassisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisisteachas" title="Faisisteachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Faisisteachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisisteachas" title="Faisisteachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Faisisteachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%8B%9C%EC%A6%98" title="파시즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파시즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ֆաշիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆաշիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फ़ासीवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ासीवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izam" title="Fašizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fašizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashismo" title="Fashismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fashismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasismo" title="Pasismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pasismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasisme" title="Fasisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasismi" title="Fasismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fasismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="פשיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פשיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%C3%B1a%C9%A3_kewiya%C9%A3" title="Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kañaɣ kewiyaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფაშიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფაშიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faskorieth" title="Faskorieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Faskorieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufashisti" title="Ufashisti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufashisti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasism" title="Fasism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Fasism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%9F%C3%AEzm" title="Faşîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Faşîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismus" title="Fascismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fascismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1isms" title="Fašisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fašisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschismus" title="Faschismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Faschismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izmas" title="Fašizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fašizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faxisme" title="Faxisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Faxisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/viltrusi%27o" title="viltrusi'o – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="viltrusi'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassism" title="Fassism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fassism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasizmus" title="Fasizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fasizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Фашизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фашизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasisma" title="Fasisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fasisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ഫാസിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫാസിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%AE" title="फॅसिझम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फॅसिझम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფაშიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფაშიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87" title="فاشيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاشيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="فاشیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فاشیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasisme" title="Fasisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fasisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasisme" title="Fasisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Fasisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascis_Ci%C5%8D-ngi%C3%AA" title="Fascis Ciō-ngiê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Fascis Ciō-ngiê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Фашизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Фашизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="ဖက်ဆစ်ဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖက်ဆစ်ဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फासीवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फासीवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="फासीवाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फासीवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B7%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ファシズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファシズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascisme" title="Fascisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fascisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faissisme" title="Faissisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Faissisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashizm" title="Fashizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fashizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਫਾਸ਼ੀਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਾਸ਼ੀਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فاشزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فاشزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasismo" title="Fasismo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Fasismo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فاشېزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فاشېزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashizim" title="Fashizim – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fashizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fachime" title="Fachime – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Fachime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassism" title="Fassism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fassism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschismus" title="Faschismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Faschismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faszyzm" title="Faszyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Faszyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismo" title="Fascismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fascismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashizm" title="Fashizm – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Fashizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faschissem" title="Faschissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Faschissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Фашізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Фашизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Фашизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fashizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascismu" title="Fascismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fascismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ෆැසිස්ට්වාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆැසිස්ට්වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="فسطائيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فسطائيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izmus" title="Fašizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fašizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izem" title="Fašizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fašizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="فاشیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فاشیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Фашизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фашизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%A1izam" title="Fašizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fašizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasismi" title="Fasismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fasismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fascism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasismo" title="Pasismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pasismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாசிசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாசிசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%9Fizm" title="Faşizm – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Faşizm" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Far-right political ideology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fascism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fascism (disambiguation)">Fascism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg/240px-Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg/360px-Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg/480px-Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, dictator of <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> (left), and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, dictator of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (right), were fascist leaders.</figcaption></figure> Fascism (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfæʃɪzəm/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">FASH-iz-əm</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultranationalist">ultranationalist</a> political ideology and movement,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-m-w-3">[3]</a> characterized by a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictatorial</a> leader, centralized <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a>, subordination of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individual interests</a> for the perceived good of the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a>, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-m-w-3">[3]</a> Opposed to <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">pluralism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Free markets">free markets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Encyclopedia_of_Political_Science889Fascism-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-5">[5]</a> fascism is at the far right of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Left–right spectrum">left–right spectrum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RoutledgeCompanion-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-University-Aristotle-Hartley-Wilhelm-Hawkesworth-7">[7]</a> Fascism rose to prominence in early-20th-century Europe.<a href="#cite_note-RoutledgeCompanion-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInternational_Encyclopedia_of_Political_Science887–888Fascism-8">[8]</a> The first fascist movements <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">emerged in Italy</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, before <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">spreading to other European countries</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RoutledgeCompanion-6">[6]</a> Fascism also had adherents outside of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_''Fascism''-9">[9]</a> Fascists saw World War I as a <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a> that brought massive changes to the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> and the mass mobilization of society erased the distinction between civilians and combatants. A military citizenship arose, in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006140–141,_670Mann200465-10">[10]</a> The war resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines, providing logistics to support them, and having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006140–141,_670Mann200465-10">[10]</a> Fascism rejects the view that violence is inherently negative or pointless but rather views <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>, and war as means to national rejuvenation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrčić2000120GriffinFeldman2004c185Spielvogel2012935Payne1995106-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERietbergen2000160–161-12">[12]</a> Fascists often advocate for the establishment of a totalitarian <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin20131–6-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini200240-14">[14]</a> and for a <a href="/wiki/Dirigiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirigiste">dirigiste</a> economy (a market economy in which the state plays a strong directive role through <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionist">economic interventionist</a> policies), with the principal goal of achieving <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> (national economic self-sufficiency).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism can manifest as a belief in <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> or a revival of historical greatness (like <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> seeking to restore the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>). It may also centre around an <a href="/wiki/In-group_and_out-group" title="In-group and out-group">ingroup</a>-outgroup opposition. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, this involved <a href="/wiki/Racial_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial purity">racial purity</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a> which blended with a variant of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> against a demonized "<a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a>", such as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and other groups. Other marginalized groups such as <a href="/wiki/Homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuals">homosexuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people">transgender people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> have been targeted. Such bigotry has motivated fascist regimes to commit <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilizations">forced sterilizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2011Paxton1998Lancaster2011-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the genocidal and imperialist ambitions of the fascist <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> resulted in the murder of millions of people. Since the end of World War II in 1945, fascism has been largely disgraced, and few parties have openly described themselves as fascist; the term is often used <a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">pejoratively</a> by political opponents. The descriptions <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Post-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-fascist">post-fascist</a> are sometimes applied to contemporary parties with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th-century fascist movements.<a href="#cite_note-RoutledgeCompanion-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnciclopedia_Italiana_''Neofascismo''-19">[19]</a> Some opposition groups have adopted the label <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> (often shortened to <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_anti-fascism" title="Post–World War II anti-fascism">antifa</a>) to signify their stance.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twentieth_Century_Ornament_80_(fasces_with_ribbons).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Twentieth_Century_Ornament_80_%28fasces_with_ribbons%29.svg/120px-Twentieth_Century_Ornament_80_%28fasces_with_ribbons%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Twentieth_Century_Ornament_80_%28fasces_with_ribbons%29.svg/250px-Twentieth_Century_Ornament_80_%28fasces_with_ribbons%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="273" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>, a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, was employed in the modern era by various political movements to denote strength through unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton20044–5-21">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> The Italian term fascismo is derived from fascio, meaning 'bundle of sticks', ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> word <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-m-w-3">[3]</a> This was the name given to political organizations in Italy known as <a href="/wiki/Fasci" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasci">fasci</a>, groups similar to <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">syndicates</a>. According to Italian fascist dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s own account, the <a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasces of Revolutionary Action</a> were founded in Italy in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini2006227-22">[22]</a> In 1919, Mussolini founded the <a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Italian Fasces of Combat</a> in Milan, which became the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> two years later. The fascists came to associate the term with the ancient Roman fasces or <a href="/wiki/Fascio_littorio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio littorio">fascio littorio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFalasca-Zamponi200095-23">[23]</a> a bundle of rods tied around an axe,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Roman</a> symbol of the authority of the civic <a href="/wiki/Roman_Magistrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Magistrates">magistrate</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> carried by his <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity: a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult to break.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan20222,_12-27">[27]</a> Prior to 1914, the fasces symbol was widely employed by various political movements, often of a left-wing or liberal persuasion. For instance, according to Robert Paxton, "<a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a>, symbol of the French Republic, was often portrayed in the nineteenth century carrying the fasces to represent the force of Republican solidarity against her aristocratic and clerical enemies."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton20044–5-21">[21]</a> The symbol often appeared as an architectural motif, for instance on the <a href="/wiki/Sheldonian_Theatre" title="Sheldonian Theatre">Sheldonian Theater</a> at Oxford University and on the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton20044–5-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions of fascism</a></div> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> once wrote that "trying to define 'fascism' is like trying to nail jelly to the wall."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2016228-28">[28]</a> Each group described as "fascist" has at least some unique elements, and frequently definitions of "fascism" have been criticized as either too broad or too narrow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19807Griffiths2000-29">[29]</a> According to many scholars, fascists—especially when they are in power—have historically attacked communism, socialism, conservatism, and parliamentary liberalism, attracting support primarily from the far-right.<a href="#cite_note-Laqueur_1997_p223-30">[30]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>'s definition is frequently cited as standard by notable <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Randall_Schweller" title="Randall Schweller">Randall Schweller</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bo_Rothstein" title="Bo Rothstein">Bo Rothstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Federico_Finchelstein" title="Federico Finchelstein">Federico Finchelstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascism:_Traditions,_Tendencies,_Movements" title="Russian Fascism: Traditions, Tendencies, Movements">Stephen D. Shenfield</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19807-37">[37]</a> His definition of fascism focuses on three concepts: <ol><li>"Fascist negations" – <a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">anti-liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>.</li> <li>"Fascist goals" – the creation of a nationalist <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> to regulate economic structure and to transform social relations within a modern, self-determined culture, and the expansion of the nation into an empire.</li> <li>"Fascist style" – a political aesthetic of romantic symbolism, mass mobilization, a positive view of violence, and promotion of masculinity, youth, and charismatic authoritarian leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamswell20179GriffinFeldman2004a258Kallis2003b84–5Renton199921-38">[38]</a></li></ol> <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> lists fourteen "features that are typical of what [he] would like to call 'Ur-Fascism', or 'Eternal Fascism'. These features cannot be organized into a system; many of them contradict each other, and are also typical of other kinds of <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a> or fanaticism. But it is enough that one of them be present to allow fascism to coagulate around it."<a href="#cite_note-Eco1995-39">[39]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">John Lukacs</a> argues that there is no such thing as generic fascism. He claims that <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> are essentially manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>, and that states such as Nazi Germany and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a> are more different from each other than they are similar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELukacs1998118-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Italy_(1940%E2%80%931943).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg/250px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg/330px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg/500px-Roundel_of_Italy_%281940%E2%80%931943%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Roundel used on the wings of aircraft of the Italian air force during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascist period</a></figcaption></figure> In his book <a href="/wiki/How_Fascism_Works:_The_Politics_of_Us_and_Them" class="mw-redirect" title="How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them">How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them</a> (2018), <a href="/wiki/Jason_Stanley" title="Jason Stanley">Jason Stanley</a> defined fascism thusly: <blockquote>[A] cult of the leader who promises national restoration in the face of humiliation brought on by supposed communists, Marxists and minorities and immigrants who are supposedly posing a threat to the character and the history of a nation ... The leader proposes that only he can solve it and all of his political opponents are enemies or traitors.</blockquote> Stanley says recent global events as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fascism&action=edit">[update]</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932022_United_States_racial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–2022 United States racial unrest">2020–2022 United States racial unrest</a>, have substantiated his concern about how fascist rhetoric is showing up in politics and policies around the world.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a> describes fascism as "a genus of political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a <a href="/wiki/Palingenesis" title="Palingenesis">palingenetic</a> form of populist <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultranationalism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin199126-42">[42]</a> Without palingenetic ultranationalism, there is no "genuine fascism" according to Griffin.<a href="#cite_note-Griffin_1994-43">[43]</a> Griffin further describes fascism as having three core components: "(i) the rebirth myth, (ii) populist ultra-nationalism, and (iii) the myth of decadence."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1991201-44">[44]</a> In Griffin's view, fascism is "a genuinely revolutionary, trans-class form of anti-liberal, and in the last analysis, anti-conservative nationalism" built on a complex range of theoretical and cultural influences. He distinguishes an inter-war period in which it manifested itself in elite-led but populist "armed party" politics opposing socialism and liberalism, and promising radical politics to rescue the nation from decadence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin20033-45">[45]</a> Kershaw argues that the difference between fascism and other forms of right-wing authoritarianism in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> is that the latter generally aimed "to conserve the existing social order", whereas fascism was "revolutionary", seeking to change society and obtain "total commitment" from the population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2016228-9-46">[46]</a> In Against the Fascist Creep, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Reid_Ross" title="Alexander Reid Ross">Alexander Reid Ross</a> writes regarding Griffin's view: "Following the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and shifts in fascist organizing techniques, a number of scholars have moved toward the minimalist 'new consensus' refined by Roger Griffin: 'the mythic core' of fascism is 'a populist form of <a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">palingenetic ultranationalism</a>.' That means that fascism is an ideology that draws on old, ancient, and even arcane myths of racial, cultural, ethnic, and national origins to develop a plan for the 'new man.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss20175-47">[47]</a> Griffin himself explored this 'mythic' or 'eliminable' core of fascism with his concept of post-fascism to explore the continuation of Nazism in the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin2008Chapter_8:_Fascism's_New_Faces_(and_New_Facelessness)_in_the_'Post-Fascist'_Epoch-48">[48]</a> Additionally, other historians have applied this minimalist core to explore proto-fascist movements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoel_Reyes2019-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Cas Mudde</a> and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser argue that although fascism "flirted with populism ... in an attempt to generate mass support", it is better seen as an elitist ideology. They cite in particular its exaltation of the Leader, the race, and the state, rather than the people. They see populism as a "thin-centered ideology" with a "restricted morphology" that necessarily becomes attached to "thick-centered" ideologies such as fascism, liberalism, or socialism. Thus populism can be found as an aspect of many specific ideologies, without necessarily being a defining characteristic of those ideologies. They refer to the combination of populism, authoritarianism and ultranationalism as "a marriage of convenience".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuddeKaltwasser20176,_33–34-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a> says: <blockquote>[Fascism is] a form of political behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victimhood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy, and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed nationalist militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal cleansing and external expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004216-52">[52]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Eatwell" title="Roger Eatwell">Roger Eatwell</a> defines fascism as "an ideology that strives to forge social rebirth based on a <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic</a>-national radical <a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Way</a>",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwell199624-53">[53]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a> sees the core tenets of fascism as "self-evident: nationalism; <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>; racialism, the need for leadership, a new aristocracy, and obedience; and the negation of the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur199796-54">[54]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Emilio Gentile</a> has defined fascism thusly: <blockquote>[A] modern political phenomenon, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberal">anti-liberal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Marxist">anti-Marxist</a>, organized in a militia party with a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> conception of politics and the state, an activist and anti-theoretical ideology, with a mythical, virilistic and anti-hedonistic foundation, sacralized as a secular religion, which affirms the absolute primacy of the nation, understood as an ethnically homogeneous organic community, hierarchically organized in a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate state">corporate state</a>, with a bellicose vocation to the politics of greatness, power, and conquest aimed at creating a new order and a new civilization.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></blockquote> Historian and cultural critic <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Ben-Ghiat" title="Ruth Ben-Ghiat">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a> has described fascism as "the original phase of authoritarianism, along with early communism, when a population has undergone huge dislocations or they perceive that there's been changes in society that are very rapid, too rapid for their taste".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Racism was a key feature of German fascism, for which <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> was a high priority. According to The Historiography of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a>, "In dealing with the Holocaust, it is the consensus of historians that Nazi Germany targeted Jews as a race, not as a religious group."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiss-WendtKriekenCave200873-57">[57]</a> Several historians, such as Umberto Eco,<a href="#cite_note-Eco1995-39">[39]</a> Kevin Passmore,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPassmore200231-58">[58]</a> and Moyra Grant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200360–61-59">[59]</a> stress <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> as a characteristic component of German fascism. Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Soucy" title="Robert Soucy">Robert Soucy</a> stated that "Hitler envisioned the ideal German society as a <a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a>, a racially unified and hierarchically organized body in which the interests of individuals would be strictly subordinate to those of the nation, or Volk."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_''Volksgemeinschaft''-60">[60]</a> Kershaw noted that common factors of fascism included "the 'cleansing' of all those deemed not to belong—foreigners, ethnic minorities, 'undesirables'" and belief in its own nation's superiority, even if it was not biological racism like in Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2016228-9-46">[46]</a> Fascist philosophies vary by application, but remain distinct by one theoretical commonality: all traditionally fall into the far-right sector of any <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, catalyzed by afflicted class identities over conventional social inequities.<a href="#cite_note-RoutledgeCompanion-6">[6]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a>, many experts see fascism as a mass political movement centered around extreme nationalism, militarism, and the placement of national interests above those of the individual. Fascist regimes often advocate for the overthrow of institutions that they view as "liberal decay" while simultaneously promoting traditional values. They believe in the supremacy of certain peoples and use it to justify the persecution of other groups. Fascist leaders often maintain a cult of personality and seek to generate enthusiasm for the regime by rallying massive crowds. This contrasts with authoritarian governments, which also centralize power and suppress dissent, but want their subjects to remain passive and demobilized.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_on_the_political_spectrum">Position on the political spectrum</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg/220px-Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg/330px-Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg/440px-Francoist_demonstration_in_Salamanca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2683" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption>Pro-government demonstration in <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, in 1937. <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> was later labeled by some commentators the "last surviving fascist dictator".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> Scholars place fascism on the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RoutledgeCompanion-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-University-Aristotle-Hartley-Wilhelm-Hawkesworth-7">[7]</a> Such scholarship focuses on its <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> means of opposing <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLynch2002126–127Zafirovski2008137–138-63">[63]</a> Roderick Stackelberg places fascism—including <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, which he says is "a radical variant of fascism"—on the political right by explaining: "The more a person deems absolute equality among all people to be a desirable condition, the further left he or she will be on the ideological spectrum. The more a person considers inequality to be unavoidable or even desirable, the further to the right he or she will be."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStackelberg19994–6-64">[64]</a> Fascism's origins are complex and include many seemingly contradictory viewpoints, ultimately centered on a mythos of national rebirth from decadence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin20035-65">[65]</a> Fascism was founded during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> by Italian <a href="/wiki/National_syndicalists" class="mw-redirect" title="National syndicalists">national syndicalists</a> who drew upon both <a href="/wiki/Left-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing">left-wing</a> organizational tactics and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> political views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor2009191-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> gravitated to the right in the early 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994161BorsellaCaso200776-67">[67]</a> A major element of fascist ideology that has been deemed to be far right is its stated goal to promote the right of a supposedly <a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">superior people</a> to dominate, while purging society of supposedly inferior elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoshinsky2008156-68">[68]</a> In the 1920s, Mussolini and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> described their ideology as right-wing in the political essay <a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>, stating: "We are free to believe that this is the century of authority, a century tending to the 'right,' a fascist century."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnappSearsStampino200057Mussolini193526-69">[69]</a> Mussolini stated that fascism's position on the political spectrum was not a serious issue for fascists: "[F]ascism, sitting on the right, could also have sat on the mountain of the center. ... These words in any case do not have a fixed and unchanged meaning: they do have a variable subject to location, time and spirit. We don't give a damn about these empty terminologies and we despise those who are terrorized by these words."<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Major Italian groups politically on the right, especially rich landowners and big business, feared an uprising by groups on the left, such as sharecroppers and labour unions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaranskiWest200150–51-71">[71]</a> They welcomed fascism and supported its violent suppression of opponents on the left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_''The_fascist_era''-72">[72]</a> The accommodation of the political right into the Italian Fascist movement in the early 1920s created internal factions within the movement. The "fascist left" included <a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Michele Bianchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Giuseppe Bottai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Angelo Oliviero Olivetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Sergio Panunzio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Edmondo Rossoni</a>, who were committed to advancing national syndicalism as a replacement for parliamentary liberalism in order to modernize the economy and advance the interests of workers and the common people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995112-73">[73]</a> The "fascist right" included members of the paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a> and former members of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a> (ANI).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995112-73">[73]</a> The Blackshirts wanted to establish fascism as a complete dictatorship, while the former ANI members, including <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Alfredo Rocco</a>, sought to institute an authoritarian corporatist state to replace the liberal state in Italy while retaining the existing elites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995112-73">[73]</a> Upon accommodating the political right, there arose a group of monarchist fascists who sought to use fascism to create an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> under King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995112-73">[73]</a> A number of post-World War II fascist movements described themselves as a <a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> outside the traditional political spectrum. <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">José Antonio Primo de Rivera</a> said: "[B]asically the Right stands for the maintenance of an economic structure, albeit an unjust one, while the Left stands for the attempt to subvert that economic structure, even though the subversion thereof would entail the destruction of much that was worthwhile."