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Esindusdemokraatia – Vikipeedia

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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sisukord</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">vii külgpaanile</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">peida</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Algus</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ajalugu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ajalugu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ajalugu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ajalugu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rahvaesindajate_võim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rahvaesindajate_võim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rahvaesindajate võim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rahvaesindajate_võim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esindusdemokraatia_ja_muud_demokraatia_vormid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esindusdemokraatia_ja_muud_demokraatia_vormid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Esindusdemokraatia ja muud demokraatia vormid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Esindusdemokraatia_ja_muud_demokraatia_vormid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa &quot;Esindusdemokraatia ja muud demokraatia vormid&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Esindusdemokraatia_ja_muud_demokraatia_vormid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Esindusdemokraatia_ja_otsedemokraatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esindusdemokraatia_ja_otsedemokraatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Esindusdemokraatia ja otsedemokraatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esindusdemokraatia_ja_otsedemokraatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esindusdemokraatia_ja_osalusdemokraatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esindusdemokraatia_ja_osalusdemokraatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Esindusdemokraatia ja osalusdemokraatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esindusdemokraatia_ja_osalusdemokraatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kriitika_esindusdemokraatia_suhtes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kriitika_esindusdemokraatia_suhtes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kriitika esindusdemokraatia suhtes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kriitika_esindusdemokraatia_suhtes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Lülita ümber alaosa &quot;Kriitika esindusdemokraatia suhtes&quot;</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kriitika_esindusdemokraatia_suhtes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pakutud_lahendused" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakutud_lahendused"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pakutud lahendused</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakutud_lahendused-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Viited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sisukord" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Lülita sisukord ümber" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Lülita sisukord ümber</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esindusdemokraatia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mine teises keeles artiklisse. Saadaval 64 keeles" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 keelt</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repr%C3%A4sentative_Demokratie" title="Repräsentative Demokratie – šveitsisaksa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Repräsentative Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="šveitsisaksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديمقراطية تمثيلية – araabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمقراطية تمثيلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="araabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativa" title="Democracia representativa – astuuria" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Democracia representativa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astuuria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekopytyjoja_oporombuekovi%C3%A1va" title="Jekopytyjoja oporombuekoviáva – guaranii" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jekopytyjoja oporombuekoviáva" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranii" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCmay%C9%99nd%C9%99li_demokratiya" title="Nümayəndəli demokratiya – aserbaidžaani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nümayəndəli demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نوماینده‌لی دموکراسی – lõunaaserbaidžaani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوماینده‌لی دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="lõunaaserbaidžaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_perwakilan" title="Demokrasi perwakilan – indoneesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demokrasi perwakilan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_berperwakilan" title="Demokrasi berperwakilan – malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demokrasi berperwakilan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-g%C4%AB_b%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA" title="Tāi-gī bîn-chú – lõunamini" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-gī bîn-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="lõunamini" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Представителна демокрация – bulgaaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Представителна демокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democr%C3%A0cia_representativa" title="Democràcia representativa – katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Democràcia representativa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastupitelsk%C3%A1_demokracie" title="Zastupitelská demokracie – tšehhi" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zastupitelská demokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšehhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repr%C3%A6sentativt_demokrati" title="Repræsentativt demokrati – taani" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Repræsentativt demokrati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="taani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repr%C3%A4sentative_Demokratie" title="Repräsentative Demokratie – saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Repräsentative Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αντιπροσωπευτική δημοκρατία – kreeka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιπροσωπευτική δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy – inglise" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Representative democracy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativa" title="Democracia representativa – hispaania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Democracia representativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hispaania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprezenta_demokratio" title="Reprezenta demokratio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reprezenta demokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordezkaritzako_demokrazia" title="Ordezkaritzako demokrazia – baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ordezkaritzako demokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دموکراسی نیابتی – pärsia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دموکراسی نیابتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="pärsia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie_repr%C3%A9sentative" title="Démocratie représentative – prantsuse" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démocratie représentative" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="prantsuse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%A0%91_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%9C" title="간접 민주제 – korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간접 민주제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रतिनिधिक लोकतंत्र – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतिनिधिक लोकतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representatibo_a_demokrasia" title="Representatibo a demokrasia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Representatibo a demokrasia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulltr%C3%BAal%C3%BD%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Fulltrúalýðræði – islandi" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fulltrúalýðræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_rappresentativa" title="Democrazia rappresentativa – itaalia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Democrazia rappresentativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itaalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דמוקרטיה ייצוגית – heebrea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמוקרטיה ייצוגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heebrea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Келечилик демократия – karatšai-balkaari" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Келечилик демократия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatšai-balkaari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasiya_n%C3%BBner%C3%AE" title="Demokrasiya nûnerî – kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Demokrasiya nûnerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%89%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%99" title="ປະຊາທິປະໄຕແບບມີຜູ້ແທນ – lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະຊາທິປະໄຕແບບມີຜູ້ແທນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rst%C4%81vniecisk%C4%81_demokr%C4%81tija" title="Pārstāvnieciskā demokrātija – läti" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārstāvnieciskā demokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="läti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atstovaujamoji_demokratija" title="Atstovaujamoji demokratija – leedu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atstovaujamoji demokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="leedu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9pviseleti_demokr%C3%A1cia" title="Képviseleti demokrácia – ungari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Képviseleti demokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Посредна демократија – makedoonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Посредна демократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedoonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="წჷმმარინაფონი დემოკრატია – megreli" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წჷმმარინაფონი დემოკრატია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="megreli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_perwakilan" title="Demokrasi perwakilan – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Demokrasi perwakilan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representatieve_democratie" title="Representatieve democratie – hollandi" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Representatieve democratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollandi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="間接民主主義 – jaapani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="間接民主主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="jaapani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representativt_demokrati" title="Representativt demokrati – norra bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Representativt demokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norra bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representativt_demokrati" title="Representativt demokrati – uusnorra" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Representativt demokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="uusnorra" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativa" title="Democracia representativa – oksitaani" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Democracia representativa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਅਪ੍ਰਤੱਖ ਲੋਕਰਾਜ – pandžabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਪ੍ਰਤੱਖ ਲੋਕਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracja_po%C5%9Brednia" title="Demokracja pośrednia – poola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demokracja pośrednia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativa" title="Democracia representativa – portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Democracia representativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democra%C8%9Bie_reprezentativ%C4%83" title="Democrație reprezentativă – rumeenia" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Democrație reprezentativă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Представительная демократия – vene" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Представительная демократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="vene" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_democracy" title="Indirect democracy – lihtsustatud inglise" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indirect democracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="lihtsustatud inglise" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="پارلياماني جمھوريت – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پارلياماني جمھوريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepriama_demokracia" title="Nepriama demokracia – slovaki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nepriama demokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دیموکراسییەتی نوێنەرایەتی – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیموکراسییەتی نوێنەرایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Представничка демократија – serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Представничка демократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predstavni%C4%8Dka_demokratija" title="Predstavnička demokratija – serbia-horvaadi" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Predstavnička demokratija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbia-horvaadi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edustuksellinen_demokratia" title="Edustuksellinen demokratia – soome" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edustuksellinen demokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="soome" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representativ_demokrati" title="Representativ demokrati – rootsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Representativ demokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="rootsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சார்பாண்மை மக்களாட்சி – tamili" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்பாண்மை மக்களாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99" title="ประชาธิปไตยแบบมีผู้แทน – tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชาธิปไตยแบบมีผู้แทน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_ngh%E1%BB%8B" title="Dân chủ đại nghị – vietnami" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân chủ đại nghị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temsil%C3%AE_demokrasi" title="Temsilî demokrasi – türgi" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Temsilî demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="türgi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Представницька демократія – ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Представницька демократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="بالواسطہ جمہوریت – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بالواسطہ جمہوریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="代议民主制 – uu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="代议民主制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="uu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%BA_a%E1%B9%A3oj%C3%BA" title="Òṣèlú aṣojú – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òṣèlú aṣojú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E5%88%B6" title="代議政制 – kantoni" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="代議政制" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Allikas: Vikipeedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="et" dir="ltr"><div class="nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6739384">.mw-parser-output th.mbox-text,.mw-parser-output td.mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output td.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output table.ambox{margin:0 10%;border:1px solid #aaa;border-left:10px solid #1e90ff;background:#fbfbfb}.mw-parser-output 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.tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cmbox{background-color:#0d1a27}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}}</style></div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/35px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/53px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Edit-copy_orange_button.svg/70px-Edit-copy_orange_button.