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Gusti</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89" title="ديميترى جوستى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديميترى جوستى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitrie_Gusti" title="Dimitrie Gusti – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dimitrie Gusti" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Густи, Димитрие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Густи, Димитрие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Romanian sociologist, ethnologist, historian, and voluntarist philosopher</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Dimitrie Gusti</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimitrie_Gusti_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dimitrie_Gusti_1938.jpg/220px-Dimitrie_Gusti_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Dimitrie_Gusti_1938.jpg/330px-Dimitrie_Gusti_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Dimitrie_Gusti_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="363" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Gusti in 1938</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1880-02-13</span>)</span>13 February 1880<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 October 1955<span style="display:none">(1955-10-30)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romanian People's Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Eternitatea_cemetery" title="Eternitatea cemetery">Eternitatea Cemetery</a>, Iași</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Academic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Gusti_National_Village_Museum" title="Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum">Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza University">University of Iași</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data">Sociology</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza University">University of Iași</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petre_Andrei" title="Petre Andrei">Petre Andrei</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Vulc%C4%83nescu" title="Mircea Vulcănescu">Mircea Vulcănescu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Miron_Constantinescu" title="Miron Constantinescu">Miron Constantinescu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Henri_H._Stahl" title="Henri H. Stahl">Henri H. Stahl</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lena_Constante" title="Lena Constante">Lena Constante</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Romania)" title="Ministry of Education (Romania)">Minister of Public Instruction, Religious Affairs and the Arts</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 June 1932 – 13 November 1933</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Alexandru Vaida-Voevod</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ion Lugoșianu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Angelescu" title="Constantin Angelescu">Constantin Angelescu</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dimitrie Gusti</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Romanian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ro-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">[diˈmitri.e<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡusti]</a></span>; 13 February 1880 – 30 October 1955) was a <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnologist</a>, historian, and <a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">voluntarist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a>; a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza University">University of Iași</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a>, he served as Romania's Minister of Education in 1932–1933. Gusti was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Romanian_Academy" title="List of members of the Romanian Academy">member of the Romanian Academy</a> in 1919, and was its president between 1944 and 1946. He was the main contributor to the creation of a new Romanian school of sociology. </p><p>He was a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Party_(Romania)" title="Peasants' Party (Romania)">Peasants' Party</a>, and later of the <a href="/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party" title="National Peasants' Party">National Peasants' Party</a> into which the former had merged. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_Gusti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>, he began studying Letters at the <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Ioan_Cuza_University" title="Alexandru Ioan Cuza University">University of Iași</a> before moving on to the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Universität unter den Linden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">University of Leipzig</a>, where he studied and completed a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a> in Philosophy (1904). In 1905, he began the study of Sociology, Law, and <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a> at the Universität unter den Linden. </p><p>Gusti was appointed to the Department of Ancient History, Ethics, and Sociology of the University of Iași in 1910, and was one of the main contributors to the creation of a new Romanian school of sociology. He moved to <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> in 1920, and began work as a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bucharest" title="University of Bucharest">University of Bucharest</a>, in the Department of Sociology, Ethics, Politics, and Aesthetics of the latter's Faculty of Letters and Philosophy. His lectures became a center of interest