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199754-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascist_as_a_pejorative">Fascist as a pejorative</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (insult)</a></div> The term fascist has been used as a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor20054-75">[75]</a> regarding varying movements across the far right of the political spectrum. <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> noted in 1944 that the term had been used to denigrate diverse positions "in internal politics". Orwell said that while fascism is "a political and economic system" that was inconvenient to define, "as used, the word 'Fascism' is almost entirely meaningless. ... almost any English person would accept 'bully' as a synonym for 'Fascist'",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2019-76">[76]</a> and in 1946 wrote that "'Fascism' has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies something not desirable."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell1946-77">[77]</a> Richard Griffiths of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a> wrote in 2000 that "fascism" is the "most misused, and over-used word, of our times".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffiths2000-78">[78]</a>: 1  Fascist is sometimes applied to post-World War II organizations and ways of thinking that academics more commonly term <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-fascist">neo-fascist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf198118-79">[79]</a> Despite fascist movements' history of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a> have sometimes been referred to as fascist, typically as an insult. It has been applied to <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> regimes in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> under <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffinFeldman2004a231-80">[80]</a> Chinese Marxists used the term to denounce the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>, and the Soviets used the term to denounce Chinese Marxists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuarantotto1976-81">[81]</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>, coining a new term in <a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">social fascism</a>. In the United States, Herbert Matthews of <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> asked in 1946: "Should we now place Stalinist Russia in the same category as Hitlerite Germany? Should we say that she is Fascist?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1946-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. Edgar Hoover</a>, longtime <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> director and ardent anti-communist, wrote extensively of <a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">red fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoover1947-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> in the 1920s was sometimes called fascist. Historian Peter Amann states that, "Undeniably, the Klan had some traits in common with European fascism—chauvinism, racism, a mystique of violence, an affirmation of a certain kind of archaic traditionalism—yet their differences were fundamental ... [the KKK] never envisioned a change of political or economic system."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmann1986562-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_19th-century_roots">Background and 19th-century roots</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoplit.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Hoplit.png/220px-Hoplit.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Hoplit.png 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a Greek Hoplite warrior; ancient <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> has been considered an inspiration for fascist and quasi-fascist movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and quasi-fascist <a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></figcaption></figure> Early influences that shaped the ideology of fascism have been dated back to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>. The political culture of ancient Greece and specifically the ancient Greek city state of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> under <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a>, with its emphasis on militarism and racial purity, were admired by the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Nazi <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> emphasized that Germany should adhere to Hellenic values and culture – particularly that of ancient Sparta.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Georges Valois</a>, founder of the first non-Italian fascist party <a href="/wiki/Faisceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisceau">Faisceau</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1976-87">[87]</a> claimed the roots of fascism stemmed from the late 18th century <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a> movement, seeing in its totalitarian nature a foreshadowing of the fascist state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201720-88">[88]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/George_Mosse" title="George Mosse">George Mosse</a> similarly analyzed fascism as an inheritor of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_movement_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass movement (politics)">mass ideology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">civil religion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, as well as a result of the brutalization of societies in 1914–1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamusLebourg201720-88">[88]</a> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Irene_Collins" title="Irene Collins">Irene Collins</a> and Howard C Payne see <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>, who ran a 'police state' and suppressed the media, as a forerunner of fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams201528-89">[89]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/David_Thomson_(historian)" title="David Thomson (historian)">David Thomson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1966293-90">[90]</a> the Italian <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a> of 1871 led to the 'nemesis of fascism'. <a href="/wiki/William_L_Shirer" class="mw-redirect" title="William L Shirer">William L Shirer</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer196097-91">[91]</a> sees a continuity from the views of <a href="/wiki/Fichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Fichte">Fichte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegel</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a>, to Hitler; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gerwarth" title="Robert Gerwarth">Robert Gerwarth</a> speaks of a 'direct line' from Bismarck to Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2005166-92">[92]</a> Julian Dierkes sees fascism as a 'particularly violent form of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDierkes201054-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a>, founder and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association">Universal Negro Improvement Association</a>, insisted that he and his organisation "were the first fascists".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> In 1938, <a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">C. L. R. James</a> wrote "all the things that Hitler was to do so well later, Marcus Garvey was doing in 1920 and 1921".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fin_de_siècle_era_and_lead_up_to_World_War_I_(1880–1914)">Fin de siècle era and lead up to World War I (1880–1914)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></div> The historian <a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Zeev Sternhell</a> has traced the ideological roots of fascism back to the 1880s and in particular to the <a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">fin de siècle</a> theme of that time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1998169Payne199523–24-96">[96]</a> The theme was based on a revolt against <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> society, and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1998170-97">[97]</a> The fin-de-siècle generation supported <a href="/wiki/Emotionalism_(disorder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotionalism (disorder)">emotionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irrationalism" title="Irrationalism">irrationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">subjectivism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199524-98">[98]</a> They regarded civilization as being in crisis, requiring a massive and total solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1998170-97">[97]</a> Their intellectual school considered the individual as only one part of the larger collectivity, which should not be viewed as a numerical sum of atomized individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1998170-97">[97]</a> They condemned the rationalistic, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal individualism">liberal individualism</a> of society and the dissolution of social links in bourgeois society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1998170-97">[97]</a> The fin-de-siècle outlook was influenced by various intellectual developments, including <a href="/wiki/Darwinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwinian">Darwinian</a> biology, <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>'s racialism, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Gustave Le Bon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, and the philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1998171-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>, which gained widespread acceptance, made no distinction between physical and social life, and viewed the human condition as being an unceasing struggle to achieve the <a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest">survival of the fittest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1998171-99">[99]</a> It challenged positivism's claim of deliberate and rational choice as the determining behaviour of humans, with social Darwinism focusing on heredity, race, and environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1998171-99">[99]</a> Its emphasis on biogroup identity and the role of organic relations within societies fostered the legitimacy and appeal of nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199529-100">[100]</a> New theories of social and political psychology also rejected the notion of human behaviour being governed by rational choice and instead claimed that emotion was more influential in political issues than reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhell1998171-99">[99]</a> Nietzsche's argument that "God is dead" coincided with his attack on the "<a href="/wiki/Herd_mentality" title="Herd mentality">herd mentality</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, and modern <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a>, his concept of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">Übermensch</a>, and his advocacy of the <a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">will to power</a> as a primordial instinct, were major influences upon many of the fin-de-siècle generation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199524–25-101">[101]</a> Bergson's claim of the existence of an élan vital, or vital instinct, centred upon free choice and rejected the processes of materialism and determinism; this challenged Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199525-102">[102]</a> In his work The Ruling Class (1896), <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Gaetano Mosca</a> developed the theory that claims that in all societies an "organized minority" would dominate and rule over an "disorganized majority",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOuthwaite2006442Koon19856-103">[103]</a> stating that there are only two classes in society, "the governing" (the organized minority) and "the governed" (the disorganized majority).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaforio200612-104">[104]</a> He claims that the organized nature of the organized minority makes it irresistible to any individual of the disorganized majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaforio200612-104">[104]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Maurras_-_avant_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charles_Maurras_-_avant_1922.jpg/120px-Charles_Maurras_-_avant_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Charles_Maurras_-_avant_1922.jpg/250px-Charles_Maurras_-_avant_1922.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="363" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Sorel_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Georges_Sorel_%28cropped%29.jpg/112px-Georges_Sorel_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Georges_Sorel_%28cropped%29.jpg/168px-Georges_Sorel_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Georges_Sorel_%28cropped%29.jpg/224px-Georges_Sorel_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="570" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a></div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/French_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="French nationalist">French nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> monarchist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a> influenced fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll199892-105">[105]</a> Maurras promoted what he called <a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">integral nationalism</a>, which called for the organic unity of a nation, and insisted that a powerful monarch was an ideal leader of a nation. Maurras distrusted what he considered the democratic mystification of the popular will that created an impersonal collective subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll199892-105">[105]</a> He claimed that a powerful monarch was a personified sovereign who could exercise authority to unite a nation's people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll199892-105">[105]</a> Maurras' integral nationalism was idealized by fascists, but modified into a modernized revolutionary form that was devoid of Maurras' monarchism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll199892-105">[105]</a> French revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndicalist">syndicalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Georges Sorel</a> promoted the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence" title="Reflections on Violence">Reflections on Violence</a> (1908) and other works in which he advocated radical syndicalist action to achieve a revolution to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie through a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff200775–81-106">[106]</a> In Reflections on Violence, Sorel emphasized need for a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">political religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff200781-107">[107]</a> Also in his work The Illusions of Progress, Sorel denounced democracy as reactionary, saying "nothing is more aristocratic than democracy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff200777-108">[108]</a> By 1909, after the failure of a syndicalist general strike in France, Sorel and his supporters left the radical left and went to the radical right, where they sought to merge militant Catholicism and French patriotism with their views—advocating anti-republican Christian French patriots as ideal revolutionaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff200782-109">[109]</a> Initially, Sorel had officially been a <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionist</a> of Marxism, but by 1910 announced his abandonment of socialist literature and claimed in 1914, using an aphorism of <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> that "socialism is dead" because of the "decomposition of Marxism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri199478-110">[110]</a> Sorel became a supporter of reactionary Maurrassian nationalism beginning in 1909 that influenced his works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri199478-110">[110]</a> Maurras held interest in merging his nationalist ideals with Sorelian <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a>, as a means to confront democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri199482-111">[111]</a> Maurras stated that "a socialism liberated from the democratic and cosmopolitan element fits nationalism well as a well made glove fits a beautiful hand."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes200060-112">[112]</a> The fusion of Maurrassian nationalism and Sorelian syndicalism influenced radical Italian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Enrico Corradini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994163-113">[113]</a> Corradini spoke of the need for a nationalist-syndicalist movement, led by elitist aristocrats and anti-democrats who shared a revolutionary syndicalist commitment to direct action and a willingness to fight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994163-113">[113]</a> Corradini spoke of Italy as being a "proletarian nation" that needed to pursue imperialism in order to challenge the "<a href="/wiki/Plutocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plutocratic">plutocratic</a>" French and British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn200612-114">[114]</a> Corradini's views were part of a wider set of perceptions within the right-wing Italian Nationalist Association (ANI), which claimed that Italy's economic backwardness was caused by corruption in its political class, liberalism, and division caused by "ignoble socialism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn200612-114">[114]</a> The ANI held ties and influence among <a href="/wiki/Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatives">conservatives</a>, Catholics, and the business community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn200612–13-115">[115]</a> Italian national syndicalists held a common set of principles: the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> values, democracy, liberalism, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, and the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Heroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroism">heroism</a>, vitalism, and violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri199432-116">[116]</a> The ANI claimed that liberal democracy was no longer compatible with the modern world, and advocated a strong state and imperialism. They believed that humans are naturally predatory, and that nations are in a constant struggle in which only the strongest would survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGentile20036-117">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifesto_of_Futurism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manifesto_of_Futurism.jpg/220px-Manifesto_of_Futurism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manifesto_of_Futurism.jpg/330px-Manifesto_of_Futurism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Manifesto_of_Futurism.jpg/440px-Manifesto_of_Futurism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a>, Italian modernist author of the <a href="/wiki/Futurist_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurist Manifesto">Futurist Manifesto</a> (1909) and later the co-author of the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a> (1919)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> was both an artistic-cultural movement and initially a political movement in Italy led by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a> who founded the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Manifesto of Futurism</a> (1908), that championed the causes of modernism, action, and political violence as necessary elements of politics while denouncing liberalism and parliamentary politics. Marinetti rejected conventional democracy based on majority rule and egalitarianism, for a new form of democracy, promoting what he described in his work "The Futurist Conception of Democracy" as the following: "We are therefore able to give the directions to create and to dismantle to numbers, to quantity, to the mass, for with us number, quantity and mass will never be—as they are in Germany and Russia—the number, quantity and mass of mediocre men, incapable and indecisive."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewitt1993153-118">[118]</a> Futurism influenced fascism in its emphasis on recognizing the virile nature of violent action and war as being necessities of modern civilization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGori200414-119">[119]</a> Marinetti promoted the need of physical training of young men saying that, in male education, gymnastics should take precedence over books. He advocated segregation of the genders because womanly sensibility must not enter men's education, which he claimed must be "lively, bellicose, muscular and violently dynamic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGori200420–21-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_its_aftermath_(1914–1929)">World War I and its aftermath (1914–1929)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benito_Mussolini_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Benito_Mussolini_1917.jpg/170px-Benito_Mussolini_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Benito_Mussolini_1917.jpg/255px-Benito_Mussolini_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Benito_Mussolini_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (here in 1917 as a soldier in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>), who in 1914 founded and led the <a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a> to promote the Italian intervention in the war as a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary nationalist">revolutionary nationalist</a> action to liberate Italian-claimed lands from Austria-Hungary</figcaption></figure> At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Italian political left became severely split over its position on the war. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist Party</a> (PSI) opposed the war but a number of Italian revolutionary syndicalists supported war against Germany and Austria-Hungary on the grounds that their reactionary regimes had to be defeated to ensure the success of socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994175-121">[121]</a> Angelo Oliviero Olivetti formed a pro-interventionist <a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">fascio</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Revolutionary Fasces of International Action</a> in October 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994175-121">[121]</a> Benito Mussolini upon being expelled from his position as chief editor of the PSI's newspaper <a href="/wiki/Avanti!_(Italian_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti! (Italian newspaper)">Avanti!</a> for his anti-German stance, joined the interventionist cause in a separate fascio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994214-122">[122]</a> The term "fascism" was first used in 1915 by members of Mussolini's movement, the Fasces of Revolutionary Action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien201452-123">[123]</a> The first meeting of the Fasces of Revolutionary Action was held on 24 January 1915<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien201441-124">[124]</a> when Mussolini declared that it was necessary for Europe to resolve its national problems—including national borders—of Italy and elsewhere "for the ideals of justice and liberty for which oppressed peoples must acquire the right to belong to those national communities from which they descended."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien201441-124">[124]</a> Attempts to hold mass meetings were ineffective and the organization was regularly harassed by government authorities and socialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor1979195–196-125">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IR_L%C3%BCbeck_033_-_EB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/IR_L%C3%BCbeck_033_-_EB.jpg/220px-IR_L%C3%BCbeck_033_-_EB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/IR_L%C3%BCbeck_033_-_EB.jpg/330px-IR_L%C3%BCbeck_033_-_EB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/IR_L%C3%BCbeck_033_-_EB.jpg/440px-IR_L%C3%BCbeck_033_-_EB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2498" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers parading through Lübeck in the days leading up to World War I. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Johann Plenge</a>'s concept of the "<a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a>" identified the outbreak of war as a moment that forged nationalistic German solidarity.</figcaption></figure> Similar political ideas arose in Germany after the outbreak of the war. German sociologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Johann Plenge</a> spoke of the rise of a "National Socialism" in Germany within what he termed the "ideas of 1914" that were a declaration of war against the "ideas of 1789" (the French Revolution).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2006205-126">[126]</a> According to Plenge, the "ideas of 1789"—such as the rights of man, democracy, individualism and liberalism—were being rejected in favor of "the ideas of 1914" that included "German values" of duty, discipline, law and order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2006205-126">[126]</a> Plenge believed that racial solidarity (Volksgemeinschaft) would replace class division and that "racial comrades" would unite to create a socialist society in the struggle of "proletarian" Germany against "capitalist" Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKitchen2006205-126">[126]</a> He believed that the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">Spirit of 1914</a> manifested itself in the concept of the People's League of National Socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHüppauf199792-127">[127]</a> This National Socialism was a form of state socialism that rejected the "idea of boundless freedom" and promoted an economy that would serve the whole of Germany under the leadership of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHüppauf199792-127">[127]</a> This National Socialism was opposed to capitalism because of the components that were against "the national interest" of Germany but insisted that National Socialism would strive for greater efficiency in the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHüppauf199792-127">[127]</a> Plenge advocated an authoritarian rational ruling elite to develop National Socialism through a hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocratic</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERohkrämer2007130-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_of_World_War_I">Impact of World War I</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Arditi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Italian_Arditi.jpg/220px-Italian_Arditi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Italian_Arditi.jpg/330px-Italian_Arditi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Italian_Arditi.jpg/440px-Italian_Arditi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Members of Italy's <a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a> corps, shown here in 1918 holding daggers, a symbol of their group. They were formed in 1917 as groups of soldiers trained for dangerous missions, characterized by a refusal to surrender and a willingness to fight to the death. Their black uniforms inspired those of the Italian Fascist movement.</figcaption></figure> Fascists viewed World War I as bringing revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, the state and technology, as the advent of <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> and mass mobilization had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant, as civilians had become a critical part in economic production for the war effort and thus arose a "military citizenship" in which all citizens were involved to the military in some manner during the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006140–141,_670Mann200465-10">[10]</a> World War I had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines or provide economic production and logistics to support those on the front lines, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006140–141,_670Mann200465-10">[10]</a> Fascists viewed technological developments of weaponry and the state's total mobilization of its population in the war as symbolizing the beginning of a new era fusing state power with <a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">mass politics</a>, technology and particularly the mobilizing myth that they contended had triumphed over the myth of progress and the era of liberalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006140–141,_670-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impact_of_the_Bolshevik_Revolution">Impact of the Bolshevik Revolution</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Leon_Trotsky_%28crop%29.jpg/220px-Leon_Trotsky_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Leon_Trotsky_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Leon_Trotsky_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ff/Leon_Trotsky_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Leon Trotsky was an early observer on the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during his final years in exile<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and advocated for the tactic of a <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> against fascist parties.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917, in which <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> communists led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> seized power in Russia, greatly influenced the development of fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires200695–96-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> would later formulate a theory of fascism based on a dialectical interpretation of events to analyze the manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> and the early emergence of Nazi Germany from 1930 to 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWistrich1976-133">[133]</a> In 1917, Mussolini, as leader of the <a href="/wiki/Fasces_of_Revolutionary_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Fasces of Revolutionary Action">Fasces of Revolutionary Action</a>, praised the October Revolution, but later he became unimpressed with Lenin, regarding him as merely a new version of <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas II">Tsar Nicholas II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeville200436-134">[134]</a> After World War I, fascists commonly campaigned on <a href="/wiki/Anti-Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Marxist">anti-Marxist</a> agendas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires200695–96-132">[132]</a> British historian Cyprian Blamires argues that there are similarities between fascism and Bolshevism, including that they believed in the necessity of a vanguard leadership, showed contempt for bourgeois values, and had totalitarian ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires200695–96-132">[132]</a> In practice, both have commonly emphasized revolutionary action, proletarian nation theories, one-party states, and party-armies;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires200695–96-132">[132]</a> however, both draw clear distinctions from each other both in aims and tactics, with the Bolsheviks emphasizing the need for an organized <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participatory democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a>) and an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a>, internationalist vision for society based on <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>, while fascists emphasized <a href="/wiki/Hyper-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyper-nationalism">hyper-nationalism</a> and open hostility towards democracy, envisioning a hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a> as essential to their aims. With the antagonism between <a href="/wiki/Anti-interventionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-interventionist">anti-interventionist</a> Marxists and pro-<a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist</a> fascists complete by the end of the war, the two sides became irreconcilable. The fascists presented themselves as <a href="/wiki/Anti-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communists">anti-communists</a> and as especially opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994178-135">[135]</a> In 1919, Mussolini consolidated control over the fascist movement, known as <a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a>, with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fasces_of_Combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fasces of Combat">Italian Fasces of Combat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_''The_fascist_era''-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fascist_Manifesto_and_Charter_of_Carnaro">Fascist Manifesto and Charter of Carnaro</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png/220px-Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png/330px-Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png/440px-Promised_Borders_of_the_Tready_of_London.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Territories promised to Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London (1915)</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-Alto Adige">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> (tan), and the <a href="/wiki/Sne%C5%BEnik_(plateau)" title="Snežnik (plateau)">Snežnik Plateau</a> area (green). Dalmatia, after the WWI, however, was not assigned to Italy but to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></figcaption></figure> In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Alceste De Ambris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a> movement leader <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a> created "<a href="/wiki/The_Manifesto_of_the_Italian_Fasces_of_Combat" class="mw-redirect" title="The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat">The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElazar200173-136">[136]</a> The Fascist Manifesto was presented on 6 June 1919 in the fascist newspaper <a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a> and supported the creation of <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> (the latter being realized only partly in late 1925, with all opposition parties banned or disbanded);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPassmore2003116-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> on a regional basis; government representation through a <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> system of "National Councils" of experts, selected from professionals and tradespeople, elected to represent and hold legislative power over their respective areas, including labour, industry, transportation, public health, and communications, among others; and abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Senate of the Kingdom of Italy">Senate of the Kingdom of Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsellaCaso200769-138">[138]</a> The Fascist Manifesto supported the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_work_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour work day">eight-hour work day</a> for all workers, a <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wage</a>, worker representation in industrial management, equal confidence in labour unions as in industrial executives and public servants, reorganization of the transportation sector, revision of the draft law on invalidity insurance, reduction of the retirement age from 65 to 55, a strong <a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive tax</a> on capital, confiscation of the property of religious institutions and abolishment of bishoprics, and revision of military contracts to allow the government to seize 85% of profits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsellaCaso200769–70-139">[139]</a> It also called for the fulfillment of expansionist aims in the Balkans and other parts of the Mediterranean, the creation of a short-service national militia to serve defensive duties, <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of the armaments industry, and a foreign policy designed to be peaceful but also competitive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsellaCaso200770-140">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg/220px-Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg/330px-Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg/440px-Fiume_cheering_D%27Annunzio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Residents of <a href="/wiki/Fiume" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume">Fiume</a> cheer the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_d%27Annunzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriele d'Annunzio">Gabriele d'Annunzio</a> and his blackshirt-wearing nationalist raiders, as D'Annunzio and fascist <a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Alceste De Ambris</a> developed the quasi-fascist <a href="/wiki/Italian_Regency_of_Carnaro" title="Italian Regency of Carnaro">Italian Regency of Carnaro</a> (a city-state in Fiume) from 1919 to 1920 and whose actions inspired the Italian fascist movement. In September 1919 Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants</figcaption></figure> The next events that influenced the fascists in Italy were the raid of <a href="/wiki/Fiume_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiume (city)">Fiume</a> by Italian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_d%27Annunzio" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriele d'Annunzio">Gabriele d'Annunzio</a> and the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Carnaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Carnaro">Charter of Carnaro</a> in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994186-141">[141]</a> D'Annunzio and De Ambris designed the Charter, which advocated national-syndicalist corporatist <a href="/wiki/Productionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Productionism">productionism</a> alongside D'Annunzio's political views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994187-142">[142]</a> Many fascists saw the Charter of Carnaro as an ideal constitution for a fascist Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994189-143">[143]</a> This behaviour of aggression towards Yugoslavia and <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> was pursued by Italian fascists with their persecution of South Slavs—especially Slovenes and Croats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="From_populism_to_conservative_accommodations">From populism to conservative accommodations</h4></div> In 1920, militant strike activity by industrial workers reached its peak in Italy and 1919 and 1920 were known as the "Red Year" (<a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">Biennio Rosso</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsellaCaso200773-144">[144]</a> Mussolini and the fascists took advantage of the situation by allying with industrial businesses and attacking workers and peasants in the name of preserving order and internal peace in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsellaCaso200775-145">[145]</a> Fascists identified their primary opponents as the majority of socialists on the left who had opposed intervention in World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994189-143">[143]</a> The fascists and the Italian political right held common ground: both held Marxism in contempt, discounted class consciousness and believed in the rule of elites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994193-146">[146]</a> The fascists assisted the anti-socialist campaign by allying with the other parties and the conservative right in a mutual effort to destroy the Italian Socialist Party and labour organizations committed to class identity above national identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994193-146">[146]</a> Fascism sought to accommodate Italian conservatives by making major alterations to its political agenda—abandoning its previous populism, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism">anticlericalism</a>, adopting policies in support of <a href="/wiki/Free_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="Free enterprise">free enterprise</a> and accepting the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the monarchy as institutions in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grand2000145-147">[147]</a> To appeal to Italian conservatives, fascism adopted policies such as promoting <a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">family values</a>, including policies designed to reduce the number of women in the workforce—limiting the woman's role to that of a mother. The fascists banned literature on birth control and increased penalties for abortion in 1926, declaring both crimes against the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn200314-148">[148]</a> Although fascism adopted a number of anti-modern positions designed to appeal to people upset with the new trends in sexuality and women's rights—especially those with a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> point of view—the fascists sought to maintain fascism's revolutionary character, with Angelo Oliviero Olivetti saying: "Fascism would like to be conservative, but it will [be] by being revolutionary."