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<ul id="toc-Evangelical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_university" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_university"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 At university </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_university-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican_ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Anglican ministry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican_ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxford_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Oxford Movement </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oxford_Movement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Oxford Movement subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Oxford_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mediterranean_travels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mediterranean_travels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Mediterranean travels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mediterranean_travels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracts_for_the_Times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracts_for_the_Times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Tracts for the Times </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracts_for_the_Times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doubts_and_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doubts_and_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Doubts and opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doubts_and_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat_to_Littlemore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat_to_Littlemore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Retreat to Littlemore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat_to_Littlemore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Conversion to Catholicism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conversion_to_Catholicism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Conversion to Catholicism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oratorian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oratorian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Oratorian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oratorian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectures_on_the_Present_Position_of_Catholics_in_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectures_on_the_Present_Position_of_Catholics_in_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectures_on_the_Present_Position_of_Catholics_in_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achilli_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achilli_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Achilli trial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achilli_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Educator </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_with_other_converts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_with_other_converts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Relationships with other converts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_with_other_converts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Apologia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Later years and death </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later years and death subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cardinalate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cardinalate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cardinalate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cardinalate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Remains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Writer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theologian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theologian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Theologian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theologian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Character_and_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Character_and_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Character and relationships </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Character_and_relationships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Character and relationships subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Character_and_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Celibacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celibacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Celibacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celibacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friendships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Friendships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussion_about_potential_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion_about_potential_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Discussion about potential homosexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussion_about_potential_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Influence and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Tertiary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause_for_canonisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause_for_canonisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Cause for canonisation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cause_for_canonisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cause for canonisation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cause_for_canonisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feast_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Feast day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">John Henry Newman</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جون هنري نيومان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون هنري نيومان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джон Генры Ньюман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Генры Ньюман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86" title="جان هنری نیومن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان هنری نیومن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_%EB%89%B4%EB%A8%BC" title="존 헨리 뉴먼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 헨리 뉴먼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Henricus_Newman" title="Ioannes Henricus Newman – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Henricus Newman" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ജോൺ ഹെൻറി ന്യൂമാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ ഹെൻറി ന്യൂമാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جون هنرى نيومان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون هنرى نيومان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・ヘンリー・ニューマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ヘンリー・ニューマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86" title="جان هنري نيومن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان هنري نيومن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Henryk_Newman" title="Jan Henryk Newman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan Henryk Newman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ньюмен, Джон Генри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ньюмен, Джон Генри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜான் ஹென்றி நியூமன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜான் ஹென்றி நியூமன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джон Генрі Ньюмен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Генрі Ньюмен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Henry Newman" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BA%BD%E6%9B%BC" title="若望·亨利·纽曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="若望·亨利·纽曼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E6%9C%9B%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%B4%90%E6%9B%BC" title="若望·亨利·紐曼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="若望·亨利·紐曼" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44490#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English cleric and cardinal (1801–1890)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the English cardinal. For the Bohemian-American bishop, see <a href="/wiki/John_Neumann" title="John Neumann">John Neumann</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cardinal Newman" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Newman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cardinal Newman (disambiguation)">Cardinal Newman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;color: #202122; background-color: #FFA4A4;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/His_Eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="His Eminence">His Eminence</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline" class="fn">John Henry Newman</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;display:inline;"><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Oratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Oratory">CO</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader role"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Deacon">Cardinal-Deacon</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Giorgio_in_Velabro" title="San Giorgio in Velabro">San Giorgio in Velabro</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="John Henry Newman by Herbert Rose Barraud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Photo_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/220px-Photo_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Photo_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/330px-Photo_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Photo_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/440px-Photo_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1231" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Photograph by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Rose_Barraud" title="Herbert Rose Barraud">Herbert Rose Barraud</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1885</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Church</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointed</th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1879</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Term ended</th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1890</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Martinelli" title="Tommaso Martinelli">Tommaso Martinelli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Aidan_Gasquet" title="Francis Aidan Gasquet">Francis Aidan Gasquet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other post(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxbridge_Fellow" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxbridge Fellow">Fellow</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College, Oxford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Provost_(religion)" title="Provost (religion)">Provost</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Birmingham Oratory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Orders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordination</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>13 June 1824 (Anglican deacon)</li><li>29 May 1825 (Anglican priest)</li><li>30 May 1847 (Catholic priest)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created cardinal</th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1879 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal deacon">Cardinal deacon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Henry Newman</div> (1801-02-21)21 February 1801 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1890(1890-08-11) (aged 89) <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, Birmingham, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data">Oratory Retreat Cemetery Rednal, Metropolitan Borough of Birmingham, West Midlands, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Denomination</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> (1824–1845)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (1845–1890)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>John Newman (died 1824)</li><li>Jemima Fourdrinier (1772–1836)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Oxford" title="Trinity College, Oxford">Trinity College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Cor ad cor loquitur ('Heart speaks unto heart')</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Henry_Newman_-_Subskribo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Henry Newman's signature"><img alt="John Henry Newman's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/John_Henry_Newman_-_Subskribo.svg/130px-John_Henry_Newman_-_Subskribo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/John_Henry_Newman_-_Subskribo.svg/195px-John_Henry_Newman_-_Subskribo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/John_Henry_Newman_-_Subskribo.svg/260px-John_Henry_Newman_-_Subskribo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="99" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coat of arms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Henry Newman's coat of arms"><img alt="John Henry Newman's coat of arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1156" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background-color:#DDDDDD;">Sainthood</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Feast day</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>9 October (Catholic Church)</li><li>11 August (Church of England)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Beatified</th><td class="infobox-data">19 September 2010 <a href="/wiki/Cofton_Park" title="Cofton Park">Cofton Park</a>, Birmingham, England by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canonized</th><td class="infobox-data">13 October 2019 <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Peter's Square">Saint Peter's Square</a>,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data">Cardinal's attire, <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">Oratorian habit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patronage</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham">Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham</a>; <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poets</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Shrines</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Birmingham Oratory</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr />Philosophy career<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apologia_Pro_Vita_Sua" title="Apologia Pro Vita Sua">Apologia Pro Vita Sua</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tract_90" title="Tract 90">Tract 90</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_of_Assent" title="Grammar of Assent">Grammar of Assent</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" title="Faith and rationality">Faith and rationality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_epistemology" title="Religious epistemology">Religious epistemology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_education" title="Liberal education">Liberal education</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_doctrine" title="Development of doctrine">Development of doctrine</a></li><li>Primacy of <a href="/wiki/Conscience" title="Conscience">conscience</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_morality#Argument_for_conscience" title="Argument from morality">Argument for conscience</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Illative_sense" title="Illative sense">Illative sense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Apologia" title="Apologia">Apologia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="font-weight:bold; background-color: #FFCF00 ;"> Ordination history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em; background-color:#eee">History</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #333; border-top: 3px solid #333">Priestly ordination</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ordained by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Filippo_Fransoni" title="Giacomo Filippo Fransoni">Giacomo Filippo Fransoni</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 1847<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#f2f2f2;"><div style="background:#f2f2f2; border-bottom: 3px solid #FF2400; border-top: 3px solid #FF2400">Cardinalate</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">12 May 1879<a href="#cite_note-:0-10">[10]</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" 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style="border: 4px double #36c; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Conservatism in the United Kingdom">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">Conservatism in the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_variant_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="479" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkean_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkean conservatism">Burkean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Nigel_Farage" title="Political positions of Nigel Farage">Faragism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Michael_Gove" title="Political positions of Michael Gove">Goveism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_Kingdom" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Tories" title="Ultra-Tories">Ultra</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalism" title="Loyalism">Loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Royalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Whigs" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Whigs">Old Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_England" title="Young England">Young England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_Kingdom" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Bagehot" title="Walter Bagehot">Bagehot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Clark_(economist)" title="Gregory Clark (economist)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Cowling" title="Maurice Cowling">Cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Dalrymple" title="Theodore Dalrymple">Dalrymple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson (Samuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kemp_(writer)" title="Peter Kemp (writer)">Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Laslett" title="Peter Laslett">Laslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ludovici" title="Anthony Ludovici">Ludovici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Michael)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neema_Parvini" title="Neema Parvini">Parvini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fitzjames_Stephen" title="James Fitzjames Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Waugh" title="Evelyn Waugh">Waugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Cates" title="Miriam Cates">Cates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Farage" title="Nigel Farage">Farage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Gove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Hannan" title="Daniel Hannan">Hannan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hayes_(British_politician)" title="John Hayes (British politician)">Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintin_Hogg,_Baron_Hailsham_of_St_Marylebone" title="Quintin Hogg, Baron Hailsham of St Marylebone">Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson (Boris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Leigh" title="Edward Leigh">Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt (the Younger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Willetts" title="David Willetts">Willetts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Amis" title="Martin Amis">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Benjamin" title="Carl Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bowden" title="Jonathan Bowden">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Cohen" title="Nick Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cole_(journalist)" title="Harry Cole (journalist)">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Evans_(comedian)" title="Simon Evans (comedian)">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forsyth" title="Frederick Forsyth">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goodwin" title="Matthew Goodwin">Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Hanbury-Tracy,_7th_Baron_Sudeley" title="Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley">Hanbury-Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Kisin" title="Konstantin Kisin">Kisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Lunn" title="Arnold Lunn">Lunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore,_Baron_Moore_of_Etchingham" title="Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Morgan" title="Piers Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Nelson" title="Fraser Nelson">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Oakeshott" title="Isabel Oakeshott">Oakeshott (Isabel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Sullivan_(columnist)" title="John O'Sullivan (columnist)">O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Perry" title="Louise Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pryce-Jones" title="David Pryce-Jones">Pryce-Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Tominey" title="Camilla Tominey">Tominey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Turner_(journalist)" title="Derek Turner (journalist)">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Veitch" title="Charles Veitch">Veitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Verity" title="Ted Verity">Verity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_West_(journalist)" title="Ed West (journalist)">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Worsthorne" title="Peregrine Worsthorne">Worsthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Young" title="Toby Young">Young</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tamworth_Manifesto" title="Tamworth Manifesto">Tamworth Manifesto</a>" (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Heroes,_Hero-Worship,_%26_the_Heroic_in_History" title="On Heroes, Hero-Worship, & the Heroic in History">On Heroes</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coningsby_(novel)" title="Coningsby (novel)">Coningsby</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybil_(novel)" title="Sybil (novel)">Sybil</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_Anarchy" title="Culture and Anarchy">Culture and Anarchy</a> (1867–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_(book)" title="Orthodoxy (book)">Orthodoxy</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a> (1912)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tradition_and_the_Individual_Talent" title="Tradition and the Individual Talent">Tradition and the Individual Talent</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Whig_Interpretation_of_History" class="mw-redirect" title="The Whig Interpretation of History">The Whig Interpretation of History</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Was_Never_Right" title="The Left Was Never Right">The Left Was Never Right</a> (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Blood_speech" title="Rivers of Blood speech">Rivers of Blood</a>" (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Culture,_What%27s_Left_of_It" title="Our Culture, What's Left of It">Our Culture, What's Left of It</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mass:_Apocalyptic_Religion_and_the_Death_of_Utopia" title="Black Mass: Apocalyptic Religion and the Death of Utopia">Black Mass</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rage_Against_God" title="The Rage Against God">The Rage Against God</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Degeneration" title="The Great Degeneration">The Great Degeneration</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Son_Also_Rises_(book)" title="The Son Also Rises (book)">The Son Also Rises</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Be_a_Conservative" title="How to Be a Conservative">How to Be a Conservative</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism:_An_Invitation_to_the_Great_Tradition" title="Conservatism: An Invitation to the Great Tradition">Conservatism</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strange_Death_of_Europe" title="The Strange Death of Europe">The Strange Death of Europe</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_Crowds:_Gender,_Race_and_Identity" title="The Madness of Crowds: Gender, Race and Identity">The Madness of Crowds</a> (2019)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_EPP:_European_People%27s_Party_UK" title="Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK">Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Peoples_Alliance" title="Christian Peoples Alliance">Christian Peoples Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative and Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Party_(UK)" title="Heritage Party (UK)">Heritage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_UK" title="Reform UK">Reform UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Unionist_Voice" title="Traditional Unionist Voice">Traditional Unionist Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Britain_Movement" title="For Britain Movement">For Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_and_People%27s_Party" title="Veterans and People's Party">Veterans and People's Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Bailey" title="Allison Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellie-Jay_Keen-Minshull" title="Kellie-Jay Keen-Minshull">Keen-Minshull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marshall_(investor)" title="Paul Marshall (investor)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Montgomerie" title="Tim Montgomerie">Montgomerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Stroud,_Baroness_Stroud" title="Philippa Stroud, Baroness Stroud">Stroud</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/55_Tufton_Street" title="55 Tufton Street">55 Tufton Street</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Policy_Studies" title="Centre for Policy Studies">Centre for Policy Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">IEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGB_Alliance" title="LGB Alliance">LGB Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Watch_UK" title="Migration Watch UK">Migration Watch UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_Blue_(organisation)" title="Bright Blue (organisation)">Bright Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Collar_Conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Collar Conservativism">Blue Collar Conservativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democratic_Alliance" title="Conservative Democratic Alliance">Conservative Democratic Alliance</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Philosophy_Group" title="Conservative Philosophy Group">Conservative Philosophy Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Group" title="Cornerstone Group">Cornerstone Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Research_Group" title="European Research Group">European Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Association" title="The Freedom Association">The Freedom Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Speech_Union" title="Free Speech Union">Free Speech Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Swinton_Circle" title="London Swinton Circle">London Swinton Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_Club" title="Monday Club">Monday Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference#2023_conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NATCON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Nation_Conservatives_(caucus)" title="One Nation Conservatives (caucus)">One Nation Conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Conservative_Association" title="Oxford