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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Green nanotechnology</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <td style="background-color: #ededeb;padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of a series of articles on the</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #ededeb;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">Impact of nanotechnology</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Health impact of nanotechnology">Health impact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Environmental impact of nanotechnology">Environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societal_impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Societal impact of nanotechnology">Societal impact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_nanotechnology" title="Regulation of nanotechnology">Regulation</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background-color: #ededeb"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_nanotechnology" title="Applications of nanotechnology">Applications</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Green nanotechnology</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_applications_of_nanotechnology" title="Energy applications of nanotechnology">Energy applications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_applications_of_nanotechnology" title="Industrial applications of nanotechnology">Industrial applications</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold"> <ul> <li><span class="metadata"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg/32px-Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg" width="32" height="25" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg/48px-Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319091347im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg/64px-Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3044" data-file-height="2404"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nanotechnology" title="Portal:Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology portal</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nanotechnology_implications" title="Template:Nanotechnology implications"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nanotechnology_implications" title="Template talk:Nanotechnology implications"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nanotechnology_implications&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <td style="background-color: #edfdeb;padding-top:0.4em;line-height:1.2em">Part of <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Nanotechnology" title="Category:Nanotechnology">a series</a> of articles on</td> </tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #edfdeb;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;padding-top:0;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology" title="History of nanotechnology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nanotechnology_organizations" title="List of nanotechnology organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_nanotechnology" title="Outline of nanotechnology">Outline</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background-color: #edfdeb"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_nanotechnology" title="Impact of nanotechnology">Impact</a> and <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_nanotechnology" title="Applications of nanotechnology">applications</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotoxicology" title="Nanotoxicology">Nanotoxicology</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Green nanotechnology</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_of_nanotechnology" title="Regulation of nanotechnology">Regulation</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background-color: #edfdeb"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">Nanomaterials</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">Fullerenes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">Carbon nanotubes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">Nanoparticles</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background-color: #edfdeb"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_self-assembly" title="Molecular self-assembly">Molecular self-assembly</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-assembled_monolayer" title="Self-assembled monolayer">Self-assembled monolayer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular_assembly" title="Supramolecular assembly">Supramolecular assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_nanotechnology" title="DNA nanotechnology">DNA nanotechnology</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background-color: #edfdeb"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoelectronics" title="Nanoelectronics">Nanoelectronics</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_scale_electronics" title="Molecular scale electronics">Molecular scale electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanolithography" title="Nanolithography">Nanolithography</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background-color: #edfdeb"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrology" title="Nanometrology">Nanometrology</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy" title="Atomic force microscopy">Atomic force microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope" title="Scanning tunneling microscope">Scanning tunneling microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope" title="Electron microscope">Electron microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_resolution_microscopy" title="Super resolution microscopy" class="mw-redirect">Super resolution microscopy</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background-color: #edfdeb"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_nanotechnology" title="Molecular nanotechnology">Molecular nanotechnology</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_assembler" title="Molecular assembler">Molecular assembler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanorobotics" title="Nanorobotics">Nanorobotics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanosynthesis" title="Mechanosynthesis">Mechanosynthesis</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background-color: #edfdeb"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standards</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">IEEE P1906.1</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold"> <ul> <li><span class="metadata"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg/16px-Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg" width="16" height="13" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg/24px-Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319091347im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg/32px-Fullerene_Nanogears_-_GPN-2000-001535.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3044" data-file-height="2404"/></a></span> <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nanotechnology" title="Portal:Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology portal</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Nanotechnology" title="Template:Nanotechnology"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Nanotechnology" title="Template talk:Nanotechnology"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Nanotechnology&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p><b>Green nanotechnology</b> refers to the use of <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> to enhance the environmental sustainability of processes producing <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_externalities" title="Negative externalities" class="mw-redirect">negative externalities</a>. It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>. It includes making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustainability.</p> <p>Green nanotechnology has been described as the development of <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technologies" title="Clean technologies" class="mw-redirect">clean technologies</a>, "to minimize potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products, and to encourage replacement of existing products with new nano-products that are more environmentally friendly throughout their <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_lifecycle_(marketing)" title="Product lifecycle (marketing)" class="mw-redirect">lifecycle</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Goals"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Goals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Current_research"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Current research</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Solar_cells"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Solar cells</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Nanoremediation_and_water_treatment"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nanoremediation and water treatment</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Pollution"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Pollution</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><a href="#Goals" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Goals">Goals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_nanotechnology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Goals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Green nanotechnology has two goals: producing <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nanomaterials</a> and products without harming the environment or human health, and producing nano-products that provide solutions to environmental problems. It uses existing principles of <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">green chemistry</a> and green engineering<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> to make nanomaterials and nano-products without toxic ingredients, at low temperatures using less energy and renewable inputs wherever possible, and using lifecycle thinking in all design and engineering stages.</p> <p>In addition to making nanomaterials and products with less impact to the environment, green nanotechnology also means using nanotechnology to make current manufacturing processes for non-nano materials and products more environmentally friendly. For example, nanoscale <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_membrane" title="Artificial membrane" class="mw-redirect">membranes</a> can help separate desired chemical reaction products from waste materials. Nanoscale <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysts</a> can make chemical reactions more efficient and less wasteful. <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">Sensors</a> at the <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoscopic_scale" title="Nanoscopic scale">nanoscale</a> can form a part of <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_control" title="Process control">process control systems</a>, working with nano-enabled information systems. Using <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_energy" title="Alternative energy">alternative energy</a> systems, made possible by nanotechnology, is another way to "green" manufacturing processes.</p> <p>The second goal of green nanotechnology involves developing products that benefit the environment either directly or indirectly. Nanomaterials or products directly can clean <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> sites, <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">desalinate water</a>, treat pollutants, or sense and monitor environmental pollutants. Indirectly, lightweight <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanocomposite" title="Nanocomposite">nanocomposites</a> for automobiles and other means of transportation could save fuel and reduce materials used for production; nanotechnology-enabled <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> and <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) could reduce pollution from energy generation and help conserve fossil fuels; self-cleaning nanoscale surface coatings could reduce or eliminate many cleaning chemicals used in regular maintenance routines;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> and enhanced battery life could lead to less material use and less waste. Green Nanotechnology takes a broad systems view of nanomaterials and products, ensuring that unforeseen consequences are minimized and that impacts are anticipated throughout the full life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><a href="#Current_research" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_research">Current research</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_nanotechnology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current research">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><a href="#Solar_cells" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Solar_cells">Solar cells</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_nanotechnology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Solar cells">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_applications_of_nanotechnology" title="Energy applications of nanotechnology">Energy applications of nanotechnology</a></div> <p>One major project that is being worked on is the development of nanotechnology in <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells" title="Solar cells" class="mw-redirect">solar cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Solar cells are more efficient as they get tinier and <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> is a <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable resource</a>. The price per watt of solar energy is lower than one dollar.</p> <p>Nanotechnology is already used to provide improved performance coatings for photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal panels. Hydrophobic and self-cleaning properties combine to create more efficient solar panels, especially during inclement weather. PV covered with nanotechnology coatings are said to stay cleaner for longer to ensure maximum energy efficiency is maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h3><a href="#Nanoremediation_and_water_treatment" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Nanoremediation_and_water_treatment">Nanoremediation and water treatment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_nanotechnology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nanoremediation and water treatment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main articles: <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofiltration" title="Nanofiltration">Nanofiltration</a> and <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoremediation" title="Nanoremediation">Nanoremediation</a></div> <p>Nanotechnology offers the potential of novel <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterial" title="Nanomaterial" class="mw-redirect">nanomaterials</a> for the treatment of surface water, <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>, and other environmental materials contaminated by toxic <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a> ions, organic and inorganic solutes, and <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>. Due to their unique activity toward recalcitrant contaminants, many nanomaterials are under active research and development for use in the treatment of water and contaminated sites.<sup id="cite_ref-CloeteTE_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CloeteTE-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karn2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karn2009-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The present market of nanotech-based technologies applied in water treatment consists of reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration membranes. Indeed, among emerging products one can name nanofiber filters, carbon nanotubes and various nanoparticles.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Nanotechnology is expected to deal more efficiently with contaminants which convectional water treatment systems struggle to treat, including bacteria, viruses and heavy metals. This efficiency generally stems from the very high specific surface area of nanomaterials which increases dissolution, reactivity and sorption of contaminants.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Some potential applications include:</p> <ul> <li>To maintain public health, pathogens in water need to be identified rapidly and reliably. Unfortunately, traditional laboratory culture tests take days to complete. Faster methods involving enzymes, immunological or genetic tests are under development.