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESternhellSznajderAshéri1994190-149">[149]</a> The Fascists supported revolutionary action and committed to secure law and order to appeal to both conservatives and syndicalists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn200322-150">[150]</a> Prior to fascism's accommodations to the political right, fascism was a small, urban, northern Italian movement that had about a thousand members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsellaCaso200772-151">[151]</a> After Fascism's accommodation of the political right, the fascist movement's membership soared to approximately 250,000 by 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorsellaCaso200776-152">[152]</a> A 2020 article by <a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemo%C4%9Flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Daron Acemoğlu">Daron Acemoğlu</a>, Giuseppe De Feo, Giacomo De Luca, and Gianluca Russo in the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Economic_and_Policy_Research" title="Center for Economic and Policy Research">Center for Economic and Policy Research</a>, exploring the link between the threat of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and Mussolini's rise to power, found "a strong association between the Red Scare in Italy and the subsequent local support for the Fascist Party in the early 1920s." According to the authors, it was local elites and large landowners who played an important role in boosting Fascist Party activity and support, which did not come from socialists' core supporters but from <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> voters, as they viewed traditional centre-right parties as ineffective in stopping socialism and turned to the Fascists. In 2003, historian Adrian Lyttelton wrote: "The expansion of Fascism in the rural areas was stimulated and directed by the reaction of the farmers and landowners against the peasant leagues of both Socialists and Catholics."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcemoğluDe_FeoDe_LucaRusso2020-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fascist_violence">Fascist violence</h4></div> Beginning in 1922, fascist paramilitaries escalated their strategy from one of attacking socialist offices and the homes of socialist leadership figures, to one of violent occupation of cities. The fascists met little serious resistance from authorities and proceeded to take over several northern Italian cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200587-154">[154]</a> The fascists attacked the headquarters of socialist and Catholic labour unions in Cremona and imposed forced Italianization upon the German-speaking population of <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200587-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrandiObermair2023127–167-155">[155]</a> After seizing these cities, the fascists made plans to take <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200587-154">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/250px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/330px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/500px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> with three of the four <a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">quadrumvirs</a> during the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> (from left to right: unknown, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_de_Bono" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio de Bono">de Bono</a>, Mussolini, <a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Maria_de_Vecchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesare Maria de Vecchi">de Vecchi</a>)</figcaption></figure> On 24 October 1922, the Fascist Party held its annual congress in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, where Mussolini ordered Blackshirts to take control of public buildings and trains and to converge on three points around Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200587-154">[154]</a> The Fascists managed to seize control of several post offices and trains in northern Italy while the Italian government, led by a left-wing coalition, was internally divided and unable to respond to the Fascist advances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200588-156">[156]</a> King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy perceived the risk of bloodshed in Rome in response to attempting to disperse the Fascists to be too high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200590-157">[157]</a> Victor Emmanuel III decided to appoint Mussolini as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> and Mussolini arrived in Rome on 30 October to accept the appointment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200590-157">[157]</a> Fascist propaganda aggrandized this event, known as "<a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>", as a "seizure" of power because of Fascists' heroic exploits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200587-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascist_Italy">Fascist Italy</h3></div> Historian Stanley G. Payne says: <blockquote>[Fascism in Italy was a] primarily political dictatorship. ... The Fascist Party itself had become almost completely bureaucratized and subservient to, not dominant over, the state itself. Big business, industry, and finance retained extensive autonomy, particularly in the early years. The armed forces also enjoyed considerable autonomy. ... The Fascist militia was placed under military control. ... The judicial system was left largely intact and relatively autonomous as well. The police continued to be directed by state officials and were not taken over by party leaders ... nor was a major new police elite created. ... There was never any question of bringing the Church under overall subservience. ... Sizable sectors of Italian cultural life retained extensive autonomy, and no major state propaganda-and-culture ministry existed. ... The Mussolini regime was neither especially sanguinary nor particularly repressive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995122-158">[158]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mussolini_in_power">Mussolini in power</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg/290px-RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg/435px-RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg/580px-RegioniIrredenteItalia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Italian ethnic regions claimed in the 1930s. <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian irredentism in Corfu">Corfu</a> were later claimed. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a></div></figcaption></figure> Upon being appointed Prime Minister of Italy, Mussolini had to form a coalition government because the fascists did not have control over the Italian parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995110-159">[159]</a> Mussolini's coalition government initially pursued <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">economically liberal</a> policies under the direction of liberal finance minister <a href="/wiki/Alberto_De_Stefani" class="mw-redirect" title="Alberto De Stefani">Alberto De Stefani</a>, a member of the Center Party, including balancing the budget through deep cuts to the civil service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995110-159">[159]</a> Initially, little drastic change in government policy had occurred and repressive police actions were limited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995110-159">[159]</a> The fascists began their attempt to entrench fascism in Italy with the <a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a>, which guaranteed a plurality of the seats in parliament to any party or coalition list in an election that received 25% or more of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995113-160">[160]</a> Through considerable fascist violence and intimidation, the list won a majority of the vote, allowing many seats to go to the fascists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995113-160">[160]</a> In the aftermath of the election, a crisis and political scandal erupted after Socialist Party deputy <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti" title="Giacomo Matteotti">Giacomo Matteotti</a> was kidnapped and murdered by a Fascist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995113-160">[160]</a> The liberals and the leftist minority in parliament walked out in protest in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995114-161">[161]</a> On 3 January 1925, Mussolini addressed the Fascist-dominated Italian parliament and declared that he was personally responsible for what happened, but insisted that he had done nothing wrong. Mussolini proclaimed himself dictator of Italy, assuming full responsibility over the government and announcing the dismissal of parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995114-161">[161]</a> From 1925 to 1929, fascism steadily became entrenched in power: opposition deputies were denied access to parliament, censorship was introduced and a December 1925 decree made Mussolini solely responsible to the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995115-162">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h4></div> In 1929, the fascist regime briefly gained what was in effect a blessing of the Catholic Church after the regime signed a concordat with the Church, known as the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>, which gave the papacy state sovereignty and financial compensation for the seizure of Church lands by the liberal state in the 19th century, but within two years the Church had renounced fascism in the Encyclical <a href="/wiki/Non_Abbiamo_Bisogno" class="mw-redirect" title="Non Abbiamo Bisogno">Non Abbiamo Bisogno</a> as a "pagan idolatry of the state" which teaches "hatred, violence and irreverence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995119–120-163">[163]</a> Not long after signing the agreement, by Mussolini's own confession, the Church had threatened to have him "excommunicated", in part because of his intractable nature, but also because he had "confiscated more issues of Catholic newspapers in the next three months than in the previous seven years."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983162-164">[164]</a> By the late 1930s, Mussolini became more vocal in his anti-clerical rhetoric, repeatedly denouncing the Catholic Church and discussing ways to depose the pope. He took the position that the "papacy was a malignant tumor in the body of Italy and must 'be rooted out once and for all,' because there was no room in Rome for both the Pope and himself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1983222–223-165">[165]</a> In her 1974 book, Mussolini's widow Rachele stated that her husband had always been an atheist until near the end of his life, writing that her husband was "basically irreligious until the later years of his life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini1977131-166">[166]</a> The Nazis in Germany employed similar anti-clerical policies. The Gestapo confiscated hundreds of monasteries in Austria and Germany, evicted clergymen and laymen alike and often replaced crosses with swastikas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Lang1979221-167">[167]</a> Referring to the swastika as "the Devil's Cross", church leaders found their youth organizations banned, their meetings limited and various Catholic periodicals censored or banned. Government officials eventually found it necessary to place "Nazis into editorial positions in the Catholic press."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005239-168">[168]</a> Up to 2,720 clerics, mostly Catholics, were arrested by the Gestapo and imprisoned inside of Germany's Dachau concentration camp, resulting in over 1,000 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerben1975276–277-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corporatist_economic_system">Corporatist economic system</h4></div> The fascist regime created a corporatist economic system in 1925 with creation of <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_the_Vidoni_Palace" title="Pact of the Vidoni Palace">the Palazzo Vidoni Pact</a>, in which the Italian employers' association <a href="/wiki/Confindustria" class="mw-redirect" title="Confindustria">Confindustria</a> and fascist trade unions agreed to recognize each other as the sole representatives of Italy's employers and employees, excluding non-fascist trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006150-170">[170]</a> The Fascist regime first created a Ministry of Corporations that organized the Italian economy into 22 sectoral corporations, banned workers' strikes and lock-outs and in 1927 created the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Charter_of_1927" title="Labour Charter of 1927">Charter of Labour</a>, which established workers' rights and duties and created labour tribunals to arbitrate employer-employee disputes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006150-170">[170]</a> In practice, the sectoral corporations exercised little independence and were largely controlled by the regime, and the employee organizations were rarely led by employees themselves, but instead by appointed Fascist party members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006150-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aggressive_foreign_policy">Aggressive foreign policy</h4></div> In the 1920s, Fascist Italy pursued an aggressive foreign policy that included ambitions to expand Italian territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2000132-171">[171]</a> In response to revolt in the Italian colony of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, Fascist Italy abandoned previous liberal-era colonial policy of cooperation with local leaders. Instead, claiming that Italians were a superior race to African races and thereby had the right to colonize the "inferior" Africans, it sought to settle 10 to 15 million Italians in Libya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmida1994134–135-172">[172]</a> This resulted in an aggressive military campaign known as the <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacification of Libya">Pacification of Libya</a> against natives in Libya, including mass killings, the use of <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a> and the forced starvation of thousands of people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhmida1994134–135-172">[172]</a> Italian authorities committed <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> by forcibly expelling 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouin</a> Cyrenaicans, half the population of Cyrenaica in Libya, from their settlements that was slated to be given to Italian settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardoza2006109BloxhamMoses2010358-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_adoption_of_the_Italian_model">Nazi adoption of the Italian model</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486,_Hitler-Putsch,_M%C3%BCnchen,_Marienplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Nazis in Munich during the <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> </figcaption></figure> The March on Rome brought fascism international attention. One early admirer of the Italian fascists was <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, who less than a month after the March had begun to model himself and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> upon Mussolini and the Fascists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000182-174">[174]</a> The Nazis, led by Hitler and the German war hero <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>, attempted a "March on Berlin" modeled upon the March on Rome, which resulted in the failed <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in November 1923.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonsky198920–26,_30-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_impact_of_the_Great_Depression_and_buildup_to_World_War_II">International impact of the Great Depression and buildup to World War II</h3></div> The conditions of economic hardship caused by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> brought about an international surge of social unrest.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Fascist propaganda blamed the problems of the long depression of the 1930s on minorities and <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoats</a>: "<a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Judeo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masonic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">bolshevik</a>" conspiracies, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics#Nationalism,_anti-imperialism_and_anti-nationalism" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing internationalism</a> and the presence of immigrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChomsky200346-177">[177]</a> In Germany, it contributed to the rise of the Nazi Party, which resulted in the demise of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> and the establishment of the fascist regime, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. With the rise of Hitler and the Nazis to power in 1933, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> was dissolved in Germany and the Nazis mobilized the country for war, with expansionist territorial aims against several countries. In the 1930s, the Nazis implemented racial laws that deliberately discriminated against, <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">disenfranchised</a> and persecuted Jews and other racial and minority groups. Fascist movements grew in strength elsewhere in Europe. Hungarian fascist <a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gyula Gömbös</a> rose to power as Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> in 1932 and attempted to entrench his <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Hungarian_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Party of Hungarian Life">Party of National Unity</a> throughout the country. He created an eight-hour work day and a forty-eight-hour work week in industry; sought to entrench a corporatist economy; and pursued <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> claims on Hungary's neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995270-178">[178]</a> The fascist <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> soared in political support after 1933, gaining representation in the Romanian government, and an Iron Guard member assassinated Romanian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ion_Duca" class="mw-redirect" title="Ion Duca">Ion Duca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995282–288-179">[179]</a> The Iron Guard was the only fascist movement outside Germany and Italy to <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">come to power</a> without foreign assistance.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> faced the greatest domestic political turmoil since the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> when the fascist <a href="/wiki/Francist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Francist Movement">Francist Movement</a> and multiple far-right movements rioted <a href="/wiki/En_masse" class="mw-redirect" title="En masse">en masse</a> in Paris against the French government resulting in major political violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolf1983311-182">[182]</a> A variety of <a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">para-fascist</a> governments that borrowed elements from fascism were formed during the Great Depression, including those of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995145-183">[183]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">the Netherlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a> was at its height in the 1930s due to the Great Depression, especially in 1935 when it won almost eight percent of votes, until the year 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERietbergen2000160–161-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaudacaoIntegralista1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SaudacaoIntegralista1935.jpg/170px-SaudacaoIntegralista1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SaudacaoIntegralista1935.jpg/255px-SaudacaoIntegralista1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/SaudacaoIntegralista1935.jpg/340px-SaudacaoIntegralista1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralists</a> marching in Brazil</figcaption></figure> In the Americas, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralists</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Plínio Salgado</a> claimed as many as 200,000 members, although following coup attempts it faced a crackdown from the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1991150–152-184">[184]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, the fascist <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a> was a fascist political party which was in power 1931 to 1933. In the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a> gained seats in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>'s parliament and attempted a coup d'état that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Seguro_Obrero_massacre" title="Seguro Obrero massacre">Seguro Obrero massacre</a> of 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995341–342-185">[185]</a> During the Great Depression, Mussolini promoted active state intervention in the economy. He denounced the contemporary "<a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism_(concept_in_Italian_Fascism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercapitalism (concept in Italian Fascism)">supercapitalism</a>" that he claimed began in 1914 as a failure because of its alleged <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a>, its support for unlimited <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, and its intention to create the "standardization of humankind."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerghaus2000136–137-186">[186]</a> Fascist Italy created the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Industrial_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Industrial Reconstruction">Institute for Industrial Reconstruction</a> (IRI), a giant state-owned firm and holding company that provided state funding to failing private enterprises.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189-187">[187]</a> The IRI was made a permanent institution in Fascist Italy in 1937, pursued fascist policies to create national <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a> and had the power to take over private firms to maximize war production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189-187">[187]</a> While Hitler's regime only nationalized 500 companies in key industries by the early 1940s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery199416-188">[188]</a> Mussolini declared in 1934 that "[t]hree-fourths of Italian economy, industrial and agricultural, is in the hands of the state."<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Due to the worldwide depression, Mussolini's government was able to take over most of Italy's largest failing banks, who held controlling interest in many Italian businesses. The Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, a state-operated holding company in charge of bankrupt banks and companies, reported in early 1934 that they held assets of "48.5 percent of the share capital of Italy", which later included the capital of the banks themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToniolo201359-190">[190]</a> Political historian Martin Blinkhorn estimated Italy's scope of state intervention and ownership "greatly surpassed that in Nazi Germany, giving Italy a public sector second only to that of Stalin's Russia."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlinkhorn200646-191">[191]</a> In the late 1930s, Italy enacted manufacturing cartels, tariff barriers, currency restrictions and massive regulation of the economy to attempt to balance payments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires200672-192">[192]</a> Italy's policy of autarky failed to achieve effective economic autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires200672-192">[192]</a> Nazi Germany similarly pursued an economic agenda with the aims of autarky and rearmament and imposed <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionist</a> policies, including forcing the German steel industry to use lower-quality German iron ore rather than superior-quality imported iron.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006190-193">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_(1939–1945)">World War II (1939–1945)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Germanic_Reich.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Greater_Germanic_Reich.png/330px-Greater_Germanic_Reich.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Greater_Germanic_Reich.png/495px-Greater_Germanic_Reich.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Greater_Germanic_Reich.png/660px-Greater_Germanic_Reich.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>The Greater Germanic Reich, to be realised with the policies of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a>, had boundaries derived from the plans of the <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">state administration</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS).<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a></figcaption></figure> In Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, both Mussolini and Hitler pursued territorial expansionist and <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist foreign policy</a> agendas from the 1930s through the 1940s culminating in World War II. From 1935 to 1939, Germany and Italy escalated their demands for territorial claims and greater influence in world affairs. Italy <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">invaded Ethiopia in 1935</a> resulting in its condemnation by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> and its widespread diplomatic isolation. In 1936, Germany <a href="/wiki/Remilitarization_of_the_Rhineland" class="mw-redirect" title="Remilitarization of the Rhineland">remilitarized the industrial Rhineland</a>, a region that had been ordered demilitarized by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>. In 1938, Germany annexed <a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Austria</a> and Italy assisted Germany in resolving the diplomatic crisis between Germany versus Britain and France over claims on <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> by arranging the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> that gave Germany the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> and was perceived at the time to have averted a European war. These hopes faded when Czechoslovakia was dissolved by the proclamation of the German client state of <a href="/wiki/Slovak_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovak State">Slovakia</a>, followed by the next day of the occupation of the remaining <a href="/wiki/Czech_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Lands">Czech Lands</a> and the proclamation of the German <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>. At the same time from 1938 to 1939, Italy was demanding territorial and colonial concessions from France and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodogno200647-195">[195]</a> In 1939, Germany prepared for war with Poland, but attempted to gain territorial concessions from Poland through diplomatic means.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2004371–372-196">[196]</a> The Polish government did not trust Hitler's promises and refused to accept Germany's demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson2004371–372-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg/220px-ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/ProgettoImperoItaliano.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>Map of Great Italy according to the 1940 fascist project in case Italy had won <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (the orange line delimits metropolitan Italy, the green line the borders of the enlarged <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a>)</figcaption></figure> The invasion of Poland by Germany was deemed unacceptable by Britain, France and their allies, leading to their mutual declaration of war against Germany and the start of World War II. In 1940, Mussolini led Italy into World War II on the side of the Axis. During World War II, the Axis Powers in Europe led by Nazi Germany participated in the extermination of millions of Poles, Jews, Gypsies and others in the genocide known as the Holocaust. In 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, the complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, the Allied invasion of Italy and the corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini <a href="/wiki/25_Luglio" class="mw-redirect" title="25 Luglio">was removed as head of government and arrested</a> on the order of King Victor Emmanuel III, who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side. Mussolini was rescued from arrest by German forces and led the German client state, the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945. Nazi Germany faced multiple losses and steady Soviet and Western Allied offensives from 1943 to 1945.<a href="#cite_note-bi609-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-bi704-198">[198]</a> On 28 April 1945, Mussolini was captured and executed by Italian communist partisans. On 30 April 1945, Hitler committed suicide. Shortly afterwards, Germany surrendered and the Nazi regime was <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">systematically dismantled</a> by the occupying Allied powers. An International Military Tribunal was subsequently convened in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg#Nazi_era" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>. Beginning in November 1945 and lasting through 1949, numerous Nazi political, military and economic leaders were <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">tried and convicted</a> of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>, with many of the worst offenders being sentenced to death and executed.<a href="#cite_note-dg21-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-def1391-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II_(1945–2008)">Post-World War II (1945–2008)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-fascism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg/170px-Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg/255px-Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Juan_Peron_con_banda_de_presidente.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Argentina" title="President of Argentina">President of Argentina</a> from 1946 to 1955 and 1973 to 1974, admired <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> and modelled his economic policies on those pursued by Fascist Italy.</figcaption></figure> The victory of the Allies over the Axis powers in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> led to the collapse of many fascist regimes in Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">Nuremberg Trials</a> convicted several Nazi leaders of crimes against humanity involving the Holocaust. However, there remained several movements and governments that were ideologically related to fascism.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Falangist" class="mw-redirect" title="Falangist">Falangist</a> one-party state in Spain was officially neutral during World War II, although Franco's rise to power had been directly assisted by the militaries of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. The first years were characterized by a repression against the anti-fascist ideologies, deep censorship and the suppression of democratic institutions (elected Parliament, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">Spanish Constitution of 1931</a>, Regional Statutes of Autonomy). After World War II and a period of international isolation, Franco's regime normalized relations with the Western powers during the Cold War, until Franco's death in 1975 and the transformation of Spain into a liberal democracy.<a href="#cite_note-libro.uca.edu-203">[203]</a> Historian Robert Paxton observes that one of the main problems in defining fascism is that it was widely mimicked. Paxton says: "In fascism's heyday, in the 1930s, many regimes that were not functionally fascist borrowed elements of fascist decor in order to lend themselves an aura of force, vitality, and mass mobilization." He goes on to observe that <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a> "crushed Portuguese fascism after he had copied some of its techniques of popular mobilization."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton19983,_17-204">[204]</a> Paxton says: "Where Franco subjected Spain's fascist party to his personal control, Salazar abolished outright in July 1934 the nearest thing Portugal had to an authentic fascist movement, Rolão Preto's blue-shirted National Syndicalists. ... Salazar preferred to control his population through such 'organic' institutions traditionally powerful in Portugal as the Church. Salazar's regime was not only non-fascist, but 'voluntarily non-totalitarian,' preferring to let those of its citizens who kept out of politics 'live by habit.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004150-205">[205]</a> However, historians tend to view the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> as <a href="/wiki/Para-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Para-fascist">para-fascist</a> in nature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLynch2002[httpsarchiveorgdetailsroutledgecompani00davipage237_237]-206">[206]</a> possessing minimal fascist tendencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPassmore200276-207">[207]</a> Other historians, including <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rosas" title="Fernando Rosas">Fernando Rosas</a> and Manuel Villaverde Cabral, think that the Estado Novo should be considered fascist.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giorgio_Almirante_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/Giorgio_Almirante_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="169" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Almirante" title="Giorgio Almirante">Giorgio Almirante</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> from 1969 to 1987</figcaption></figure> The term neo-fascism refers to fascist movements after World War II. In Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Almirante" title="Giorgio Almirante">Giorgio Almirante</a> was a major neo-fascist movement that transformed itself into a self-described "post-fascist" movement called the <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Italy)" title="National Alliance (Italy)">National Alliance</a> (AN), which has been an ally of <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> for a decade. In 2008, AN joined Forza Italia in Berlusconi's new party <a href="/wiki/The_People_of_Freedom" title="The People of Freedom">The People of Freedom</a>, but in 2012 a group of politicians split from The People of Freedom, refounding the party with the name <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a>. In Germany, various neo-Nazi movements have been formed and banned in accordance with Germany's constitutional law which forbids Nazism. The <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a> (NPD) is widely considered a neo-Nazi party, although the party does not publicly identify itself as such. In Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Peronism" title="Peronism">Peronism</a>, associated with the regime of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a> from 1946 to 1955 and 1973 to 1974, was influenced by fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006512-209">[209]</a> Between 1939 and 1941, prior to his rise to power, Perón had developed a deep admiration of Italian Fascism and modelled his economic policies on Italian fascist policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006512-209">[209]</a> However, not all historians agree with this identification,<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> which they consider debatable<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> or even false,<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> biased by a pejorative political position.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Other authors, such as the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Raanan_Rein" title="Raanan Rein">Raanan Rein</a>, categorically maintain that Perón was not a fascist and that this characterization was imposed on him because of his defiant stance against US hegemony.