inside the academic community, and he attracted students with diverse backgrounds and political convictions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Far_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right">far right</a> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Vulc%C4%83nescu" title="Mircea Vulcănescu">Mircea Vulcănescu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Miron_Constantinescu" title="Miron Constantinescu">Miron Constantinescu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_H._Stahl" title="Henri H. Stahl">Henri H. Stahl</a>, and the left-wing artist <a href="/wiki/Lena_Constante" title="Lena Constante">Lena Constante</a>. </p><p>Creator of the Bucharest School of Sociology and several Institutes, he also led, between 1925 and 1948, the intense research of Romanian villages and the publishing of its results as detailed monographs, a work in which he was notably assisted by <a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Vl%C4%83descu-R%C4%83coasa" title="Gheorghe Vlădescu-Răcoasa">Gheorghe Vlădescu-Răcoasa</a> and Stahl. In 1936, together with Stahl and <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ion_Popa" title="Victor Ion Popa">Victor Ion Popa</a>, Gusti created the <a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Gusti_National_Village_Museum" title="Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum">Village Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, which now bears his name. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iuliu_Maniu,_pre%C5%9Fedintele_Partidului_Na%C5%A3ional-%C5%A2%C4%83r%C4%83nesc_(centru)_%C5%9Fi_profesorul_Dimitrie_Gusti_(st%C3%A2nga).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Iuliu_Maniu%2C_pre%C5%9Fedintele_Partidului_Na%C5%A3ional-%C5%A2%C4%83r%C4%83nesc_%28centru%29_%C5%9Fi_profesorul_Dimitrie_Gusti_%28st%C3%A2nga%29.jpg/220px-Iuliu_Maniu%2C_pre%C5%9Fedintele_Partidului_Na%C5%A3ional-%C5%A2%C4%83r%C4%83nesc_%28centru%29_%C5%9Fi_profesorul_Dimitrie_Gusti_%28st%C3%A2nga%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Iuliu_Maniu%2C_pre%C5%9Fedintele_Partidului_Na%C5%A3ional-%C5%A2%C4%83r%C4%83nesc_%28centru%29_%C5%9Fi_profesorul_Dimitrie_Gusti_%28st%C3%A2nga%29.jpg/330px-Iuliu_Maniu%2C_pre%C5%9Fedintele_Partidului_Na%C5%A3ional-%C5%A2%C4%83r%C4%83nesc_%28centru%29_%C5%9Fi_profesorul_Dimitrie_Gusti_%28st%C3%A2nga%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Iuliu_Maniu%2C_pre%C5%9Fedintele_Partidului_Na%C5%A3ional-%C5%A2%C4%83r%C4%83nesc_%28centru%29_%C5%9Fi_profesorul_Dimitrie_Gusti_%28st%C3%A2nga%29.jpg/440px-Iuliu_Maniu%2C_pre%C5%9Fedintele_Partidului_Na%C5%A3ional-%C5%A2%C4%83r%C4%83nesc_%28centru%29_%C5%9Fi_profesorul_Dimitrie_Gusti_%28st%C3%A2nga%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a> (center) with Gusti (next on the left), in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>From 9 June 1932 to 13 November 1933 he was Minister of Public Instruction, Religious Affairs and the Arts in the cabinets of <a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Vaida-Voevod" title="Alexandru Vaida-Voevod">Alexandru Vaida-Voevod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iuliu_Maniu" title="Iuliu Maniu">Iuliu Maniu</a>. He left the National Peasants' Party after 1938, disagreeing with its decision to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> regime of <a href="/wiki/King_of_Romania" title="King of Romania">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_II_of_Romania" title="Carol II of Romania">Carol II</a>, and collaborated with the newly created <a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, he was threatened by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a> (with the late 1940 establishment of the <a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a>); following the <a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_Rebellion_and_Bucharest_Pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionnaires' Rebellion and Bucharest Pogrom">Legionary Rebellion</a> and the Guard's defeat, he sent a congratulatory telegram to <i><a href="/wiki/Conduc%C4%83tor" title="Conducător">Conducător</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Gusti was approached by the new <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Communist government</a> with offers of collaboration. He was invited to attend official ceremonies inside the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and was a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_Society_for_Friendship_with_the_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union (page does not exist)">Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARLUS" class="extiw" title="ro:ARLUS">ro</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died in Bucharest in 1955, and was buried at <a href="/wiki/Eternitatea_cemetery" title="Eternitatea cemetery">Eternitatea Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_Gusti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gusti defined his view on society as dependent on a set of principles: </p> <ul><li>Society is composed of "<a href="/wiki/Level_of_analysis" title="Level of analysis">social units</a>", as groups of humans linked by a voluntary organizing activity and interconnected spiritually.</li> <li>The essence of life is "social will".</li> <li>"Social will" is expressed in economics and spirituality, both of which are regulated by law and politics.</li> <li>"Social will" is conditioned by factors which are included in four fundamental and parallel categories: <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmical</a>, biological, <a href="/wiki/Self_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self (psychology)">psychological</a>, and historical.