<sup id="cite_ref-CloeteTE_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CloeteTE-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Water filtration may be improved with the use of <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanofiber" title="Nanofiber">nanofiber</a> membranes and the use of nanobiocides, which appear promisingly effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Botes_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botes-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilms</a> are mats of bacteria wrapped in natural polymers. These can be difficult to treat with antimicrobials or other chemicals. They can be cleaned up mechanically, but at the cost of substantial down-time and labour. Work is in progress to develop enzyme treatments that may be able to break down such biofilms.<sup id="cite_ref-CloeteTE_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CloeteTE-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></li> </ul> <h3><a href="#Pollution" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Pollution">Pollution</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_nanotechnology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pollution">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Scientists have been researching the capabilities of <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a> in controlling pollution, as it may be able to control certain chemical reactions. Buckminsterfullerene has been demonstrated as having the ability of inducing the protection of reactive oxygen species and causing lipid peroxidation. This material may allow for hydrogen fuel to be more accessible to consumers.</p> <h2><a href="#See_also" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_nanotechnology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBI_Knowledgebase" title="NBI Knowledgebase">NBI Knowledgebase</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_microbiology" title="Environmental microbiology" class="mw-redirect">Environmental microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_microbiology" title="Industrial microbiology">Industrial microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Swach" title="Tata Swach">Tata Swach</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LifeSaver_bottle" title="LifeSaver bottle">LifeSaver bottle</a></li> </ul> <h2><a href="#References" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_nanotechnology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.nanotechproject.org/topics/green/">"Environment and Green Nano - Topics - Nanotechnology Project"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+nanotechnology&rft.btitle=Improved+Performance+Coatings&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanoshell.co.uk%2Fsolar-pv&rft.pub=nanoShell+Ltd&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-CloeteTE-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CloeteTE_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CloeteTE_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CloeteTE_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Cloete, TE et al (editor) (2010). <i>Nanotechnology in Water Treatment Applications</i>. <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caister_Academic_Press" title="Caister Academic Press">Caister Academic Press</a>. <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-66-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-66-0">978-1-904455-66-0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+nanotechnology&rft.au=Cloete%2C+TE+et+al+%28editor%29&rft.aulast=Cloete%2C+TE+et+al+%28editor%29&rft.btitle=Nanotechnology+in+Water+Treatment+Applications&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-66-0&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Karn2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karn2009_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Karn, Barbara; Todd Kuiken; Martha Otto (2009-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.jstor.org/stable/30249860">"Nanotechnology and in Situ Remediation: A Review of the Benefits and Potential Risks"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i> <b>117</b> (12): 1823–1831. <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6765">0091-6765</a>. <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.jstor.org/stable/30249860">30249860</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-18</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+nanotechnology&rft.atitle=Nanotechnology+and+in+Situ+Remediation%3A+A+Review+of+the+Benefits+and+Potential+Risks&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Karn%2C+Barbara&rft.aulast=Karn&rft.au=Martha+Otto&rft.au=Todd+Kuiken&rft.date=2009-12-01&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30249860&rft.issn=0091-6765&rft.issue=12&rft.jstor=30249860&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.pages=1823-1831&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=117" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Hanft, Susan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.bccresearch.com/"><i>Market Research Report Nanotechnology in water treatment</i></a>. Wellesley, MA USA: BCC Research. p. 16. <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1596237090" title="Special:BookSources/1596237090">1596237090</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+nanotechnology&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Hanft%2C+Susan&rft.aulast=Hanft&rft.btitle=Market+Research+Report+Nanotechnology+in+water+treatment&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bccresearch.com&rft.isbn=1596237090&rft.pages=16&rft.place=Wellesley%2C+MA+USA&rft.pub=BCC+Research&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.nanotechwater.com/">"Nanotechnology in water treatment"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+nanotechnology&rft.btitle=Nanotechnology+in+water+treatment&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nanotechwater.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Qu, Xiaolei; Alvarez, Pedro J J; Li, Qilin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23571110">"Applications of nanotechnology in water and wastewater treatment"</a>. <i>Water research</i> <b>47</b> (12): 3931–46. <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2012.09.058">10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.058</a>. <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier" class="mw-redirect">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23571110">23571110</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+nanotechnology&rft.atitle=Applications+of+nanotechnology+in+water+and+wastewater+treatment&rft.au=Alvarez%2C+Pedro+J+J&rft.aufirst=Xiaolei&rft.aulast=Qu&rft.au=Li%2C+Qilin&rft.au=Qu%2C+Xiaolei&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmed%2F23571110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.watres.2012.09.058&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23571110&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Water+research&rft.pages=3931-46&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=47" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Botes-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Botes_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Critical Reviews in Microbiology, 2010; 36(1): 68–81 "The potential of nanofibers and nanobiocides in water purification" Marelize Botes, and Thomas Eugene Cloete</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><a href="#Further_reading" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_nanotechnology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=9386.php">Evaluation of 'green' nanotechnology requires a full life cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/12/071218105420.htm">Nano Flakes May Revolutionize Solar Cells</a></li> </ul> <h2><a href="#External_links" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_nanotechnology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://greennano.org/">Safer Nanomaterials and Nanomanufacturing Initiative</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.cleantechlawandbusiness.com/">Clean Tech Law & Business</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.nanotechproject.org/">Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.nanolabweb.com/">Nanotechnology Lab</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.nano.gov/">National Nanotechnology Initiative</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://nano.berkeley.edu/">The Berkeley Nanosciences and Nanoengineering Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://epa.gov/ncer/nano/research/nano_green.html">Nanotechnology: Green Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://www.nanotech-now.com/">Nanotechnology Now</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://sei.nnin.org/doc/resource/green%20nano.pdf">“Can nanotechnology be green?”