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_fascism_(2008–present)">Contemporary fascism (2008–present)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right (United States)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_United_States" title="Fascism in the United States">Fascism in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Dawn_demonstration_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Golden_Dawn_demonstration_1.jpg/250px-Golden_Dawn_demonstration_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Golden_Dawn_demonstration_1.jpg/330px-Golden_Dawn_demonstration_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Golden_Dawn_demonstration_1.jpg/500px-Golden_Dawn_demonstration_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Golden Dawn demonstration in Greece in 2012</figcaption></figure> After the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> and economic crisis in Greece, a movement known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a>, widely considered a neo-Nazi party, soared in support out of obscurity and won seats in <a href="/wiki/Greek_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek parliament">Greece's parliament</a>, espousing a staunch hostility towards minorities, illegal immigrants and refugees. In 2013, after the murder of an anti-fascist musician by a person with links to Golden Dawn, the Greek government ordered the arrest of Golden Dawn's leader <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Nikolaos Michaloliakos</a> and other members on charges related to being associated with a criminal organization.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> On 7 October 2020, Athens Appeals Court announced verdicts for 68 defendants, including the party's political leadership. Nikolaos Michaloliakos and six other prominent members and former members of parliament (MPs) were found guilty of running a criminal organization.<a href="#cite_note-TheConversation-217">[217]</a> Guilty verdicts were delivered on charges of murder, attempted murder, and violent attacks on immigrants and left-wing political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Soviet_Russia">Post-Soviet Russia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rashism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashism">Rashism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Laruelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlene Laruelle">Marlene Laruelle</a>, a French political scientist, contends in Is Russia Fascist? that the accusation of "fascist" has evolved into a strategic narrative of the existing world order. Geopolitical rivals might construct their own view of the world and assert the moral high ground by branding ideological rivals as fascists, regardless of their real ideals or deeds. Laruelle discusses the basis, significance, and veracity of accusations of fascism in and around Russia through an analysis of the domestic situation in Russia and the Kremlin's foreign policy justifications; she concludes that Russian efforts to brand its opponents as fascist is ultimately an attempt to determine the future of Russia in Europe as an antifascist force, influenced by its role in fighting fascism in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-jstor-219">[219]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Motyl" title="Alexander J. Motyl">Alexander J. Motyl</a>, an American historian and political scientist, Russian fascism has the following characteristics:<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">undemocratic political system</a>, different from both traditional authoritarianism and totalitarianism;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypernationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypernationalism">hypernationalism</a>;</li> <li>A hypermasculine <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of the supreme leader</a> (emphasis on his courage, militancy and physical prowess);</li> <li>General popular support for the regime and its leader.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-War_protest,_Odessa_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anti-War_protest%2C_Odessa_02.jpg/170px-Anti-War_protest%2C_Odessa_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anti-War_protest%2C_Odessa_02.jpg/255px-Anti-War_protest%2C_Odessa_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Anti-War_protest%2C_Odessa_02.jpg/340px-Anti-War_protest%2C_Odessa_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320" /></a><figcaption>Protester against the Russian government, holding an image portraying <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> as Nazis with a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> made of colours of the <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_of_Saint_George" title="Ribbon of Saint George">Ribbon of Saint George</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Russia" title="Coat of arms of Russia">Russian coat of arms</a> in the centre (<a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, 2014)</figcaption></figure> Yale historian <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> has stated that "Putin's regime is ... the world center of fascism" and has written an article entitled "We Should Say It: Russia Is Fascist."<a href="#cite_note-Laruelle_2022-223">[223]</a> Oxford historian <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a> compared Putin's Russia to the World War II-era <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, saying that like Putin's Russia, it "emulated fascism in many ways, but was not fascist."<a href="#cite_note-rferl-russia-224">[224]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a> says Putin's Russia "is not equivalent to the fascist regimes of World War II, but it forms the nearest analogue to fascism found in a major country since that time" and argues that Putin's political system is "more a revival of the creed of Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> in the 19th century that emphasized 'Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality' than one resembling the revolutionary, modernizing regimes of Hitler and Mussolini."<a href="#cite_note-rferl-russia-224">[224]</a> According to Griffin, fascism is "a revolutionary form of nationalism" seeking to destroy the old system and remake society, and that Putin is a reactionary politician who is not trying to create a new order "but to recreate a modified version of the Soviet Union". German political scientist <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Umland" title="Andreas Umland">Andreas Umland</a> said genuine fascists in Russia, like deceased politician <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Vladimir Zhirinovsky</a> and activist and self-styled philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Aleksandr Dugin</a>, "describe in their writings a completely new Russia" controlling parts of the world that were never under tsarist or Soviet domination.<a href="#cite_note-rferl-russia-224">[224]</a> According to Marlene Laurelle writing in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Quarterly" title="The Washington Quarterly">The Washington Quarterly</a>, "applying the "fascism" label ... to the entirety of the Russian state or society short-circuits our ability to construct a more complex and differentiated picture."<a href="#cite_note-Laruelle_2022-223">[223]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>, collecting the opinions of experts on fascism, said that while Russia is repressive and authoritarian, it cannot be classified as a fascist state for various reasons, including Russia's government being more reactionary than revolutionary.<a href="#cite_note-rferl-russia-224">[224]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Orlov" title="Oleg Orlov">Oleg Orlov</a>, the chairman of the Board of Human Rights Center "<a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a>", claimed that <a href="/wiki/Russia_under_Vladimir_Putin" title="Russia under Vladimir Putin">Russia under Vladimir Putin</a> had descended into fascism and that the army is <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">committing</a> "mass murder".<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> On 7 March 2024, in his <a href="/wiki/2024_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2024 State of the Union Address">2024 State of the Union Address</a>, American President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> compared Russia under Vladimir Putin to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">conquests of Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenets">Tenets</h2></div> <a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Paxton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert O. Paxton">Robert O. Paxton</a> finds that even though fascism "maintained the existing regime of property and social hierarchy", it cannot be considered "simply a more muscular form of conservatism" because "fascism in power did carry out some changes profound enough to be called 'revolutionary.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411-228">[228]</a> These transformations "often set fascists into conflict with conservatives rooted in families, churches, social rank, and property." Paxton argues: <blockquote>fascism redrew the frontiers between private and public, sharply diminishing what had once been untouchably private. It changed the practice of citizenship from the enjoyment of constitutional rights and duties to participation in mass ceremonies of affirmation and conformity. It reconfigured relations between the individual and the collectivity, so that an individual had no rights outside community interest. It expanded the powers of the executive—party and state—in a bid for total control. Finally, it unleashed aggressive emotions hitherto known in Europe only during war or social revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411-228">[228]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism" title="Category:Nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism in Antiquity">Nationalism in Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_flag" title="National flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nationalism">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" 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title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nationalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Ultranationalism, combined with the myth of national rebirth, is a key foundation of fascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006b451–453"Nationalism"-229">[229]</a> Robert Paxton argues that "a passionate nationalism" is the basis of fascism, combined with "a conspiratorial and Manichean view of history" which holds that "the chosen people have been weakened by political parties, social classes, unassimilable minorities, spoiled rentiers, and rationalist thinkers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200441-230">[230]</a> Roger Griffin identifies the core of fascism as being <a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">palingenetic ultranationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin199126-42">[42]</a> The fascist view of a nation is of a single organic entity that binds people together by their ancestry and is a natural unifying force of people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer200380–107ch._4-231">[231]</a> Fascism seeks to solve economic, political, and social problems by achieving a <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> national rebirth, exalting the nation or <a href="/wiki/Race_(biology)" title="Race (biology)">race</a> above all else and promoting cults of unity, strength, and purity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004-232">[232]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur1997223-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica_''Fascism''-9">[9]</a> European fascist movements typically espouse a racist conception of non-Europeans being inferior to Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199511-234">[234]</a> Beyond this, European fascists have not held a unified set of racial views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199511-234">[234]</a> Historically, most fascists promoted imperialism, although there have been several fascist movements that were uninterested in the pursuit of new imperial ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199511-234">[234]</a> For example, Nazism and Italian Fascism were <a href="/wiki/Expansionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionist">expansionist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irredentist" class="mw-redirect" title="Irredentist">irredentist</a>. Falangism in Spain envisioned the worldwide unification of Spanish-speaking peoples (<a href="/wiki/Hispanidad" title="Hispanidad">Hispanidad</a>). <a href="/wiki/British_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="British Fascism">British Fascism</a> was <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-interventionist">non-interventionist</a>, though it did embrace the British Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</h3></div> Fascism promotes the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin20131–6-13">[13]</a> It opposes liberal democracy, rejects multi-party systems, and may support a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> so that it may synthesize with the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini200240-14">[14]</a> Mussolini's The Doctrine of Fascism (1932), partly <a href="/wiki/Ghostwriter" title="Ghostwriter">ghostwritten</a> by philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyttelton197313-235">[235]</a> who Mussolini described as "the philosopher of Fascism", states: "The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist State—a synthesis and a unit inclusive of all values—interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini193514-236">[236]</a> In The Legal Basis of the Total State, Nazi political theorist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> described the Nazi intention to form a "strong state which guarantees a totality of political unity transcending all diversity" in order to avoid a "disastrous pluralism tearing the German people apart."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt199572-237">[237]</a> Fascist states pursued policies of social <a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">indoctrination</a> through <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> in education and the media, and regulation of the production of educational and media materials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauley2003117Payne1995220-238">[238]</a> Education was designed to glorify the fascist movement and inform students of its historical and political importance to the nation. It attempted to purge ideas that were not consistent with the beliefs of the fascist movement and to teach students to be obedient to the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauley2003117–119-239">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics of fascism</a></div> Historians and other scholars disagree on the question of whether a specifically <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> type of <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a> can be said to exist. David Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system in fascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising essential characteristics that fascist nations shared.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Sternhell</a> et al. argue that while fascist economies share some similarities, there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Feldman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Feldman">Gerald Feldman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Timothy Mason</a> argue that fascism is distinguished by an absence of coherent economic ideology and a lack of serious economic thinking. They state that the decisions taken by fascist leaders cannot be explained within a logical economic framework.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> Fascists presented their views as an alternative to both international socialism and free-market economics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastowMartin200336-245">[245]</a> While fascism opposed mainstream socialism, fascists sometimes regarded their movement as a type of nationalist "socialism" to highlight their commitment to <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, describing it as national <a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">solidarity</a> and unity.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006610-247">[247]</a> Fascism had a complex relationship with <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, both supporting and opposing different aspects of it at different times and in different countries. In general, fascists held an instrumental view of capitalism, regarding it as a tool that may be useful or not, depending on circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> Fascist governments typically established close connections between big business and the state, and business was expected to serve the interests of the government.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Economic self-sufficiency, known as <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a>, was a major goal of most fascist governments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grand199560–61-252">[252]</a> Fascist governments advocated for the resolution of domestic <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> within a nation in order to guarantee national unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1991222–223-253">[253]</a> This would be done through the state's mediating relations between the classes (contrary to the views of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a>-inspired capitalists).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoover193513–20-254">[254]</a> While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it held that <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a>-<a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletarian</a> conflict existed primarily in international conflict between proletarian nations and bourgeois nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199721–22-255">[255]</a> Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated with the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as materialism, crassness, cowardice, and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism, and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006102-256">[256]</a> In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a <a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">productivist</a> perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg/220px-VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg/330px-VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg/440px-VW_Typ_83_vr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2187" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>The need for a people's car (<a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> in German), its concept and its functional objectives were formulated by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.</figcaption></figure> Because <a href="/wiki/Productivism" title="Productivism">productivism</a> was key to creating a strong nationalist state, it criticized internationalist and Marxist socialism, advocating instead to represent a type of nationalist productivist socialism. Nevertheless, while condemning parasitical capitalism, it was willing to accommodate productivist capitalism within it so long as it supported the nationalist objective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-257">[257]</a> The role of productivism was derived from <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de Saint Simon">Henri de Saint Simon</a>, whose ideas inspired the creation of <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a> and influenced other ideologies that stressed solidarity rather than class war and whose conception of productive people in the economy included both productive workers and productive bosses to challenge the influence of the aristocracy and unproductive financial speculators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535-258">[258]</a> Saint Simon's vision combined the traditionalist right-wing criticisms of the French Revolution with a left-wing belief in the need for association or collaboration of productive people in society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535-258">[258]</a> Whereas Marxism condemned capitalism as a system of exploitative property relations, fascism saw the nature of the control of credit and money in the contemporary capitalist system as abusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-257">[257]</a> Unlike Marxism, fascism did not see class conflict between the Marxist-defined proletariat and the bourgeoisie as a given or as an engine of historical materialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-257">[257]</a> Instead, it viewed workers and productive capitalists in common as productive people who were in conflict with parasitic elements in society, including corrupt political parties, corrupt financial capital, and feeble people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-257">[257]</a> Fascist leaders such as Mussolini and Hitler spoke of the need to create a new managerial elite led by engineers and captains of industry—but free from the parasitic leadership of industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-257">[257]</a> Hitler stated that the Nazi Party supported bodenständigen Kapitalismus ("productive capitalism") that was based upon profit earned from one's own labour, but condemned unproductive capitalism or loan capitalism, which derived profit from speculation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201124-259">[259]</a> Fascist economics supported a state-controlled economy that accepted a mix of <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007178-260">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a> was applied to both the public and private sectors, and the prosperity of private enterprise depended on its acceptance of synchronizing itself with the economic goals of the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189-187">[187]</a> Fascist economic ideology supported the <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">profit motive</a> but emphasized that industries must uphold the national interest as superior to private profit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006189-187">[187]</a> While fascism accepted the importance of material wealth and power, it condemned materialism, which was identified as being present in both communism and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, and criticized materialism for lacking acknowledgment of the role of the <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">spirit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLynch2002103-261">[261]</a> In particular, fascists criticized capitalism, not because of its competitive nature nor support of private property, which fascists supported—but due to its materialism, individualism, alleged bourgeois decadence and alleged indifference to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200510-262">[262]</a> Fascism denounced Marxism for its advocacy of materialist internationalist class identity, which fascists regarded as an attack upon the emotional and spiritual bonds of the nation and a threat to the achievement of genuine national solidarity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuilly1994290-263">[263]</a> In discussing the spread of fascism beyond Italy, historian Philip Morgan states: <blockquote>Since the Depression was a crisis of laissez-faire capitalism and its political counterpart, parliamentary democracy, fascism could pose as the 'third-way' alternative between capitalism and Bolshevism, the model of a new European 'civilization.' As Mussolini typically put it in early 1934, 'from 1929 ... fascism has become a universal phenomenon ... The dominant forces of the 19th century, democracy, socialism, [and] liberalism have been exhausted ... the new political and economic forms of the twentieth-century are fascist'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200332-264">[264]</a></blockquote> Fascists criticized egalitarianism as preserving the weak and instead promoted social Darwinist views and policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffinFeldman2004353-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1997285-266">[266]</a> They were in principle opposed to the idea of <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a>, arguing that it "encouraged the preservation of the degenerate and the feeble."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005483–484-267">[267]</a> The Nazi Party condemned the welfare system of the Weimar Republic, as well as private charity and philanthropy, for supporting people whom they regarded as racially inferior and weak and who should have been weeded out in the process of natural selection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484-268">[268]</a> Nevertheless, faced with the mass unemployment and poverty of the Great Depression, the Nazis found it necessary to set up charitable institutions to help racially pure Germans in order to maintain popular support while arguing that this represented "racial self-help" and not indiscriminate charity or universal social welfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484–485-269">[269]</a> Thus, Nazi programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Winterhilfswerk" title="Winterhilfswerk">Winter Relief of the German People</a> and the broader <a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Volkswohlfahrt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt">National Socialist People's Welfare</a> (NSV) were organized as quasi-private institutions, officially relying on private donations from Germans to help others of their race—although in practice those who refused to donate could face severe consequences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005486–487-270">[270]</a> Unlike the social welfare institutions of the Weimar Republic and the Christian charities, the NSV distributed assistance on explicitly racial grounds. It provided support only to those who were "racially sound, capable of and willing to work, politically reliable, and willing and able to reproduce." Non-Aryans were excluded, as well as the "work-shy", "asocials" and the "hereditarily ill".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489-271">[271]</a> Under these conditions, by 1939, over 17 million Germans had obtained assistance from the NSV, and the agency "projected a powerful image of caring and support" for "those who were judged to have got into difficulties through no fault of their own."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489-271">[271]</a> Yet the organization was "feared and disliked among society's poorest" because it resorted to intrusive questioning and monitoring to judge who was worthy of support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489–490-272">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_action">Direct action</h3></div> Fascism emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a>, including supporting the legitimacy of political violence, as a core part of its politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995106Breuilly1994294-273">[273]</a> Fascism views violent action as a necessity in politics that fascism identifies as being an "endless struggle";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106-274">[274]</a> this emphasis on the use of political violence means that most fascist parties have also created their own private <a href="/wiki/Militias" class="mw-redirect" title="Militias">militias</a> (e.g. the Nazi Party's <a href="/wiki/Brown_shirts" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown shirts">Brown shirts</a> and Fascist Italy's <a href="/wiki/Milizia_Volontaria_per_la_Sicurezza_Nazionale" class="mw-redirect" title="Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale">Blackshirts</a>). The basis of fascism's support of violent action in politics is connected to social Darwinism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106-274">[274]</a> Fascist movements have commonly held social Darwinist views of nations, races, and societies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995485–486-275">[275]</a> They say that nations and races must purge themselves of socially and biologically weak or <a href="/wiki/Social_degeneration" title="Social degeneration">degenerate</a> people while simultaneously promoting the creation of strong people in order to survive in a world defined by perpetual national and racial conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin199559-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_and_gender_roles">Age and gender roles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piccole_Italiane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Piccole_Italiane.jpg/220px-Piccole_Italiane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Piccole_Italiane.jpg/330px-Piccole_Italiane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Piccole_Italiane.jpg/440px-Piccole_Italiane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4020" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Piccole Italiane, an organization for girls within the National Fascist Party in Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A,_Potsdam,_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-04517A%2C_Potsdam%2C_M%C3%A4dchen_in_der_F%C3%BChrerinnenschule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a>, an organization for girls within the Nazi Party in Germany</figcaption></figure> Fascism emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">youth</a> both in a physical sense of age and a spiritual sense as related to virility and commitment to action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171-277">[277]</a> The Italian Fascists' political anthem was called <a href="/wiki/Giovinezza" title="Giovinezza">Giovinezza</a> ("The Youth").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171-277">[277]</a> Fascism identifies the physical age period of youth as a critical time for the moral development of people who will affect society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199647-278">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a> argues that "[t]he corollaries of the cult of war and physical danger were the cult of brutality, strength, and sexuality ... [fascism is] a true counter-civilization: rejecting the sophisticated rationalist humanism of Old Europe, fascism sets up as its ideal the primitive instincts and primal emotions of the barbarian."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur1978341-279">[279]</a> Italian fascism pursued what it called "moral hygiene" of youth, particularly regarding <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47-280">[280]</a> Fascist Italy promoted what it considered normal sexual behaviour in youth while denouncing what it considered deviant sexual behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47-280">[280]</a> It condemned <a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">pornography</a>, most forms of <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a> and contraceptive devices (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">condom</a>), <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> as deviant sexual behaviour. However, enforcement of laws opposed to such practices was erratic, and authorities often looked the other way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47-280">[280]</a> Fascist Italy regarded the promotion of male sexual excitation before <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> as the cause of criminality amongst male youth, declared homosexuality a social disease and pursued an aggressive campaign to reduce prostitution of young women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47-280">[280]</a> Mussolini perceived women's primary role as primarily child bearers, while that of men as warriors, once saying: "War is to man what maternity is to the woman."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollas1993205-281">[281]</a> In an effort to increase birth rates, the Italian Fascist government gave financial incentives to women who raised large families and initiated policies intended to reduce the number of women employed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald199927-282">[282]</a> Italian Fascism called for women to be honoured as "reproducers of the nation", and the Italian Fascist government held ritual ceremonies to celebrate women's role within the Italian nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2004101-283">[283]</a> In 1934, Mussolini declared that employment of women was a "major aspect of the thorny problem of unemployment" and that for women, working was "incompatible with childbearing"; Mussolini went on to say that the solution to unemployment for men was the "exodus of women from the work force."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham199815-284">[284]</a> The German Nazi government strongly encouraged women to stay at home to bear children and keep house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005331–332-285">[285]</a> This policy was reinforced by bestowing the <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Honor_of_the_German_Mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of Honor of the German Mother">Cross of Honor of the German Mother</a> on women bearing four or more children. The unemployment rate was cut substantially, mostly through arms production and sending women home so that men could take their jobs. Nazi propaganda sometimes promoted premarital and extramarital sexual relations, unwed motherhood and divorce, but at other times the Nazis opposed such behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The Nazis decriminalized abortion in cases where fetuses had hereditary defects or were of a race the government disapproved of, while the abortion of healthy pure German, <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> fetuses remained strictly forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgqLDEKVk2nMC_30]-287">[287]</a> For non-Aryans, abortion was often compulsory. Their <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> program also stemmed from the "progressive biomedical model" of <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaren1999139-288">[288]</a> In 1935, Nazi Germany expanded the legality of <a href="/wiki/History_of_abortion" title="History of abortion">abortion</a> by amending <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">its eugenics law</a> to promote abortion for women with hereditary disorders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgqLDEKVk2nMC_30]-287">[287]</a> The law allowed abortion if a woman gave her permission and the fetus was not yet viable<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1989366-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnotUsborne1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq1BFiRa3KHkC_241]-290">[290]</a> and for purposes of so-called <a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial hygiene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1989122–123-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgQLqRd7hJq0C_589]-292">[292]</a> The Nazis said that homosexuality was degenerate, effeminate, perverted, and undermined masculinity because it did not produce children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005529-293">[293]</a> They considered homosexuality curable through therapy, citing modern <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a> and the study of <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a>. Open homosexuals were interned in Nazi concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palingenesis_and_modernism">Palingenesis and modernism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></div> Fascism emphasizes both palingenesis (national rebirth or re-creation) and <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168-295">[295]</a> In particular, fascism's nationalism <a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">has been identified as having a palingenetic character</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006451–453-296">[296]</a> Fascism promotes the nation's regeneration and purging it of decadence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168-295">[295]</a> Fascism accepts forms of modernism that it deems promote national regeneration while rejecting forms of modernism regarded as antithetical to national regeneration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168–169-297">[297]</a> Fascism aestheticized modern technology and its association with speed, power, and violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199763-298">[298]</a> Fascism admired advances in the economy in the early 20th century, particularly <a href="/wiki/Fordism" title="Fordism">Fordism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_management" title="Scientific management">scientific management</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199765-299">[299]</a> Fascist modernism has been recognized as inspired or developed by various figures—such as <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis" title="Wyndham Lewis">Wyndham Lewis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007547-300">[300]</a> In Italy, such modernist influence was exemplified by Marinetti, who advocated a palingenetic modernist society that condemned liberal-bourgeois values of tradition and psychology while promoting a technological-martial religion of national renewal that emphasized militant nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007550-301">[301]</a> In Germany, it was exemplified by Jünger who was influenced by his observation of the technological warfare during World War I and claimed that a new social class had been created that he described as the "warrior-worker";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553-302">[302]</a> Like Marinetti, Jünger emphasized the revolutionary capacities of technology. He emphasized an "organic construction" between humans and machines as a liberating and regenerative force that challenged liberal democracy, conceptions of individual autonomy, bourgeois nihilism, and decadence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553-302">[302]</a> He conceived of a society based on a totalitarian concept of "total mobilization" of such disciplined warrior-workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553-302">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti.jpg/220px-Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti.jpg/330px-Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti.jpg/440px-Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> identifies <a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">aestheticization of politics</a> as a key ingredient in fascist regimes.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> On this point he quotes <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Filippo Tommaso Marinetti</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Futurism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Futurism (art)">Futurist</a> art movement and co-author of the <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a> (1919), who <a href="/wiki/Violence_in_art" title="Violence in art">aestheticizes war</a> in his writings and claims that "war is beautiful."