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="43" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>See artikkel</b> <b>vajab <a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Artiklite_toimetamine" title="Vikipeedia:Artiklite toimetamine">toimetamist</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small><i>(Märts 2009)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"> <br /><small>Palun aita <a class="external text" href="https://et.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;action=edit">artiklit toimetada</a>.</small> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Juhend:Toimetusm%C3%A4rkuste_eemaldamine" title="Juhend:Toimetusmärkuste eemaldamine">Kuidas ja millal see märkus eemaldada?</a>)</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Esindusdemokraatia</b> on <a href="/wiki/Demokraatia" title="Demokraatia">demokraatia</a> vorm, mille puhul rahvas teostab võimu enda valitud esindajate kaudu – valimistega.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kõik tänapäeva <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemaailm" title="Läänemaailm">läänemaailma</a> riigid on mingit tüüpi esindusdemokraatiad; näiteks <a href="/wiki/Suurbritannia" title="Suurbritannia">Suurbritannia</a> on <a href="/wiki/Parlamentaarne_monarhia" title="Parlamentaarne monarhia">parlamentaarne monarhia</a> ja <a href="/wiki/Eesti" title="Eesti">Eesti</a> on <a href="/wiki/Parlamentaarne_vabariik" title="Parlamentaarne vabariik">parlamentaarne vabariik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Parlamentaarses riigis <a href="/wiki/Valimised" title="Valimised">valib</a> rahvas oma esindajad ainult <a href="/wiki/Parlament" title="Parlament">parlamenti</a> (näiteks <a href="/wiki/Eesti" title="Eesti">Eestis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suurbritannia" title="Suurbritannia">Suurbritannias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rootsi" title="Rootsi">Rootsis</a>). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidentaalne_riik&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidentaalne riik (pole veel kirjutatud)">Presidentaalses riigis</a> (näiteks <a href="/wiki/Venemaa" title="Venemaa">Venemaal</a>, USA-s) valib rahvas nii parlamendi kui ka <a href="/wiki/President" title="President">presidendi</a>. Juhul kui parlament on kahekojaline, siis toimub <a href="/wiki/Rahvaesindaja" title="Rahvaesindaja">rahvaesindajate</a> valimine pigem alamkojas (nt <a href="/wiki/Suurbritannia_parlament" title="Suurbritannia parlament">Suurbritannia parlamendis</a>). </p><p>Esindusdemokraatiat peetakse tihti ainsaks <a href="/wiki/Massi%C3%BChiskond" title="Massiühiskond">massiühiskonnas</a> toimivaks demokraatia vormiks, sest laseb väiksel inimeste grupil esindada suuremat gruppi ning muudab sellega <a href="/wiki/Valitsemine" title="Valitsemine">valitsemise</a> tõhusamaks. Esindusdemokaratiat seostatakse poliitilise süsteemiga, mida tuntakse <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusvalitsus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Esindusvalitsus (pole veel kirjutatud)">esindusvalitsuse</a> nime all ning mis sai alguse 18. sajandil koos <a href="/wiki/Prantsuse_revolutsioon" title="Prantsuse revolutsioon">Prantsuse</a> ja Ameerika revolutsiooniga. See on süsteem, kus inimesed valivad endale esindajad, keda peetakse siis vastutavaks nende tegevuse eest valitsuses.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ajalugu">Ajalugu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Ajalugu&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Ajalugu&quot; lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rooma_Vabariik" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooma Vabariik">Rooma Vabariik</a> oli esimene riik <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemaailm" title="Läänemaailm">läänemaailmas</a>, mis rakendas esindusdemokraatiat, kuigi nende rahvakoosolekutel toimis otsese demokraatia vorm. Rooma valitsemise mudel inspireeris paljusid poliitilisi mõtlejaid mitmete sajandite jooksul <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ning tänapäevased esindusdemokraatiad imiteerivadki pigem Rooma kui Kreeka mudelit, kuna see oli riik, kus kõrgeim võim oli rahva ja nende valitud esindajate käes ning ka juht oli rahva valitud või nomineeritud.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Keskaegse Euroopa traditsioon valida monarhidele nõuandjaid eri seisustest tõi esindusvalitsemise idee rahvale lähemale. </p><p>Esindusdemokraata pälvis <a href="/wiki/Rahvusriik" title="Rahvusriik">rahvusriikides</a> rahva poolehoiu postindustriaalse revolutsiooni ajal, sest siis tekkis suurel hulgal rahvast huvi poliitika vastu, kuid rahvaarv ei lubanud kasutusele võtta <a href="/wiki/Otsedemokraatia" title="Otsedemokraatia">otsedemokraatiat</a>. </p><p>Maailma inimestest enamik elab esindusdemokraatias. Muuhulgas elavad nad ka konstitutsioonilistes monarhiates, kus rahvaesindajatel on rohkem võimu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rahvaesindajate_võim"><span id="Rahvaesindajate_v.C3.B5im"></span>Rahvaesindajate võim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Rahvaesindajate võim&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Rahvaesindajate võim&quot; lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esindusdemokraatias valib rahvas läbi valimiste <a href="/wiki/Riigiametnik" title="Riigiametnik">riigiametnikud</a>, kes võimu teostamisel neid esindavad. Kui ka <a href="/wiki/Riigipea" title="Riigipea">riigipea</a> valitakse demokraatlikult siis peetakse riiki demokraatlikuks <a href="/wiki/Vabariik" title="Vabariik">vabariigiks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rahvaesindaja" title="Rahvaesindaja">Rahvasaadikutel</a> võib olla võim seada ametisse teisi ametnikke, <a href="/wiki/President" title="President">presidente</a> ja teisi valitsuse töötajaid või <a href="/wiki/Seadusandlik_v%C3%B5im" title="Seadusandlik võim">seadusandliku võimu</a> teostajaid. Esindusdemokraatiat iseloomustab see, et kuigi rahvasaadikud valitakse rahva poolt ametisse selleks, et nad esindaksid oma valijate huve, säilib neil siiski õigus ise otsustada, kuidas täpselt oma nende huve teostada. See on aga tekitanud kriitikat esindusdemokraatia pihta.