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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Neander" title="August Neander – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="August Neander" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Neander" title="August Neander – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="August Neander" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Neander" title="August Neander – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="August Neander" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Neander" title="August Neander – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="August Neander" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8" title="אוגוסט ניאנדר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוגוסט ניאנדר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Neander" title="Augustus Neander – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Augustus Neander" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="اوجوسانت نياندير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوجوسانت نياندير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Wilhelm_Neander" title="Johann August Wilhelm Neander – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Johann August Wilhelm Neander" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Neander" title="August Neander – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="August Neander" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82" title="Неандер, Август – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Неандер, Август" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_August_Wilhelm_Neander" title="Johann August Wilhelm Neander – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Johann August Wilhelm Neander" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/August_Neander.jpg/220px-August_Neander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/August_Neander.jpg/330px-August_Neander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/August_Neander.jpg/440px-August_Neander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>August Neander</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Johann August Wilhelm Neander</b> (17 January 1789 –  14 July 1850) was a German <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theologian</a> and church historian.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Neander&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neander was born in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> as <b>David Mendel</b>. His father, Emmanuel Mendel, was said to have been a <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Peddler" title="Peddler">peddler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jew_in_the_Pew_website_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jew_in_the_Pew_website-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While very young, his parents separated and he moved with his mother to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. After completing <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> (<i>Johanneum</i>), he enrolled in a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">gymnasium</a> where he discovered <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. Some of his fellow students included <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Neumann" title="Wilhelm Neumann">Wilhelm Neumann</a>, writer <a href="/wiki/Karl_August_Varnhagen_von_Ense" title="Karl August Varnhagen von Ense">Karl August Varnhagen von Ense</a>, and poet <a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_from_Judaism_to_Christianity">Conversion from Judaism to Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Neander&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conversion from Judaism to Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neander's conversion from Judaism to Christianity was the largest change in his life and had a heavy impact upon both himself and his writing. Neander, along with his brothers and sisters, followed later by their mother, eventually left the synagogue and embraced Christianity. In his own personal conversion, Neander was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle John">Apostle John</a>, due to the similarity in the sentiment of John's writings to those of Plato.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neander's conversion has been likened to the conversion of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Saint Paul</a> of Tarsus,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the impact that his new faith had on his person, his work, his relationship with his students, and his attitude toward church history.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was baptized on 25 February 1806 at the age of 17 and adopted the name of Neander, or "new man" on becoming a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies">Studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Neander&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neander studied divinity at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle">University of Halle</a> under <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a>. Before the end of his first year year, the events of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> forced Neander to move to <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen</a> where he continued his studies, specialising in Plato and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, and studying theology under <a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Jakob_Planck" title="Gottlieb Jakob Planck">GJ Planck</a>. At this point Neander decided that the original investigation of Christian history would form the great work of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After university, he returned to Hamburg and passed his examination for the Christian ministry. However, after eighteen months, he decided on an academic career at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a> where two vacancies had occurred in the theological faculty of the university. He became a teacher of theology in 1811 and became a professor the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Neander&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this time, Neander published his first monograph, <i>Über den Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julianus</a> und sein Zeitalter</i>. The following year he was called to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>, where he was appointed Professor of Theology.