<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Simulacra_and_Simulation" title="Simulacra and Simulation">Simulacra and Simulation</a> (1981), <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a> interprets fascism as a "political aesthetic of death" and a vehement <a href="/wiki/Countermovement" title="Countermovement">countermovement</a> against the increasing rationalism, secularism, and pacifism of the modern Western world.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> The standard definition of fascism, given by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>, focuses on three concepts, one of which is a "fascist style" with an aesthetic structure of meetings, symbols, and political liturgy, stressing emotional and mystical aspects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19807-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Emilio Gentile</a> argues that fascism expresses itself aesthetically more than theoretically by means of a new political style with myths, rites, and symbols as a lay religion designed to acculturate, socialize, and integrate the faith of the masses with the goal of creating a "<a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascism" title="New Man (utopian concept)">new man</a>".<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> Cultural critic <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a> writes: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Fascist aesthetics ... flow from (and justify) a preoccupation with situations of control, submissive behavior, extravagant effort, and the endurance of pain; they endorse two seemingly opposite states, egomania and servitude. The relations of domination and enslavement take the form of a characteristic pageantry: the massing of groups of people; the turning of people into things; the multiplication or replication of things; and the grouping of people/things around an all-powerful, hypnotic leader-figure or force. The fascist dramaturgy centers on the orgiastic transactions between mighty forces and their puppets, uniformly garbed and shown in ever swelling numbers. Its choreography alternates between ceaseless motion and a congealed, static, 'virile' posing. Fascist art glorifies surrender, it exalts mindlessness, it glamorizes death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESontag1975-307">[307]</a></blockquote> Sontag also enumerates some commonalities between fascist art and the official art of communist countries, such as the obeisance of the masses to the hero, and a preference for the monumental and the "grandiose and rigid" choreography of mass bodies. But whereas official communist art "aims to expound and reinforce a utopian morality", the art of fascist countries such as Nazi Germany "displays a utopian aesthetics – that of physical perfection", in a way that is "both prurient and idealizing".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESontag1975-307">[307]</a> According to Sontag, fascist aesthetics "is based on the containment of vital forces; movements are confined, held tight, held in." Its appeal is not necessarily limited to those who share the fascist political ideology because fascism "stands for an ideal or rather ideals that are persistent today under the other banners: the ideal of life as art, the cult of beauty, the fetishism of courage, the dissolution of alienation in ecstatic feelings of community; the repudiation of the intellect; the family of man (under the parenthood of leaders)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESontag1975-307">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art in Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reich_Ministry_of_Public_Enlightenment_and_Propaganda" title="Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda">Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S34639,_Joseph_Goebbels_und_Leni_Riefenstahl_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S34639%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_und_Leni_Riefenstahl_crop.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S34639%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_und_Leni_Riefenstahl_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S34639%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_und_Leni_Riefenstahl_crop.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S34639%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_und_Leni_Riefenstahl_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S34639%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_und_Leni_Riefenstahl_crop.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S34639%2C_Joseph_Goebbels_und_Leni_Riefenstahl_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Goebbels with film director <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a> in 1937</figcaption></figure> In Italy, the Mussolini regime created the Direzione Generale per la Cinematografi to encourage film studios to glorify fascism. Italian cinema flourished because the regime stopped the import of Hollywood films in 1938, subsidized domestic production, and kept ticket prices low. It encouraged international distribution to glorify its African empire and to belie the charge that Italy was backward.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> The regime censored criticism and used the state-run Luce Institute film company to laud the Duce through newsreels, documentaries, and photographs.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> The regime promoted Italian opera and theatre as well, making sure that political enemies did not have a voice on stage.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> In Nazi Germany the new <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chamber_of_Culture" title="Reich Chamber of Culture">Reich Chamber of Culture</a> was under the control of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, Hitler's powerful Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda.<a href="#cite_note-overy361-311">[311]</a> The goal was to stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Aryanization_(Nazism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryanization (Nazism)">Aryanization</a> of German culture and to prohibit postmodern trends such as <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">surrealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> Fascist parties were closely contested by <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> movements from the <a href="/wiki/Political_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Political centre">political centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Left wing">left wing</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a>. The defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and subsequent revelation of the <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> committed during the Holocaust by Germany have led to an almost universal condemnation of both past and present forms of fascism in the modern era. "Fascism" is today used across the political spectrum as a pejorative or byword for perceived authoritarianism and other forms of political evil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-democratic_and_tyrannical">Anti-democratic and tyrannical</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">Criticism of democracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitler_and_Franco_at_Hendaye_(en.wiki).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Hitler_and_Franco_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/170px-Hitler_and_Franco_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Hitler_and_Franco_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/255px-Hitler_and_Franco_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Hitler_and_Franco_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg/340px-Hitler_and_Franco_at_Hendaye_%28en.wiki%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>Hitler and Spanish dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Meeting_at_Hendaye" title="Meeting at Hendaye">Meeting at Hendaye</a>, on 23 October 1940</figcaption></figure> One of the most common and strongest criticisms of fascism is that it is a <a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">tyranny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoesche201011-313">[313]</a> Fascism is deliberately and entirely non-democratic and anti-democratic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarkeFoweraker2001540Pollard1998121Griffin199142-314">[314]</a> Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest as a belief in <a href="/wiki/Racial_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial purity">racial purity</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>, usually blended with some variant of <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a> against a demonized "<a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a>", such as <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuals">homosexuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender people">transgender people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minorities">ethnic minorities</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a>. These ideas have motivated fascist regimes to commit <a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">massacres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced sterilizations">forced sterilizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">deportations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKallis2011Paxton1998Lancaster2011-17">[17]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the genocidal and imperialist ambitions of the fascist <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> resulted in the murder of millions of people. <a href="/wiki/Federico_Finchelstein" title="Federico Finchelstein">Federico Finchelstein</a> wrote that fascism <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">...encompassed <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and, in the German case, the most radical genocide of the last century: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. Fascism, in its many forms, did not hesitate to kill its own citizens as well as its colonial subjects in its search for ideological and political closure. Millions of civilians perished on a global scale during the apogee of fascist ideologies in Europe and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-Finchelstein2008-315">[315]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unprincipled_opportunism">Unprincipled opportunism</h3></div> Some critics of Italian fascism have said that much of the ideology was merely a by-product of unprincipled <a href="/wiki/Opportunism" title="Opportunism">opportunism</a> by Mussolini and that he changed his political stances merely to bolster his personal ambitions while he disguised them as being purposeful to the public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiberStegemannVogel1995111-316">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Washburn_Child" title="Richard Washburn Child">Richard Washburn Child</a>, the American ambassador to Italy who worked with Mussolini and became his friend and admirer, defended Mussolini's opportunistic behaviour by writing: <blockquote>Opportunist is a term of reproach used to brand men who fit themselves to conditions for the reasons of self-interest. Mussolini, as I have learned to know him, is an opportunist in the sense that he believed that mankind itself must be fitted to changing conditions rather than to fixed theories, no matter how many hopes and prayers have been expended on theories and programmes.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a></blockquote> Child quoted Mussolini as saying: "The sanctity of an ism is not in the ism; it has no sanctity beyond its power to do, to work, to succeed in practice. It may have succeeded yesterday and fail to-morrow. Failed yesterday and succeed to-morrow. The machine, first of all, must run!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini1998ix-318">[318]</a> Some have criticized Mussolini's actions during the outbreak of World War I as opportunistic for seeming to suddenly abandon Marxist egalitarian internationalism for non-egalitarian <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> and note, to that effect, that upon Mussolini endorsing Italy's intervention in the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary, he and the new fascist movement received financial support from Italian and foreign sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ansaldo_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ansaldo company">Ansaldo</a> (an armaments firm) and other companies<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1997284-319">[319]</a> as well as the British Security Service <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2009-10-13-320">[320]</a> Some, including Mussolini's socialist opponents at the time, have noted that regardless of the financial support he accepted for his pro-interventionist stance, Mussolini was free to write whatever he wished in his newspaper Il Popolo d'Italia without prior sanctioning from his financial backers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Brien201437-321">[321]</a> Furthermore, the major source of financial support that Mussolini and the fascist movement received in World War I was from France and is widely believed to have been French socialists who supported the French government's war against Germany and who sent support to Italian socialists who wanted Italian intervention on France's side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor1979200-322">[322]</a> Mussolini’s transformation away from Marxism into what eventually became fascism began prior to World War I, as Mussolini had grown increasingly pessimistic about Marxism and egalitarianism while becoming increasingly supportive of figures who opposed egalitarianism, such as Friedrich Nietzsche.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolombWistrich2002249-323">[323]</a> By 1902, Mussolini was studying Georges Sorel, Nietzsche and <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Vilfredo Pareto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelzel197096-324">[324]</a> Sorel's emphasis on the need for overthrowing decadent liberal democracy and capitalism by the use of violence, direct action, general strikes and <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">neo-Machiavellian</a> appeals to emotion impressed Mussolini deeply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelzel19703-325">[325]</a> Mussolini's use of Nietzsche made him a highly unorthodox socialist, due to Nietzsche's promotion of elitism and anti-egalitarian views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolombWistrich2002249-323">[323]</a> Prior to World War I, Mussolini's writings over time indicated that he had abandoned the Marxism and egalitarianism that he had previously supported in favour of Nietzsche's übermensch concept and anti-egalitarianism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolombWistrich2002249-323">[323]</a> In 1908, Mussolini wrote a short essay called "Philosophy of Strength" based on his Nietzschean influence, in which Mussolini openly spoke fondly of the ramifications of an impending war in Europe in challenging both religion and <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>: "[A] new kind of free spirit will come, strengthened by the war, ... a spirit equipped with a kind of sublime perversity, ... a new free spirit will triumph over God and over Nothing."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGori200414-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideological_dishonesty">Ideological dishonesty</h3></div> Fascism has been criticized for being ideologically dishonest. Major examples of ideological dishonesty have been identified in Italian fascism's changing relationship with German Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillette200117Pollard1998129-326">[326]</a> Fascist Italy's official foreign policy positions commonly used rhetorical ideological <a href="/wiki/Hyperbole" title="Hyperbole">hyperbole</a> to justify its actions, although during <a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Dino Grandi</a>'s tenure as Italy's foreign minister the country engaged in <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realpolitik</a> free of such fascist hyperbole.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn199758-327">[327]</a> Italian fascism's stance towards German Nazism fluctuated from support from the late 1920s to 1934, when it celebrated Hitler's rise to power and Mussolini's first meeting with Hitler in 1934; to opposition from 1934 to 1936 after the assassination of Italy's allied leader in Austria, <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a>, by Austrian Nazis; and again back to support after 1936, when Germany was the only significant power that did not denounce <a href="/wiki/Italy%27s_invasion_and_occupation_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy's invasion and occupation of Ethiopia">Italy's invasion and occupation of Ethiopia</a>. After antagonism exploded between Nazi Germany and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a> over the assassination of Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss in 1934, Mussolini and Italian fascists denounced and ridiculed Nazism's racial theories, particularly by denouncing its <a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordicism</a>, while promoting <a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1998129-328">[328]</a> Mussolini himself responded to Nordicists' claims of Italy being divided into Nordic and Mediterranean racial areas due to Germanic invasions of Northern Italy by claiming that while Germanic tribes such as the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> took control of Italy after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Ancient Rome">fall of Ancient Rome</a>, they arrived in small numbers (about 8,000) and quickly assimilated into Roman culture and spoke the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Latin</a> language within fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillette200193-329">[329]</a> Italian fascism was influenced by the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian nationalists">Italian nationalists</a> scornfully looking down upon Nordicists' claims and taking pride in comparing the age and sophistication of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman civilization">ancient Roman civilization</a> as well as the classical revival in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> to that of Nordic societies that Italian nationalists described as "newcomers" to civilization in comparison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillette200117-330">[330]</a> At the height of antagonism between the Nazis and Italian fascists over race, Mussolini claimed that the Germans themselves were not a pure race and noted with irony that the Nazi theory of German racial superiority was based on the theories of non-German foreigners, such as Frenchman Arthur de Gobineau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGillette200145-331">[331]</a> After the tension in <a href="/wiki/German-Italian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="German-Italian relations">German-Italian relations</a> diminished during the late 1930s, Italian fascism sought to harmonize its ideology with German Nazism and combined Nordicist and Mediterranean racial theories, noting that Italians were members of the Aryan Race, composed of a mixed Nordic-Mediterranean subtype.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1998129-328">[328]</a> In 1938, Mussolini declared upon Italy's adoption of antisemitic laws that Italian fascism had always been antisemitic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1998129-328">[328]</a> However, Italian fascism did not endorse <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> until the late 1930s when Mussolini feared alienating antisemitic Nazi Germany, whose power and influence were growing in Europe. Prior to that period, there had been notable <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Italians">Jewish Italians</a> who had been senior Italian fascist officials, including <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Margherita Sarfatti</a>, who had also been Mussolini's mistress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1998129-328">[328]</a> Also contrary to Mussolini's claim in 1938, only a small number of Italian fascists were staunchly antisemitic (such as <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Farinacci" title="Roberto Farinacci">Roberto Farinacci</a> and Giuseppe Preziosi), while others such as <a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Italo Balbo</a>, who came from <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> which had one of Italy's largest Jewish communities, were disgusted by the antisemitic laws and opposed them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1998129-328">[328]</a> Fascism scholar Mark Neocleous notes that while Italian fascism did not have a clear commitment to antisemitism, there were occasional antisemitic statements issued prior to 1938, such as Mussolini in 1919 declaring that the Jewish bankers in London and New York were connected by race to the Russian Bolsheviks and that eight percent of the Russian Bolsheviks were Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199735–36-332">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence,_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/220px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/330px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg/440px-An_Italian_partisan_in_Florence%2C_14_August_1944._TR2282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="5141" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Italian_partisan" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian partisan">Italian partisan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, 14 August 1944, during the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Italy">liberation of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> ideologies, groups and individuals. Beginning in European countries in the 1920s, it was at its most significant shortly before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> were opposed by many countries forming the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> and dozens of <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> worldwide. Anti-fascism has been an element of movements across the political spectrum and holding many different political positions such as <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> viewpoints. Organization against fascism began around 1920. Fascism became the state ideology of Italy in 1922 and of Germany in 1933, spurring a large increase in anti-fascist action, including <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a>. Anti-fascism was a major aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, which foreshadowed World War II. Before World War II, <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a> had not taken seriously the threat of fascism, and anti-fascism was sometimes associated with communism. However, the <a href="/wiki/Outbreak_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Outbreak of World War II">outbreak of World War II</a> greatly changed Western perceptions, and fascism was seen as an existential threat by not only the <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist</a> Soviet Union but also by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-democratic">liberal-democratic</a> United States and United Kingdom. The Axis Powers of World War II were generally fascist, and the fight against them was characterized in anti-fascist terms. <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> to fascism occurred in every occupied country, and came from across the ideological spectrum. The defeat of the Axis powers generally ended fascism as a state ideology. After World War II, the anti-fascist movement continued to be active in places where organized fascism continued or re-emerged. There was a resurgence of <a href="/wiki/Antifa_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifa in Germany">antifa in Germany</a> in the 1980s, as a response to the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Punk_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Punk scene">punk scene</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazis">neo-Nazis</a>. This influenced the <a href="/wiki/Antifa_movement_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifa movement in the United States">antifa movement in the United States</a> in the late 1980s and 1990s, which was similarly carried by punks. In the 21st century, this greatly increased in prominence as a response to the resurgence of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">radical right</a>, especially after the <a href="/wiki/Election_of_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Election of Donald Trump">election of Donald Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_anti-fascism" title="Post–World War II anti-fascism">Post–World War II anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_strongman" title="Political strongman">Political strongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1975">Turner (1975)</a>, p. 162: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism"; <a href="#CITEREFLarsenHagtvetMyklebust1984">Larsen, Hagtvet & Myklebust (1984)</a>, p. 424: "... organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism"; <a href="#CITEREFPaxton2004">Paxton (2004)</a>, pp. 32, 45, 173: (32) "... antiliberal values, more aggressive nationalism and racism, and a new aesthetic of instinct and violence", (173) "... overtly violent racism and nationalism. ... its defining elements—unlimited particular sovereignty, a relish for war, and a society based on violent exclusion"; <a href="#CITEREFNolte1965">Nolte (1965)</a>, p. 300: "National fascism, as we have shown, is distinguished from nationalism by, among other things, the fact it demands the destruction of a neighbouring state whose very existence appears to threaten its own position of power and the historic remains of its past dominant status in the area." </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica_Fascism">Encyclopedia Britannica Fascism</a>: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a Volksgemeinschaft (German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation" </li> <li id="cite_note-m-w-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-m-w_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m-w_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-m-w_3-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism">"fascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Online">Merriam-Webster Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822084905/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fascism">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2017. 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Retrieved 17 April 2024. <q>When carried inside Rome, the ax was removed (unless the magistrate was a dictator or general celebrating a triumph) as recognition of the right of a Roman citizen to appeal a magistrate's ruling.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Fasces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FBritannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ffasces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan20222,_12-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan20222,_12_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrennan2022">Brennan 2022</a>, pp. 2, 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2016228-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2016228_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw2016">Kershaw (2016)</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19807Griffiths2000-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19807Griffiths2000_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne1980">Payne (1980)</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFGriffiths2000">Griffiths (2000)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Laqueur_1997_p223-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur_1997_p223_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaqueur1997">Laqueur (1997)</a>, p. 223; <a href="#CITEREFEatwell1996">Eatwell (1996)</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFGriffin1991">Griffin (1991)</a>, pp. 185–201; <a href="#CITEREFWeber1982">Weber (1982)</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?cites=5701423830518078146&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0%2C5&hl=en">"Works citing Stanley Payne's Fascism: Comparison and Definition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220802121023/https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?cites=5701423830518078146&as_sdt=2005&sciodt=0%2C5&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Works+citing+Stanley+Payne%27s+Fascism%3A+Comparison+and+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.co.uk%2Fscholar%3Fcites%3D5701423830518078146%26as_sdt%3D2005%26sciodt%3D0%252C5%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Griffin, Roger</a> (1993). The Nature of Fascism. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> (published 2013). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315003627">10.4324/9781315003627</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315003627" title="Special:BookSources/9781315003627"><bdi>9781315003627</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Fascism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315003627&rft.isbn=9781315003627&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchweller2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randall_Schweller" title="Randall Schweller">Schweller, Randall L.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400837854/html?lang=en">Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power</a>. 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Vol. 125. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400837854">10.1515/9781400837854</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3785-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3785-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-3785-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:266074243">266074243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unanswered+Threats%3A+Political+Constraints+on+the+Balance+of+Power&rft.series=Princeton+Studies+in+International+History+and+Politics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A266074243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400837854&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3785-4&rft.aulast=Schweller&rft.aufirst=Randall+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400837854%2Fhtml%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothstein1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bo_Rothstein" title="Bo Rothstein">Rothstein, B</a> (1996). "Political institutions: An Overview (Part II, Chapter 4)". In Klingemann, Hans-Dieter; <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Goodin" title="Robert E. Goodin">Goodin, Robert E.</a> (eds.). A New Handbook of Political Science. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 135, 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191521089" title="Special:BookSources/9780191521089"><bdi>9780191521089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Political+institutions%3A+An+Overview+%28Part+II%2C+Chapter+4%29&rft.btitle=A+New+Handbook+of+Political+Science&rft.pages=135%2C+164&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780191521089&rft.aulast=Rothstein&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinchelstein2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Finchelstein" title="Federico Finchelstein">Finchelstein, Federico</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780822391555/html">Transatlantic Fascism: Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919-1945</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780822391555">10.1515/9780822391555</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9155-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9155-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-9155-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transatlantic+Fascism%3A+Ideology%2C+Violence%2C+and+the+Sacred+in+Argentina+and+Italy%2C+1919-1945&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780822391555&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-9155-5&rft.aulast=Finchelstein&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780822391555%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShenfield2001" class="citation book cs1">Shenfield, Stephen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315500058/russian-fascism-stephen-shenfield">Russian Fascism: Traditions Tendencies Movements</a> (2nd ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> (published 2016). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315500058">10.4324/9781315500058</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315500058" title="Special:BookSources/9781315500058"><bdi>9781315500058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Fascism%3A+Traditions+Tendencies+Movements&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315500058&rft.isbn=9781315500058&rft.aulast=Shenfield&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9781315500058%2Frussian-fascism-stephen-shenfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne19807-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19807_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne19807_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne1980">Payne (1980)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamswell20179GriffinFeldman2004a258Kallis2003b84–5Renton199921-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamswell20179GriffinFeldman2004a258Kallis2003b84–5Renton199921_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamswell2017">Ramswell (2017)</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFGriffinFeldman2004a">Griffin & Feldman (2004a)</a>, p. 258; <a href="#CITEREFKallis2003b">Kallis (2003b)</a>, pp. 84–5; <a href="#CITEREFRenton1999">Renton (1999)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eco1995-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eco1995_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eco1995_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEco1995" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco, Umberto</a> (22 June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051129130630/http://www.justicescholars.org/pegc/archive/Articles/eco_ur-fascism.pdf">"Eternal Fascism"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times Company">New York Times Company</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justicescholars.org/pegc/archive/Articles/eco_ur-fascism.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 November 2005 – via justicescholars.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Eternal+Fascism&rft.date=1995-06-22&rft.aulast=Eco&rft.aufirst=Umberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justicescholars.org%2Fpegc%2Farchive%2FArticles%2Feco_ur-fascism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELukacs1998118-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELukacs1998118_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLukacs1998">Lukacs (1998)</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilva" class="citation news cs1">Silva, Christianna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2020/09/06/910320018/fascism-scholar-says-u-s-is-losing-its-democratic-status">"Fascism Scholar Says U.S. Is 'Losing Its Democratic Status'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200907010731/https://www.npr.org/2020/09/06/910320018/fascism-scholar-says-u-s-is-losing-its-democratic-status">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fascism+Scholar+Says+U.S.+Is+%27Losing+Its+Democratic+Status%27&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=Christianna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2020%2F09%2F06%2F910320018%2Ffascism-scholar-says-u-s-is-losing-its-democratic-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin199126-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin199126_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin199126_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin1991">Griffin (1991)</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin_1994-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_1994_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Griffin, Roger</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.libraryofsocialscience.com/ideologies/resources/griffin-staging-the-nations/">"Chapter I: Staging the Nation's Rebirth: The Politics and Aesthetics of Performance in the Context of Fascist Studies"</a>. In Berghaus, Günter (ed.). Fascism and theater: comparative studies on the aesthetics and politics of performance in Europe, 1925–1945. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1571819017" title="Special:BookSources/978-1571819017"><bdi>978-1571819017</bdi></a>. 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International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity. -1 (aop): 82–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22130624-00219121">10.1163/22130624-00219121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2213-0624">2213-0624</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244746966">244746966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+History%2C+Culture+and+Modernity&rft.atitle=%27Christian+Patriots%27%3A+The+Intersection+Between+Proto-fascism+and+Clerical+Fascism+in+the+Antebellum+South&rft.volume=-1&rft.issue=aop&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=2021-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244746966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2213-0624&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22130624-00219121&rft.aulast=Roel+Reyes&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fhcm%2Faop%2Farticle-10.1163-22130624-00219121%2Farticle-10.1163-22130624-00219121.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuddeKaltwasser20176,_33–34-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuddeKaltwasser20176,_33–34_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuddeKaltwasser2017">Mudde & Kaltwasser (2017)</a>, pp. 6, 33–34: "... thin-centered ideologies have a restricted morphology, which necessarily appears attached to—and sometimes is even assimilated into—other ideologies. In fact, populism almost always appears attached to other ideological elements, which are crucial for the promotion of political projects that are appealing to a broader public. Consequently, by itself populism can offer neither complex nor comprehensive answers to the political questions that modern societies generate. ... [Populism] is not so much a coherent ideological tradition as a set of ideas that, in the real world, appears in combination with quite different, and sometimes contradictory, ideologies." (p. 6) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004216-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004216_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaxton2004">Paxton (2004)</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatwell199624-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatwell199624_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEatwell1996">Eatwell (1996)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur199796-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur199796_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaqueur1997">Laqueur (1997)</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGentile2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gentile, Emilio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yWODAAAQBAJ">Fascismo: Storia e interpretazione</a> [Fascism: History and interpretation] (in Italian). 