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rahvaesindajate võimu piirab tavaliselt põhiseadus milles on toodud välja meetmed esindajate võimu tasakaalustamiseks: </p> <ul><li>Iseseisev <a href="/wiki/Kohtuv%C3%B5im" title="Kohtuvõim">kohtuvõim</a>, millel on õigus kuulutada seadusandliku võimu esindajate otsused põhiseaduse vastaseks (nt Riigikohus).</li> <li>Põhiseadusse võib olla sisse kirjutatud ka <a href="/wiki/Deliberatiivne_demokraatia" title="Deliberatiivne demokraatia">arutlev demokraatia</a> või rahva otsustamine (nt <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>), kuid nende teostamine nõuab rahvasaadikute nõustumist sellega, mis tähendab, et seadusandlik võim jääb kindlalt rahvaesindajate kätte.</li> <li>Kahekojalise parlamendi puhul võib eksisteerida <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%9Clemkoda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ülemkoda (pole veel kirjutatud)">ülemkoda</a>, mida ei valita rahva poolt. (Nt <a href="/wiki/Suurbritannia_parlament" title="Suurbritannia parlament">Suurbritannia parlament</a>)</li></ul> <p>Teoreetikud, näiteks <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, usuvad, et rahvaesindajate kohustus ei ole mitte ainult edastada oma valijate soove, vaid ka rakendada oma isiklikku hinnangut poliitika elluviimisel, isegi kui need ei ühildu nende valijate soovidega.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Esindusdemokraatia_ja_muud_demokraatia_vormid">Esindusdemokraatia ja muud demokraatia vormid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Esindusdemokraatia ja muud demokraatia vormid&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Esindusdemokraatia ja muud demokraatia vormid&quot; lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuna esindusdemokraatia kõige suuremaks probleemiks võib pidada <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4ielik_l%C3%A4bipaistvus" title="Täielik läbipaistvus">täieliku läbipaistvuse</a> puudumist<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Vikipeedia:Viitamine" title="Vikipeedia:Viitamine"><span title="See väide vajab viidet.">viide?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> ja seetõttu võimu kaugenemist rahvast, siis rakendatakse paljudes kogukondades ühiskonna juhtimisel lisaks ka otsedemokraatia ja osalusdemokraatia põhimõtteid. </p><p>Otse- ja osalusdemokraatia probleemiks on võrreldes esindusdemokraatiaga suurem aja- ja muude ressursside kulu otsuste tegemisel. Seetõttu rakendatakse suuremate üksuste (<a href="/wiki/Linn" title="Linn">linn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riik" title="Riik">riik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Riikide_liit&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Riikide liit (pole veel kirjutatud)">riikide liit</a>) juhtimisel eelkõige esindusdemokraatiat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esindusdemokraatia_ja_otsedemokraatia">Esindusdemokraatia ja otsedemokraatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Esindusdemokraatia ja otsedemokraatia&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Esindusdemokraatia ja otsedemokraatia&quot; lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esindusdemokraatia vastandub otsedemokraatiale, mille puhul rahvas teostab oma võimu ise otsuseid tehes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esindusdemokraatia_ja_osalusdemokraatia">Esindusdemokraatia ja osalusdemokraatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Esindusdemokraatia ja osalusdemokraatia&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Esindusdemokraatia ja osalusdemokraatia&quot; lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Esindusdemokraatia teisendit, mis sisaldab otsedemokraatia elemente, kutsutakse osalusdemokraatiaks. Tavaliselt toimib osalusdemokraatia paremini väiksemate kogukondade või otsustusüksuste tasemel (näiteks <a href="/wiki/Perekond" title="Perekond">perekond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korteri%C3%BChistu" title="Korteriühistu">korteriühistu</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCla" title="Küla">küla</a>, kogukond). Selleks, et vähendada <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cksikisik" class="mw-redirect" title="Üksikisik">üksikisikust</a> kaugele jääva esindusdemokraatia vahenditega tehtud otsuste negatiivset mõju üksikisikule, peab võimalikult palju kohalikke probleeme leidma lahenduse väikestes <a href="/wiki/Kogukond" title="Kogukond">kogukondades</a>. Kõrgemate tasandite otsustada tuleb jätta ainult põhimõttelised küsimused. Nii pole ka vaja kõrgematele tasanditele suurtes kogustes <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6j%C3%B5ud" title="Tööjõud">tööjõudu</a> (<a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrokraatia" title="Bürokraatia">bürokraatia</a>), keda võib rakendada muul tööl. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kriitika_esindusdemokraatia_suhtes">Kriitika esindusdemokraatia suhtes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Kriitika esindusdemokraatia suhtes&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Kriitika esindusdemokraatia suhtes&quot; lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oma raamatus "Political Parties" kirjutas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Michels&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Michels (pole veel kirjutatud)">Robert Michels</a>, et enamik esindusvalitsemise vorme kaldub <a href="/wiki/Oligarhia" title="Oligarhia">oligarhia</a> või <a href="/wiki/Patriarhaat" title="Patriarhaat">patriarhiaadi</a> poole. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Gasser&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Gasser (pole veel kirjutatud)">Adolf Gasser</a> võrdles raamatus "Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas" stabiilseid ja ebastabiilseid esindusdemokraatiaid. Oma uurimuses tõi ta esindusdemokraatia püsimajäämiseks vajalikuna välja järgmised tingimused: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Chiskond" title="Ühiskond">Ühiskond</a> peab olema ehitatud alt üles. Siis on ühiskond ehitatud inimeste poolt, kes on vabad ning kellel on õigus kaitsta end relvadega.</li> <li>Need vabad inimesed loovad kohalikke kogukondi või ühinevad nendega. Sellised kohalikud kogukonnad on iseseisvad (ka majanduslikult) ning võivad vabalt kehtestada oma reegleid.</li> <li>Kohalikud kogukonnad kuuluvad ühiselt mingi kõrgema üksuse alla (nt.<a href="/wiki/Kanton_(%C5%A0veits)" title="Kanton (Šveits)">kantoni</a>).</li> <li>Puudub <a href="/wiki/Hierarhia" title="Hierarhia">hierarhiline</a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCrokraatia" title="Bürokraatia">bürokraatia</a>.</li> <li>Need kohalikud kogukonnad ei võistle omavahel (nt saadavate teenuste või maksude nimel).</li></ul> <p>Negatiivne oleks sellise valitsemisvormi juures see, et rahvasaadikud ei oleks kohustatud täitma valimiste eel antud lubadusi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakutud_lahendused">Pakutud lahendused</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Pakutud lahendused&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Pakutud lahendused&quot; lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Raamatus "La Stochocratie" pakkus Roger de Sizif välja süsteemi, kus rahvasaadikuid ei vali rahvas, vaid nad loositakse välja loterii teel. Sellise süsteemi abil loodetakse vähendada rikka eliidi mõjuvõimu poliitikale ning vältida oligarhiaks või patriarhaadiks muutumist.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viited">Viited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Viited&quot;" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>muuda</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esindusdemokraatia&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Muuda alaosa &quot;Viited&quot; lähteteksti"><span>muuda lähteteksti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160426140347/http://www.varivalimised.ee/valimised2015/pdf.php?id=37">https://web.archive.org/web/20160426140347/http://www.varivalimised.ee/valimised2015/pdf.php?id=37</a> Külastatud: 09.04.2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.euroinfo.ee/index.php?id=9&amp;cmd=go2">http://www.euroinfo.ee/index.php?id=9&amp;cmd=go2</a> Külastatud: 09.04.2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Manin, Bernard (1996) <i>The Principles of Representative Government.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, Titus (2002) <i>The Early History of Rome</i>. Penguin Classics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson (2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nolan, Cathal J (1999) <i>Maailma poliitika leksikon</i>. Tallinn: Olion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Köchler, Hans (1987).&#160;<i>The Crisis of Representative Democracy</i>. Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York: Lang. Laver, M.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Urbinati, Nadia (2006)&#160;<i>Representative Democracy: Principles and Genealogy.</i> Chicago: Chicago University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmund Burke (1854). <i>The works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke.</i> London: Henry G. Bohn</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_Sizif&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1">Roger de Sizif</a> (1998) <i>La Stochocratie.</i> Pariis: Les Belles Lettres</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐54f95c77b8‐brwv8 Cached time: 20241112131011 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.095 seconds Real time usage: 0.134 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 467/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4898/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 284/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 11/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6922/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.044/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1136505/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 109.082 1 -total 66.19% 72.198 1 Mall:ToimetaAeg 52.86% 57.660 1 Mall:Ambox 22.81% 24.887 1 Mall:Lisa_viide 15.73% 17.156 1 Mall:Fix 5.46% 5.957 1 Mall:Viited 5.43% 5.923 2 Mall:Category_handler 5.22% 5.696 1 Mall:Delink 1.92% 2.095 1 Mall:Main_other 1.85% 2.019 1 Mall:Fix/category --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key etwiki:pcache:idhash:6582-0!canonical and timestamp 20241112131011 and revision id 6149071. 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