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His pupils included <a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Pressens%C3%A9" title="Edmond de Pressensé">Edmond de Pressensé</a>. </p><p>He published a second monograph, <i>Der Heilige Bernhard und sein Zeitalter</i> in 1813, and a third <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> in 1818 (<i>Genetische Entwickelung der vornehmsten gnostischen Systeme</i>). A more extended monograph followed in 1822, <i>Der Heilige <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Johannes Chrysostomus</a> und die Kirche besonders des Orients in dessen Zeitalter</i>, with one on <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> in 1824 (<i>Antignostikus</i>). In 1824 he also cofounded the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Missionary_Society" title="Berlin Missionary Society">Berlin Missionary Society</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Friedrich_Leopold_von_Gerlach" title="Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach">Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_von_Bethmann-Hollweg" title="August von Bethmann-Hollweg">August von Bethmann-Hollweg</a> and others in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Neander began his work on Christian history in 1824 and published the first volume of <i>Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche</i> in 1825. The other volumes followed at intervals with the fifth in 1842, focusing on the period of <a href="/wiki/Boniface_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a>. A posthumous volume published in 1852, finished with the period of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Basel">Council of Basel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While working on these volumes, Neander also published several other books including; </p> <ul><li>Geschichte der Pflanzung und Leitung der christlichen Kirche durch die Apostel (1832)</li> <li>Das Leben Jesu Christi, in seinem geschichilichen Zusammenhang und seiner geschichtlichen Entwickelung (1837) (after Das Leben Jesu of <a href="/wiki/David_Strauss" title="David Strauss">David Strauss</a>).</li> <li>Denkwürdigkeiten aus der Geschichte des Christentums (1823-1824, 2 vols., 1825, 3 vols., 1846)</li> <li>Das Eine und Mannichfaltige des christlichen Lebens (1840)</li> <li>Various papers on <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Theobald_Thamer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theobald Thamer (page does not exist)">Theobald Thamer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blanco_White" title="Joseph Blanco White">Blanco White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arnold" title="Thomas Arnold">Thomas Arnold</a>, and other occasional pieces (<i>Kleine Gelegenheitsschriften</i>, 1829).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Several of his books went through multiple editions and were translated into English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Neander&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin,_Kreuzberg,_Zossener_Strasse,_Friedhof_I_Jerusalems-_und_Neue_Kirche,_Grab_August_Neander.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Berlin%2C_Kreuzberg%2C_Zossener_Strasse%2C_Friedhof_I_Jerusalems-_und_Neue_Kirche%2C_Grab_August_Neander.jpg/220px-Berlin%2C_Kreuzberg%2C_Zossener_Strasse%2C_Friedhof_I_Jerusalems-_und_Neue_Kirche%2C_Grab_August_Neander.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Berlin%2C_Kreuzberg%2C_Zossener_Strasse%2C_Friedhof_I_Jerusalems-_und_Neue_Kirche%2C_Grab_August_Neander.jpg/330px-Berlin%2C_Kreuzberg%2C_Zossener_Strasse%2C_Friedhof_I_Jerusalems-_und_Neue_Kirche%2C_Grab_August_Neander.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Berlin%2C_Kreuzberg%2C_Zossener_Strasse%2C_Friedhof_I_Jerusalems-_und_Neue_Kirche%2C_Grab_August_Neander.jpg/440px-Berlin%2C_Kreuzberg%2C_Zossener_Strasse%2C_Friedhof_I_Jerusalems-_und_Neue_Kirche%2C_Grab_August_Neander.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="3687" /></a><figcaption>Gravesite of August Neander at Friedhof I Jerusalems- und Neue Kirche in Berlin-Kreuzberg</figcaption></figure> <p>Neander died in Berlin on 14 July 1850, worn out and nearly blind. He died whilst dictating a page of his General history.<sup id="cite_ref-Jew_in_the_Pew_website_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jew_in_the_Pew_website-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His grave is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <i>Friedhof I der Jerusalems - und Neuen Kirchengemeinde</i> (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem%27s_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem's Church">Jerusalem's Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Dom" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Dom">New Church</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Kreuzberg" title="Kreuzberg">Berlin-Kreuzberg</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Hallesches_Tor_(Berlin_U-Bahn)" title="Hallesches Tor (Berlin U-Bahn)">Hallesches Tor</a>. </p><p>After his death, a succession of volumes representing his various courses of lectures appeared (1856-1864)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2022)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup>, in addition to the Lectures on the <i>History of Dogma</i> (<i>Theologische Vorlesungen</i>), which were edited by J. L. Jacobi