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Esquerda.net. 26 April 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Esquerda.net&rft.atitle=Inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Museu+de+Peniche+%C3%A9+um+gesto+antifascista+atual+contra+a+extrema-direita&rft.date=2024-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esquerda.net%2Fartigo%2Finauguracao-do-museu-de-peniche-e-um-gesto-antifascista-atual-contra-extrema-direita%2F90683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006512-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006512_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006512_209-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>, p. 512. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPage2014" class="citation book cs1">Page, Joseph A. (2014). Perón: A biography. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Argentina</a>. p. 10 and ss. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789500748247" title="Special:BookSources/9789500748247"><bdi>9789500748247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Per%C3%B3n%3A+A+biography&rft.pages=10+and+ss&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+Grupo+Editorial+Argentina&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789500748247&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Joseph+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomero2015" class="citation cs2">Romero, Ricardo (2015), Perón, Reformism and Nazi fascism during the Second War World, Department of Social Sciences, National College of Buenos Aires, UBA, p. 14, <q>Although it is incorrect to define Peronism as Nazism, and it is debatable to conceptualize it as fascism, the truth is that in the University the Catholic sectors that received the support of the General did much to make the students consider as fascist to Perón.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Per%C3%B3n%2C+Reformism+and+Nazi+fascism+during+the+Second+War+World&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Department+of+Social+Sciences%2C+National+College+of+Buenos+Aires%2C+UBA&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalasso2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Galasso, Norberto (2003). "Peronismo y Liberación Nacional" [Peronism and National Liberation]. Apuntes para otra historia [Notes for another story] (in Spanish). pp. 2–3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1667-1635">1667-1635</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peronismo+y+Liberaci%C3%B3n+Nacional&rft.btitle=Apuntes+para+otra+historia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1667-1635&rft.aulast=Galasso&rft.aufirst=Norberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCucchetti2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cucchetti, Humberto (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gredos.usal.es/handle/10366/129373">"Readings and interpretations on the origins of Peronism: national-populism or fascist adaptation?"</a>. 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Contemporary History. 30. <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Salamanca" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Salamanca">Universidad de Salamanca</a>: 151–171. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0213-2087">0213-2087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Historica.+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Readings+and+interpretations+on+the+origins+of+Peronism%3A+national-populism+or+fascist+adaptation%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E171&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0213-2087&rft.aulast=Cucchetti&rft.aufirst=Humberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgredos.usal.es%2Fhandle%2F10366%2F129373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRein2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rein, Raanan (2015). Los muchachos judíos peronistas: Judeosargentinos y apoyo al Justicialismo [The Peronist Jewish Boys: Judeo-sergeants and support for Justicialism] (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Argentina</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789500753982" title="Special:BookSources/9789500753982"><bdi>9789500753982</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+muchachos+jud%C3%ADos+peronistas%3A+Judeosargentinos+y+apoyo+al+Justicialismo&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House+Grupo+Editorial+Argentina&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789500753982&rft.aulast=Rein&rft.aufirst=Raanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24314319">"Greece's Golden Dawn leader Michaloliakos held in crackdown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 28 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928063556/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-24314319">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Greece%27s+Golden+Dawn+leader+Michaloliakos+held+in+crackdown&rft.date=2013-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-24314319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichael2013" class="citation news cs1">Michael, Savvas (30 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eek.gr/index.php/englishtext/79-articles/englishtext/1972-the-arrest-of-the-nazi-gangsters-of-golden-dawn-in-Greece">"The Arrest of the Nazi Gangsters of Golden Dawn in Greece"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Workers_Revolutionary_Party_(Greece)" title="Workers Revolutionary Party (Greece)">EEK</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613061925/http://www.eek.gr/index.php/englishtext/79-articles/englishtext/1972-the-arrest-of-the-nazi-gangsters-of-golden-dawn-in-Greece">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 9 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Arrest+of+the+Nazi+Gangsters+of+Golden+Dawn+in+Greece&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Savvas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eek.gr%2Findex.php%2Fenglishtext%2F79-articles%2Fenglishtext%2F1972-the-arrest-of-the-nazi-gangsters-of-golden-dawn-in-Greece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheConversation-217"><a href="#cite_ref-TheConversation_217-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSamaras2020" class="citation web cs1">Samaras, Georgios (26 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/the-end-of-golden-dawn-has-greece-shown-us-how-to-deal-with-neo-nazis-150239">"The end of Golden Dawn: has Greece shown us how to deal with neo-Nazis?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202120220/https://theconversation.com/the-end-of-golden-dawn-has-greece-shown-us-how-to-deal-with-neo-nazis-150239">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+end+of+Golden+Dawn%3A+has+Greece+shown+us+how+to+deal+with+neo-Nazis%3F&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft.aulast=Samaras&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-end-of-golden-dawn-has-greece-shown-us-how-to-deal-with-neo-nazis-150239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54433396">"Greece Golden Dawn: Neo-Nazi leaders guilty of running crime gang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 7 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010211224/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54433396">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Greece+Golden+Dawn%3A+Neo-Nazi+leaders+guilty+of+running+crime+gang&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-54433396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jstor-219"><a href="#cite_ref-jstor_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaruelle2021" class="citation book cs1">Laruelle, Marlene (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv16t673d">Is Russia Fascist?: Unravelling Propaganda East and West</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501754135" title="Special:BookSources/9781501754135"><bdi>9781501754135</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv16t673d">10.7591/j.ctv16t673d</a>. 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Communist and Post-Communist Studies. 49 (1): 25–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2016.01.002">10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.01.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-067X">0967-067X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48610431">48610431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Studies&rft.atitle=Putin%27s+Russia+as+a+fascist+political+system&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2016-03&rft.issn=0967-067X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48610431%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2016.01.002&rft.aulast=Motyl&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48610431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMotyl2022" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Motyl" title="Alexander J. Motyl">Motyl, Alexander J.</a> (30 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/yes-putin-and-russia-are-fascist-a-political-scientist-shows-how-they-meet-the-textbook-definition-179063">"Yes, Putin and Russia are fascist. How they meet the textbook definition"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Conversation_(website)" title="The Conversation (website)">The Conversation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Putin+and+Russia+are+fascist.+How+they+meet+the+textbook+definition&rft.date=2022-03-30&rft.aulast=Motyl&rft.aufirst=Alexander+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fyes-putin-and-russia-are-fascist-a-political-scientist-shows-how-they-meet-the-textbook-definition-179063&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902165844/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/systemic-transformations-and-the-drift-toward-fascism-russia">"Systemic Transformations and the Drift Toward Fascism in Russia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Wilson Center</a>. 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Retrieved 7 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nasty%2C+Repressive%2C+Aggressive+%E2%80%93+Yes.+But+Is+Russia+Fascist%3F+Experts+Say+%27No.%27&rft.date=2022-04-09&rft.aulast=Coalson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Frussia-repressive-aggressive-not-fascist%2F31794918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPapachristou2024" class="citation web cs1">Papachristou, Lucy (26 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russian-prosecutor-seeks-nearly-3-years-jail-rights-campaigner-orlov-2024-02-26/">"Rights campaigner calls Russia 'fascist' in court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Rights+campaigner+calls+Russia+%27fascist%27+in+court&rft.date=2024-02-26&rft.aulast=Papachristou&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussian-prosecutor-seeks-nearly-3-years-jail-rights-campaigner-orlov-2024-02-26%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbel2024" class="citation news cs1">Ebel, Francesca (27 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/02/27/russia-orlov-memorial-prison-fascist/">"Russian activist from Nobel-winning organization gets prison term"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Russian+activist+from+Nobel-winning+organization+gets+prison+term&rft.date=2024-02-27&rft.aulast=Ebel&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2F02%2F27%2Frussia-orlov-memorial-prison-fascist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahoo.com/news/biden-compares-putin-hitler-makes-100000473.html">"Biden compares Putin to Hitler as he makes the case for continued aid to Ukraine in SOTU address"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>, The New Voice of Ukraine. 8 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21%2C+The+New+Voice+of+Ukraine&rft.atitle=Biden+compares+Putin+to+Hitler+as+he+makes+the+case+for+continued+aid+to+Ukraine+in+SOTU+address&rft.date=2024-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Fbiden-compares-putin-hitler-makes-100000473.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200411_228-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaxton2004">Paxton (2004)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006b451–453"Nationalism"-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006b451–453"Nationalism"_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006b">Blamires (2006b)</a>, pp. 451–453, "Nationalism". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200441-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200441_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaxton2004">Paxton (2004)</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer200380–107ch._4-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer200380–107ch._4_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimmer2003">Zimmer (2003)</a>, pp. 80–107, ch. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton2004_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaxton2004">Paxton (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur1997223-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur1997223_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaqueur1997">Laqueur (1997)</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne199511-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199511_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199511_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne199511_234-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne1995">Payne (1995)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyttelton197313-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyttelton197313_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLyttelton1973">Lyttelton (1973)</a>, p. 13: "The first half of the article was the work of Giovanni Gentile; only the second half was Mussolini's own work, though the whole article appeared under his name." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMussolini193514-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussolini193514_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMussolini1935">Mussolini (1935)</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt199572-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt199572_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1995">Schmitt (1995)</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauley2003117Payne1995220-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauley2003117Payne1995220_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPauley2003">Pauley (2003)</a>, p. 117; <a href="#CITEREFPayne1995">Payne (1995)</a>, p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPauley2003117–119-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPauley2003117–119_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPauley2003">Pauley (2003)</a>, pp. 117–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?" New Political Economy 11 (2): 227–250. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13563460600655581">10.1080/13563460600655581</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Asheri, Maia; Sznajder; Mario; Zeev, Sternhell (1994) [1985]. The Birth of Fascist Ideology. Translated by Maisel, David. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691044866" title="Special:BookSources/9780691044866">9780691044866</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299148744" title="Special:BookSources/9780299148744">9780299148744</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton, Robert O.</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Fascism" title="The Anatomy of Fascism">The Anatomy of Fascism</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400040940" title="Special:BookSources/9781400040940">9781400040940</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Woodley, Daniel (2009). Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology. London: Routledge. p. 161. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135248802" title="Special:BookSources/9781135248802">9781135248802</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBastowMartin200336-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBastowMartin200336_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBastowMartin2003">Bastow & Martin (2003)</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html">"Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160731235010/http://www.historyguide.org/europe/duce.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benito+Mussolini%2C+Doctrine+of+Fascism+%281932%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyguide.org%2Feurope%2Fduce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006610-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006610_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>, p. 610. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. University of California Press. p. 357. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03642-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03642-0">978-0-520-03642-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Overy, Richard (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p. 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820290-5">978-0-19-820290-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. 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Oxford University Press. p. 1. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820290-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820290-5">978-0-19-820290-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Grand199560–61-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Grand199560–61_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Grand1995">De Grand (1995)</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin1991222–223-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin1991222–223_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin1991">Griffin (1991)</a>, pp. 222–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoover193513–20-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoover193513–20_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoover1935">Hoover (1935)</a>, pp. 13–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199721–22-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeocleous199721–22_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeocleous1997">Neocleous (1997)</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006102-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006102_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333-257">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_257-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_257-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_257-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_257-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpektorowskiIreni-Saban201333_257-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpektorowskiIreni-Saban2013">Spektorowski & Ireni-Saban (2013)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535-258">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535_258-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006535_258-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>, p. 535. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman201124-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman201124_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedman2011">Friedman (2011)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillward2007178-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillward2007178_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillward2007">Millward (2007)</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesLynch2002103-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesLynch2002103_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaviesLynch2002">Davies & Lynch (2002)</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaxton200510-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaxton200510_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaxton2005">Paxton (2005)</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBreuilly1994290-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBreuilly1994290_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBreuilly1994">Breuilly (1994)</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan200332-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan200332_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2003">Morgan (2003)</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffinFeldman2004353-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffinFeldman2004353_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffinFeldman2004">Griffin & Feldman (2004)</a>, p. 353: "When the Russian revolution occurred in 1917 and the 'Democratic' revolution spread after the First World War, anti-<a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">bolshevism</a> and anti-egalitarianism rose as very strong "restoration movements" on the European scene. However, by the turn of that century no one could predict that fascism would become such a concrete, political reaction ... ." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins1997285-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins1997285_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawkins1997">Hawkins (1997)</a>, p. 285: "Conflict is in fact the basic law of life in all social organisms, as it is of all biological ones; societies are formed, gain strength, and move forwards through conflict; the healthiest and most vital of them assert themselves against the weakest and less well adapted through conflict; the natural evolution of nations and races takes place through conflict." Alfredo Rocco, Italian Fascist. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005483–484-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005483–484_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>, pp. 483–484. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>, p. 484. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484–485-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484–485_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>, pp. 484–485. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005486–487-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005486–487_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>, pp. 486–487. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489_271-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>, p. 489. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489–490-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489–490_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>, pp. 489–490. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995106Breuilly1994294-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1995106Breuilly1994294_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne1995">Payne (1995)</a>, p. 106; <a href="#CITEREFBreuilly1994">Breuilly (1994)</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodley2010106_274-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodley2010">Woodley (2010)</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayne1995485–486-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayne1995485–486_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPayne1995">Payne (1995)</a>, pp. 485–486. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffin199559-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffin199559_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGriffin1995">Griffin (1995)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAntliff2007171_277-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAntliff2007">Antliff (2007)</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199647-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199647_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuine1996">Quine (1996)</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaqueur1978341-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaqueur1978341_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaqueur1978">Laqueur (1978)</a>, p. 341. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_280-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_280-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuine199646–47_280-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuine1996">Quine (1996)</a>, pp. 46–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBollas1993205-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBollas1993205_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBollas1993">Bollas (1993)</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald199927-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald199927_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1999">McDonald (1999)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2004101-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2004101_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMann2004">Mann (2004)</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurham199815-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurham199815_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDurham1998">Durham (1998)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005331–332-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005331–332_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>, pp. 331–332. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeineman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Heineman, Elizabeth D. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704551">"Sexuality and Nazism: The Doubly Unspeakable?"</a>. Journal of the History of Sexuality. 11 (1/2): 22–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsex.2002.0006">10.1353/sex.2002.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-4070">1043-4070</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3704551">3704551</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142085835">142085835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.atitle=Sexuality+and+Nazism%3A+The+Doubly+Unspeakable%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1043-4070&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142085835%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3704551%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsex.2002.0006&rft.aulast=Heineman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3704551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgqLDEKVk2nMC_30]-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgqLDEKVk2nMC_30]_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedlander1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgqLDEKVk2nMC_30]_287-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriedlander1995">Friedlander (1995)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqLDEKVk2nMC">30</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLaren1999139-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaren1999139_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcLaren1999">McLaren (1999)</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1989366-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProctor1989366_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProctor1989">Proctor (1989)</a>, p. 366: "This emendation allowed abortion only if the woman granted permission, and only if the fetus was not old enough to survive outside the womb. It is unclear if either of these qualifications was enforced." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnotUsborne1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq1BFiRa3KHkC_241]-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnotUsborne1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidq1BFiRa3KHkC_241]_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnotUsborne1999">Arnot & Usborne (1999)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q1BFiRa3KHkC">241</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProctor1989122–123-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProctor1989122–123_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProctor1989">Proctor (1989)</a>, pp. 122–123: "Abortion, in other words, could be allowed if it was in the interest of racial hygiene. ... the Nazis did allow (and in some cases even required) abortions for women deemed racially inferior. ... On 10 November 1938, a Luneberg court declared abortion legal for Jews." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgQLqRd7hJq0C_589]-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney1999[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidgQLqRd7hJq0C_589]_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTierney1999">Tierney (1999)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gQLqRd7hJq0C">589</a>: "In 1939, it was announced that Jewish women could seek abortions, but non-Jewish women could not." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005529-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005529_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans (2005)</a>, p. 529. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005261">"Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich"</a>. Ushmm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006104442/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?ModuleId=10005261">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persecution+of+Homosexuals+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Ushmm.org&rft.au=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168_295-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006451–453-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006451–453_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>, p. 451–453. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168–169-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006168–169_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlamires2006">Blamires (2006)</a>, pp. 168–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199763-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeocleous199763_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeocleous1997">Neocleous (1997)</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeocleous199765-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeocleous199765_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeocleous1997">Neocleous (1997)</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007547-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007547_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelge2007">Welge (2007)</a>, p. 547. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007550-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007550_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelge2007">Welge (2007)</a>, p. 550. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553_302-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWelge2007553_302-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWelge2007">Welge (2007)</a>, p. 553. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJay1992" class="citation journal cs1">Jay, Martin (1992). "'The Aesthetic Ideology' as Ideology; Or, What Does It Mean to Aestheticize Politics?". Cultural Critique (21). University of Minnesota Press: 41–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1354116">10.2307/1354116</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1354116">1354116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Critique&rft.atitle=%27The+Aesthetic+Ideology%27+as+Ideology%3B+Or%2C+What+Does+It+Mean+to+Aestheticize+Politics%3F&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1354116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1354116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2008" class="citation book cs1">Benjamin, Walter (2008) [1935]. The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 36–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-103619-9"><bdi>978-0-14-103619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Work+of+Art+in+the+Age+of+Mechanical+Reproduction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-103619-9&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaudrillard1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard, Jean</a> (1994) [1981]. Simulacra and Simulation. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06521-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06521-9"><bdi>978-0-472-06521-9</bdi></a>. <q>Fascism itself, the mystery of its appearance and of its collective energy, ... can already be interpreted as the 'irrational' excess of mythic and political referentials, the mad intensification of collective value (blood, race, people, etc.), the reinjection of death, of a 'political aesthetic of death' at a time when the process of the disenchantment of value and of collective values, of the rational secularization and unidimensionalization of all life, of the operationalization of all social and individual life already makes itself strongly felt in the West. Yet again, everything seems to escape this catastrophe of value, this neutralization and pacification of life. Fascism is a resistance to this, even if it is a profound, irrational, demented resistance, it would not have tapped into this massive energy if it hadn't been a resistance to something much worse. Fascism's cruelty, its terror is on the level of this other terror that is the confusion of the real and the rational, which deepened in the West, and it is a response to that.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simulacra+and+Simulation&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-06521-9&rft.aulast=Baudrillard&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC">A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</a>. 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Edgar</a> (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100723195632/http://www.milestonedocuments.com/documents/full-text/j-edgar-hoovers-testimony-before-the-house-un-american-activities-committee/">"Testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milestonedocuments.com/documents/full-text/j-edgar-hoovers-testimony-before-the-house-un-american-activities-committee/">the original</a> on 23 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+before+the+House+Un-American+Activities+Committee&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Hoover&rft.aufirst=J.+Edgar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milestonedocuments.com%2Fdocuments%2Ffull-text%2Fj-edgar-hoovers-testimony-before-the-house-un-american-activities-committee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1946" class="citation magazine cs1">Matthews, Claudio (1946). "Fascism Is Not Dead ...". 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Mineloa, NY: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-44777-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-44777-3"><bdi>978-0-486-44777-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Autobiography+with+The+Political+and+Social+Doctrine+of+Fascism&rft.place=Mineloa%2C+NY&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-486-44777-3&rft.aulast=Mussolini&rft.aufirst=Benito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMussolini2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini, Benito</a> (2002) [1934]. <a href="/wiki/A._James_Gregor" title="A. 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New Brunswick (US); London: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0130-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0130-2"><bdi>978-0-7658-0130-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Doctrine+of+Fascism&rft.place=New+Brunswick+%28US%29%3B+London&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0130-2&rft.aulast=Mussolini&rft.aufirst=Benito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FOriginsAndDoctrineOfFascismGiovanniGentile%2Fpage%2Fn49%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMussolini1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini, Benito</a> (1935). 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Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80864-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80864-7"><bdi>978-0-306-80864-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Rise+And+Fall&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80864-7&rft.aulast=Mussolini&rft.aufirst=Benito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Oliveira_Salazar1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">de Oliveira Salazar, António</a> (1939). Doctrine and Action: Internal and Foreign Policy of the New Portugal, 1928–1939. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-745-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85728-745-5"><bdi>978-1-85728-745-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249726924">249726924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Crime+in+Modern+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249726924&rft.isbn=978-1-85728-745-5&rft.aulast=Arnot&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Usborne%2C+Cornelie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker2006" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, David (June 2006). 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Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1940. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275948771" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275948771"><bdi>978-0275948771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Interwar+Period%2C+1918%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0275948771&rft.aulast=Burgwyn&rft.aufirst=H.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaforio2006" class="citation book cs1">Caforio, Giuseppe (2006). Handbook of the sociology of the military. 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Social Science Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-968-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-968-1"><bdi>978-0-88033-968-1</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salazar%27s+Dictatorship+and+European+Fascism%3A+Problems+of+Interpretation&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-968-1&rft.aulast=Costa+Pinto&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8Y9AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2004" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Eugene (2004). The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler. 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The <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14874-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14874-4"><bdi>978-0-299-14874-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Fasces%3A+Political+Design+in+Fascist+Italy&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14874-4&rft.aulast=Doordan&rft.aufirst=Dennis+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780299148744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDurham1998" class="citation book cs1">Durham, Martin (1998). Women and Fascism. 