University Conservative Association">Oxford University Conservative Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Book_Club" title="Right Book Club">Right Book Club</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Conservative_Caucus" title="Revolutionary Conservative Caucus">Revolutionary Conservative Caucus</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_Reform_Group" title="Tory Reform Group">Tory Reform Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Britain_Group" title="Traditional Britain Group">Traditional Britain Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_UK" title="Turning Point UK">Turning Point UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Goals_Institute" title="Western Goals Institute">Western Goals Institute</a> (Defunct)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Herald" title="Catholic Herald">Catholic Herald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservativeHome" title="ConservativeHome">ConservativeHome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Critic_(modern_magazine)" title="The Critic (modern magazine)">The Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express#Sunday_Express" title="Daily Express">Sunday Express</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Sceptic" title="The Daily Sceptic">The Daily Sceptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evening_Standard" title="Evening Standard">Evening Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GB_News" title="GB News">GB News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Review" title="The Salisbury Review">The Salisbury Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator" title="The Spectator">The Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_on_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun on Sunday">The Sun on Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTV_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TalkTV (British TV channel)">TalkTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnHerd" title="UnHerd">UnHerd</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Analytica" title="Cambridge Analytica">Cambridge Analytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Censorship in the United Kingdom">Censorship in the UK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hate speech laws in the United Kingdom">Hate speech legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Noel_Skelton#Constructive_conservatism" title="Noel Skelton">Constructive conservatism</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">Great man theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_conservatives" title="List of British conservatives">List of British conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merry_England" title="Merry England">Merry England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Sullivan%27s_first_law" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Sullivan's first law">O'Sullivan's first law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Thomas_Carlyle" title="Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle">Philosophy of Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in the United Kingdom">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Populism:_The_Revolt_Against_Liberal_Democracy" title="National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy">National Populism</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#United_Kingdom" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_UK" title="Template talk:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> John Henry Newman <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Oratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Oratory">CO</a> (21 February 1801 – 11 August 1890) was an <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">English Catholic</a> theologian, academic, philosopher, historian, writer, and poet. He was previously an <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> priest and after his conversion became a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a>. He was an important and controversial figure in the religious history of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> in the 19th century and was known nationally by the mid-1830s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley2003201-11">[11]</a> He <a href="/wiki/Canonisation_of_John_Henry_Newman" title="Canonisation of John Henry Newman">was canonised</a> as a Catholic saint in 2019. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratory of St. Philip Neri</a>. Originally an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Anglicanism" title="Evangelical Anglicanism">evangelical</a> academic at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and priest in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, Newman was drawn to the <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> tradition of Anglicanism. He became one of the more notable leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>, an influential and controversial grouping of Anglicans who wished to restore to the Church of England many Catholic beliefs and liturgical rituals from before the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. In this, the movement had some success. After publishing his controversial <a href="/wiki/Tract_90" title="Tract 90">Tract 90</a> in 1841, Newman later wrote: "I was on my death-bed, as regards my membership with the Anglican Church."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In 1845, Newman resigned his teaching post at Oxford University, and, joined by some but not all of his followers, officially left the Church of England and was received into the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. He was quickly ordained as a priest and continued as an influential religious leader, based in Birmingham. In 1879, he was created a cardinal by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> in recognition of his services to the cause of the Catholic Church in England. He was instrumental in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Ireland" title="Catholic University of Ireland">Catholic University of Ireland</a> in 1854, which later became <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199096–112-13">[13]</a> Newman was also a literary figure: his major writings include the <a href="/wiki/Tracts_for_the_Times" title="Tracts for the Times">Tracts for the Times</a> (1833–1841), his autobiography <a href="/wiki/Apologia_Pro_Vita_Sua" title="Apologia Pro Vita Sua">Apologia Pro Vita Sua</a> (1864), the <a href="/wiki/Grammar_of_Assent" title="Grammar of Assent">Grammar of Assent</a> (1870), and the poem <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Gerontius_(poem)" title="The Dream of Gerontius (poem)">The Dream of Gerontius</a> (1865),<a href="#cite_note-CEnc-14">[14]</a> which was <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Gerontius" title="The Dream of Gerontius">set to music</a> in 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Edward Elgar</a>. He wrote the popular hymns "<a href="/wiki/Lead,_Kindly_Light" title="Lead, Kindly Light">Lead, Kindly Light</a>", "Firmly I believe, and truly", and "Praise to the Holiest in the Height" (the latter two taken from Gerontius). Newman's <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a> was proclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> on 19 September 2010 during <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI%27s_visit_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Benedict XVI's visit to the United Kingdom">his visit to the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beatification-15">[15]</a> His <a href="/wiki/Canonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonisation">canonisation</a> was officially approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> on 12 February 2019,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and took place on 13 October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> He is the fifth saint of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> (born in Cheapside), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> (born on Milk Street), <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a> (son of a London bookseller) and <a href="/wiki/Polydore_Plasden" title="Polydore Plasden">Polydore Plasden</a> (of Fleet Street).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Newman was born on 21 February 1801 in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CEnc-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> the eldest of a family of three sons and three daughters.<a href="#cite_note-Velez2011-21">[21]</a> His father, John Newman, was a banker with Ramsbottom, Newman and Company in <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street,_London" title="Lombard Street, London">Lombard Street</a>. His mother, Jemima (née Fourdrinier), was descended from a notable family of <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> refugees in England, founded by the engraver, printer and stationer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Fourdrinier" title="Paul Fourdrinier">Paul Fourdrinier</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Newman" title="Francis William Newman">Francis William Newman</a> was a younger brother. His younger sister, Harriet Elizabeth, married <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mozley" title="Thomas Mozley">Thomas Mozley</a>, also prominent in the Oxford Movement.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[22]</a> The family lived in Southampton Street (now Southampton Place) in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a> and bought a country retreat in <a href="/wiki/Ham,_London" title="Ham, London">Ham</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Richmond_upon_Thames" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond upon Thames">Richmond</a>, in the early 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> At the age of seven Newman was sent to <a href="/wiki/Great_Ealing_School" title="Great Ealing School">Great Ealing School</a> conducted by George Nicholas. There George Huxley, father of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a>, taught mathematics,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and Walter Mayers taught classics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley200318-25">[25]</a> Newman took no part in the casual school games.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley200311-26">[26]</a> He was a great reader of the novels of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, then in course of publication,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>. Aged 14, he read sceptical works by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley200313-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evangelical">Evangelical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evangelical">edit</a>]</div> At the age of 15, during his last year at school, Newman converted to <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Christianity</a>, an incident of which he wrote in his Apologia that it was "more certain than that I have hands or feet".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Almost at the same time (March 1816) the bank Ramsbottom, Newman and Co. crashed, though it paid its creditors, and his father left to manage a brewery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley200313–14-30">[30]</a> Mayers, who had himself undergone a conversion in 1814, lent Newman books from the English <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley200318-25">[25]</a> "It was in the autumn of 1816 that Newman fell under the influence of a definite creed and received into his intellect impressions of <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> never afterwards effaced."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> He became an evangelical Calvinist and held the typical belief that the Pope was the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">antichrist</a> under the influence of the writings of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Newton" title="Thomas Newton">Thomas Newton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley200319-31">[31]</a> as well as his reading of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Milner_(priest)" title="Joseph Milner (priest)">Joseph Milner</a>'s History of the Church of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[22]</a> Mayers is described as a moderate, <a href="/wiki/Clapham_Sect" title="Clapham Sect">Clapham Sect</a> Calvinist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley200321-32">[32]</a> and Newman read <a href="/wiki/William_Law" title="William Law">William Law</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge_(bishop)" title="William Beveridge (bishop)">William Beveridge</a> in devotional literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley200322-33">[33]</a> He also read The Force of Truth by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scott_(commentator)" title="Thomas Scott (commentator)">Thomas Scott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Although to the end of his life, Newman looked back on his conversion to Evangelical Christianity in 1816 as the saving of his soul, he began to shift away from his early Calvinism. As <a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Eamon Duffy</a> puts it, "He came to see Evangelicalism, with its emphasis on religious feeling and on the Reformation doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith_alone" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith alone">justification by faith alone</a>, as a Trojan horse for an undogmatic religious <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> that ignored the Church's role in the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Revealed_truth" class="mw-redirect" title="Revealed truth">revealed truth</a>, and that must lead inexorably to <a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">subjectivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Duffy-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_university">At university</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: At university">edit</a>]</div> Newman's name was entered at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a>. He was, however, sent shortly to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Oxford" title="Trinity College, Oxford">Trinity College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, where he studied widely. His anxiety to do well in the final schools produced the opposite result; he broke down in the examination, under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vowler_Short" title="Thomas Vowler Short">Thomas Vowler Short</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and so graduated as a BA "under the line" (with lower second class honours in Classics, and having failed classification in the Mathematical Papers). Desiring to remain in Oxford, Newman then took private pupils and read for a <a href="/wiki/Teaching_fellow" title="Teaching fellow">fellowship</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford" title="Oriel College, Oxford">Oriel College</a>, then "the acknowledged centre of Oxford intellectualism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> He was elected a fellow at Oriel on 12 April 1822. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey" title="Edward Bouverie Pusey">Edward Bouverie Pusey</a> was elected a fellow of the same college in 1823.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglican_ministry">Anglican ministry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anglican ministry">edit</a>]</div> On 13 June 1824, Newman was made an Anglican <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Oxford" title="Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford">Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford</a>. Ten days later he preached his first sermon at Holy Trinity Church in <a href="/wiki/Worton_(civil_parish),_Oxfordshire" title="Worton (civil parish), Oxfordshire">Over Worton</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a>, Oxfordshire), where his former teacher, the Reverend Walter Mayers, was curate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer200921-37">[37]</a> On Trinity Sunday, 29 May 1825, he was ordained a priest at Christ Church Cathedral by the Bishop of Oxford, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Legge_(bishop)" title="Edward Legge (bishop)">Edward Legge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199034-38">[38]</a> He became, at Pusey's suggestion, curate of <a href="/wiki/St_Clement%27s_Church,_Oxford" title="St Clement's Church, Oxford">St Clement's Church, Oxford</a>. Here, for two years, he was engaged in parochial work and wrote articles on "<a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a>" for the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Metropolitana" title="Encyclopædia Metropolitana">Encyclopædia Metropolitana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Whately" title="Richard Whately">Richard Whately</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Copleston" title="Edward Copleston">Edward Copleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provost_(religion)" title="Provost (religion)">Provost</a> of Oriel, were leaders in the group of <a href="/wiki/Oriel_Noetics" title="Oriel Noetics">Oriel Noetics</a>, a group of independently thinking dons with a strong belief in free debate.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1825, at Whately's request, Newman became vice-principal of <a href="/wiki/St_Alban_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="St Alban Hall">St Alban Hall</a>, but he held this post for only one year. He attributed much of his "mental improvement" and partial conquest of his shyness at this time to Whately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Portrait_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Portrait_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Portrait_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Newman by <a href="/wiki/George_Richmond_(painter)" title="George Richmond (painter)">George Richmond</a>, 1844<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1826 Newman returned as a tutor to Oriel, and the same year <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hurrell_Froude" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hurrell Froude">Richard Hurrell Froude</a>, described by Newman as "one of the acutest, cleverest and deepest men" he ever met, was elected fellow there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> The two formed a high ideal of the tutorial office as clerical and pastoral rather than secular, which led to tensions in the college. Newman assisted Whately in his popular work Elements of Logic (1826, initially for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana), and from him gained a definite idea of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a> as institution:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> "a Divine appointment, and as a substantive body, independent of the State, and endowed with rights, prerogatives and powers of its own".<a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[22]</a> Newman broke with Whately in 1827 on the occasion of the re-election of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a> as Member of Parliament for the university: Newman opposed Peel on personal grounds. In 1827 Newman was a preacher at <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oxford_Movement">Oxford Movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oxford Movement">edit</a>]</div> In 1828, Newman supported and secured the election of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hawkins" title="Edward Hawkins">Edward Hawkins</a> as Provost of Oriel over <a href="/wiki/John_Keble" title="John Keble">John Keble</a>. In the same year Newman was appointed vicar of <a href="/wiki/University_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin" title="University Church of St Mary the Virgin">St Mary's University Church</a>, to which the <a href="/wiki/Benefice" title="Benefice">benefice</a> of <a href="/wiki/Littlemore" title="Littlemore">Littlemore</a> (to the south of the city of Oxford) was attached,<a href="#cite_note-littlemorechurch.org-41">[41]</a> and Pusey was made <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Hebrew_(Oxford)" title="Regius Professor of Hebrew (Oxford)">Regius Professor of Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> At this date, though Newman was still nominally associated with the Evangelicals, his views were gradually assuming a higher ecclesiastical tone. George Herring considers that the death of his sister Mary in January had a major impact on Newman. In the middle part of the year he worked to read the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> thoroughly.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> While local secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a>, Newman circulated an anonymous letter suggesting a method by which Anglican clergy might practically oust <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a> from all control of the society. This resulted in his being dismissed from the post on 8 March 1830; and three months later Newman withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible Society">Bible Society</a>, completing his move away from the <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">low church</a> group. In 1831–1832, Newman became the "Select Preacher" before the university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> In 1832 his difference with Hawkins as to the "substantially religious nature" of a college tutorship became acute and prompted his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean_travels">Mediterranean travels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mediterranean travels">edit</a>]</div> In December 1832, Newman accompanied <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">Archdeacon</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Froude" title="Robert Froude">Robert Froude</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Hurrell_Froude" title="Hurrell Froude">Hurrell</a> on a tour in southern Europe on account of the latter's health. On board the mail steamship Hermes they visited <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, Malta, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> and, subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and Rome, where Newman made the acquaintance of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wiseman" title="Nicholas Wiseman">Nicholas Wiseman</a>. In a letter home he described Rome as "the most wonderful place on Earth", but the Roman Catholic Church as "<a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a>, degrading and <a href="/wiki/Idolatrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Idolatrous">idolatrous</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNBvolume14-43">[43]</a> During the course of this tour, Newman wrote most of the short poems which a year later were printed in the Lyra Apostolica. From Rome, instead of accompanying the Froudes home in April, Newman returned to Sicily alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517-27">[27]</a> He fell dangerously ill with gastric or typhoid fever at <a href="/wiki/Leonforte" title="Leonforte">Leonforte</a>, but recovered, with the conviction that God still had work for him to do in England. Newman saw this as his third providential illness. In June 1833 he left Palermo for Marseille in an orange boat, which was becalmed in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Bonifacio" title="Strait of Bonifacio">Strait of Bonifacio</a>. Here, Newman wrote the verses "<a href="/wiki/Lead,_Kindly_Light" title="Lead, Kindly Light">Lead, Kindly Light</a>" which later became popular as a hymn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911517–518-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNBvolume14-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracts_for_the_Times">Tracts for the Times</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tracts for the Times">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tracts_for_the_Times" title="Tracts for the Times">Tracts for the Times</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/220px-Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/330px-Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/440px-Portrait_Miniature_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption>Portrait miniature of Newman by <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Ross" title="William Charles Ross">William Charles Ross</a></figcaption></figure> Newman was at home again in Oxford on 9 July 1833 and, on 14 July, Keble preached at St Mary's an assize sermon on "<a href="/wiki/National_Apostasy" title="National Apostasy">National Apostasy</a>", which Newman afterwards regarded as the inauguration of the Oxford Movement. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Church" title="Richard William Church">Richard William Church</a>, it was "Keble who inspired, Froude who gave the impetus, and Newman who took up the work"; but the first organisation of it was due to <a href="/wiki/Hugh_James_Rose" title="Hugh James Rose">Hugh James Rose</a>, editor of the British Magazine, who has been styled "the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> originator of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> Rose met Oxford Movement figures on a visit to Oxford looking for magazine contributors, and it was in his rectory house at <a href="/wiki/Hadleigh,_Suffolk" title="Hadleigh, Suffolk">Hadleigh, Suffolk</a>, that a meeting of <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> clergy was held over 25–26 July (Newman was not present, but Hurrell Froude, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Philip_Perceval" title="Arthur Philip Perceval">Arthur Philip Perceval</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Palmer_(theologian)" title="William Palmer (theologian)">William Palmer</a> had gone to visit Rose),<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> at which it was resolved to fight for "the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolical succession</a> and the integrity of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Prayer Book</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> A few weeks later Newman started, apparently on his own initiative, the <a href="/wiki/Tracts_for_the_Times" title="Tracts for the Times">Tracts for the Times</a>, from which the movement was subsequently named "Tractarian". Its aim was to secure for the Church of England a definite basis of doctrine and discipline. At the time the state's financial stance towards the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> had raised the spectres of disestablishment, or an exit of high churchmen. The teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_tracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious tracts">tracts</a> was supplemented by Newman's Sunday afternoon sermons at St Mary's, the influence of which, especially over the junior members of the university, was increasingly marked during a period of eight years. Through Francis Rivington, the tracts were published by the <a href="/wiki/Rivington_(publishers)" title="Rivington (publishers)">Rivington</a> house in London.