in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bef%C3%BCrwortung_Neander_Heu%C3%9Finger_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bef%C3%BCrwortung_Neander_Heu%C3%9Finger_1850.jpg/220px-Bef%C3%BCrwortung_Neander_Heu%C3%9Finger_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bef%C3%BCrwortung_Neander_Heu%C3%9Finger_1850.jpg/330px-Bef%C3%BCrwortung_Neander_Heu%C3%9Finger_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bef%C3%BCrwortung_Neander_Heu%C3%9Finger_1850.jpg/440px-Bef%C3%BCrwortung_Neander_Heu%C3%9Finger_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Neander's own handwritten letter</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_influences">Personal influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Neander&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Neander&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after Neander's birth, his mother Esther divorced her husband and moved the family to Hamburg where they experienced a great deal of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Neander cherished this period in his life and described it in endearing terms as “men in all ages who…have been indebted to their pious mothers” for planting the seeds of faith in their hearts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This period in Neander's life had a profound effect on both his personal faith and his attitude towards life in general. Neander was often described as ‘wide-hearted’, ‘truthful’, ‘sincere’, ‘free from all the stuff of vanity’, ‘affectionate’, ‘innocent and pure of heart’.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Neander felt indebted to his teacher and later his friend and colleague Schleiermacher.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>“To exhibit the history of the church of Christ, as a living witness of the divine power of Christianity; as a school of Christian experience; a voice, a sounding through the ages, of instruction, of doctrine, and of reproof, for all who are disposed to listen.”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_history">Church history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Neander&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Church history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neander's principal work was the <i>General History of the Christian Religion and Church</i> (<i>Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche</i>). Each volume contrasted an era of ecclesiastical history with the church in Neander's own time. </p><p>His guiding principle in dealing both with history and with the contemporary condition of the church was "that Christianity has room for the various tendencies of human nature, and aims at permeating and glorifying them all; that according to the divine plan these various tendencies are to occur successively and simultaneously and to counterbalance each other, so that the freedom and variety of the development of the spiritual life ought not to be forced into a single dogmatic form" (<a href="/wiki/Otto_Pfleiderer" title="Otto Pfleiderer">Otto Pfleiderer</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Neander&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBennett2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, Joshua (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/august-neander-and-the-religion-of-history-in-the-nineteenthcentury-priesthood-of-letters/323B8F61E9376B3C52D1798D58A18649">"August Neander and the Religion of History in the Nineteenth-Century 'priesthood of Letters'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Historical Journal</i>. <b>63</b> (3): 633–659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X19000645">10.1017/S0018246X19000645</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213324484">213324484</a>.</cite><span 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href="#cite_ref-Jew_in_the_Pew_website_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewinthepew.org/2015/01/17/17-janaury-1789-birth-of-david-mendel-auguste-neander-onthisday-otdimjh/">Jew in the Pew website</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Neander,_Johann_August_Wilhelm" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Neander, Johann August Wilhelm">Neander, Johann August Wilhelm</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neander%2C+Johann+August+Wilhelm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=321&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg1851" class="citation journal cs1">Hogg, James (1851). "Portrait Gallery - Neander - Second Paper". <i>Hogg's Instructor</i>. <b>7</b>: 409–410 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hogg%27s+Instructor&rft.atitle=Portrait+Gallery+-+Neander+-+Second+Paper&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=409-410&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1886" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (1886). <i>Saint Augustin, Melancthon, Neander: Three Biographies</i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalis Publishers. p. 133 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Augustin%2C+Melancthon%2C+Neander%3A+Three+Biographies&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalis+Publishers&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg1851" class="citation journal cs1">Hogg, James (1851). "Portrait Gallery - Neander - Second Paper". <i>Hogg's Instructor</i>. <b>7</b>: 410 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hogg%27s+Instructor&rft.atitle=Portrait+Gallery+-+Neander+-+Second+Paper&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=410&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1869" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, H.B. (1869). "Neander's Last Birthday". <i>Hours at Home: Popular Monthly of Instruction and Recreation</i>: 346–352 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hours+at+Home%3A+Popular+Monthly+of+Instruction+and+Recreation&rft.atitle=Neander%27s+Last+Birthday&rft.pages=346-352&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=H.