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London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-69430-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-69430-5"><bdi>978-0-203-69430-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazism+as+Fascism%3A+Violence%2C+Ideology%2C+and+the+Ground+of+Consent+in+Germany+1930%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-203-69430-5&rft.aulast=Eley&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J</a> (2005). The Third Reich in Power: 1933–1939. The Penguin Press HC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power%3A+1933%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=The+Penguin+Press+HC&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFalasca-Zamponi2000" class="citation book cs1">Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta (2000). Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy. Oakland, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22677-7"><bdi>978-0-520-22677-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascist+Spectacle%3A+The+Aesthetics+of+Power+in+Mussolini%27s+Italy&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22677-7&rft.aulast=Falasca-Zamponi&rft.aufirst=Simonetta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerrandiObermair2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrandi, Maurizio; Obermair, Hannes (2023). Camicie nere in Alto Adige (1921–1928) [Blackshirts in South Tyrol (1921–1928)] (in Italian). Merano: Alphabeta. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7223-419-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7223-419-8"><bdi>978-88-7223-419-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camicie+nere+in+Alto+Adige+%281921%E2%80%931928%29&rft.place=Merano&rft.pub=Alphabeta&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-88-7223-419-8&rft.aulast=Ferrandi&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft.au=Obermair%2C+Hannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedlander1995" class="citation book cs1">Friedlander, Henry (1995). The origins of Nazi genocide: from euthanasia to the final solution. <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4675-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4675-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-4675-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60191622">60191622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+Nazi+genocide%3A+from+euthanasia+to+the+final+solution&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60191622&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4675-9&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2011" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Jonathan C. (2011). The Routledge History of the Holocaust. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+History+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritzsche1990" class="citation book cs1">Fritzsche, Peter (1990). Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505780-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505780-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505780-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rehearsals+for+Fascism%3A+Populism+and+Political+Mobilization+in+Weimar+Germany&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505780-5&rft.aulast=Fritzsche&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGentile2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Gentile, Emilio</a> (2003). The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism. Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+for+Modernity%3A+Nationalism%2C+Futurism%2C+and+Fascism&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gentile&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGentile2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Gentile, Emilio</a> (2005). The Origins of Fascist Ideology, 1918–1925: The First Complete Study of the Origins of Italian Fascism. New York: Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-18-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929631-18-6"><bdi>978-1-929631-18-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Fascist+Ideology%2C+1918%E2%80%931925%3A+The+First+Complete+Study+of+the+Origins+of+Italian+Fascism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-929631-18-6&rft.aulast=Gentile&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerwarth2005" class="citation book cs1">Gerwarth, Robert (2005). The Bismarck Myth. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bismarck+Myth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillette2001" class="citation book cs1">Gillette, Aaron (2001). Racial Theories in Fascist Italy. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+Theories+in+Fascist+Italy&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Gillette&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGolombWistrich2002" class="citation book cs1">Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S (2002). Nietzsche, Godfather of Fascism? On the Uses and Abuses of a Philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche%2C+Godfather+of+Fascism%3F+On+the+Uses+and+Abuses+of+a+Philosophy&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Golomb&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Wistrich%2C+Robert+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin, Matthew J.</a> (2011). New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46500-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46500-7"><bdi>978-0-415-46500-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+British+Fascism%3A+Rise+of+the+British+National+Party&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-46500-7&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGori2004" class="citation book cs1">Gori, Gigliola (2004). Italian Fascism and the Female Body: Submissive Women and Strong Mothers. Oxfordshire; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Fascism+and+the+Female+Body%3A+Submissive+Women+and+Strong+Mothers&rft.place=Oxfordshire%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Gori&rft.aufirst=Gigliola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant2003" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Moyra (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ml1Wn6S54n4C">Key Ideas in Politics</a>. Nelson Thornes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-7096-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7487-7096-0"><bdi>978-0-7487-7096-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Key+Ideas+in+Politics&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7487-7096-0&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Moyra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMl1Wn6S54n4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrčić2000" class="citation book cs1">Grčić, Joseph (2000). Ethics and Political Theory. Lanham, Maryland: University of America, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+Political+Theory&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=University+of+America%2C+Inc&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Gr%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregor1979" class="citation book cs1">Gregor, Anthony James (1979). Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California; London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03799-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03799-1"><bdi>978-0-520-03799-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Mussolini+and+the+Intellectual+Origins+of+Fascism&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+California%3B+London&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03799-1&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=Anthony+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregor2005" class="citation book cs1">Gregor, Anthony James (2005). 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Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83131-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83131-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83131-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascists&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83131-4&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1999" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Harmish (1999). Mussolini and Italian Fascism. Nelson Thornes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+and+Italian+Fascism&rft.pub=Nelson+Thornes&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Harmish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillington2019" class="citation book cs1">Millington, Chris (2019). A History of Fascism in France: From the First World War to the National Front. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism+in+France%3A+From+the+First+World+War+to+the+National+Front&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55594">online review</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillward2007" class="citation book cs1">Millward, Robert (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQ-f1IFo4IsC">Private and Public Enterprise in Europe: Energy, Telecommunications and Transport, 1830–1990</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83524-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83524-4"><bdi>978-0-521-83524-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Private+and+Public+Enterprise+in+Europe%3A+Energy%2C+Telecommunications+and+Transport%2C+1830%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-83524-4&rft.aulast=Millward&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQ-f1IFo4IsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2003" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Philip (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acGhRyqfuGIC&q=third+position&pg=PT203">Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74028-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74028-4"><bdi>978-1-134-74028-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+Europe%2C+1919%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-74028-4&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacGhRyqfuGIC%26q%3Dthird%2Bposition%26pg%3DPT203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMuddeKaltwasser2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cas_Mudde" title="Cas Mudde">Mudde, Cas</a>; Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023487-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-023487-4"><bdi>978-0-19-023487-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Populism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-023487-4&rft.aulast=Mudde&rft.aufirst=Cas&rft.au=Kaltwasser%2C+Crist%C3%B3bal+Rovira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMussolini1977" class="citation book cs1">Mussolini, Rachele (1977). Mussolini: An Intimate Biography. New York: Pocket Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%3A+An+Intimate+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pocket+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Mussolini&rft.aufirst=Rachele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> Originally published by William Morrow in 1974.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeocleous1997" class="citation book cs1">Neocleous, Mark (1997). Fascism. Minneapolis, MN: <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota University Press">Minnesota University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=Minnesota+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Neocleous&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeville2004" class="citation book cs1">Neville, Peter (2004). Mussolini. Oxon, England; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini&rft.place=Oxon%2C+England%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Neville&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNolte1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte, Ernst</a> (1965). The Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism. Translated by Vennewitz, Leila. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Faces+of+Fascism%3A+Action+Fran%C3%A7aise%2C+Italian+Fascism%2C+National+Socialism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Nolte&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2014" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Paul (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wLfBAAAQBAJ">Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-558-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84520-558-4"><bdi>978-1-84520-558-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini+in+the+First+World+War%3A+The+Journalist%2C+the+Soldier%2C+the+Fascist&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84520-558-4&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_wLfBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvery1994" class="citation book cs1">Overy, R. 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Clarendon Press (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198202905.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202905.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198202905" title="Special:BookSources/9780198202905"><bdi>9780198202905</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Economy+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press+%28Oxford+University+Press%29&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198202905.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780198202905&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOuthwaite2006" class="citation book cs1">Outhwaite, William (2006). 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The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470999028">10.1002/9780470999028</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470999028" title="Special:BookSources/9780470999028"><bdi>9780470999028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Modern+Social+Thought&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470999028&rft.isbn=9780470999028&rft.aulast=Outhwaite&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkins2002" class="citation book cs1">Parkins, Wendy (2002). Fashioning the Body Politic: Dress, Gender, Citizenship. Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-587-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-587-9"><bdi>978-1-85973-587-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashioning+the+Body+Politic%3A+Dress%2C+Gender%2C+Citizenship&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-587-9&rft.aulast=Parkins&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPassmore2002" class="citation book cs1">Passmore, Kevin (2002). Fascism: A Very Short Introduction. 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(2003). Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy. Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+Stalin%2C+and+Mussolini%3A+Totalitarianism+in+the+Twentieth+Century+Italy&rft.place=Wheeling&rft.pub=Harlan+Davidson%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Pauley&rft.aufirst=Bruce+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaxton1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton, Robert O.</a> (1998). "The five stages of fascism". Journal of Modern History. 70 (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F235001">10.1086/235001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/235001">10.1086/235001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143862302">143862302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+five+stages+of+fascism&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143862302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1086%2F235001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F235001&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton, Robert O.</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Fascism" title="The Anatomy of Fascism">The Anatomy of Fascism</a> (First ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4094-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4094-0"><bdi>978-1-4000-4094-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4094-0&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton, Robert O.</a> (2005). The Anatomy of Fascism. New York; Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42812-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-42812-7"><bdi>978-0-307-42812-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-307-42812-7&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1980). Fascism: Comparison and Definition. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-08060-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-08060-0"><bdi>978-0-299-08060-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%3A+Comparison+and+Definition&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-299-08060-0&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14874-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14874-4"><bdi>978-0-299-14874-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14874-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn">online</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780299148744">another copy</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (2003). Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism. Textbook Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7581-3445-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7581-3445-5"><bdi>978-0-7581-3445-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falange%3A+A+History+of+Spanish+Fascism&rft.pub=Textbook+Publishers.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7581-3445-5&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/falangehistoryof00payn">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgDWLYcTYIAC&q=Francisco+Franco+payne">The Franco Regime, 1936–1975</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11070-3"><bdi>978-0-299-11070-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco+Regime%2C+1936%E2%80%931975&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11070-3&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgDWLYcTYIAC%26q%3DFrancisco%2BFranco%2Bpayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollard1998" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, John (1998). The Fascist Experience in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fascist+Experience+in+Italy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProctor1989" class="citation book cs1">Proctor, Robert E. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialhygiene00robe">Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74578-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-74578-0"><bdi>978-0-674-74578-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20760638">20760638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+Hygiene%3A+Medicine+Under+the+Nazis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20760638&rft.isbn=978-0-674-74578-0&rft.aulast=Proctor&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracialhygiene00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuarantotto1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Quarantotto, Claudio (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9BizAAAAIAAJ">Tutti fascisti!</a> [All fascists!] (in Italian). Edizioni del Borghese – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tutti+fascisti%21&rft.pub=Edizioni+del+Borghese&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Quarantotto&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9BizAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuine1996" class="citation book cs1">Quine, Maria Sophia (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRR3pR1NbhcC">Population Politics in Twentieth-century Europe: Fascist Dictatorships and Liberal Democracies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08069-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08069-9"><bdi>978-0-415-08069-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+Politics+in+Twentieth-century+Europe%3A+Fascist+Dictatorships+and+Liberal+Democracies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08069-9&rft.aulast=Quine&rft.aufirst=Maria+Sophia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdRR3pR1NbhcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamswell2017" class="citation book cs1">Ramswell, Prebble Q. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wNBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Euroscepticism and the Rising Threat from the Left and Right: The Concept of Millennial Fascism</a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-4604-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-4604-1"><bdi>978-1-4985-4604-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 March 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euroscepticism+and+the+Rising+Threat+from+the+Left+and+Right%3A+The+Concept+of+Millennial+Fascism&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-4604-1&rft.aulast=Ramswell&rft.aufirst=Prebble+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_wNBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReich1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Reich" title="Wilhelm Reich">Reich, Wilhelm</a> (1970). The Mass Psychology of Fascism. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-285-64701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-285-64701-5"><bdi>978-0-285-64701-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mass+Psychology+of+Fascism&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-285-64701-5&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRenton1999" class="citation book cs1">Renton, David (1999). Fascism: Theory and Practice. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%3A+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Renton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichardson2017" class="citation book cs1">Richardson, John E. (2017). British Fascism: A Discourse-Historical Analysis. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6491-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8382-6491-2"><bdi>978-3-8382-6491-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Fascism%3A+A+Discourse-Historical+Analysis&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Ibidem+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-8382-6491-2&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRietbergen2000" class="citation book cs1">Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52849131">A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day</a> (4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6109-440-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-6109-440-2"><bdi>90-6109-440-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52849131">52849131</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Netherlands%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Amersfoort&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Bekking&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52849131&rft.isbn=90-6109-440-2&rft.aulast=Rietbergen&rft.aufirst=P.+J.+A.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52849131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRodogno2006" class="citation book cs1">Rodogno, Davide (2006). Fascism's European empire. Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%27s+European+empire&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Rodogno&rft.aufirst=Davide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoel_Reyes2019" class="citation journal cs1">Roel Reyes, Stefan (17 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22116257-00802005">"Antebellum Palingenetic Ultranationalism: The Case for including the United States in Comparative Fascist Studies"</a>. Fascism. 8 (2). Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brill (publisher)">Brill</a>: 307–330. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22116257-00802005">10.1163/22116257-00802005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-6257">2211-6257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fascism&rft.atitle=Antebellum+Palingenetic+Ultranationalism%3A+The+Case+for+including+the+United+States+in+Comparative+Fascist+Studies&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E307-%3C%2Fspan%3E330&rft.date=2019-12-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22116257-00802005&rft.issn=2211-6257&rft.aulast=Roel+Reyes&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22116257-00802005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRohkrämer2007" class="citation book cs1">Rohkrämer, Thomas (2007). A Single Communal Faith? The German Right from Conservatism to National Socialism. Monographs in German History. Vol. 20. Berghahn Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Single+Communal+Faith%3F+The+German+Right+from+Conservatism+to+National+Socialism&rft.series=Monographs+in+German+History&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Rohkr%C3%A4mer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosas2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rosas, Fernando (2019). Salazar e os Fascismos: Ensaio Breve de História Comparada [Salazar and the Fascisms: Brief Essay on Comparative History] (in Portuguese). Edições Tinta-da-China. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789896714840" title="Special:BookSources/9789896714840"><bdi>9789896714840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salazar+e+os+Fascismos%3A+Ensaio+Breve+de+Hist%C3%B3ria+Comparada&rft.pub=Edi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Tinta-da-China&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789896714840&rft.aulast=Rosas&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Reid_Ross" title="Alexander Reid Ross">Ross, Alexander Reid</a> (2017). Against the Fascist Creep. Chico, California: <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84935-244-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84935-244-4"><bdi>978-1-84935-244-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Fascist+Creep&rft.place=Chico%2C+California&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-84935-244-4&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSauer1967" class="citation journal cs1">Sauer, Wolfgang (December 1967). "National Socialism: totalitarianism or fascism?". The American Historical Review. 73 (2): 404–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1866167">10.2307/1866167</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1866167">1866167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=National+Socialism%3A+totalitarianism+or+fascism%3F&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E404-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=1967-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1866167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1866167%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1995" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Carl (1995). 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Germany and the Second World War: Volume III: The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939–1941 (From Italy's Declaration of Non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+Volume+III%3A+The+Mediterranean%2C+South-East+Europe%2C+and+North+Africa+1939%E2%80%931941+%28From+Italy%27s+Declaration+of+Non-Belligerence+to+the+Entry+of+the+United+States+into+the+War%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Stegemann%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeldes1935" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Seldes" title="George Seldes">Seldes, George</a> (1935). 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(2013). The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy Since Unification. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Italian+Economy+Since+Unification&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTurner1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ashby_Turner" title="Henry Ashby Turner">Turner, Henry Ashby</a> (1975). Reappraisals of Fascism. New Viewpoints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0531053720" title="Special:BookSources/978-0531053720"><bdi>978-0531053720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reappraisals+of+Fascism&rft.pub=New+Viewpoints&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0531053720&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Henry+Ashby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVatikiotis1988" class="citation book cs1">Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mT5DO_cVSfMC">Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936–1941: A Political Biography of General Ioannis Metaxas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4869-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-4869-9"><bdi>978-0-7146-4869-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Autocracy+in+Greece%2C+1936%E2%80%931941%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+General+Ioannis+Metaxas&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4869-9&rft.aulast=Vatikiotis&rft.aufirst=Panayiotis+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmT5DO_cVSfMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvon_Lang1979" class="citation book cs1">von Lang, Jochen (1979). The Secretary: Martin Bormann, The Man Who Manipulated Hitler. New York: Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secretary%3A+Martin+Bormann%2C+The+Man+Who+Manipulated+Hitler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=von+Lang&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeber1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Weber, Eugen</a> (1982) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=23jZAAAAMAAJ">Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century</a>. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89874-444-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89874-444-6"><bdi>978-0-89874-444-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Varieties+of+Fascism%3A+Doctrines+of+Revolution+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand+Reinhold+Company&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-89874-444-6&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D23jZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWebsters" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/webstersnewcolle0000unse">Webster's II New College Dictionary</a>. Houghton Mifflin Reference Books. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-39601-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-39601-6"><bdi>978-0-618-39601-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+II+New+College+Dictionary&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Reference+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-618-39601-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwebstersnewcolle0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiss1967" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, John (1967). The Fascist Tradition: Radical Right-Wing Extremism in Modern Europe. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0014D2EN8">B0014D2EN8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fascist+Tradition%3A+Radical+Right-Wing+Extremism+in+Modern+Europe&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0014D2EN8%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiss-WendtKriekenCave2008" class="citation book cs1">Weiss-Wendt, Anton; Krieken, Robert; Cave, Alfred A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzIWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">The Historiography of Genocide</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer (publisher)">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29778-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29778-4"><bdi>978-0-230-29778-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+Genocide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-29778-4&rft.aulast=Weiss-Wendt&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft.au=Krieken%2C+Robert&rft.au=Cave%2C+Alfred+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzIWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelge2007" class="citation book cs1">Welge, Jobst (2007). "Fascist Modernism". In Eysteinsson, Astradur; Liska, Vivian (eds.). Modernism, Volumes 1–2. John Benjamins Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fascist+Modernism&rft.btitle=Modernism%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%932&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Welge&rft.aufirst=Jobst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lawrence_Williams" title="Roger Lawrence Williams">Williams, Roger Lawrence</a> (2015). The Mortal Napoleon The Third. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mortal+Napoleon+The+Third&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Roger+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWistrich1976" class="citation journal cs1">Wistrich, Robert (October 1976). "Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Contemporary_History" title="Journal of Contemporary History">Journal of Contemporary History</a>. 11 (4). Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>: 157–184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947601100409">10.1177/002200947601100409</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260195">260195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140420352">140420352</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Leon+Trotsky%27s+Theory+of+Fascism&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=1976-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140420352%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260195%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947601100409&rft.aulast=Wistrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoodley2010" class="citation book cs1">Woodley, Daniel (2010). Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47354-5"><bdi>978-0-415-47354-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+and+Political+Theory%3A+Critical+Perspectives+on+Fascist+Ideology&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-47354-5&rft.aulast=Woodley&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolf1981" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Stuart (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaMOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA18">Fascism in Europe</a>. Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-30240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-30240-0"><bdi>978-0-416-30240-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 May 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+Europe&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-416-30240-0&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaMOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoolf1983" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Stuart Joseph (1983). Fascism in Europe (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+Europe&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoshinsky2008" class="citation book cs1">Woshinsky, Oliver (2008). Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior. Oxford, England; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415960786" title="Special:BookSources/9780415960786"><bdi>9780415960786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Politics%3A+Culture%2C+Institutions%2C+and+Political+Behavior&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780415960786&rft.aulast=Woshinsky&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZafirovski2008" class="citation book cs1">Zafirovski, Milan (2008). Modern Free Society and Its Nemesis: Liberty Versus Conservatism in the New Millennium. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1516-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-1516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Free+Society+and+Its+Nemesis%3A+Liberty+Versus+Conservatism+in+the+New+Millennium&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1516-9&rft.aulast=Zafirovski&rft.aufirst=Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZimmer2003" class="citation book cs1">Zimmer, Oliver (2003). Nationalism in Europe, 1890–1940. Studies in European History. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4039-4388-0">10.1007/978-1-4039-4388-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4388-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-4388-0"><bdi>978-1-4039-4388-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+in+Europe%2C+1890%E2%80%931940&rft.place=London&rft.series=Studies+in+European+History&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4039-4388-0&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-4388-0&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_sources">Tertiary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica_Fascism" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9117286">"Fascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. 8 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fascism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9117286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica_The_fascist_era" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-Fascist-era">"Italy: The Fascist Era"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007022510/https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-Fascist-era">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy%3A+The+Fascist+Era&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FItaly%2FThe-Fascist-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica_Volksgemeinschaft" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism/Volksgemeinschaft#ref742146">"Volksgemeinschaft"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331074936/https://www.britannica.com/topic/fascism/Volksgemeinschaft#ref742146">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volksgemeinschaft&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Ffascism%2FVolksgemeinschaft%23ref742146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnciclopedia_Italiana_Neofascismo" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/neofascismo/">"Neofascismo"</a> [Neofascism]. Treccani (in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. 31 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106235833/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/neofascismo/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Treccani&rft.atitle=Neofascismo&rft.date=2014-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fneofascismo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Encyclopedia_of_Political_Science" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Badie" title="Bertrand Badie">Badie, Bertrand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Berg-Schlosser" title="Dirk Berg-Schlosser">Berg-Schlosser, Dirk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Morlino" title="Leonardo Morlino">Morlino, Leonardo</a> (2011). "Fascism". In <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Badie" title="Bertrand Badie">Badie, Bertrand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Berg-Schlosser" title="Dirk Berg-Schlosser">Berg-Schlosser, Dirk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Morlino" title="Leonardo Morlino">Morlino, Leonardo</a> (eds.). International Encyclopedia of Political Science. <a href="/wiki/Sage_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Sage Publications">Sage Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412994163">10.4135/9781412994163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412959636" title="Special:BookSources/9781412959636"><bdi>9781412959636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fascism&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412994163&rft.isbn=9781412959636&rft.aulast=Badie&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rft.au=Berg-Schlosser%2C+Dirk&rft.au=Morlino%2C+Leonardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaudenmaier2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Staudenmaier, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1097&context=hist_fac">"Fascism"</a>. In Krech III, Shepard; McNeill, John; Merchant, Carolyn (eds.). Encyclopedia of World Environmental History. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 517–521. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93733-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93733-7"><bdi>0-415-93733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fascism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Environmental+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E517-%3C%2Fspan%3E521&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-93733-7&rft.aulast=Staudenmaier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepublications.marquette.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1097%26context%3Dhist_fac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2023" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmed, Saladdin (July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362039222">"Fascism as an Ideological Form: A Critical Theory"</a>. Critical Sociology. 49 (4–5): 669–687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F08969205221109869">10.1177/08969205221109869</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-9205">0896-9205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Sociology&rft.atitle=Fascism+as+an+Ideological+Form%3A+A+Critical+Theory&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E669-%3C%2Fspan%3E687&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F08969205221109869&rft.issn=0896-9205&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Saladdin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F362039222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbright2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright, Madeleine</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzs2DwAAQBAJ">Fascism: a warning</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-828227-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-828227-1"><bdi>978-0-00-828227-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1031976003">1031976003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%3A+a+warning&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1031976003&rft.isbn=978-0-00-828227-1&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzs2DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlcalde2020" class="citation journal cs1">Alcalde, Ángel (May 2020). "The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research". <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_European_History" title="Contemporary European History">Contemporary European History</a>. 29 (2): 243–252. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777320000089">10.1017/S0960777320000089</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-7773">0960-7773</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213889043">213889043</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=The+Transnational+Consensus%3A+Fascism+and+Nazism+in+Current+Research&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=2020-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213889043%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0960-7773&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777320000089&rft.aulast=Alcalde&rft.aufirst=%C3%81ngel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerezin2019" class="citation journal cs1">Berezin, Mabel (30 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-073018-022351">"Fascism and Populism: Are They Useful Categories for Comparative Sociological Analysis?"</a>. Annual Review of Sociology. 45 (1): 345–361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-073018-022351">10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022351</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-0572">0360-0572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Fascism+and+Populism%3A+Are+They+Useful+Categories+for+Comparative+Sociological+Analysis%3F&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-soc-073018-022351&rft.issn=0360-0572&rft.aulast=Berezin&rft.aufirst=Mabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-soc-073018-022351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChurchwell2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Churchwell, Sarah (22 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://termushistory.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/140610243/Fascism%20in%20America%20today%20-%20New%20York%20Review%20of%20Books.pdf">"American Fascism: It Has Happened Here"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504">0028-7504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=American+Fascism%3A+It+Has+Happened+Here&rft.pages=22&rft.date=2020-06-22&rft.issn=0028-7504&rft.aulast=Churchwell&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftermushistory.pbworks.com%2Fw%2Ffile%2Ffetch%2F140610243%2FFascism%2520in%2520America%2520today%2520-%2520New%2520York%2520Review%2520of%2520Books.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEspositoZentrum_Für_Zeithistorische_Forschung_Potsdam2017" class="citation journal cs1">Esposito, Fernando; Zentrum Für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docupedia.de/zg/Esposito_fascism_v1_en_2017">"Fascism – Concepts and Theories"</a>. Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte. 31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14765%2FZZF.DOK.2.1111.V1">10.14765/ZZF.DOK.2.1111.V1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte&rft.atitle=Fascism+%E2%80%93+Concepts+and+Theories&rft.volume=31&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14765%2FZZF.DOK.2.1111.V1&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rft.au=Zentrum+F%C3%BCr+Zeithistorische+Forschung+Potsdam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocupedia.de%2Fzg%2FEsposito_fascism_v1_en_2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinchelstein2019" class="citation book cs1">Finchelstein, Federico (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h4qdDwAAQBAJ">From Fascism to populism in history: with a new preface</a>. Oakland, California: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30935-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-30935-7"><bdi>978-0-520-30935-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Fascism+to+populism+in+history%3A+with+a+new+preface&rft.place=Oakland%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-520-30935-7&rft.aulast=Finchelstein&rft.aufirst=Federico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh4qdDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qoFTCgAAQBAJ">Rethinking antifascism: history, memory and political uses, 1922 to the present</a>. New York (N.Y.): <a href="/wiki/Berghahn_Books" title="Berghahn Books">Berghahn Books</a>. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-138-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-138-1"><bdi>978-1-78533-138-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+antifascism%3A+history%2C+memory+and+political+uses%2C+1922+to+the+present&rft.place=New+York+%28N.Y.%29&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-138-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqoFTCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hayes_(historian)" title="Paul Hayes (historian)">Hayes, Paul M.</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoXxDwAAQBAJ">Fascism</a>. Routledge library editions Racism and fascism. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-93837-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-93837-3"><bdi>978-1-138-93837-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+library+editions+Racism+and+fascism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-93837-3&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCoXxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIlling2018" class="citation web cs1">Illing, Sean (19 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2018/9/19/17847110/how-fascism-works-donald-trump-jason-stanley">"How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vox_(website)" title="Vox (website)">Vox</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=How+Fascism+Works%3A+A+Yale+philosopher+on+fascism%2C+truth%2C+and+Donald+Trump&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft.aulast=Illing&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2018%2F9%2F19%2F17847110%2Fhow-fascism-works-donald-trump-jason-stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoesGregor2019" class="citation book cs1">Joes, Anthony James; Gregor, A. James (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKubDwAAQBAJ">Fascism in the contemporary world: ideology, evolution, resurgence</a>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-01749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-01749-1"><bdi>978-0-367-01749-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+the+contemporary+world%3A+ideology%2C+evolution%2C+resurgence&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-367-01749-1&rft.aulast=Joes&rft.aufirst=Anthony+James&rft.au=Gregor%2C+A.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGKubDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKagan2020" class="citation book cs1">Kagan, Robert (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salidalibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/How-Fascism-Comes-To-America-Bob-Kagan.pdf">"This is how fascism comes to America"</a> (PDF). In Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard; O'Neill, Daniel L (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=es6gDwAAQBAJ">Ideals and ideologies: a reader</a> (11th ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 369–371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-23504-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-23504-8"><bdi>978-0-367-23504-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=This+is+how+fascism+comes+to+America&rft.btitle=Ideals+and+ideologies%3A+a+reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-367-23504-8&rft.aulast=Kagan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salidalibrary.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F04%2FHow-Fascism-Comes-To-America-Bob-Kagan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuklick2022" class="citation book cs1">Kuklick, Bruce (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CwGWEAAAQBAJ">Fascism comes to America: a century of obsession in politics and culture</a>. Chicago; London: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago Press">The University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-82146-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-82146-7"><bdi>978-0-226-82146-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+comes+to+America%3A+a+century+of+obsession+in+politics+and+culture&rft.place=Chicago%3B+London&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-226-82146-7&rft.aulast=Kuklick&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCwGWEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcGaughey2018" class="citation journal cs1">McGaughey, Ewan (30 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbjals-2018-0012">"Fascism-lite in America (or The Social Ideal of Donald Trump)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_American_Legal_Studies" title="British Journal of American Legal Studies">British Journal of American Legal Studies</a>. 7 (2): 291–315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbjals-2018-0012">10.2478/bjals-2018-0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2049-4092">2049-4092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195842347">195842347</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2773217">2773217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+American+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Fascism-lite+in+America+%28or+The+Social+Ideal+of+Donald+Trump%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E315&rft.date=2018-12-30&rft.issn=2049-4092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195842347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D2773217%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fbjals-2018-0012&rft.aulast=McGaughey&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fbjals-2018-0012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiley2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dylan_John_Riley" title="Dylan John Riley">Riley, Dylan J.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lc_KTSUOQPkC">The civic foundations of fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870-1945</a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9427-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-9427-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-9427-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/370387631">370387631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+civic+foundations+of+fascism+in+Europe%3A+Italy%2C+Spain%2C+and+Romania%2C+1870-1945&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F370387631&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-9427-5&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Dylan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLc_KTSUOQPkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley2024" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Jason (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oYsPEQAAQBAJ">Erasing history: how fascists rewrite the past to control the future</a>. New York: One Signal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6680-5691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6680-5691-2"><bdi>978-1-6680-5691-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1450005012">1450005012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erasing+history%3A+how+fascists+rewrite+the+past+to+control+the+future&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=One+Signal+Publishers&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Fon1450005012&rft.isbn=978-1-6680-5691-2&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoYsPEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiskemann1967" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wiskemann" title="Elizabeth Wiskemann">Wiskemann, Elizabeth</a> (December 1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/origins-fascism">"The Origins of Fascism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>. Vol. 17, no. 12. pp. 812–818.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Fascism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E812-%3C%2Fspan%3E818&rft.date=1967-12&rft.aulast=Wiskemann&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Forigins-fascism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFascism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.wix.com/ugd/927b40_c1ee26114a4d480cb048f5f96a4cc68f.pdf">Authorized translation of Mussolini's "The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism" (1933)</a> (PDF) media.wix.com</li> <li><a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14058" class="extiw" title="gutenberg:14058">Readings on Fascism and National Socialism by Various – Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930081524/http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco_blackshirt.html">"Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt"</a> – <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>'s list of 14 characteristics of Fascism, originally published 1995</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Core_tenets">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_English_Defence_League" title="Ideology of the English Defence League">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Jewish/Israeli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Defence of the Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Movement_for_Development" title="National Revolutionary Movement for Development">National Revolutionary Movement for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Movement" title="Republican Democratic Movement">Republican Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Dutch_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Dutch Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">European Defence League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnarock" title="Ragnarock">Ragnarock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullhead" title="Skullhead">Skullhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Slovakia)" title="German Party (Slovakia)">German Party (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(band)" title="Honor (band)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlebists_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia">Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landser_(band)" title="Landser (band)">Landser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Colours_Records" title="No Colours Records">No Colours Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Records" title="PC Records">PC Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Movement" title="Republic Movement">Republic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Rama_Records" title="Rock-O-Rama Records">Rock-O-Rama Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_and_Sword_(festival)" title="Shield and Sword (festival)">Shield and Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlgewitter" title="Stahlgewitter">Stahlgewitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolovrat_(band)" title="Kolovrat (band)">Kolovrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokturnal_Mortum" title="Nokturnal Mortum">Nokturnal Mortum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obraz_(organization)" title="Obraz (organization)">Obraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragya_Singh_Thakur" title="Pragya Singh Thakur">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lake_(activist)" title="Alan Lake (activist)">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Breivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Darken" title="Rob Darken">Darken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajuga_(Interahamwe)" title="Robert Kajuga (Interahamwe)">Kajuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_M._Krsti%C4%87" title="Nebojša M. Krstić">Krstić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Ngeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(singer)" title="Saga (singer)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essentials_of_Hindutva" title="Essentials of Hindutva">Essentials of Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Ten_Commandments" title="Hutu Ten Commandments">Hutu Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncomfortable_Questions_for_Comfortable_Jews" title="Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews">Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust_Records" title="Panzerfaust Records">Panzerfaust Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Goldshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahutu_Manifesto" title="Bahutu Manifesto">Bahutu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fascism" title="Criticism of fascism">Criticism of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Indo-Germanic_People#The_Third_Reich,_successor_of_the_Indogermans" title="Nordic Indo-Germanic People">Nordic Indo-Germanic people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> Pre-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> (contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul> Post-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> (contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> (contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlebists_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia">Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Movement" title="Republic Movement">Republic Movement (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies504" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies504" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government138" 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id="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government138" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_state" title="Counterintelligence state">Counterintelligence state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictatorship" title="Benevolent dictatorship">Benevolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_dictatorship" title="Civilian dictatorship">Civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_dictatorship" title="Constitutional dictatorship">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda" title="Dictablanda">Dictablanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_dictatorship" title="Grassroots dictatorship">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Proletarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_autocracy" title="Liberal autocracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_authoritarianism" title="Libertarian authoritarianism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyranny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tyranny" title="Soft tyranny">Soft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_despotism" title="Soft despotism">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_authoritarianism" title="Religion and authoritarianism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-authoritarianism" title="Techno-authoritarianism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">Deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">Personality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_leadership_style" title="Authoritarian leadership style">Leadership style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing authoritarianism">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_strongman" title="Political strongman">Strongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_totalitarian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of totalitarian states">List of totalitarian states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_fascist_movements_by_country1626" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Bulgaria" title="Fascism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Chile">Chile</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Costa_Rica" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Ecuador" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Finland">Finland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Israel">Israel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Italy">Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Fascism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in North Korea">North Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Peru" title="Fascism in Peru">Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Poland">Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Russia" title="Fascism in Russia">Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Spain">Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Syria">Syria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_United_States" title="Fascism in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Category:_Fascism_by_continent35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continent_topic" title="Template:Continent topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continent_topic" title="Template talk:Continent topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continent_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continent topic"><abbr title="Edit this 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title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fascism_in_Oceania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fascism in Oceania (page does not exist)">Oceania</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6223#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1443" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6223#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1443" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6223#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640824">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fascism&oldid=1281221476">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fascism&oldid=1281221476</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Fascism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Authoritarianism" title="Category:Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communism" 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-78bdfcd464-kvt4b","wgBackendResponseTime":473,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.795","walltime":"8.463","ppvisitednodes":{"value":40082,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1120876,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":109100,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":234,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1010681,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 7066.603 1 -total"," 34.47% 2435.857 1 Template:Nationalism_sidebar"," 33.20% 2345.856 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 15.07% 1064.600 1 Template:Portal-inline"," 14.54% 1027.821 212 Template:Cite_book"," 12.66% 894.738 308 Template:Sfnp"," 10.57% 746.702 1 Template:Reflist"," 9.78% 691.162 1 Template:Ill"," 8.74% 617.493 1 Template:Navboxes"," 6.92% 489.340 1 Template:Separated_entries"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.023","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22034515,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcemoğluDe_FeoDe_LucaRusso2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdams1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmida1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlbright2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlcalde2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmann1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAntliff2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnotUsborne1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallBellamy2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaranskiWest2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBastowMartin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaudrillard1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeinart2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Ami1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Ghiat2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenjamin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerben1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerend2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerezin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerezin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerghaus2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlamires2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlamires2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlinkhorn2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlinkhorn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloxhamMoses2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoesche2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogel-BurroughsGarcia2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBollas1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorsellaCaso2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrennan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreuilly1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurgwyn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaforio2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamusLebourg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCardoza2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchwell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkeFoweraker2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoalson2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopsey2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosta_Pinto1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosta_Pinto2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCucchetti2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesLynch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Felice1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Felice1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Grand1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Grand2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeletant2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelzel1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDierkes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoordan1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurham1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatwell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEco1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElazar2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnciclopedia_Italiana_Neofascismo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica_Fascism\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica_The_fascist_era\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica_Volksgemeinschaft\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspositoZentrum_Für_Zeithistorische_Forschung_Potsdam2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalasca-Zamponi2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrandiObermair2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinchelstein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinchelstein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinchelstein2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedlander1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzsche1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalasso2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaleazzo2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallagher2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentile1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentile2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentile2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentile2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerwarth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillette2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilroy2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoebbels2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolombWistrich2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodwin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGori2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregor1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregor2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffinFeldman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffinFeldman2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffinFeldman2004c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffiths2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrčić2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkesworthKogan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeineman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeld1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitt1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitler1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoover1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoover1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorne2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHüppauf1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlling2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Encyclopedia_of_Political_Science\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJablonsky1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJay1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoesGregor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKagan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallis2003a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallis2003b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKallis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKertzer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKington2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitchen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitsikis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitsikis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoon1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuklick2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaclau1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLancaster2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueur1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueur1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsenHagtvetMyklebust1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaruelle2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaruelle2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukacs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyttelton1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack_Smith1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack_Smith1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarhoeferThe_Conversation2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGaughey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaren1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillington2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosely1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotyl2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotyl2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuddeKaltwasser2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMussolini1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMussolini1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMussolini1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMussolini2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMussolini2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeocleous1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeville2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolte1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOosterling1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrwell1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrwell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOuthwaite2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOvery1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapachristou2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkins2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPassmore2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPassmore2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPauley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaxton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProctor1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuarantotto1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuine1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamswell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReich1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardson2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRietbergen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodogno2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoel_Reyes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoel_Reyes2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohkrämer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosas2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothstein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamaras2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauer1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnappSearsStampino2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiberStegemannVogel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweller2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeldes1935\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeldes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShenfield2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilva\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSohn-Rethel1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSontag1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorlin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpektorowskiIreni-Saban2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpielvogel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStackelberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaudenmaier2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinweis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternhell1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternhell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSternhellSznajderAshéri1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTenorio2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTicktin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTierney1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToniolo2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVatikiotis1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatkins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebsters\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss-WendtKriekenCave2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelge2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiffen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiskemann1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWistrich1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolf1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoshinsky2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZafirovski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Oliveira_Salazar1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Rivera1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Lang1979\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 5,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authoritarian types of rule\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 212,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Continent topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Div-col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div-col-end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Fascism\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 26,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"Ideologies\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 32,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nationalism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazism\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfnmp\"] = 19,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 308,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"World topic\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","420","13.5"],["?","340","10.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","10.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","200","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","5.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","100","3.2"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","80","2.6"],["[others]","1140","36.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-78bdfcd464-pfcsv","timestamp":"20250319013517","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Fascism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fascism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6223","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6223","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-03T12:09:39Z","dateModified":"2025-03-19T01:34:57Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/88\/Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg","headline":"far-right authoritarian ideology and movement"}</script> </body> </html>