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1835 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey" title="Edward Bouverie Pusey">Professor Edward Pusey</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> and contributed <a href="/wiki/Tracts_for_the_Times" title="Tracts for the Times">tracts</a> on Baptism and the Eucharist, and the wider movement became known as the so-called "Puseyites", a term soon generally applied to <a href="/wiki/Ritualism_in_the_Church_of_England" title="Ritualism in the Church of England">Anglican ritualists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> In 1836 the Tractarians appeared as an activist group, in united opposition to the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Renn_Dickson_Hampden" class="mw-redirect" title="Renn Dickson Hampden">Renn Dickson Hampden</a> as <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Divinity" title="Regius Professor of Divinity">Regius Professor of Divinity</a>. Hampden's 1832 <a href="/wiki/Bampton_Lectures" title="Bampton Lectures">Bampton Lectures</a>, in the preparation of which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Blanco_White" title="Joseph Blanco White">Joseph Blanco White</a> assisted, were suspected of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>; and this suspicion was accentuated by a pamphlet put forth by Newman, Elucidations of Dr Hampden's Theological Statements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> At this date, Newman became editor of the <a href="/wiki/British_Critic" title="British Critic">British Critic</a>. He also gave courses of lectures in a side chapel of St Mary's in defence of the <a href="/wiki/Via_media#Anglicanism" title="Via media">via media</a> ("middle way") of Anglicanism between Roman Catholicism and popular Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doubts_and_opposition">Doubts and opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Doubts and opposition">edit</a>]</div> Newman's influence in Oxford was supreme about the year 1839.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> Just then, however, his study of <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">monophysitism</a> caused him to doubt whether Anglican theology was consistent with the principles of ecclesiastical authority which he had come to accept. He read <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wiseman" title="Nicholas Wiseman">Nicholas Wiseman</a>'s article in the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Review_(Catholic_periodical)" title="Dublin Review (Catholic periodical)">Dublin Review</a> on "The Anglican Claim", which quoted <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatists</a>, "securus judicat orbis terrarum" ("the verdict of the world is conclusive").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> Newman later wrote of his reaction: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">For a mere sentence, the words of St Augustine struck me with a power which I never had felt from any words before. ... They were like the 'Tolle, lege,—Tolle, lege,' of the child, which converted St Augustine himself. 'Securus judicat orbis terrarum!' By those great words of the ancient Father, interpreting and summing up the long and varied course of ecclesiastical history, the theology of the Via Media was absolutely pulverised. (Apologia, part 5)</blockquote> After a furore in which the eccentric <a href="/wiki/John_Brande_Morris" title="John Brande Morris">John Brande Morris</a> preached for him in St Mary's in September 1839, Newman began to think of moving away from Oxford. One plan that surfaced was to set up a religious community in Littlemore, outside the city of Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Since accepting his post at St Mary's, Newman had a chapel (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_and_St_Nicholas,_Littlemore" title="Church of St Mary and St Nicholas, Littlemore">dedicated to Sts Nicholas and Mary</a>) and a school built in the parish's neglected area. Newman's mother had laid the foundation stone in 1835, based on a half-acre plot and £100 given by Oriel College.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley2003142-49">[49]</a> Newman planned to appoint <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pourtales_Golightly" title="Charles Pourtales Golightly">Charles Pourtales Golightly</a>, an Oriel man, as curate at Littlemore in 1836. However, Golightly had taken offence at one of Newman's sermons and joined a group of aggressive anti-Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Williams_(writer)" title="Isaac Williams (writer)">Isaac Williams</a> became Littlemore's curate instead, succeeded by <a href="/wiki/John_Rouse_Bloxam" title="John Rouse Bloxam">John Rouse Bloxam</a> from 1837 to 1840, during which the school opened.<a href="#cite_note-littlemorechurch.org-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_John_Copeland" title="William John Copeland">William John Copeland</a> acted as curate from 1840.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Newman continued as a High Anglican controversialist until 1841, when he published <a href="/wiki/Tract_90" title="Tract 90">Tract 90</a>, which proved the last of the series. This detailed examination of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> suggested that their framers directed their negations not against Catholicism's authorised creed, but only against popular errors and exaggerations. Though this was not altogether new, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_Tait" title="Archibald Campbell Tait">Archibald Campbell Tait</a>, with three other senior tutors, denounced it as "suggesting and opening a way by which men might violate their solemn engagements to the university".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> Other heads of houses and others in authority joined in the alarm. At the request of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bagot_(bishop)" title="Richard Bagot (bishop)">Richard Bagot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford" title="Bishop of Oxford">Bishop of Oxford</a>, the publication of the Tracts came to an end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retreat_to_Littlemore">Retreat to Littlemore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Retreat to Littlemore">edit</a>]</div> Newman also resigned the editorship of the British Critic and was thenceforth, as he later described it, "on his deathbed as regards membership with the Anglican Church". He now considered the position of Anglicans to be similar to that of the semi-Arians in the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a> controversy. The joint <a href="/wiki/Anglican-German_Bishopric_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican-German Bishopric in Jerusalem">Anglican-Lutheran bishopric</a> set up in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> was to him further evidence that the Church of England was not apostolic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newmans_College_Littlemore_11_Feb_2007.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Newmans_College_Littlemore_11_Feb_2007.JPG/220px-Newmans_College_Littlemore_11_Feb_2007.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Newmans_College_Littlemore_11_Feb_2007.JPG/330px-Newmans_College_Littlemore_11_Feb_2007.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Newmans_College_Littlemore_11_Feb_2007.JPG/440px-Newmans_College_Littlemore_11_Feb_2007.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Newman College, College Lane, <a href="/wiki/Littlemore" title="Littlemore">Littlemore</a></figcaption></figure> In 1842 Newman withdrew to Littlemore with a small band of followers, and lived in semi-monastic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> The first to join him there was <a href="/wiki/John_Dobree_Dalgairns" title="John Dobree Dalgairns">John Dobree Dalgairns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Others were <a href="/wiki/William_Lockhart_(priest)" title="William Lockhart (priest)">William Lockhart</a> on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning" title="Henry Edward Manning">Henry Manning</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_St_John" title="Ambrose St John">Ambrose St John</a> in 1843,<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Oakeley" title="Frederick Oakeley">Frederick Oakeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albany_James_Christie" title="Albany James Christie">Albany James Christie</a> in 1845.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The group adapted buildings in what is now College Lane, Littlemore, opposite the inn, including stables and a granary for stage coaches. Newman called it "the house of the Blessed Virgin Mary at Littlemore" (now Newman College).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> This "Anglican monastery" attracted publicity, and much curiosity in Oxford, which Newman tried to downplay, but some nicknamed it Newmanooth (from <a href="/wiki/Maynooth_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Maynooth College">Maynooth College</a>).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Some Newman <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disciple" class="extiw" title="wikt:disciple">disciples</a> wrote about English saints, while Newman himself worked to complete an Essay on the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_doctrine" title="Development of doctrine">development of doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> In February 1843, Newman published, as an advertisement in the Oxford Conservative Journal, an anonymous but otherwise formal retractation of all the hard things he had said against Roman Catholicism. Lockhart became the first in the group to convert formally to Catholicism. Newman preached his last Anglican sermon at Littlemore, the valedictory "The parting of friends" on 25 September, and resigned the living of St Mary's,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> although he did not leave Littlemore for two more years, until his own formal reception into the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-littlemorechurch.org-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conversion_to_Catholicism">Conversion to Catholicism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conversion to Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> An interval of two years then elapsed before Newman was received into the Catholic Church on 9 October 1845 by <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Barberi" title="Dominic Barberi">Dominic Barberi</a>, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Passionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Passionist">Passionist</a>, at the college in <a href="/wiki/Littlemore" title="Littlemore">Littlemore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> The personal consequences for Newman of his conversion were great: he suffered broken relationships with family and friends, and attitudes toward him within his Oxford circle became polarised.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley2003243–45-61">[61]</a> The effect on the wider Tractarian movement is still debated since Newman's leading role is regarded by some scholars as overstated, as is Oxford's domination of the movement as a whole. Tractarian writings had a wide and continuing circulation after 1845, well beyond the range of personal contacts with the main Oxford figures, and Tractarian clergy continued to be recruited into the Church of England in numbers.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oratorian">Oratorian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Oratorian">edit</a>]</div> In February 1846, Newman left Oxford for <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_College,_Oscott" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's College, Oscott">St. Mary's College, Oscott</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wiseman" title="Nicholas Wiseman">Nicholas Wiseman</a>, then vicar-apostolic of the Midland district, resided; and in October he went to Rome, where he was ordained priest by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Filippo_Fransoni" title="Giacomo Filippo Fransoni">Giacomo Filippo Fransoni</a> and awarded the degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctor of Divinity</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>. At the close of 1847, Newman returned to England as an <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorian</a> and resided first at Maryvale (near <a href="/wiki/Old_Oscott" title="Old Oscott">Old Oscott</a>, now the site of <a href="/wiki/Maryvale_Institute" title="Maryvale Institute">Maryvale Institute</a>, a college of Theology, Philosophy and Religious Education); then at <a href="/wiki/Cotton_College" title="Cotton College">St Wilfrid's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheadle,_Staffordshire" title="Cheadle, Staffordshire">Cheadle</a>; and then at <a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Church,_Birmingham" title="St Anne's Church, Birmingham">St Anne's, Alcester Street</a>, Birmingham. Finally, he settled at <a href="/wiki/Edgbaston" title="Edgbaston">Edgbaston</a>, where spacious premises were built for the community, and where (except for four years in Ireland) he lived a secluded life for nearly forty years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Cardinal_Newman,_Brompton_Oratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Statue_Cardinal_Newman%2C_Brompton_Oratory.jpg/220px-Statue_Cardinal_Newman%2C_Brompton_Oratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Statue_Cardinal_Newman%2C_Brompton_Oratory.jpg/330px-Statue_Cardinal_Newman%2C_Brompton_Oratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Statue_Cardinal_Newman%2C_Brompton_Oratory.jpg/440px-Statue_Cardinal_Newman%2C_Brompton_Oratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Statue outside the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Church of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a>, popularly known as Brompton Oratory, in London</figcaption></figure> Before the house at Edgbaston was occupied, Newman established the <a href="/wiki/London_Oratory" title="London Oratory">London Oratory</a>, with Father <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_Faber" title="Frederick William Faber">Frederick William Faber</a> as its superior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lectures_on_the_Present_Position_of_Catholics_in_England">Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom">Anti-Catholicism</a> had been central to British culture since the 16th-century English Reformation. According to D. G. Paz, anti-Catholicism was "an integral part of what it meant to be a Victorian".<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Popular anti-Catholic feeling ran high at this time, partly in consequence of the papal bull <a href="/wiki/Universalis_Ecclesiae" title="Universalis Ecclesiae">Universalis Ecclesiae</a> by which Pope Pius IX re-established the Catholic diocesan hierarchy in England on 29 September 1850. New episcopal sees were created and Cardinal Nicholas Wiseman was to be the first Archbishop of Westminster.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Wiseman announced the restoration of the hierarchy in England on 7 October in a pastoral letter dated "from out of the Flaminian Gate".<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Led by <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>, the British press saw this as being an attempt by the papacy to reclaim jurisdiction over England. This was dubbed the "Papal Aggression". The prime minister, <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell</a>, wrote a public letter to the Bishop of Durham and denounced this "attempt to impose a foreign yoke upon our minds and consciences".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Russell's stirring up of anti-Catholicism led to a national outcry. This "No Popery" uproar led to violence with Catholic priests being pelted in the streets and Catholic churches being attacked.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Newman was keen for lay people to be at the forefront of any public apologetics, writing that Catholics should "make the excuse of this persecution for getting up a great organization, going round the towns giving lectures, or making speeches".<a href="#cite_note-diary-68">[68]</a> He supported John Capes in the committee he was organising for public lectures in February 1851. Due to ill health, Capes had to stop them halfway through. Newman took the initiative and booked the Birmingham Corn Exchange for a series of public lectures. He decided to make their tone popular and provide cheap off-prints to those who attended. These lectures were his Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England and they were delivered weekly, beginning on 30 June and published on 1 September 1851.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-DNB-22">[22]</a> In total, there were nine lectures: <ol><li>Protestant view of the Catholic Church</li> <li>Tradition the sustaining power of the Protestant view</li> <li>Fable the basis of the Protestant view</li> <li>True testimony insufficient for the Protestant view</li> <li>Logical inconsistency of the Protestant view</li> <li>Prejudice the life of the Protestant view</li> <li>Assumed principles of the intellectual ground of the Protestant view</li> <li>Ignorance concerning Catholics the protection of the Protestant view</li> <li>Duties of Catholics towards the Protestant view</li></ol> which form the nine chapters of the published book. Following the first edition, a number of paragraphs were removed following the <a href="#Achilli_trial">Achilli trial</a> as "they were decided by a jury to constitute a libel, June 24, 1852."<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Andrew Nash describes the Lectures as "an analysis of this [anti-Catholic] ideology, satirising it, demonstrating the false traditions on which it was based and advising Catholics how they should respond to it. They were the first of their kind in English literature."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2000viii-70">[70]</a> John Wolffe assesses the Lectures as: <blockquote>an interesting treatment of the problem of anti-Catholicism from an observer whose partisan commitment did not cause him to slide into mere polemic and who had the advantage of viewing the religious battlefield from both sides of the tortured no man's land of Littlemore.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></blockquote> The response to the Lectures was split between Catholics and Protestants. Generally, Catholics greeted them with enthusiasm. A review in <a href="/wiki/The_Rambler_(Catholic_periodical)" title="The Rambler (Catholic periodical)">The Rambler</a>, a Catholic periodical, saw them as "furnishing a key to the whole mystery of anti-Catholic hostility and as shewing the special point of attack upon which our controversial energies should be concentrated."<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> However, some Catholic theologians, principally <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Gillow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Gillow (page does not exist)">John Gillow</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Ushaw_College" title="Ushaw College">Ushaw College</a>, perceived Newman's language as ascribing too much to the role of the laity. Gillow accused Newman of giving the impression that the church's <a href="/wiki/Infallibility" title="Infallibility">infallibility</a> resides in a partnership between the hierarchy and the faithful, rather than falling exclusively in the teaching office of the church, a concept described by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> as the "ordinary magisterium" of the church.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The Protestant response was less positive. Archdeacon Julius Hare said that Newman "is determined to say whatever he chooses, in spite of facts and reason".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Ward" title="Wilfrid Ward">Wilfrid Ward</a>, Newman's first biographer, describes the Lectures as follows: <blockquote>We have the very curious spectacle of a grave religious apologist giving rein for the first time at the age of fifty to a sense of rollicking fun and gifts of humorous writing, which if expended on other subjects would naturally have adorned the pages of Thackeray's <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></blockquote> Ian Ker has raised the profile of Newman's satire.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Ker notes that Newman's imagery has a "savage, Swiftian flavour" and can be "grotesque in the Dickens manner".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009366-77">[77]</a> Newman himself described the Lectures as his "best-written book".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achilli_trial">Achilli trial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Achilli trial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature_Newman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Caricature_Newman.jpg/220px-Caricature_Newman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Caricature_Newman.jpg/330px-Caricature_Newman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Caricature_Newman.jpg/440px-Caricature_Newman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Newman by "<a href="/wiki/Leslie_Ward" title="Leslie Ward">Spy</a>", published in <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity Fair (UK)">Vanity Fair</a> in 1877</figcaption></figure> One of the features of English anti-Catholicism was the holding of public meetings at which ex-Catholics, including former priests, denounced their prior beliefs and gave detailed accounts of the alleged "horrors" of Catholic life. <a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Achilli" title="Giacinto Achilli">Giacinto Achilli</a> (1803–1860), an ex-<a href="/wiki/Dominican_friar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican friar">Dominican friar</a>, was one such speaker.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB_Achilli-79">[79]</a> In 1841, the Roman Inquisition had suspended Achilli's priestly faculties for sexual misconduct and sentenced Achilli to three years of penance in a Dominican house.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB_Achilli-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009372-80">[80]</a> Achilli left the house in 1842, becoming Protestant and asking for political asylum in <a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Corfu</a>. In 1850, he was brought to England by the Evangelical Alliance, which portrayed him as a victim, to speak against the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-ODNB_Achilli-79">[79]</a> In July 1850, Wiseman wrote a detailed exposé of him in <a href="/wiki/The_Dublin_Review" title="The Dublin Review">The Dublin Review</a> which listed all of his offences. Newman therefore assumed, after seeking legal advice, that he would be able to repeat the facts in his fifth lecture in his Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The section of the lecture that was decided by jury to constitute a libel was: <blockquote>I have been a Catholic and an infidel; I have been a Roman priest and a hypocrite; I have been a profligate under a cowl. I am that Father Achilli, who as early as 1826, was deprived of my faculty to lecture, for an offence which my superiors did their best to conceal; and who in 1827 had already earned the reputation of a scandalous friar. I am that Achilli, who in the diocese of Viterbo in February 1831, robbed of her honour a young woman of eighteen; who in September 1833, was found guilty of a second such crime, in the case of a person of twenty-eight; and who perpetrated a third in July 1834, in the case of another aged twenty-four.<a href="#cite_note-AchillivsNewman-82">[82]</a> I am he, who afterwards was found guilty of sins, similar or worse, in other towns of the neighbourhood. I am that son of St. Dominic who is known to have repeated the offence at Capua, in 1834 or 1835; and at Naples again, in 1840, in the case of a child of fi[f]teen. I am he who chose the sacristy of the church for one of these crimes, and Good Friday for another. Look on me, ye mothers of England, a confessor against Popery, for ye 'ne'er may look upon my like again.' I am that veritable priest, who, after all this, began to speak against, not only the Catholic faith, but the moral law, and perverted others by my teaching. I am the Cavaliere Achilli, who then went to Corfu, made the wife of a tailor faithless to her husband, and lived publicly and travelled about with the wife of a chorus-singer. I am that Professor of the Protestant College at Malta, who with two others was dismissed from my post for offences which the authorities cannot get themselves to describe. And now attend to me, such as I am, and you shall see what you shall see about the barbarity and profligacy of the Inquisitors of Rome.</blockquote> <blockquote>You speak truly, O Achilli, and we cannot answer you a word. You are a Priest; you have been a Friar; you are, it is undeniable, the scandal of Catholicism, and the palmary argument of Protestants, by your extraordinary depravity. You have been, it is true, a profligate, an unbeliever, and a hypocrite. Not many years passed of your conventual life, and you were never in the choir, always in private houses, so that the laity observed you. You were deprived of your professorship, we own it; you were prohibited from preaching and hearing confessions; you were obliged to give hush-money to the father of one of your victims, as we learned from an official document of the Neapolitan Police to be 'known for habitual incontinency;' your name came before the civil tribunal at Corfu for your crime of adultery. You have put the crown on your offences, by as long as you could, denying them all; you have professed to seek after truth, when you were ravening after sin.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></blockquote> The libel charge was officially laid against Newman in November. Under <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a>, Newman needed to prove every single charge he had made against Achilli. Newman requested the documents that Wiseman had used for his article in the Dublin Review but he had mislaid them. He eventually found them but it was too late to prevent the trial. Newman and his defence committee needed to locate the victims and return them to England. A number of the victims were found and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Giberne" title="Maria Giberne">Maria Giberne</a>, a friend of Newman, went to Italy to return with them to England. Achilli, on hearing that witnesses were being brought, arranged for the trial to be delayed. This put Newman under great strain as he had been invited to be the founding rector of the proposed Catholic University in Dublin and was composing and delivering the lectures that would become The Idea of a University. On 21 June 1852, the libel trial started and lasted three days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2000xxiv-84">[84]</a> Despite the evidence of the victims and witnesses, Achilli denied that any of it had happened; the jury believed him and found Newman guilty of libel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> The Times said in response that "a great blow has been given to the administration of justice in this country".<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> A second trial was not granted and sentencing was postponed. When sentencing occurred, Newman did not get the prison sentence expected but got a fine of £100 and a long lecture from Judge <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_Coleridge" title="John Taylor Coleridge">John Taylor Coleridge</a> about his moral deterioration since he had become a Catholic. Coleridge later wrote to Keble: "It is a very painful matter for us who must hail this libel as false, believing it is in great part true—or at least that it may be."