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4636-converts-to-christianity-modern">"CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY, MODERN - JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.jewishencyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=CONVERTS+TO+CHRISTIANITY%2C+MODERN+-+JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4636-converts-to-christianity-modern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Zollner" class="citation book cs1">Zöllner, Linda; Heese, J.A. (1984). <i>The Berlin Missionaries in South Africa and their Descendants</i>. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, Institute for Historial Research. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0796900108" title="Special:BookSources/0796900108"><bdi>0796900108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berlin+Missionaries+in+South+Africa+and+their+Descendants&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Human+Sciences+Research+Council%2C+Institute+for+Historial+Research&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0796900108&rft.aulast=Z%C3%B6llner&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Heese%2C+J.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1857" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (1857). <i>Germany: Its Universities, Theology, and Religion; With Sketches of Neander, Tholuck, Olsausen, Hengstenberg, Twesten, Nitzsch, Muller, Ullmann, Rothe, Dorner, Lange, Ebrard, Wichern, and Other Distinguished German Devines of the Age</i>. Philadelphia: Lindsay and Blakiston. p. 262 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+Its+Universities%2C+Theology%2C+and+Religion%3B+With+Sketches+of+Neander%2C+Tholuck%2C+Olsausen%2C+Hengstenberg%2C+Twesten%2C+Nitzsch%2C+Muller%2C+Ullmann%2C+Rothe%2C+Dorner%2C+Lange%2C+Ebrard%2C+Wichern%2C+and+Other+Distinguished+German+Devines+of+the+Age.&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Lindsay+and+Blakiston&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeander1854" class="citation book cs1">Neander, Augustus (1854). <i>History of the Planting and Training of the Christian Church</i>. Crocker & Brewster. p. 217 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Planting+and+Training+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Neander&rft.aufirst=Augustus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Recollections of Neander". <i>Littell's Living Age</i>. <b>30</b>: 163–69. 1851 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Littell%27s+Living+Age&rft.atitle=Recollections+of+Neander&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=163-69&rft.date=1851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1886" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (1886). <i>Saint Augustin, Melancthon, Neander: Three Biographies</i>. Funk & Wagnalis Publishers. p. 138 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Augustin%2C+Melancthon%2C+Neander%3A+Three+Biographies&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalis+Publishers&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley_&_Muller2016" class="citation book cs1">Bradley & Muller (2016). <i>Church History: An Introduction to Research, Reference Works and Methods</i>. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History%3A+An+Introduction+to+Research%2C+Reference+Works+and+Methods&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+MI&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Bradley+%26+Muller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeander1854" class="citation book cs1">Neander, Augustus (1854). <i>General History of the Christian Religion and Church. Translated From the Second and Improved Edition by Joseph Torrey. Volume First</i>. Crocker & Brewster. p. 16 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+History+of+the+Christian+Religion+and+Church.+Translated+From+the+Second+and+Improved+Edition+by+Joseph+Torrey.+Volume+First&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Crocker+%26+Brewster&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Neander&rft.aufirst=Augustus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugust+Neander" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=August_Neander&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%22Neander%2C+August%2C+1789-1850%22">Works 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67183#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q67183#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122772579">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/20475650">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/301353/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8H9wkH9dCftvJw7pVmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118738240">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92031430">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10709382j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10709382j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Neander, August"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV118837">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35682794">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2010607607&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1380799">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070233837">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90803641">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000275154&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000566357">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=158556">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dgkwfl57qjc2h">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810588095005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/149535">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265808605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07169564?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1040663">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118738240.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118738240">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/075176521">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6894nv0">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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