</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Technology" title="Template:Technology"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Technology" title="Template talk:Technology"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Technology&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none 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<th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Food technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">GURT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_in_agriculture" title="ICT in agriculture">ICT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_technology" title="Biomedical technology">Biomedical</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechatronics" title="Biomechatronics">Biomechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminformatics" title="Cheminformatics">Cheminformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_science" title="Healthcare science" class="mw-redirect">Healthcare science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">Medical research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technology" title="Medical technology" class="mw-redirect">Medical technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_technology" title="Reproductive technology">Reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Buildings</a> and<br/> <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_technology" title="Domestic technology">Domestic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade_engineering" title="Facade engineering">Facade engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software">Educational software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_technologies_in_education" title="Digital technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">Digital technologies in education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_in_education" title="Information and communication technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">ICT in education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_technology_on_the_educational_system" title="Impact of technology on the educational system" class="mw-redirect">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_learning" title="Multimedia learning" class="mw-redirect">Multimedia learning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_campus" title="Virtual campus">Virtual campus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_education" title="Virtual education" class="mw-redirect">Virtual education</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_technology" title="Energy technology">Energy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_energy_technology" title="Soft energy technology">Soft energy technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_coal_technology" title="Clean coal technology">Clean coal technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" title="Environmental engineering science">Environmental engineering science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Green nanotechnology</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_engineering" title="Landscape engineering">Landscape engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_technology" title="Industrial technology">Industrial</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_informatics" title="Business informatics">Business informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_engineering" title="Enterprise engineering">Enterprise engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_finance" title="Computational finance">Financial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" title="Industrial biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(historical)" title="Productivity improving technologies (historical)">Productivity improving technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">IT and communications</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_technology" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF_engineering" title="RF engineering" class="mw-redirect">RF engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_technology" title="Visual technology">Visual technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_engineering_maintenance" title="Army engineering maintenance">Army engineering maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Military communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology" class="mw-redirect">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_engineering" title="Transport engineering" class="mw-redirect">Transport engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">Electro-optics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering physics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabrication" title="Microfabrication">Microfabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoengineering" title="Nanoengineering">Nanoengineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">fields</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering" title="Audio engineering" class="mw-redirect">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_technology" title="Entertainment technology">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering" title="Protein engineering">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_technology" title="Quantum technology">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Components</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">Skill</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadget" title="Gadget">Gadget</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Scales</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtotechnology" title="Femtotechnology">Femtotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picotechnology" title="Picotechnology">Picotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megascale_engineering" title="Megascale engineering">Megascale engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Revolution" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">Theories</a> and<br/> concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_technology" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">Dual-use technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-technology" title="Low-technology" class="mw-redirect">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicism" title="Technicism">Technicism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoetic" title="Technoetic">Technoetic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoethics" title="Technoethics">Technoethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_alliance" title="Technological alliance">Technological alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_apartheid" title="Technological apartheid">Technological apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_escalation" title="Technological escalation">Technological escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_fix" title="Technological fix">Technological fix</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">Technological innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_momentum" title="Technological momentum">Technological momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_nationalism" title="Technological nationalism">Technological nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_rationality" title="Technological rationality">Technological rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revival" title="Technological revival">Technological revival</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_self-efficacy" title="Technological self-efficacy">Technological self-efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_somnambulism" title="Technological somnambulism">Technological somnambulism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">Technological transitions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" title="Technology lifecycle" class="mw-redirect">Technology lifecycle</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_adoption_lifecycle" title="Technology adoption lifecycle">Technology adoption lifecycle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technomancy" title="Technomancy">Technomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoromanticism" title="Technoromanticism">Technoromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_technology" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:High-technology_business_districts" title="Category:High-technology business districts">High-technology business districts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319091347/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale" 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