<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The fine was paid on the spot and while his expenses as defendant amounted to about £14,000, they were paid out of a fund organised by this defence committee to which Catholics at home and abroad had contributed; there was £2,000 left over which was spent on the purchase of a small property in <a href="/wiki/Rednal" title="Rednal">Rednal</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Lickey_Hills" title="Lickey Hills">Lickey Hills</a>, with a chapel and cemetery, where Newman was eventually buried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> Newman removed the libellous section of the fifth lecture and replaced it with the inscription: <blockquote>De illis quae sequebantur / posterorum judicium sit – About those things which had followed / let posterity be the judge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2000xxv-87">[87]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educator">Educator</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Educator">edit</a>]</div> In 1854, at the request of the Irish Catholic bishops, Newman went to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> as <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a> of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Ireland" title="Catholic University of Ireland">Catholic University of Ireland</a>, now <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>. It was during this time that he founded the <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Historical_Society_(University_College_Dublin)" title="Literary and Historical Society (University College Dublin)">Literary and Historical Society</a>. After four years, he retired. He published a volume of lectures entitled The Idea of a University, which explained his <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">philosophy of education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bust_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/220px-Bust_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bust_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/330px-Bust_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Bust_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg/440px-Bust_of_John_Henry_Newman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="2121" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Newman, by T. Westmacott, 1841</figcaption></figure> Newman believed in a middle way between free thinking and <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a>—one that would respect the rights of knowledge as well as the rights of revelation.<a href="#cite_note-CEnc-14">[14]</a> His purpose was to build a Catholic university, in a world where the major Catholic universities on the European continent had recently been secularised, and most universities in the English-speaking world were Protestant. For a university to claim legitimacy in the larger world, it would have to support research and publication free from church censorship; however, for a university to be a safe place for the education of Catholic youth, it would have to be a place in which the teachings of the Catholic church were respected and promoted.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-88">[88]</a> <blockquote>The University ... has this object and this mission; it contemplates neither moral impression nor mechanical production; it professes to exercise the mind neither in art nor in duty; its function is intellectual culture; here it may leave its scholars, and it has done its work when it has done as much as this. It educates the intellect to reason well in all matters, to reach out towards truth, and to grasp it.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></blockquote> This philosophy encountered opposition within the Catholic Church, at least in Ireland, as evidenced by the opinion of bishop <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cullen_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Cullen (bishop)">Paul Cullen</a>. In 1854 Cullen wrote a letter to the Vatican's Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (now called the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_Evangelization" title="Dicastery for Evangelization">Dicastery for Evangelization</a>), criticising Newman's liberal exercise of authority within the new university: <blockquote>The discipline introduced is unsuitable, certainly to this country. The young men are allowed to go out at all hours, to smoke, etc., and there has not been any fixed time for study. All this makes it clear that Father Newman does not give enough attention to details.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></blockquote> The university as envisaged by Newman encountered too much opposition to prosper. However, his book did have a wide influence.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 1858, Newman projected a branch house of the Oratory at Oxford; but this project was opposed by Father (later Cardinal) <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning" title="Henry Edward Manning">Henry Edward Manning</a>, another influential convert from Anglicanism, and others. It was thought that the creation of a Catholic body within the heart of Oxford was likely to induce Catholics to send their sons to that university, rather than to newly formed Catholic universities. The scheme was abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> When Catholics did begin to attend Oxford from the 1860s onwards, a Catholic club was formed and, in 1888, it was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Newman_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Newman Society">Oxford University Newman Society</a> in recognition of Newman's efforts on behalf of Catholicism in that university city. The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Oratory" title="Oxford Oratory">Oxford Oratory</a> was eventually founded over 100 years later in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 1859, Newman established, in connection with the Birmingham Oratory, a school for the education of the sons of gentlemen along lines similar to those of English public schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Oratory_School" title="The Oratory School">The Oratory School</a> flourished as a boys' boarding school, and was one of a number which were to be dubbed "The Catholic <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a>".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Newman's published writings and sermons had a profound influence on one of the greatest of American educators, William Augustus Muhlenberg (1796-1877). At his model schools on Long Island (1828, 1836), Muhlenberg would sometimes read Newman's sermons to the boys. Muhlenberg, pioneer of a new kind of education in America, and a staunch Protestant, distanced himself from Newman when the latter converted to the Roman Church in 1845. But the influence went deep, nonetheless, as can be seen in the literary remains of Muhlenberg's former pupils, especially in those of the missionary school-maker Lloyd Breck (1818-1876) and John Barrett Kerfoot (1816-1881), founder of Saint James School of Maryland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationships_with_other_converts">Relationships with other converts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relationships with other converts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newman_desk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Newman_desk.JPG/170px-Newman_desk.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Newman_desk.JPG/255px-Newman_desk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Newman_desk.JPG/340px-Newman_desk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Newman's desk in the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Birmingham Oratory</a></figcaption></figure> Newman had a special concern in the publisher <a href="/wiki/Burns_%26_Oates" title="Burns & Oates">Burns & Oates</a>; the owner, <a href="/wiki/James_Burns_(publisher)" title="James Burns (publisher)">James Burns</a>, had published some of the Tractarians, and Burns had himself converted to Catholicism in 1847. Newman published several books with the company, effectively saving it. There is even a story that Newman's novel <a href="/wiki/Loss_and_Gain" title="Loss and Gain">Loss and Gain</a> was written specifically to assist Burns. In 1863, in a response to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Allies" title="Thomas William Allies">Thomas William Allies</a>, while agreeing that <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> was bad, Newman would not publicly condemn it as "intrinsically evil" on the grounds that it had been tolerated by St Paul—thus asserting that slavery is "a condition of life ordained by God in the same sense that other conditions of life are".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Newman and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Edward_Manning" title="Henry Edward Manning">Henry Edward Manning</a> both became significant figures in the late 19th-century Catholic Church in England: both were Anglican converts and both were elevated to the dignity of cardinal. Despite these similarities, there was a lack of sympathy between the two men who were different in character and experience, and they clashed on a number of issues, in particular the foundation of an Oratory in Oxford. On theological issues, Newman had reservations about the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a> (Manning favoured the formal declaration of the doctrine). Newman, while personally convinced, as a matter of theological opinion, of papal infallibility, opposed its definition as dogma, fearing that the definition might be expressed in over-broad terms open to misunderstanding.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._E._Russell" title="George W. E. Russell">George W. E. Russell</a> recorded that: <blockquote>When Newman died there appeared in a monthly magazine a series of very unflattering sketches by one who had lived under his roof. I ventured to ask Cardinal Manning if he had seen these sketches. He replied that he had and thought them very shocking; the writer must have a very unenviable mind, &c., and then, having thus sacrificed to propriety, after a moment's pause he added: "But if you ask me if they are like poor Newman, I am bound to say—a photograph."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apologia">Apologia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Apologia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apologia_Pro_Vita_Sua" title="Apologia Pro Vita Sua">Apologia Pro Vita Sua</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_John_Henry_Newman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Newman's personal coat of arms upon his elevation to the cardinalate. The Latin motto, Cor ad cor loquitur, translates as 'heart speaks unto heart'.</figcaption></figure> In 1862 Newman began to prepare autobiographical and other memoranda to vindicate his career. The occasion came when, in the January 1864 issue of <a href="/wiki/Macmillan%27s_Magazine" title="Macmillan's Magazine">Macmillan's Magazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a>, reviewing <a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">James Anthony Froude</a>'s History of England, incidentally asserted that "Truth, for its own sake, had never been a virtue with the Roman clergy. Father Newman informs us that it need not, and on the whole ought not to be." <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lowth_Badeley" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Lowth Badeley">Edward Lowth Badeley</a>, who had been a close legal adviser to Newman since the Achilli trial, encouraged him to make a robust rebuttal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009533–536-97">[97]</a> After some preliminary sparring between the two, in which Kingsley refused to admit any fault, Newman published a pamphlet, Mr Kingsley and Dr Newman: a Correspondence on the Question whether Dr Newman teaches that Truth is no Virtue, (published in 1864 and not reprinted until 1913). The pamphlet has been described as "unsurpassed in the English language for the vigour of its satire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> However, the anger displayed was later, in a letter to Sir William Cope, admitted to have been largely feigned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> After the debate went public, Kingsley attempted to defend his assertion in a lengthy pamphlet entitled What then does Dr Newman mean?, described by a historian as "one of the most momentous rhetorical and polemical failures of the Victorian age".<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In answer to Kingsley Newman published his <a href="/wiki/Apologia_Pro_Vita_Sua" title="Apologia Pro Vita Sua">Apologia Pro Vita Sua</a>, a religious autobiography, in seven weekly parts starting on 21 April, followed by an appendix two weeks after the seventh part.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009543-99">[99]</a> Its tone changed the popular estimate of its author, by explaining the convictions which had led him into the Catholic Church. Kingsley's general accusation against the Catholic clergy is dealt with in the seventh part in the work;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009533–536-97">[97]</a> his specific accusations are addressed in an appendix.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Newman maintains that English Catholic priests are at least as truthful as English Catholic laymen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518-45">[45]</a> Newman published a revision of the series of pamphlets in book form in 1865; in 1913 a combined critical edition, edited by <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Ward" title="Wilfrid Ward">Wilfrid Ward</a>, was published. In the book, Newman wrote, "[T]here are but two alternatives, the way to Rome, and the way to Atheism."<a href="#cite_note-InLineCitation-101">[101]</a> In the conclusion of the Apologia, Newman expressed sympathy for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Liberal Catholicism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Montalembert" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Montalembert">Charles de Montalembert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire</a>: "In their general line of thought and conduct I enthusiastically concur, and consider them to be before their age."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Later years and death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Cardinal_Newman,_by_Jane_Fortescue_Seymour,_Lady_Coleridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Painting_of_Cardinal_Newman%2C_by_Jane_Fortescue_Seymour%2C_Lady_Coleridge.jpg/220px-Painting_of_Cardinal_Newman%2C_by_Jane_Fortescue_Seymour%2C_Lady_Coleridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Painting_of_Cardinal_Newman%2C_by_Jane_Fortescue_Seymour%2C_Lady_Coleridge.jpg/330px-Painting_of_Cardinal_Newman%2C_by_Jane_Fortescue_Seymour%2C_Lady_Coleridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Painting_of_Cardinal_Newman%2C_by_Jane_Fortescue_Seymour%2C_Lady_Coleridge.jpg/440px-Painting_of_Cardinal_Newman%2C_by_Jane_Fortescue_Seymour%2C_Lady_Coleridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="2701" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Cardinal Newman, by Jane Fortescue Seymour, c. 1876</figcaption></figure> In 1870, Newman published his <a href="/wiki/Grammar_of_Assent" title="Grammar of Assent">Grammar of Assent</a>, a closely reasoned work in which the case for religious belief is maintained by arguments somewhat different from those commonly used by Catholic theologians of the time. In 1877, in the republication of his Anglican works, he added to the two volumes containing his defence of the <a href="/wiki/Via_media" title="Via media">via media</a>, a long preface in which he criticised and replied to anti-Catholic arguments of his own which were contained in the original works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911518–519-104">[104]</a> At the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a> (1869–1870), Newman was uneasy about the <a href="/wiki/Dogmatic_definition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogmatic definition">formal definition</a> of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">papal infallibility</a>, believing that the time was "inopportune".<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In a private letter to his bishop (<a href="/wiki/William_Bernard_Ullathorne" title="William Bernard Ullathorne">William Bernard Ullathorne</a>), surreptitiously published, he denounced the "insolent and aggressive faction" that had pushed the matter forward. Newman gave no sign of disapproval when the doctrine was finally defined, but was an advocate of the "principle of minimising", that included very few papal declarations within the scope of infallibility.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Subsequently, in a letter nominally addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fitzalan-Howard,_15th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Henry Fitzalan-Howard, 15th Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a> when <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a> accused the Roman church of having "equally repudiated modern thought and ancient history", Newman affirmed that he had always believed in the doctrine, and had only feared the deterrent effect of its definition on conversions on account of acknowledged historical difficulties. In this letter, and especially in the postscript to the second edition, Newman answered the charge that he was not at ease within the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911519-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cardinalate">Cardinalate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cardinalate">edit</a>]</div> In 1878, Newman's old college elected him an honorary fellow, and he revisited Oxford after an interval of thirty-two years, on the same day <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> died. Pius had mistrusted Newman but his successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, was encouraged by the Duke of Norfolk and other English Catholic laymen to make Newman a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholic)">cardinal</a>, despite the fact that he was neither a bishop nor resident in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911519-107">[107]</a> Cardinal Manning seems not to have been interested in having Newman become a cardinal and remained silent when the Pope asked him about it. Ullathorne, as Newman's immediate superior, sent word to Pope Leo that he would welcome the honour. The offer was made by Rome in February 1879. Newman accepted the gesture as a vindication of his work, but made two requests: that he not be consecrated a bishop on receiving the cardinalate, as was usual at that time; and that he might remain in Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911519-107">[107]</a> Newman was elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory of 12 May 1879 by Pope Leo XIII, who assigned him the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal-Deacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal-Deacon">Deaconry</a> of <a href="/wiki/San_Giorgio_al_Velabro" class="mw-redirect" title="San Giorgio al Velabro">San Giorgio al Velabro</a>. While in Rome, Newman insisted on the lifelong consistency of his opposition to "liberalism in religion"; he argued it would lead to complete <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911519-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newman_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Newman_old.jpg/220px-Newman_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Newman_old.jpg/330px-Newman_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Newman_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Newman in May 1890</figcaption></figure> After an illness, Newman returned to England and lived at the Birmingham Oratory until his death, making occasional visits to London and chiefly to his old friend <a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Church" title="Richard William Church">R. W. Church</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_St_Paul%27s" title="Dean of St Paul's">Dean of St Paul's</a>. As a cardinal, Newman published nothing beyond a preface to a work by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wollaston_Hutton" title="Arthur Wollaston Hutton">Arthur Wollaston Hutton</a> on the Anglican ministry (1879) and an article, "On the Inspiration of Scripture", in The Nineteenth Century (February 1884).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911519-107">[107]</a> In 1880, Newman confessed to an "extreme joy" that Conservative <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> was no longer in power, and expressed the hope that Disraeli would be gone permanently.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> From the latter half of 1886, Newman's health began to fail. He celebrated Mass for the last time on Christmas Day in 1889. On 11 August 1890<a href="#cite_note-CEnc-14">[14]</a> he died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> at the Birmingham Oratory. Eight days later his body was buried alongside Ambrose St. John in the cemetery at <a href="/wiki/Rednal" title="Rednal">Rednal</a> Hill, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, at the country house of the oratory. In accordance with his express wishes, Newman was buried in the grave of his lifelong friend <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_St._John" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrose St. John">Ambrose St. John</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CEnc-14">[14]</a> The pall over the coffin bore the motto that Newman adopted for use as a cardinal, Cor ad cor loquitur ("Heart speaks to heart"),<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> which William Barry, writing in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> (1913), traces to <a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a> and sees as revealing the secret of Newman's "eloquence, unaffected, graceful, tender, and penetrating".<a href="#cite_note-CEnc-14">[14]</a> Ambrose St. John had become a Roman Catholic at around the same time as Newman, and the two men have a joint memorial stone inscribed with the motto Newman had chosen, Ex umbris et imaginibus in veritatem ("Out of shadows and phantasms into the truth"),<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> which Barry traces to <a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_allegory_of_the_cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Plato's allegory of the cave">Plato's allegory of the cave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CEnc-14">[14]</a> On 27 February 1891, Newman's estate was probated at £4,206. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remains">Remains</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Remains">edit</a>]</div> Newman's grave was opened on 2 October 2008, with the intention of moving any remains to a tomb inside <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Birmingham Oratory</a> for their more convenient veneration as <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a><a href="#cite_note-Duffy-35">[35]</a> during Newman's consideration for <a href="/wiki/Sainthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainthood">sainthood</a>; however, his wooden coffin was found to have disintegrated and no bones were found. A representative of the Fathers of the Birmingham Oratory alleged that this was because the coffin was wooden and the burial took place at a damp site.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Contemporary sources show that the coffin was covered with a softer type of soil than the clay marl of the grave site.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009747-113">[113]</a> Forensic expert John Hunter, from the University of Birmingham, tested soil samples from near the grave and said that total disappearance of a body was unlikely over that timescale. He said that extreme conditions which could remove bone would also have removed the coffin handles, which were extant.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writer">Writer</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Writer">edit</a>]</div> Some of Newman's short and earlier poems are described by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holt_Hutton" title="Richard Holt Hutton">R. H. Hutton</a> as "unequalled for grandeur of outline, purity of taste and radiance of total effect"; while his latest and longest, <a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Gerontius_(poem)" title="The Dream of Gerontius (poem)">The Dream of Gerontius</a>, attempts to represent the unseen world along the same lines as <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>. His prose style, especially in his Catholic days, is fresh and vigorous and is attractive to many who do not sympathise with his conclusions, from the apparent candour with which difficulties are admitted and grappled; while in his private correspondence, there is charm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911519-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> had a lifelong admiration for Newman's writing style and in a letter to his patron <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Shaw_Weaver" title="Harriet Shaw Weaver">Harriet Shaw Weaver</a> remarked about Newman that "nobody has ever written English prose that can be compared with that of a tiresome footling little Anglican parson who afterwards became a prince of the only true church".<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theologian">Theologian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Theologian">edit</a>]</div> Newman defined theology as "the Science of God, or the truths we know about God, put into a system, just as we have a science of the stars and call it astronomy, or of the crust of the earth and call it geology".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Around 1830, Newman developed a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Natural_religion" title="Natural religion">natural religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revealed_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Revealed religion">revealed religion</a>. Revealed religion is the Christian revelation which finds its fulfilment in <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. Natural religion refers to the knowledge of God and divine things that has been acquired outside the Christian revelation. For Newman, this knowledge of God is not the result of unaided reason but of reason aided by <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a>, and so he speaks of natural religion as containing a revelation, even though it is an incomplete revelation.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Newman's view of natural religion gives rise to passages in his writings in which he appears to sympathise with a broader theology. Both as an Anglican and as a Catholic, he put forward the notion of a universal revelation. As an Anglican, Newman subscribed to this notion in various works, among them the 1830 University Sermon entitled "The Influence of Natural and Revealed Religion Respectively", the 1833 poem "Heathenism",<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and the book The Arians of the Fourth Century, also 1833, where he admits that there was "something true and divinely revealed in every religion".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> As a Catholic, he included the idea in A Grammar of Assent: "As far as we know, there never was a time when ... revelation was not a revelation continuous and systematic, with distinct representatives and an orderly succession."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Newman held that "freedom from symbols and articles is abstractedly the highest state of Christian communion", but was "the peculiar privilege of the primitive Church".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911519-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 1877 he allowed that "in a religion that embraces large and separate classes of adherents there always is of necessity to a certain extent an exoteric and an esoteric doctrine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911519-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Newman was worried about the new dogma of papal infallibility advocated by an "aggressive and insolent faction",<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> fearing that the definition might be expressed in over-broad terms open to misunderstanding and would pit religious authority against physical science. He was relieved about the moderate tone of the eventual definition, which "affirmed the pope's infallibility only within a strictly limited province: the doctrine of faith and morals initially given to the apostolic Church and handed down in Scripture and tradition."