</li> <li>The changes engineered by the factors are known as "social processes".</li> <li>The premises of development one can observe in present society, and thus can predict with some accuracy, are known as "social trends".</li></ul> <p>A creator of the sociological <i>monographic method</i> (as still used by his Bucharest School), Gusti favored and theorised first-hand intensive observation of social units and phenomena, as well as <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinarity</a>, with the research work being carried out through intensive collaboration within the field of <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, but also with doctors, <a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">agronomists</a>, schoolteachers, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_works">Main works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_Gusti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Main works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dimitrie_Gusti_2018_stampsheet_of_Romania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dimitrie_Gusti_2018_stampsheet_of_Romania.jpg/260px-Dimitrie_Gusti_2018_stampsheet_of_Romania.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Dimitrie_Gusti_2018_stampsheet_of_Romania.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Gusti on a 2018 stamp sheet of Romania</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Egoismus und Altruismus</i>, 1904</li> <li><i>Die soziologischen Betrehungen in der neuen Ethik</i>, 1908</li> <li><i>Cosmologia elenă</i>, 1929</li> <li><i>Sociologia militans</i>, vol. 1, 1935; vols. 2–3, 1946</li> <li><i>Enciclopedia României</i>, vols. I–IV, Bucharest, 1938, 1943</li> <li><i>Cunoaștere și acțiune în serviciul națiunii</i>, 2 vols., 1939</li> <li><i>Problema sociologiei</i>, 1940</li> <li><i>La science de la réalité sociale</i>, 1941</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_Gusti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Gusti_National_Village_Museum" title="Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum">Dimitrie Gusti National Village Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_Gusti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bozgan, p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scurtu, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bozgan, p. 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cioroianu, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiasi.ro/module/cimitir/eternitatea.php">"Cimitirul Eternitatea"</a>. <i>www.spiasi.ro</i> (in Romanian). Servicii Publice Iași<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spiasi.ro&rft.atitle=Cimitirul+Eternitatea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiasi.ro%2Fmodule%2Fcimitir%2Feternitatea.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADimitrie+Gusti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_Gusti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Lucian Boia</a>, ed. (1998) <i>Miturile comunismului românesc</i> (<i>The Myths of Romanian Communism</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Editura_Nemira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Editura Nemira (page does not exist)">Editura Nemira</a>, Bucharest. <ul><li>Ovidiu Bozgan, "Traiectorii universitare: de la stânga interbelică la comunism" ("University Trajectories: from Interwar Left to Communism"), pp. 309–335</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a>, "Lumina vine de la Răsărit. "Noua imagine" a Uniunii Sovietice în România postbelică, 1944–1947" ("The Light Arises in the East. The Soviet Union's "New Image" of Postwar Romania, 1944–1947"), p. 21–68</li></ul></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Romanian)</span> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Vulc%C4%83nescu" title="Mircea Vulcănescu">Mircea Vulcănescu</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblioteca.euroweb.ro/vulcan/coperta.htm"><i>Școala sociologică a lui Dimitrie Gusti</i> ("Dimitrie Gusti's Sociological School")</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070509193333/http://biblioteca.euroweb.ro/vulcan/coperta.htm">Archived</a> 9 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Ioan Scurtu, "PNL și PNȚ: Rezerve, nemulțumiri, proteste. Partidele istorice sub guvernarea antonesciano-legionară" ("PNL and PNȚ: Reserves, Dissatisfactions, Protests, Historical Parties under the Antonescu-Legionary Government"), in <i>Dosarele Istoriei</i>, 9/2000</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimitrie_Gusti&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanian_Academy_presidents" title="Template:Romanian Academy presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanian_Academy_presidents" title="Template talk:Romanian Academy presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian_Academy_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanian Academy presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Romanian_Academy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romanian Academy (1876-1948)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade Rădulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Treboniu_Laurian" title="August Treboniu Laurian">Laurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cre%C8%9Bulescu" title="Nicolae Crețulescu">Crețulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Treboniu_Laurian" title="August Treboniu Laurian">Laurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ghica" title="Ion Ghica">Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Sturdza" title="Dimitrie Sturdza">Sturdza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ghica" title="Ion Ghica">Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kog%C4%83lniceanu" title="Mihail Kogălniceanu">Kogălniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ghica" title="Ion Ghica">Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bari%C8%9B" title="George Bariț">Bariț</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacob_Negruzzi" title="Iacob Negruzzi">Negruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Ghica" title="Ion Ghica">Ghica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Cre%C8%9Bulescu" title="Nicolae Crețulescu">Crețulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Poni" title="Petru Poni">Poni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre_S._Aurelian" title="Petre S. Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Kalinderu" title="Ioan Kalinderu">Kalinderu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anghel_Saligny" title="Anghel Saligny">Saligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacob_Negruzzi" title="Iacob Negruzzi">Negruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Istrati" title="Constantin Istrati">Istrati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petru_Poni" title="Petru Poni">Poni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrie_Onciul" title="Dimitrie Onciul">Onciul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iacob_Negruzzi" title="Iacob Negruzzi">Negruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Racovi%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Emil Racoviță">Racoviță</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Bianu" title="Ioan Bianu">Bianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludovic_Mrazek" title="Ludovic Mrazek">Mrazek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Lapedatu" title="Alexandru Lapedatu">Lapedatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_R%C4%83dulescu-Motru" title="Constantin Rădulescu-Motru">Rădulescu-Motru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Th._Simionescu" title="Ion Th. Simionescu">I. Simionescu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Andrei Rădulescu">Rădulescu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academy of the Romanian<br />People's/Socialist Republic (1948-1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traian_S%C4%83vulescu" title="Traian Săvulescu">Săvulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanase_Joja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athanase Joja (page does not exist)">Joja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilie_G._Murgulescu" title="Ilie G. Murgulescu">Murgulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miron_Nicolescu" title="Miron Nicolescu">Nicolescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98erban_%C8%9Ai%C8%9Beica" title="Șerban Țițeica">Țițeica</a> <i>(acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Burghele" title="Theodor Burghele">Burghele</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristofor_Simionescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristofor Simionescu (page does not exist)">C. Simionescu</a> <i>(acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Mihoc" title="Gheorghe Mihoc">Mihoc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Anton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioan Anton (page does not exist)">Anton</a> <i>(acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radu_Voinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radu Voinea (page does not exist)">Voinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romanian Academy (1990-)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Dr%C4%83g%C4%83nescu" title="Mihai Drăgănescu">Drăgănescu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virgiliu_N._Constantinescu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virgiliu N. Constantinescu (page does not exist)">Constantinescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Simion" title="Eugen Simion">Simion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionel_Haiduc" title="Ionel Haiduc">Haiduc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionel_Valentin_Vlad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionel Valentin Vlad (page does not exist)">Vlad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cristian_Hera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cristian Hera (page does not exist)">Hera</a> <i>(acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan-Aurel_Pop" title="Ioan-Aurel Pop">Pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220269#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220269#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220269#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/67260039">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/75291/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRdt8h9YTpPKdhpyymVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118699466">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81073792">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167745647">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167745647">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2017957746&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX886457">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071459367">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810538090805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277098605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118699466.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118699466">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/076414396">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fk5cnp">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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