<a href="#cite_note-Dulles-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_and_relationships">Character and relationships</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Character and relationships">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newman2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Newman2.JPG/220px-Newman2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Newman2.JPG/330px-Newman2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Newman2.JPG/440px-Newman2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>Newman's room in the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Birmingham Oratory</a></figcaption></figure> A 2001 biography of Newman notes that since his death in 1890, he has suffered almost as much misrepresentation as he did during his lifetime. In the Apologia he had exorcised the phantom which, as he said, "gibbers instead of me"—the phantom of the secret Romanist, corrupting the youth of Oxford, devious and dissimulating. But he raised another phantom—that of the oversensitive, self-absorbed recluse<a href="#cite_note-T&C_p54-126">[126]</a> who never did anything but think and write.<a href="#cite_note-T&C_p57-127">[127]</a> Unwary readers took the Apologia as autobiography, but it is strictly what Newman called its first parts—"A History of My Religious Opinions".<a href="#cite_note-T&C_p54-126">[126]</a> In Newman's letters and memoranda and those of his friends, a more outgoing and humorous character is revealed.<a href="#cite_note-T&C_p54-126">[126]</a> Newman lived in the world of his time, travelling by train as soon as engines were built and rail lines laid, and writing amusing letters about his adventures on railways<a href="#cite_note-T&C_p56-128">[128]</a> and ships, and during his travels in Scotland and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-T&C_p57-127">[127]</a> He was an indefatigable walker, and as a young don at Oriel he often went out riding with Hurrell Froude and other friends.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> At Oxford he had an active pastoral life as an Anglican priest, though nothing of it appears in the Apologia. Later he was active as a Catholic priest.<a href="#cite_note-T&C_p57-127">[127]</a> His parishioners at the Oratory, apart from a few professional men and their families, were mainly factory workers, Irish immigrants, and tradespeople. He was a caring pastor, and their recorded reminiscences show that they held him in affection.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Newman, who was only a few years younger than <a href="/wiki/Keats" class="mw-redirect" title="Keats">Keats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a>, was born into the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> generation when Englishmen still wept in moments of emotion. But he lived on into the age of the <a href="/wiki/Stiff_upper_lip" title="Stiff upper lip">stiff upper lip</a>, with the result that later generations, hearing of his tears on a visit to his mother's grave or at the funerals of old friends such as <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilberforce" title="Henry Wilberforce">Henry Wilberforce</a>, thought him not only sensitive but melancholy.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The "sensitive recluse of legend"<a href="#cite_note-T&C_p56-128">[128]</a> had a wide currency, appearing, for instance, in <a href="/wiki/Lytton_Strachey" title="Lytton Strachey">Lytton Strachey</a>'s description, in his famously debunking set of portraits <a href="/wiki/Eminent_Victorians" title="Eminent Victorians">Eminent Victorians</a>, as Newman's "soft, spectacled, Oxford manner, with its half-effeminate diffidence".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Faber" title="Geoffrey Faber">Geoffrey Faber</a>, whose own account of Newman in Oxford Apostles was far from <a href="/wiki/Hagiographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hagiographic">hagiographic</a>, found Strachey's portrait a distasteful caricature, bearing scant likeness to the Newman of history and designed solely "to tickle the self-conceit of a cynical and beliefless generation".<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In Strachey's account, however, the true villain is Cardinal Manning, who is accused of secretly briefing the Press with the false story that Newman would turn down the Cardinalate, and who privately said of his late "friend": "Poor Newman! He was a great hater!".<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Strachey was only ten when Newman died and never met him. In contrast to Strachey's account, <a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">James Anthony Froude</a>, Hurrell Froude's brother, who knew Newman at Oxford, saw him as a <a href="/wiki/Heroes_and_Hero-Worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroes and Hero-Worship">Carlylean hero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adams_p82-135">[135]</a> Compared with Newman, Froude wrote, Keble, Pusey, and the other Tractarians "were all but as <a href="/wiki/Names_for_the_number_0_in_English" title="Names for the number 0 in English">ciphers</a>, and he the indicating number". Newman's face was "remarkably like that of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>. ...I have often thought of the resemblance, and believed that it extended to the temperament. In both there was an original force of character which refused to be moulded by circumstances, which was to make its own way, and become a power in the world; a clearness of intellectual perception, a disdain for conventionalities, a temper imperious and wilful, but along with it a most attaching gentleness, sweetness, singleness of heart and purpose. Both were formed by nature to command others, both had the faculty of attracting to themselves the passionate devotion of their friends and followers. ... For hundreds of young men Credo in Newmannum was the veritable symbol of faith."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celibacy">Celibacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Celibacy">edit</a>]</div> Newman's <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">celibacy</a>, which he embraced at the age of 15,<a href="#cite_note-CEnc-14">[14]</a> also contributed to negative representations of his character,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> laying him open to what he called "slurs".<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> To exponents of <a href="/wiki/Muscular_Christianity" title="Muscular Christianity">muscular Christianity</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a>, celibacy was synonymous with unmanliness. Kingsley, who interpreted the Biblical story of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> as expressing a "binary law of man's being; the want of a complementum, a 'help meet', without whom it is not good for him to be",<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> feared and hated vowed sexual abstinence, considering it, in Laura Fasick's words, "a distinct and separate perversion".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The charge of effeminacy was aimed not just at Newman but at Tractarians and Roman Catholics in general. "In all that school", wrote Kingsley in 1851, "there is an element of foppery—even in dress and manner; a fastidious, maundering, die-away effeminacy, which is mistaken for purity and refinement".<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Cornwell_(writer)" title="John Cornwell (writer)">John Cornwell</a> comments that "the notion of Newman's effeminacy tells us more about the reaction of others to him at the time than [about] any tendency in his own nature".<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> To many members of the Oxford Movement, Newman included, it was Kingsley's ideal of domesticity that seemed unmanly. As <a href="/wiki/Richard_William_Church" title="Richard William Church">R. W. Church</a> put it, "To shrink from [celibacy] was a mark of want of strength or intelligence, of an unmanly preference for English home life, of insensibility to the generous devotion and purity of the saints".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Defending his decision to remain single, Charles Reding, the hero of Newman's novel Loss and Gain, argues that "surely the idea of an Apostle, unmarried, pure, in fast and nakedness, and at length a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>, is a higher idea than that of one of the old Israelites sitting under his vine and fig-tree, full of temporal goods, and surrounded by sons and grandsons?"<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> James Eli Adams remarks that if manliness is equated with physical and psychological toughness, then perhaps "manhood cannot be sustained within domesticity, since the ideal is incompatible with ease".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> A "common antagonism to domesticity" links "Tractarian discipline to Carlylean heroism".<a href="#cite_note-Adams_p82-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friendships">Friendships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Friendships">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Henry_Newman_%26_Ambrose_St._John.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/John_Henry_Newman_%26_Ambrose_St._John.jpg/170px-John_Henry_Newman_%26_Ambrose_St._John.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/John_Henry_Newman_%26_Ambrose_St._John.jpg/255px-John_Henry_Newman_%26_Ambrose_St._John.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/John_Henry_Newman_%26_Ambrose_St._John.jpg/340px-John_Henry_Newman_%26_Ambrose_St._John.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="1687" /></a><figcaption>Ambrose St. John (left) and John Henry Newman</figcaption></figure> Although Newman's deepest relationships were with men, he had many affectionate friendships with women.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> One of the most important was with Maria Giberne, who knew him in his youth and followed him into the Catholic Church. She was a noted beauty, who at age fifty was described by one admirer as "the handsomest woman I ever saw in my life".<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> A gifted amateur artist, she painted many portraits of Newman at various periods, as well as several of the pictures hanging in the Birmingham Oratory. Newman had a photographic portrait of her in his room<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> and was still corresponding with her into their eighties. Emily Bowles, who first met Newman at Littlemore, was the recipient of some of his most outspoken letters on what he felt to be the mistaken course of the extreme infallibilists and his reasons for not "speaking out" as many begged him to do.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> When she visited Newman at the Birmingham Oratory in 1861, she was welcomed by him "as only he can welcome"; she would never forget "the brightness that lit up his worn face as he received me at the door, carrying in several packages himself".<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Newman also experienced close male friendships, the first with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hurrell_Froude" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hurrell Froude">Richard Hurrell Froude</a> (1803–1836), the longest with <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_St_John" title="Ambrose St John">Ambrose St John</a> (1815–1875), who shared communitarian life with Newman for 32 years starting in 1843 (when St John was 28).<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Newman wrote after St John's death: "I have ever thought no bereavement was equal to that of a husband's or a wife's, but I feel it difficult to believe that any can be greater, or any one's sorrow greater, than mine".<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> He directed that he be buried in the same grave as St John: "I wish, with all my heart, to be buried in Fr Ambrose St John's grave—and I give this as my last, my imperative will".<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Newman spelt out his theology of friendship in a sermon he preached on the Feast of St <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>, "whom Jesus loved". In the sermon, Newman said: "There have been men before now, who have supposed Christian love was so diffuse as not to admit of concentration upon individuals; so that we ought to love all men equally. ... Now I shall maintain here, in opposition to such notions of Christian love, and with our Saviour's pattern before me, that the best preparation for loving the world at large, and loving it duly and wisely, is to cultivate our intimate friendship and affection towards those who are immediately about us".<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> For Newman, friendship is an intimation of a greater love, a foretaste of heaven. In friendship, two intimate friends gain a glimpse of the life that awaits them in God.<a href="#cite_note-Vernon-155">[155]</a> Juan R. Vélez writes that someday Newman "may well earn a new title, that of Doctor amicitiae: <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a> on Friendship. His biography is a treatise on the human and supernatural virtues that make up friendship".<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussion_about_potential_homosexuality">Discussion about potential homosexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Discussion about potential homosexuality">edit</a>]</div> David Hilliard characterises Geoffrey Faber's description of Newman, in his 1933 book Oxford Apostles, as a "portrait of Newman as a <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(psychology)" title="Sublimation (psychology)">sublimated</a> homosexual (though the word itself was not used)".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> On Newman's relations with Hurrell Froude, Faber wrote: "Of all his friends Froude filled the deepest place in his heart, and I'm not the first to point out that his occasional notions of marrying definitely ceased with the beginning of his real intimacy with Froude".<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> However, while Faber's theory has had considerable popular influence, scholars of the Oxford Movement tend either to dismiss it entirely or to view it with great scepticism,<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> with even scholars specifically concerned with same-sex desire hesitating to endorse it.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Ellis Hanson, for instance, writes that Newman and Froude clearly "presented a challenge to Victorian <a href="/wiki/Gender_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender norms">gender norms</a>", but "Faber's reading of Newman's sexlessness<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and Hurrell Froude's guilt<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> as evidence of homosexuality" seems "strained".<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> When <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell_Shairp" title="John Campbell Shairp">John Campbell Shairp</a> combines masculine and feminine imagery in his highly poetic description of Newman's preaching style at Oxford in the early 1840s, Frederick S. Roden is put in mind of "the late Victorian definition of a male invert, the homosexual: his (Newman's) <a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">homiletics</a> suggest a woman's soul in a man's body".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Roden, however, does not argue that Newman was homosexual, seeing him rather—particularly in his <a href="/wiki/Profession_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Profession (religious)">professed</a> celibacy<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a>—as a "cultural dissident" or "queer". Roden uses the term "<a href="/wiki/Queer_theory" title="Queer theory">queer</a>" in a very general sense "to include any dissonant behaviours, discourses or claimed identities" in relation to Victorian norms.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In this sense, "Victorian Roman and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a> were culturally queer".<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In Newman's case, Roden writes, "homoaffectivity" (found in heterosexuals and homosexuals alike)<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> "is contained in friendships, in relationships that are not overtly sexual".<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> In a September 2010 television documentary, The Trouble with the Pope,<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tatchell" title="Peter Tatchell">Peter Tatchell</a> discussed Newman's underlying sexuality, citing his close friendship with Ambrose St John and entries in Newman's diaries describing their fond love for each other.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bray" title="Alan Bray">Alan Bray</a>, however, in his 2003 book The Friend,<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> saw the bond between the two men as "entirely spiritual",<a href="#cite_note-BrayTablet-175">[175]</a> noting that Newman, when speaking of St John, echoes the language of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John's gospel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vernon-155">[155]</a> Shortly after St John's death, Bray adds, Newman recorded "a conversation between them before St John lost his speech in those final days. He expressed his hope, Newman wrote, that during his whole priestly life he had not committed one <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a>. For men of their time and culture that statement is definitive. ... Newman's burial with Ambrose St John cannot be detached from his understanding of the place of friendship in Christian belief or its long history". Bray cites numerous examples of friends being buried together.<a href="#cite_note-BrayTablet-175">[175]</a> Newman's burial with St John was not unusual at the time and did not draw contemporary comment.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> David Hilliard writes that relationships such as Newman's with Froude and St John "were not regarded by contemporaries as unnatural. ... Nor is it possible, on the basis of passionate words uttered by mid-Victorians, to make a clear distinction between male affection and homosexual feeling. Theirs was a generation prepared to accept <a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic friendships</a> between men simply as friendships without sexual significance. Only with the emergence in the late nineteenth century of the doctrine of the stiff upper lip and the concept of homosexuality as an identifiable condition, did open expressions of love between men become suspect and regarded in a new light as morally undesirable".<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Men born in the first decades of the nineteenth century had a capacity, which did not survive into later generations, for intense male friendships. The friendship of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hallam" title="Arthur Hallam">Arthur Hallam</a>, immortalised in <a href="/wiki/In_Memoriam_A.H.H." title="In Memoriam A.H.H.">In Memoriam A.H.H.</a>, is a famous example. Less well-known is that of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> and his closest friend at Cambridge, Charles Mansfield.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> When Ian Ker reissued his biography of Newman in 2009, he added an afterword<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009746–50-179">[179]</a> in which he put forward evidence that Newman was a heterosexual. He cited journal entries from December 1816 in which the 15-year-old Newman prayed to be preserved from the temptations awaiting him when he returned from boarding school and met girls at Christmas dances and parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009748-180">[180]</a> As an adult, Newman wrote about the deep pain of the "sacrifice" of the life of celibacy. Ker comments: "The only 'sacrifice' that he could possibly be referring to was that of marriage. And he readily acknowledges that from time to time he continued to feel the natural attraction for marriage that any heterosexual man would."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009749-181">[181]</a> In 1833, Newman wrote that, despite having "willingly" accepted the call to celibacy, he felt "not the less ... the need" of "the sort of interest [sympathy] which a wife takes and none but she—it is a woman's interest".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newman_room1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Newman_room1.JPG/220px-Newman_room1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Newman_room1.JPG/330px-Newman_room1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Newman_room1.JPG/440px-Newman_room1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>Newman's private chapel in his room</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/110px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Within both the Anglican and Roman Catholic churches, Newman's influence was great in <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>. For the Roman Catholic Church in Britain, Newman's conversion secured prestige. On Catholics, his influence was mainly in the direction of a broader spirit and of a recognition of the part played by <a href="/wiki/Development_of_doctrine" title="Development of doctrine">development</a>, in doctrine and in church government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911519-107">[107]</a> He is also remembered for his famous quote "To be deep in history is to cease to be a Protestant."<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> If his teaching on the church was less widely followed, it was because of doubts as to the thoroughness of his knowledge of history and as to his freedom from bias as a critic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutton1911519-107">[107]</a> Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Marc_Ouellet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Marc Ouellet">Cardinal Marc Ouellet</a>, then Prefect of the then <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Bishops">Congregation for Bishops</a>, has said that Newman qualifies to be a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>, ranking with <a href="/wiki/Athanasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Athanasius">Athanasius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tertiary education">edit</a>]</div> Newman founded the independent school for boys <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_School" title="Catholic University School">Catholic University School</a>, Dublin, and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Ireland" title="Catholic University of Ireland">Catholic University of Ireland</a> which evolved into <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>, a college of Ireland's largest university, the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland" title="National University of Ireland">National University of Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> A number of Newman Societies (or <a href="/wiki/Newman_Centers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newman Centers">Newman Centers</a> in the United States) in Newman's honour have been established throughout the world, in the mould of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Newman_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Newman Society">Oxford University Newman Society</a>. They provide pastoral services and ministries to Catholics at non-Catholic universities; at various times this type of "campus ministry" (the distinction and definition being flexible) has been known to Catholics as the Newman Apostolate or "Newman movement". Additionally, colleges have been named for him in <a href="/wiki/Newman_University,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Newman University, Birmingham">Birmingham, England</a>;<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newman_College_(University_of_Melbourne)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newman College (University of Melbourne)">Melbourne, Australia</a>;<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newman_Theological_College" title="Newman Theological College">Edmonton, Canada</a>;<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/Newman_College,_Thodupuzha" title="Newman College, Thodupuzha">Thodupuzha, India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newman_University,_Wichita" class="mw-redirect" title="Newman University, Wichita">Wichita, United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Newman's <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> lecture series The Idea of a University Defined and Illustrated is thought to have become "the basis of a characteristic British belief that education should aim at producing generalists rather than narrow specialists, and that non-vocational subjects—in arts or pure science—could train the mind in ways applicable to a wide range of jobs".<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause_for_canonisation">Cause for canonisation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cause for canonisation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canonisation_of_John_Henry_Newman" title="Canonisation of John Henry Newman">Canonisation of John Henry Newman</a></div> In 1991, Newman was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Venerable" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable">venerable</a> by Pope John Paul II after a thorough examination of his life and work by the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for the Causes of Saints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HRCNewman-193">[193]</a> In 2001, Jack Sullivan, an American deacon from Marshfield in Massachusetts, attributed his recovery from a spinal cord disorder to the intercession of Newman. The miracle was accepted by the Holy See for Newman's <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatification</a>, which Pope Benedict XVI announced on 19 September 2010 during <a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Pope_Benedict_XVI_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="State visit by Pope Benedict XVI to the United Kingdom">a visit to Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The approval of a further miracle at the intercession of Newman was reported in November 2018: the healing of a pregnant woman from a grave illness.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> The decree approving this miracle was authorised to be promulgated on 12 February 2019.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> On 1 July 2019, with an affirmative vote, Newman's canonisation was authorised and the date for the canonisation ceremony was set for 13 October 2019.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Newman was canonised on 13 October 2019, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, in <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Square" title="St. Peter's Square">St. Peter's Square</a>. The ceremony was attended by the Prince of Wales (now <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>), representing the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feast_day">Feast day</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Feast day">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">John Henry Newman</div> <div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">C.O.</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais,_1st_Bt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg/250px-John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg/375px-John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg/500px-John_Henry_Newman_by_Sir_John_Everett_Millais%2C_1st_Bt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3104" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait of Cardinal Newman in <a href="/wiki/Choir_dress" title="Choir dress">choir dress</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, 1881</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confessor" title="Confessor">Confessor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1801</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1890 (aged 89)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatified</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19 September 2010 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 October 2019 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Oratory" title="Birmingham Oratory">Birmingham Oratory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9 October</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cardinal's attire, Oratorian Habit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">Patronage</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham">Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The general rule among Roman Catholics is to celebrate canonised or beatified persons on the date of their dies natalis, the day on which they died and are considered born into heaven.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> However, Newman's dies natalis is 11 August, the same day as the obligatory memorial of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Clare_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Clare of Assisi">Saint Clare of Assisi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar" title="General Roman Calendar">General Roman Calendar</a> which would take precedence. Thus, once Newman was beatified, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Oratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Oratory">Congregation of the Oratory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bishops%27_Conference_of_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales">Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales</a> opted to place Newman's optional memorial on 9 October, the date of his conversion to Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-LitWales-203">[203]</a> This date was chosen because "it falls at the beginning of the University year; an area in which Newman had a particular interest".<a href="#cite_note-LitEngWalesReason-204">[204]</a> John Henry Newman is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(observance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemoration (observance)">commemoration</a> on 11 August.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> He is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> on 21 February.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Anglican period</dt></dl> <ul><li>The Arians of the Fourth Century (1833)</li> <li>Tracts for the Times (1833–1841)</li> <li>British Critic (1836–1842)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lyra00newmuoft/page/n6">Lyra Apostolica</a> (poems mostly by Newman and Keble, collected 1836)</li> <li>On the Prophetical Office of the Church (1837)</li> <li>Lectures on Justification (1838)</li> <li>Parochial and Plain Sermons (1834–1843)</li> <li>Select Treatises of St. Athanasius (1842, 1844)</li> <li>Lives of the English Saints (1843–44)</li> <li>Essays on Miracles (1826, 1843)</li> <li>Oxford University Sermons (1843)</li> <li>Sermons on Subjects of the Day (1843)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Catholic period</dt></dl> <ul><li>Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1845)</li> <li>Retractation of Anti-Catholic Statements (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_and_Gain" title="Loss and Gain">Loss and Gain</a> (novel – 1848)</li> <li>Faith and Prejudice and Other Unpublished Sermons (1848–1873; collected 1956)</li> <li>Discourses to Mixed Congregations (1849)</li> <li>Difficulties of Anglicans (1850)</li> <li>The Present Position of Catholics in England (1851)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.163525/page/n1/mode/2up">The Idea of a University</a> (1852 and 1858)</li> <li>Cathedra Sempiterna (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callista_(novel)" title="Callista (novel)">Callista</a> (novel – 1855)</li> <li>On Consulting the Faithful in Matters of Christian Doctrine (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rambler_(Catholic_periodical)" title="The Rambler (Catholic periodical)">The Rambler</a> (editor) (1859–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apologia_Pro_Vita_Sua" title="Apologia Pro Vita Sua">Apologia Pro Vita Sua</a> (religious autobiography – 1864; revised edition, 1865)</li> <li>Letter to Dr. Pusey (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Gerontius_(poem)" title="The Dream of Gerontius (poem)">The Dream of Gerontius</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_of_Assent" title="Grammar of Assent">An Essay in Aid of a Grammar of Assent</a> (1870)</li> <li>Sermons Preached on Various Occasions (various/1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_the_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Letter to the Duke of Norfolk">Letter to the Duke of Norfolk</a> (1875)</li> <li>Five Letters (1875)</li> <li>Sermon Notes (1849–1878)</li> <li>Select Treatises of St. Athanasius (1881)</li> <li>On the Inspiration of Scripture (1884)</li> <li>Development of Religious Error (1885)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other miscellaneous works</dt></dl> <ul><li>Historical Tracts of St. Athanasius (1843)</li> <li>Essays Critical and Historical (various/1871)</li> <li>Tracts Theological and Ecclesiastical (various/1871)</li> <li>Discussions and Arguments (various/1872)</li> <li>Historical Sketches (various/1872)</li> <li>Addresses to Cardinal Newman and His Replies, with Biglietto Speech (1879)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Selections</dt></dl> <ul><li>Realizations: Newman's Own Selection of His Sermons (edited by Vincent Ferrer Blehl, S.J., 1964). Liturgical Press, 2009. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-3290-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-3290-1">978-0-8146-3290-1</a></li> <li>Mary the Second Eve (compiled by Sister Eileen Breen, F.M.A., 1969). <a href="/wiki/TAN_Books" title="TAN Books">TAN Books</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-181-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-181-8">978-0-89555-181-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2006" class="citation book cs1">Newman, John Henry (2006). Earnest, James David; Tracey, Gerard (eds.). Fifteen Sermons Preached Before the University of Oxford. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifteen+Sermons+Preached+Before+the+University+of+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/48px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/64px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newman_Studies_Journal" title="Newman Studies Journal">Newman Studies Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Ordinariate_of_Our_Lady_of_Walsingham" title="Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham">Personal Ordinariate of Our Lady of Walsingham</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger2019" class="citation web cs1">Burger, John (14 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2019/09/14/prince-charles-plans-to-attend-cardinal-newmans-canonization/">"Prince Charles plans to attend Cardinal Newman's canonization"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915133152/https://aleteia.org/2019/09/14/prince-charles-plans-to-attend-cardinal-newmans-canonization/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prince+Charles+plans+to+attend+Cardinal+Newman%27s+canonization&rft.date=2019-09-14&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faleteia.org%2F2019%2F09%2F14%2Fprince-charles-plans-to-attend-cardinal-newmans-canonization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Joshua P. Hochschild, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020180018/http://www.mmisi.org/ma/45_04/hochschild.pdf">"The Re-Imagined Aristotelianism of John Henry Newman"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> John Henry Newman, Empiricist Philosophy, and the Certainty of Faith, University of Oxford, 1974. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Parkinson 1988, p. 344 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSJviI29C2w">"John Henry Newman | "CATHOLICISM: The Pivotal Players""</a>. 9 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191106231917/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xSJviI29C2w&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2019. 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Longmans, Green, and Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifejohnhenryca03goog/page/n500">472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+John+Henry%2C+Cardinal+Newman%3A+Based+on+His+Private+Journals+and+Correspondence%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Wilfrid+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifejohnhenryca03goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick2002" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Owen (2002). Acton and History. Cambridge University Press. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acton+and+History&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPezzimenti2001" class="citation book cs1">Pezzimenti, Rocco (2001). The Political Thought of Lord Acton: The English Catholics in the Nineteenth Century. Gracewing Publishing. p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Lord+Acton%3A+The+English+Catholics+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Pezzimenti&rft.aufirst=Rocco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CH-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFr_Raymond_de_Souza2019" class="citation web cs1">Fr Raymond de Souza (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/how-benedict-xvi-and-leo-xiii-were-inspired-by-newman/">"How Benedict XVI and Leo XIII were inspired by Newman"</a>. Catholic Herald. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017034412/https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/how-benedict-xvi-and-leo-xiii-were-inspired-by-newman/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=How+Benedict+XVI+and+Leo+XIII+were+inspired+by+Newman&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.au=Fr+Raymond+de+Souza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fhow-benedict-xvi-and-leo-xiii-were-inspired-by-newman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_10-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bnew.html">"St. John Henry Cardinal Newman [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>. www.catholic-hierarchy.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411191350/http://catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bnew.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=St.+John+Henry+Cardinal+Newman+%5BCatholic-Hierarchy%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fbishop%2Fbnew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley2003201-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilley2003201_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilley2003">Gilley 2003</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Henry1864" class="citation book cs1">John Henry, Newman (1864). Apologia Pro Vita Sua. pp. Part 6, Article 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apologia+Pro+Vita+Sua&rft.pages=Part+6%2C+Article+1&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=John+Henry&rft.aufirst=Newman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin199096–112-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin199096–112_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartin1990">Martin 1990</a>, pp. 96–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-CEnc-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CEnc_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEnc_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEnc_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEnc_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEnc_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEnc_14-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEnc_14-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CEnc_14-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barry, William (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/John_Henry_Newman">"John Henry Newman" </a>. 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BBC News. 19 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121233323/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11360529">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+Beatifies+Cardinal+Newman+as+His+UK+Tour+Ends+%28with+video+clip%29&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-11360529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockhaus" class="citation web cs1">Brockhaus, Hannah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/40552/pope-francis-approves-canonization-of-john-henry-newman">"Pope Francis Approves Canonization of John Henry Newman"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+Approves+Canonization+of+John+Henry+Newman&rft.aulast=Brockhaus&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F40552%2Fpope-francis-approves-canonization-of-john-henry-newman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2019-07/canonizaion-newman-13-october.html">"Pope to Canonize Newman and Four Others on 13 October – Vatican News"</a>. www.vaticannews.va. 1 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701134510/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2019-07/canonizaion-newman-13-october.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2019. 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Wilkins, "Letters", The Tablet, 20 July 2019, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmanreader.org/biography/death/life.html">"A Short Life of Cardinal Newman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a>. The National Institute for Newman Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150658/http://www.newmanreader.org/biography/death/life.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tablet&rft.atitle=A+Short+Life+of+Cardinal+Newman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmanreader.org%2Fbiography%2Fdeath%2Flife.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Velez2011-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Velez2011_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRev._Fr._Juan_R._Velez2011" class="citation book cs1">Rev. Fr. Juan R. Velez (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph_GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">"Newman's England: John Henry's childhood"</a>. Passion for Truth: The Life of John Henry Newman. TAN Books. pp. 16–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89555-997-5"><bdi>978-0-89555-997-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115161205/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ph_GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT16">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. 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London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newman%2C+John+Henry&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFison2009" class="citation book cs1">Fison, Vanessa (2009). The Matchless Vale: the story of Ham and Petersham and their people. Ham and Petersham Association. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9563244-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9563244-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9563244-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Matchless+Vale%3A+the+story+of+Ham+and+Petersham+and+their+people&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Ham+and+Petersham+Association&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9563244-0-5&rft.aulast=Fison&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Bibby" title="Cyril Bibby">Cyril Bibby</a>'s T. H. 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Newmanreader.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmanreader.org/works/apologia65/chapter1.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2013. 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London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander%2C+Michael+Solomon&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Gilley, Sheridan. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "Dalgairns, John Dobrée [name in religion Bernard] (1818–1876), Roman Catholic priest and scholar" </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Murphy, G. Martin.,Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, "Lockhart, William (1819–1892), Roman Catholic convert and Rosminian priest" </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Shrimpton, Paul. 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Retrieved 10 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critics+on+Trial%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Catholic+Modernist+Crisis&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-0800-8&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Marvin+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD1fnY64FfWUC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009_09_01_archive.html">New Liturgical Movement: September 2009</a>. Extract from interview with the custodian of Newman's Littlemore, posted Sunday, 27 September 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150706114911/http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009_09_01_archive.html">Archived</a> 6 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Chadwick pp. 193–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilley2003243–45-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilley2003243–45_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilley2003">Gilley 2003</a>, p. 243–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Herring, pp. 65–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Paz D.G., Popular Anti-Catholicism in Mid-Victorian England (Stanford, 1992), p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent1885–1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kent, William Charles Mark (1885–1900). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Wiseman,_Nicholas_Patrick_Stephen">"Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 245.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wiseman%2C+Nicholas+Patrick+Stephen&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=William+Charles+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="HuttonWiseman" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wollaston_Hutton" title="Arthur Wollaston Hutton">Hutton, Arthur Wollaston</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Wiseman,_Nicholas_Patrick_Stephen" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen">Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 752–753.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wiseman%2C+Nicholas+Patrick+Stephen&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=752-753&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Wollaston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Norman, E. R., Anti-Catholicism in Victorian England (London, 1968) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/religion/Hierarchy_Reestablished.html">Anthony S. Wohl, The Re-establishment of the Catholic Hierarchy in England, 1850</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-diary-68"><a href="#cite_ref-diary_68-0">^</a> Newman, John Henry The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, Vol. XIV (London, 1963), p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Newman, John Henry, Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England, The Works of Cardinal John Henry Newman Birmingham Oratory Millennium Edition Volume 1 (2000), p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2000viii-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash2000viii_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNash2000">Nash 2000</a>, p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Griffin, John R., A Historical Commentary on the Major Catholic Works of Cardinal Newman, (New York, 1993), p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> The Rambler, Vol. VIII, November 1851, Part XLVII, p. 387. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinoKing2018" class="citation book cs1">Aquino, Frederick D.; King, Benjamin J. (25 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1UVvDwAAQBAJ&q=%22newman%22+%22Gillow%22&pg=PA339">The Oxford Handbook of John Henry Newman</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198718284" title="Special:BookSources/9780198718284"><bdi>9780198718284</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115161206/https://books.google.com/books?id=1UVvDwAAQBAJ&q=%22newman%22+%22Gillow%22&pg=PA339">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+John+Henry+Newman&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-10-25&rft.isbn=9780198718284&rft.aulast=Aquino&rft.aufirst=Frederick+D.&rft.au=King%2C+Benjamin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1UVvDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522newman%2522%2B%2522Gillow%2522%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Hare, J.C., The Contest with Rome, (London, 1852), p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Ward, Wilfrid, Last Lectures, (London, 1918), p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Ker, I., "Newman the Satirist", in Ker, I. & Hill, A.G. (ed.), Newman after a Hundred Years, (Oxford, 1990), p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009366-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer2009366_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKer2009">Ker 2009</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Newman, John Henry, Letters and Diaries, Vol. XXVI, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB_Achilli-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_Achilli_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_Achilli_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_Achilli_79-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/55519">Gilley, S., "Achilli, (Giovanni) Giacinto (b. c.1803)</a>", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, OUP, (2004) (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009372-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer2009372_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKer2009">Ker 2009</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1912" class="citation book cs1">Ward, W. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmanreader.org/biography/ward/volume1/chapter10.html">"The Achilli Trial"</a>. Life of John Henry Cardinal Newman (2 vol ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co. p. 278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Achilli+Trial&rft.btitle=Life+of+John+Henry+Cardinal+Newman&rft.place=London&rft.pages=278&rft.edition=2+vol&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmanreader.org%2Fbiography%2Fward%2Fvolume1%2Fchapter10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AchillivsNewman-82"><a href="#cite_ref-AchillivsNewman_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-101160171-bk#page/4/mode/2up/search/1833">"Achilli vs. Newman: A full report of this most extraordinary trial for sedition and adultery charged against Dr. Achilli, the apostate Catholic priest, by the celebrated Dr. Newman ..."</a> 'Dewitt & Davenport publishers, NY' & 'U.S. National Library for Medicine, Bethseda, MD'. 21 June 1852. pp. 3–31, 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200120175911/https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/bookviewer?PID=nlm:nlmuid-101160171-bk#page/4/mode/2up/search/1833">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Achilli+vs.+Newman%3A+A+full+report+of+this+most+extraordinary+trial+for+sedition+and+adultery+charged+against+Dr.+Achilli%2C+the+apostate+Catholic+priest%2C+by+the+celebrated+Dr.+Newman+....&rft.pages=3-31%2C+4&rft.pub=%27Dewitt+%26+Davenport+publishers%2C+NY%27+%26+%27U.S.+National+Library+for+Medicine%2C+Bethseda%2C+MD%27&rft.date=1852-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbookviewer%3FPID%3Dnlm%3Anlmuid-101160171-bk%23page%2F4%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2F1833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Newman, John Henry, Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England, The Works of Cardinal John Henry Newman Birmingham Oratory Millennium Edition Volume 1 (2000), pp. 427–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2000xxiv-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash2000xxiv_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNash2000">Nash 2000</a>, p. xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Quoted in Newman, John Henry The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, Vol. XV, (London, 1963) p. 108, n. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Ms letter to Keble (Nov. 8, 1852), Taylor Collection, Bodleian, quoted in Griffin, John R., A Historical Commentary on the Major Catholic Works of Cardinal Newman, (New York, 1993), p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENash2000xxv-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENash2000xxv_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNash2000">Nash 2000</a>, p. xxv. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-88"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2010" class="citation book cs1">Cornwell, John (2010). "Idea of a University". Newman's Unquiet Grave. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441150844" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441150844"><bdi>978-1441150844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idea+of+a+University&rft.btitle=Newman%27s+Unquiet+Grave&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1441150844&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> J. H. Newman, The Idea of a University, London, 1891, pp. 125–26, cited by John Cornwell, Newman's Unquiet Grave, ch. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Charles Stephen Dessain, et al., eds., The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman, vol. 16, note 551, cited by John Cornwell, Newman's Unquiet Grave, ch. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2010" class="citation book cs1">Cornwell, John (2010). "Idea of a University". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newmansunquietgr00john">Newman's Unquiet Grave</a>. A&C Black. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newmansunquietgr00john/page/n140">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1441150844" title="Special:BookSources/978-1441150844"><bdi>978-1441150844</bdi></a>. <q>A token of the prophetic, timeless and universal nature of Newman's vision is its adoption by writers and thinkers generations on, and far removed, from the circumstances of nineteenth-century tertiary education in Catholic Ireland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idea+of+a+University&rft.btitle=Newman%27s+Unquiet+Grave&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1441150844&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewmansunquietgr00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordoratory.org.uk/">"The Oxford Oratory"</a>. The Oxford Oratory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917011435/http://www.oxfordoratory.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Oratory&rft.pub=The+Oxford+Oratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordoratory.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrimpton2005" class="citation book cs1">Shrimpton, Paul (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6yhgA-nHAMC">A Catholic Eton? Newman's Oratory School</a>. <a href="/wiki/Leominster" title="Leominster">Leominster</a>: Gracewing Publishing. pp. 26, 29, 41–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852446614" title="Special:BookSources/9780852446614"><bdi>9780852446614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Catholic+Eton%3F+Newman%27s+Oratory+School&rft.place=Leominster&rft.pages=26%2C+29%2C+41-43&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780852446614&rft.aulast=Shrimpton&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6yhgA-nHAMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> John Noonan, A Church That Can and Cannot Change, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ts.mu.edu/content/51/51.3/51.3.3.pdf">"Theological Studies – A journal of academic theology"</a> (PDF). Ts.mu.edu. 30 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ts.mu.edu&rft.atitle=Theological+Studies+%E2%80%93+A+journal+of+academic+theology&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ts.mu.edu%2Fcontent%2F51%2F51.3%2F51.3.3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> G.W.Russell, Collections & Recollections (Revised edition, Smith, Elder & Co, London, 1899), at p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009533–536-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer2009533–536_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer2009533–536_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKer2009">Ker 2009</a>, pp. 533–536. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Frank M. Turner, ed.; John Henry Newman. Apologia Pro Vita Sua. p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009543-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer2009543_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKer2009">Ker 2009</a>, p. 543. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meriol_Trevor" title="Meriol Trevor">Trevor, Meriol</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newmanlightinwin0000meri">Newman: Light in Winter</a>. London: Macmillan and Co, Ltd. p. 337.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newman%3A+Light+in+Winter&rft.place=London&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Trevor&rft.aufirst=Meriol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewmanlightinwin0000meri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InLineCitation-101"><a href="#cite_ref-InLineCitation_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmanreader.org/works/apologia65/chapter4-2.html">"Newman Reader – Apologia (1865) – Chapter 4.2"</a>. www.newmanreader.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180510071444/http://www.newmanreader.org/works/apologia65/chapter4-2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newmanreader.org&rft.atitle=Newman+Reader+%E2%80%93+Apologia+%281865%29+%E2%80%93+Chapter+4.2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmanreader.org%2Fworks%2Fapologia65%2Fchapter4-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKer2014" class="citation book cs1">Ker, Ian (2014). Newman on Vatican II. 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Retrieved 31 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faith+Features%3A+John+Henry+Newman&rft.pub=Bbc.co.uk&rft.date=2008-07-18&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fherefordandworcester%2Fcontent%2Farticles%2F2008%2F07%2F18%2Fcardinal_newman_feature.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7672099.stm">Mystery of cardinal's missing bones</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090102010537/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7672099.stm">Archived</a> 2 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 29 October 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009747-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer2009747_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKer2009">Ker 2009</a>, p. 747. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208205736/http://www.birminghampost.net/news/west-midlands-news/2008/11/05/professor-probes-mystery-over-missing-bones-of-cardinal-newman-65233-22185056/">"Professor probes mystery over missing bones of Cardinal Newman"</a>. West Midlands News. 5 November 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghampost.net/news/west-midlands-news/2008/11/05/professor-probes-mystery-over-missing-bones-of-cardinal-newman-65233-22185056/">the original</a> on 8 December 2008. 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Retrieved 19 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newmanreader.org&rft.atitle=Newman+Reader+%E2%80%93+Ward%27s+Life+of+Cardinal+Newman+%E2%80%93+Chapter+29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmanreader.org%2Fbiography%2Fward%2Fvolume2%2Fchapter29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dulles-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Dulles_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ts.mu.edu/content/51/51.3/51.3.3.pdf">"Theological Studies – A journal of academic theology"</a> (PDF). Ts.mu.edu. 30 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303174908/http://www.ts.mu.edu/content/51/51.3/51.3.3.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ts.mu.edu&rft.atitle=Theological+Studies+%E2%80%93+A+journal+of+academic+theology&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ts.mu.edu%2Fcontent%2F51%2F51.3%2F51.3.3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-T&C_p54-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T&C_p54_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-T&C_p54_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-T&C_p54_126-2">c</a> Meriol Trevor and Léonie Caldecott. John Henry Newman: Apostle to the Doubtful. London: CTS, 2001, p. 54. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86082-121-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86082-121-9">978-1-86082-121-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-T&C_p57-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T&C_p57_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-T&C_p57_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-T&C_p57_127-2">c</a> Trevor and Caldecott, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-T&C_p56-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-T&C_p56_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-T&C_p56_128-1">b</a> Trevor and Caldecott, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Trevor and Caldecott, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Trevor and Caldecott, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Trevor and Caldecott, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians, 1918, p. 69. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Victorians/Cardinal_Manning#VI" class="extiw" title="s:Eminent Victorians/Cardinal Manning">s:Eminent Victorians/Cardinal Manning#VI</a>. The full sentence reads: "His delicate mind, with its refinements, its hesitations, its complexities—his soft, spectacled, Oxford manner, with its half-effeminate diffidence- such things were ill calculated to impress a throng of busy Cardinals and Bishops, whose days were spent amid the practical details of ecclesiastical organisation, the long-drawn involutions of papal diplomacy, and the delicious bickerings of personal intrigue." </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Geoffrey Faber, Oxford Apostles: A Character Study of the Oxford Movement, London 1933. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Lytton Strachey, Eminent Victorians, 1918. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Eminent_Victorians/Cardinal_Manning#VI" class="extiw" title="s:Eminent Victorians/Cardinal Manning">s:Eminent Victorians/Cardinal Manning#VI</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams_p82-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_p82_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_p82_135-1">b</a> James Eli Adams. Dandies and Desert Saints: Styles of Victorian Masculinity. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995, p. 82. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8208-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8208-3">978-0-8014-8208-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Quoted in Wilfrid Ward, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmanreader.org/biography/ward-genius/lecture1.html">The Genius of Cardinal Newman: Lecture 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010725153754/http://www.newmanreader.org/biography/ward-genius/lecture1.html">Archived</a> 25 July 2001 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Oliver S. Buckton. Secret Selves: Confession and Same-Sex Desire in Victorian Autobiography. University of North Carolina Press, 1998, p. 31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4702-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4702-2">978-0-8078-4702-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Meriol Trevor. Newman's Journey, Fontana Library, 1974, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Frances Eliza Kingsley (ed.), Charles Kingsley: His Letters and Memories of His Life, Vol. I. New York: Fred De Fau, 1899, p. 162. Kingsley here cites Genesis 2:18. (<a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>: "And the Lord God said, It is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a help meet for him.") </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Laura Fasick. "The Seduction of Celibacy: Threats to Male Sexual Identity in Charles Kingsley's Writings", in Jay Losey and William D. Brewer (eds), Mapping Male Sexuality: Nineteenth-Century England. Madison, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 2000, p. 225. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3828-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3828-6">978-0-8386-3828-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Francis Eliza Kingsley (ed.), Charles Kingsley, Vol. I, pp. 217–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> John Cornwell. "Comment (10.10.10)" on a misleading citation from his biography, Newman's Unquiet Grave: The Reluctant Saint (London: Continuum, 2010) in Jonathan Aitken, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectator.org/archives/2010/09/15/a-saintly-conscience">"A Saintly Conscience"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100918210727/http://spectator.org/archives/2010/09/15/a-saintly-conscience">Archived</a> 18 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a>, September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> R. W. Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/england/church/om/18.html">The Oxford Movement: Twelve Years 1833–1845: Chapter XVIII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123092018/http://anglicanhistory.org/england/church/om/18.html">Archived</a> 23 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Newman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmanreader.org/works/gain/chapter2-5.html">Loss and Gain: Part I, Chapter 5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731111531/http://www.newmanreader.org/works/gain/chapter2-5.html">Archived</a> 31 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Adams, Dandies and Desert Saints, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Joyce Sugg. Ever Yours Affly: John Henry Newman and His Female Circle. Gracewing, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-315-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-315-6">978-0-85244-315-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mozley" title="Thomas Mozley">Thomas Mozley</a>. Reminiscences: Chiefly of Oriel College and the Oxford Movement, Volume 2. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1882, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribe2009" class="citation web cs1">Tribe, Shawn (16 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009/07/cardinal-newman-at-birmingham-his-study.html">"Cardinal Newman's Room at Birmingham"</a>. Newliturgicalmovement.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819210933/http://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2009/07/cardinal-newman-at-birmingham-his-study.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cardinal+Newman%27s+Room+at+Birmingham&rft.pub=Newliturgicalmovement.org&rft.date=2009-07-16&rft.aulast=Tribe&rft.aufirst=Shawn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newliturgicalmovement.org%2F2009%2F07%2Fcardinal-newman-at-birmingham-his-study.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Trevor and Caldecott, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Trevor, Newman's Journey, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> J. H. Rigg, Oxford High Anglicanism and its Chief Leaders, London, 1895. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Charles Dessain. The Letters and Diaries of John Henry Newman Volume IX: Littlemore and the Parting of Friends May 1842 – October 1843. London: Thomas Nelson & Sons. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Newman, "Written in prospect of death", 23 July 1876, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmanreader.org/works/meditations/meditations12.html">Meditations and Devotions – Part 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101001225749/http://www.newmanreader.org/works/meditations/meditations12.html">Archived</a> 1 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Newman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmanreader.org/works/parochial/volume2/sermon5.html">"Love of Relations and Friends"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100922150803/http://www.newmanreader.org/works/parochial/volume2/sermon5.html">Archived</a> 22 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Parochial and Plain Sermons, Volume 2, Sermon 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vernon-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vernon_155-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Vernon" title="Mark Vernon">Mark Vernon</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templeton-cambridge.org/fellows/showarticle.php?article=417">"One Soul, Two Bodies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Tablet" title="The Tablet">The Tablet</a>, 3 April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507030519/http://www.templeton-cambridge.org/fellows/showarticle.php?article=417">Archived</a> 7 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/heart_speaks_to_heart">Velez, Juan R., "Heart speaks to heart"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013135956/http://www.mercatornet.com/articles/view/heart_speaks_to_heart">Archived</a> 13 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. MercatorNet, 10 September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> David Hilliard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/academic/hilliard_unenglish.pdf">"UnEnglish and Unmanly: Anglo-Catholicism and Homosexuality"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717052631/http://anglicanhistory.org/academic/hilliard_unenglish.pdf">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 4. Originally published in Victorian Studies, Winter 1982, pp. 181–210. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Oxford Apostles, p. 218 of the Pelican (1954) edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Buckton (p. 36) cites <a href="/wiki/Piers_Brendon" title="Piers Brendon">Piers Brendon</a> and Sheridan Gilley as scholars who dismiss Faber's theory. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Buckton (p. 30) cautions: "We ought, of course, to be wary of repeating [Charles] Kingsley's obsessive practice of eroticizing every aspect of Newman's life and faith." </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Faber's book came out in 1933. Later research by Ker (see below) and others does not support the idea of Newman's "sexlessness". </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> As Hilliard notes (p. 5), Piers Brendon, in his biography of Froude, offers a very different interpretation of Froude's sense of guilt. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Ellis Hanson. Decadence and Catholicism. Harvard University Press, 1998, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Frederick S. Roden. Same-Sex Desire in Victorian Religious Culture. Palgrave MacMillan, 2003, p. 16. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-98643-1">978-0-333-98643-1</a>. In the passage cited by Roden, Shairp describes the style of Newman's sermons as "so simple and transparent, yet so subtle withal; so strong yet so tender; the grasp of a strong man's hand, combined with the trembling of a woman's heart ... laying the most penetrating finger on the very core of things". </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Roden, pp. 4, 6, 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Roden, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Roden, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Roden, p. 1. Roden here explicitly follows <a href="/wiki/Eve_Kosofsky_Sedgwick" title="Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick">Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick</a>, whose term "<a href="/wiki/Homosociality" title="Homosociality">homosociality</a>" he uses in the sense of "homosociability or homoaffectivity" (p. 7). </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Roden, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> The Trouble with the Pope, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, 13 September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Peter Tatchell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/tvandradioblog/2010/sep/13/peter-tatchell-trouble-with-the-pope">"The Trouble with the Pope: a journey into my own preconceptions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309194629/http://www.theguardian.com/media/tvandradioblog/2010/sep/13/peter-tatchell-trouble-with-the-pope">Archived</a> 9 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, guardian.co.uk, 13 September 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> John Cornwell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8720000/8720596.stm">"Cardinal Newman"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100921223135/http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_8720000/8720596.stm">Archived</a> 21 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News: Today, 4 June 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Francis Phillips. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2010/07/14/fr-ian-ker-brings-clarity-to-the-question-of-newman-and-his-male-friends/">"Fr Ian Ker brings clarity to the question of Newman and his male friends"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222194356/http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2010/07/14/fr-ian-ker-brings-clarity-to-the-question-of-newman-and-his-male-friends/">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CatholicHerald.co.uk, 14 July 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Alan Bray. The Friend. University of Chicago Press, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-BrayTablet-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BrayTablet_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BrayTablet_175-1">b</a> Alan Bray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207071228/https://www.thetablet.co.uk/article/5030">"Wedded Friendships"</a>, The Tablet, 8 August 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Ian Ker. "Newman, John Henry (1801–1890), theologian and cardinal", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Hilliard, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Buckton, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009746–50-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer2009746–50_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKer2009">Ker 2009</a>, pp. 746–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009748-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer2009748_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKer2009">Ker 2009</a>, p. 748. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKer2009749-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKer2009749_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKer2009">Ker 2009</a>, p. 749. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> In the passage quoted from (cited in Ker, John Henry Newman: A Biography, p. 197), "interest", "affectionate interest" and "sympathy" are used interchangeably. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ewtn.com/catholicism/library/cardinal-john-henry-newmans-exhumation-objectors-5696">"Cardinal John Henry Newman's Exhumation Objectors"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206174428/https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/cardinal-john-henry-newmans-exhumation-objectors-5696">Archived</a> 6 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ian Ker, <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a> weekly edition in English, 3 September 2008, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newmanreader.org/works/development/introduction.html">"An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine Introduction, paragraph 5"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128092226/https://www.newmanreader.org/works/development/introduction.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Essay+on+the+Development+of+Christian+Doctrine+Introduction%2C+paragraph+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmanreader.org%2Fworks%2Fdevelopment%2Fintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2019" class="citation news cs1">Lamb, Christopher (12 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12120/cardinal-calls-for-newman-to-be-made-doctor-of-the-church-">"Cardinal calls for Newman to be made 'Doctor of the Church'"</a>. The Tablet. 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The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209020427/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1879.htm#Newman">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cardinals+of+the+Holy+Roman+Church&rft.atitle=John+Henry+Newman&rft.aulast=Miranda&rft.aufirst=Salvador&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiu.edu%2F~mirandas%2Fbios1879.htm%23Newman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/the-pope/8012010/Pope-visit-The-miracle-that-put-Cardinal-Newman-on-the-road-to-sainthood.html">"Pope visit: The miracle that put Cardinal Newman on the road to sainthood"</a>. The Telegraph. 19 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170429071934/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/the-pope/8012010/Pope-visit-The-miracle-that-put-Cardinal-Newman-on-the-road-to-sainthood.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Pope+visit%3A+The+miracle+that+put+Cardinal+Newman+on+the+road+to+sainthood&rft.date=2010-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fthe-pope%2F8012010%2FPope-visit-The-miracle-that-put-Cardinal-Newman-on-the-road-to-sainthood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2016" class="citation web cs1">Allen, John L. Jr. (23 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/church/2016/01/23/john-henry-newman-could-become-the-patron-saint-of-relevance/">"John Henry Newman could become the patron saint of relevance"</a>. Crux. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701114620/https://cruxnow.com/church/2016/01/23/john-henry-newman-could-become-the-patron-saint-of-relevance/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Henry+Newman+could+become+the+patron+saint+of+relevance&rft.pub=Crux&rft.date=2016-01-23&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=John+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Fchurch%2F2016%2F01%2F23%2Fjohn-henry-newman-could-become-the-patron-saint-of-relevance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRousselle2018" class="citation news cs1">Rousselle, Christine (29 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/40011/vatican-approves-second-miracle-for-blessed-john-henry-newman">"Vatican approves second miracle for Blessed John Henry Newman"</a>. Catholic News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129112105/https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/vatican-approves-second-miracle-for-blessed-john-henry-newman-87278">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vatican+approves+second+miracle+for+Blessed+John+Henry+Newman&rft.date=2018-11-29&rft.aulast=Rousselle&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F40011%2Fvatican-approves-second-miracle-for-blessed-john-henry-newman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8WEgyznT5c">"The Miracle of Newman's Canonisation: Melissa'a Story</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190816001238/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8WEgyznT5c&gl=US&hl=en">Archived</a> 16 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Youtube (12 August 2019). 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Liturgical Office England & Wales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118001037/http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/National/Wales1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liturgical+Office+England+%26+Wales&rft.atitle=National+Calendar+for+Wales&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liturgyoffice.org.uk%2FCalendar%2FNational%2FWales1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LitEngWalesReason-204"><a href="#cite_ref-LitEngWalesReason_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/National/Newman.shtml">"Saint John Henry Newman - National Calendar for England"</a>. Liturgy Office England & Wales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016161717/http://www.liturgyoffice.org.uk/Calendar/National/Newman.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liturgy+Office+England+%26+Wales&rft.atitle=Saint+John+Henry+Newman+-+National+Calendar+for+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liturgyoffice.org.uk%2FCalendar%2FNational%2FNewman.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. The Church of England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309204842/https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prayer.forwardmovement.org:443/the_calendar_response.php?id=400221">"The Calendar"</a>. prayer.forwardmovement.org. Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prayer.forwardmovement.org&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprayer.forwardmovement.org%3A443%2Fthe_calendar_response.php%3Fid%3D400221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riteseries.org/brain/hwhm/6/133/">"riteseries online: Holy Women, Holy Men :: [John Henry Newman] - February 21"</a>. www.riteseries.org. Retrieved 19 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riteseries.org&rft.atitle=riteseries+online%3A+Holy+Women%2C+Holy+Men+%3A%3A+%5BJohn+Henry+Newman%5D+-+February+21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riteseries.org%2Fbrain%2Fhwhm%2F6%2F133%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Holy Women, Holy Men: Celebrating the Saints. Church Publishing Incorporated. 2010. pp. 234–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-637-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89869-637-0"><bdi>978-0-89869-637-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Women%2C+Holy+Men%3A+Celebrating+the+Saints&rft.pages=234-235&rft.pub=Church+Publishing+Incorporated&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-89869-637-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilley2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Gilley" title="Sheridan Gilley">Gilley, Sheridan</a> (2003). Newman and His Age. London: Darton, Longman & Todd Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-232-52478-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-232-52478-9"><bdi>978-0-232-52478-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newman+and+His+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Darton%2C+Longman+%26+Todd+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-232-52478-9&rft.aulast=Gilley&rft.aufirst=Sheridan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKer2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Ker" title="Ian Ker">Ker, Ian</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qi34aF7LO-wC">John Henry Newman: A Biography</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956910-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956910-6"><bdi>978-0-19-956910-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Henry+Newman%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956910-6&rft.aulast=Ker&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqi34aF7LO-wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1990" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Brian (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnhenrynewmanh0000mart_d7r7/mode/2up">John Henry Newman: His life & work</a>. London: Geoffrey Chapman Mowbray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-264-67188-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-264-67188-0"><bdi>0-264-67188-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Henry+Newman%3A+His+life+%26+work&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Geoffrey+Chapman+Mowbray&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-264-67188-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnhenrynewmanh0000mart_d7r7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash2000" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Andrew (2000). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WHZzVeWTPm8C">Lectures on the Present Position of Catholics in England</a>. Gracewing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780268013233" title="Special:BookSources/9780268013233"><bdi>9780268013233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+Present+Position+of+Catholics+in+England&rft.pub=Gracewing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780268013233&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWHZzVeWTPm8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Attribution <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hutton, Arthur Wollaston (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Newman,_John_Henry" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Newman, John Henry">Newman, John Henry</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 517–520.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Newman%2C+John+Henry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=517-520&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Wollaston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Aguzzi, Steven (2010). "John Henry Newman's Anglican Views on Judaism", Newman Studies Journal, Vol. VII, No. 1, pp. 56–72.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthurNicholls2007" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, James; Nicholls, Guy (2007). John Henry Newman: Continuum Library of Educational Thought. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8407-9"><bdi>978-0-8264-8407-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Henry+Newman%3A+Continuum+Library+of+Educational+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8407-9&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bellasis, Edward (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/a546891500belluoft#page/n5/mode/2up">Cardinal Newman as a Musician</a>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chadwick" title="Owen Chadwick">Chadwick, Owen</a> (1987). The Victorian Church: Part One 1829–1859. London: SCM.</li> <li>Connolly, John R. (2005). John Henry Newman: A View of Catholic Faith for the New Millennium. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-3222-9">978-0-7425-3222-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulles_SJ2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avery_Dulles" title="Avery Dulles">Dulles SJ, Avery</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdSOs5GlqQC">Newman: Outstanding Christian Thinkers series</a>. London, New York: Continuum. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826462871" title="Special:BookSources/0826462871"><bdi>0826462871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newman%3A+Outstanding+Christian+Thinkers+series&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0826462871&rft.aulast=Dulles+SJ&rft.aufirst=Avery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQYdSOs5GlqQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Faught, C. Brad (2003). The Oxford Movement: A Thematic History of the Tractarians and Their Times. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02249-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02249-9">978-0-271-02249-9</a>.</li> <li>Gates, Lewis E. (1889), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74191">Three studies in literature</a>, the second on Cardinal Newman.</li> <li>Herring, George (2002). What Was the Oxford Movement? London: Continuum.</li> <li>Heuser, Herman J. (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/americancatholic15philuoft#page/774/mode/2up">"Cardinal Newman,"</a> The American Catholic Quarterly Review, Vol. XV, pp. 774–94.</li> <li>Jost, Walter (1989). Rhetorical Thought in John Henry Newman. U. of South Carolina Press.</li> <li>Ker, Ian and Merrigan, Terrence (eds) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521871860&ss=exc">The Cambridge Companion to John Henry Newman</a>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Kings" title="Graham Kings">Kings, Graham</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101102153909/http://www.fulcrum-anglican.org.uk/page.cfm?ID=558">"The Ambiguous Legacy of John Henry Newman: Reflections on the Papal Visit 2010"</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._Müller_KGCHS2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Gerhard Ludwig Müller">L. Müller</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">KGCHS</a>, card. Gerhard (1 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8hv_oAEACAAJ">John Henry Newman begegnen: Zeugen des Glaubens</a> (in German) (2nd ed.). Paulinus Verlag. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3790258059" title="Special:BookSources/978-3790258059"><bdi>978-3790258059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Henry+Newman+begegnen%3A+Zeugen+des+Glaubens&rft.pages=176&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Paulinus+Verlag&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft.isbn=978-3790258059&rft.aulast=L.+M%C3%BCller+KGCHS&rft.aufirst=card.+Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8hv_oAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Henry+Newman" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Newsome, David (1993). The Convert Cardinals: Newman and Manning. London: John Murray. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719546358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719546358">978-0719546358</a>.</li> <li>Rowlands, John Henry Lewis (1989). Church, State, and Society, 1827–1845: the Attitudes of John Keble, Richard Hurrell Froude, and John Henry Newman. Worthing, Eng.: P. Smith [of] Churchman Publishing; Folkestone, Eng.: distr. ... by Bailey Book Distribution. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85093-132-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85093-132-1">1-85093-132-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytton_Strachey" title="Lytton Strachey">Strachey, Lytton</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/eminentvictorians00stra#page/n9/mode/2up">Eminent Victorians</a>. London: Chatto & Windus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriol_Trevor" title="Meriol Trevor">Trevor, Meriol</a> (1962). Newman: The Pillar of the Cloud & Newman: Light in Winter (two-volume biography). London: Macmillan Co.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_M_Turner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank M Turner (page does not exist)">Turner, Frank M</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300092516">John Henry Newman: The Challenge to Evangelical Religion</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Zeno, Dr (1987). John Henry Newman: His Inner Life. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-112-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89870-112-8">978-0-89870-112-8</a>.</li> <li>John Henry Newman. Una biografía. Ian Ker. (Spanish edition.) Ediciones Palabra 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9840-282-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9840-282-7">978-84-9840-282-7</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henry_Newman&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> John Henry Newman at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" 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data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" class="extiw" title="q:John Henry Newman">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Henry_Newman" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Henry Newman">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44490" class="extiw" title="d:Q44490">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about John Henry Newman <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=John+Henry+Newman&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=John+Henry+Newman">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=John+Henry+Newman&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By John Henry Newman <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=John+Henry+Newman&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=John+Henry+Newman">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=John+Henry+Newman&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-henry-newman">Works by John Henry Newman in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/8264">Works by John Henry Newman</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Newman%2C%20John%20Henry%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Newman%2C%20John%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Newman%2C%20J%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Henry%20Newman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20H%2E%20Newman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20H%2E%20Newman%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Newman%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Newman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Henry%20Newman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20H%2E%20Newman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20H%2E%20Newman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Henry%20Newman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Newman%2C%20John%20Henry%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Newman%2C%20John%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Newman%2C%20J%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Newman%2C%20J%2E%20Henry%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Newman%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Newman%2C%20John%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Henry%20Newman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20H%2E%20Newman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20H%2E%20Newman%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Newman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Henry%20Newman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20H%2E%20Newman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20H%2E%20Newman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Newman%2C%20John%20Henry%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Newman%2C%20John%20H%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Newman%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Newman%2C%20John%22%29%20OR%20%28%221801-1890%22%20AND%20Newman%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Henry Newman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1632">Works by John Henry Newman</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmanreader.org/canonization/promulgation.html">Promulgation of Newman as venerable</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Latin</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/homilies/2010/documents/hf_ben-xvi_hom_20100919_beatif-newman_en.html">Pope Benedict XVI's homily 19.09.2010</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Records </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand-Fran%C3%A7ois-Auguste_Donnet" title="Ferdinand-François-Auguste Donnet">Ferdinand-François-Auguste Donnet</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">Oldest living cardinal</a> 23 December 1882 – 11 August 1890 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Teodolfo_Mertel" title="Teodolfo Mertel">Teodolfo Mertel</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Catholic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History of the Catholic Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Papal primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the Christian biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">First Epistle of Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" title="Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristides_of_Athens" title="Aristides of Athens">Aristides of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Epistle to Diognetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Antipope Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">John Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Pope Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecthesis" title="Ecthesis">Ecthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_II_of_Aquileia" title="Paulinus II of Aquileia">Paulinus II of Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Aniane" title="Benedict of Aniane">Benedict of Aniane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabanus_Maurus" title="Rabanus Maurus">Rabanus Maurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius Radbertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum Gratiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Peter Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Laon" title="Anselm of Laon">Anselm of Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh of Saint Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Robert Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_Nazareth" title="Beatrice of Nazareth">Beatrice of Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boetius_of_Dacia" title="Boetius of Dacia">Boetius of Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Ghent" title="Henry of Ghent">Henry of Ghent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a> and reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Duns Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rolle" title="Richard Rolle">Richard Rolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_Ruysbroeck" class="mw-redirect" title="John van Ruysbroeck">John of Ruusbroec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridget_of_Sweden" title="Bridget of Sweden">Bridget of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Meister Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Tauler" title="Johannes Tauler">Johannes Tauler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hilton" title="Walter Hilton">Walter Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Suso" title="Henry Suso">Heinrich Seuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_Groote" title="Geert Groote">Geert Groote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devotio_Moderna" title="Devotio Moderna">Devotio Moderna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_of_Norwich" title="Julian of Norwich">Julian of Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%C3%A0_Kempis" title="Thomas à Kempis">Thomas à Kempis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Savonarola" title="Girolamo Savonarola">Girolamo Savonarola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Thomas Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Eck" title="Johann Eck">Johann Eck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Villanova" title="Thomas of Villanova">Thomas of Villanova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Loyola" title="Ignatius of Loyola">Ignatius of Loyola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Osuna" title="Francisco de Osuna">Francisco de Osuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Luis de León">Luis de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque period</a> to <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Tommaso Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_B%C3%A9rulle" title="Pierre de Bérulle">Pierre de Bérulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Pierre Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Jesus_of_%C3%81greda" title="Mary of Jesus of Ágreda">Mary of Jesus of Ágreda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Vieira" title="António Vieira">António Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Olier" title="Jean-Jacques Olier">Jean-Jacques Olier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomassin" title="Louis Thomassin">Louis Thomassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">François Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Jansen" title="Cornelius Jansen">Cornelius Jansen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Nicolas Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Montfort" title="Louis de Montfort">Louis de Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Muzzarelli" title="Alfonso Muzzarelli">Alfonso Muzzarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Sailer" title="Johann Michael Sailer">Johann Michael Sailer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Mary_Hofbauer" title="Clement Mary Hofbauer">Clement Mary Hofbauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Lanteri" title="Bruno Lanteri">Bruno Lanteri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Joseph Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Félicité de La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Luigi Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_von_D%C3%B6llinger" title="Ignaz von Döllinger">Ignaz von Döllinger</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Henry Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Henri_Lacordaire" title="Jean-Baptiste Henri Lacordaire">Henri Lacordaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Jaime Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Sanseverino" title="Gaetano Sanseverino">Gaetano Sanseverino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Maria_Cornoldi" title="Giovanni Maria Cornoldi">Giovanni Maria Cornoldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler" title="Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler">Wilhelm Emmanuel Freiherr von Ketteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pecci" title="Giuseppe Pecci">Giuseppe Pecci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hergenr%C3%B6ther" title="Joseph Hergenröther">Joseph Hergenröther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Maria_Zigliara" title="Tommaso Maria Zigliara">Tommaso Maria Zigliara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Joseph_Scheeben" title="Matthias Joseph Scheeben">Matthias Joseph Scheeben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Boutroux" title="Émile Boutroux">Émile Boutroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bloy" title="Léon Bloy">Léon Bloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9sir%C3%A9-Joseph_Mercier" title="Désiré-Joseph Mercier">Désiré-Joseph Mercier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_H%C3%BCgel" title="Friedrich von Hügel">Friedrich von Hügel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Joseph_Lagrange" title="Marie-Joseph Lagrange">Marie-Joseph Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tyrrell" title="George Tyrrell">George Tyrrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Maurice Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Joseph Maréchal">Joseph Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Étienne Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Knox" title="Ronald Knox">Ronald Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">Dietrich von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Gabriel Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Dominique_Chenu" title="Marie-Dominique Chenu">Marie-Dominique Chenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Romano Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Edith Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_J._Sheen" title="Fulton J. Sheen">Fulton Sheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Lubac" title="Henri de Lubac">Henri de Lubac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Daniel-Rops" title="Henri Daniel-Rops">Henri Daniel-Rops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Guitton" title="Jean Guitton">Jean Guitton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1" title="Josemaría Escrivá">Josemaría Escrivá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Nouvelle théologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Karl Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Yves Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lonergan" title="Bernard Lonergan">Bernard Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier" title="Emmanuel Mounier">Emmanuel Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Lefebvre" title="Marcel Lefebvre">Marcel Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Frederick Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schillebeeckx" title="Edward Schillebeeckx">Edward Schillebeeckx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Merton" title="Thomas Merton">Thomas Merton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">René Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%BCng" title="Hans Küng">Hans Küng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Metz" title="Johann Baptist Metz">Johann Baptist Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Vanier" title="Jean Vanier">Jean Vanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Nouwen" title="Henri Nouwen">Henri Nouwen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold;width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_von_Hildebrand" title="Alice von Hildebrand">Alice von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Maria_Martini" title="Carlo Maria Martini">Carlo Maria Martini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gustavo Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">Alasdair MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kasper" title="Walter Kasper">Walter Kasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raniero_Cantalamessa" title="Raniero Cantalamessa">Raniero Cantalamessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Heller" title="Michał Heller">Michał Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Marion" title="Jean-Luc Marion">Jean-Luc Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Hal%C3%ADk" title="Tomáš Halík">Tomáš Halík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_Nichols" title="Aidan Nichols">Aidan Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Scott Hahn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_philosophy_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic philosophy footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_command_theory" title="Divine command theory">Divine command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/70px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/105px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg/140px-Gentile_da_Fabriano_052.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="963" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/70px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/105px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg/140px-JohnDunsScotus_-_full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="479" /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/70px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/105px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/140px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_philosophy" title="Medieval philosophy">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_philosophy" title="Modern philosophy">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo-scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytical Thomism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_universals" title="Problem of universals">Universals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonic realism">Augustinian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotistic_realism" title="Scotistic realism">Scotistic realism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">Theological intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntarism_(philosophy)" title="Voluntarism (philosophy)">Theological voluntarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">Foundationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Ficino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gassendi" title="Pierre Gassendi">Gassendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Malebranche" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Occam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Pico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rahner" title="Karl Rahner">Rahner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Ratzinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Wojtyła</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actus_essendi" title="Actus essendi">Actus Essendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_primus" title="Actus primus">Actus primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actus_purus" title="Actus purus">Actus purus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aevum" title="Aevum">Aevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">Cartesian dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogito,_ergo_sum" title="Cogito, ergo sum">Cogito, ergo sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehellenization_of_Christianity" title="Dehellenization of Christianity">Dehellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">Differentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputation" title="Disputation">Disputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_truth" title="Double truth">Double truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_demon" title="Evil demon">Evil demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_distinction" title="Formal distinction">Formal distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_angel" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_many_angels_can_dance_on_the_head_of_a_pin%3F" title="How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?">Head of a pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homo_unius_libri" title="Homo unius libri">Homo unius libri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">Infused righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memento_mori#In_Europe_from_the_Medieval_era_to_the_Victorian_era" title="Memento mori">Memento mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontological_argument" title="Ontological argument">Ontological argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_wager" title="Pascal's wager">Pascal's wager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatetic_axiom" title="Peripatetic axiom">Peripatetic axiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of double effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(Scheler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ressentiment (Scheler)">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota_Fortunae" title="Rota Fortunae">Rota Fortunae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_deadly_sins" title="Seven deadly sins">Seven deadly sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratification_of_emotional_life_(Scheler)" title="Stratification of emotional life (Scheler)">Stratification of emotional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_theodicy" title="Augustinian theodicy">Augustinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaean_theodicy" title="Irenaean theodicy">Irenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark_argument" title="Trademark argument">Trademark argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Univocity_of_being" title="Univocity of being">Univocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#China" title="Conservatism">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44490#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44490#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44490#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11858751X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78095501">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119176054">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119176054">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00451232">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV001669">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36064266">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517536006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14723973">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00471448?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500253096">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3958a48b-fba0-49d8-be22-43d7d79bc2d2">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/102261">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/47156821">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1205297">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.006179.v1">Ireland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11858751X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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