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<button aria-controls="toc-Outbreak_of_revolt-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outbreak of revolt subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographic_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geographic coverage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vendée_military_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendée_military_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vendée military response</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vendée_military_response-sublist" 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Fontenay-le-Comte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Battle of Fontenay-le-Comte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Fontenay-le-Comte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Saumur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Saumur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Battle of Saumur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Saumur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Nantes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Nantes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Battle of Nantes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Nantes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Battle_of_Châtillon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Battle_of_Châtillon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>First Battle of Châtillon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Battle_of_Châtillon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Vihiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Vihiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Battle of Vihiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Vihiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Luçon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Luçon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Battle of Luçon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Luçon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Montaigu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Montaigu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Battle of Montaigu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Montaigu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Battle_of_Tiffauges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Battle_of_Tiffauges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Second Battle of Tiffauges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Battle_of_Tiffauges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Battle_of_Châtillon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Battle_of_Châtillon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Second Battle of Châtillon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Battle_of_Châtillon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Tremblaye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Tremblaye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Battle of Tremblaye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Tremblaye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_(October–December_1793)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_(October–December_1793)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Defeat (October–December 1793)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_(October–December_1793)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_first_war_and_later_revolts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_of_the_first_war_and_later_revolts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath of the first war and later revolts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath_of_the_first_war_and_later_revolts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath of the first war and later revolts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_of_the_first_war_and_later_revolts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Hundred_Days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Hundred_Days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The Hundred Days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Hundred_Days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Genocide controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genocide_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Genocide controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Genocide_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Challenging_the_methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenging_the_methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Challenging the methodology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenging_the_methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural depictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural depictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_depictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_&_Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_&_Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Film & Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_&_Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-in_French" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#in_French"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>in French</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-in_French-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">War in the Vendée</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%87" title="حرب فونديه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب فونديه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandeya_%C3%BCsyan%C4%B1" title="Vandeya üsyanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vandeya üsyanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B9%DB%86%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="واندیا عۆصیانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="واندیا عۆصیانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Vendée Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vendée Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Вандэйскае паўстаньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вандэйскае паўстаньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Вандейско въстание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вандейско въстание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Brezel Vendée – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Vendée" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_La_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Revolta de La Vendée – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolta de La Vendée" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_ve_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Povstání ve Vendée – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povstání ve Vendée" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_y_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Rhyfel y Vendée – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhyfel y Vendée" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9erkrigen" title="Vendéerkrigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vendéerkrigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufstand_der_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Aufstand der Vendée – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aufstand der Vendée" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Πόλεμος της Βανδέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος της Βανδέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_la_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Guerra de la Vendée – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra de la Vendée" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_de_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Milito de Vendée – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milito de Vendée" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9eko_gerra" title="Vendéeko gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vendéeko gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="جنگ وانده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ وانده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_de_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Guerre de Vendée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre de Vendée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EB%8D%B0_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="방데 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방데 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վանդեական պատերազմներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վանդեական պատերազմներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobuna_u_Vendeji" title="Pobuna u Vendeji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pobuna u Vendeji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_en_la_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Milito en la Vendée – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Milito en la Vendée" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Perang Vendée – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Vendée" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_di_Vandea" title="Guerre di Vandea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerre di Vandea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94" title="המלחמה בוואנדה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמה בוואנדה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Perang Vendée – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Vendée" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Вандея соғыстары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вандея соғыстары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Вандея согуштары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Вандея согуштары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krich_an_der_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Krich an der Vendée – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Krich an der Vendée" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e-i_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Vendée-i háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vendée-i háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вандејска буна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вандејска буна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opstand_in_de_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Opstand in de Vendée – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opstand in de Vendée" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%8D%E4%B9%B1" title="ヴァンデの反乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァンデの反乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Vend%C3%A8a" title="Guèrra de Vendèa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra de Vendèa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandeya_urushlari" title="Vandeya urushlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vandeya urushlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dg%C3%A8re_ed_Vind%C3%A8e" title="Dgère ed Vindèe – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Dgère ed Vindèe" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojny_wandejskie" title="Wojny wandejskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojny wandejskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_da_Vendeia" title="Guerra da Vendeia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra da Vendeia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Războiul din Vendée – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul din Vendée" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Вандейский мятеж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вандейский мятеж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95_%D9%84%DB%95_%DA%A4%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8E" title="شەڕ لە ڤێندێ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەڕ لە ڤێندێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Побуна у Вандеји – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Побуна у Вандеји" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_u_Vend%C3%A9eu" title="Rat u Vendéeu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rat u Vendéeu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9en_kapinat" title="Vendéen kapinat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vendéen kapinat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolten_i_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Revolten i Vendée – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Revolten i Vendée" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Vendée Savaşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vendée Savaşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вандейська війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вандейська війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%BA%E4%BB%A3%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="旺代战争 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="旺代战争" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%BA%E4%BB%A3%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="旺代戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="旺代戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1793–1796 set of battles between the French revolutionaries and the royalists</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">War in the Vendée</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GuerreVend%C3%A9e_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GuerreVend%C3%A9e_1.jpg/220px-GuerreVend%C3%A9e_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GuerreVend%C3%A9e_1.jpg/330px-GuerreVend%C3%A9e_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/GuerreVend%C3%A9e_1.jpg/440px-GuerreVend%C3%A9e_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="599" /></a></span><br /><i>Henri de La Rochejaquelein at the Battle of Cholet in 1793</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Paul-%C3%89mile_Boutigny" title="Paul-Émile Boutigny">Paul-Émile Boutigny</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>3 March 1793 — 16 July 1796</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">West France: <a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a>, Vendée, <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>, Deux-Sèvres (or <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_France" title="Provinces of France">former provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>, Poitou, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> French Republican victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French Republic</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Vendeans</a><hr /><b>Supported by:</b><br /><span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Camille_Canclaux" title="Jean Baptiste Camille Canclaux">Jean Baptiste Camille Canclaux</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armand_Louis_de_Gontaut" title="Armand Louis de Gontaut">Armand Louis de Gontaut</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Antoine_Rossignol" title="Jean Antoine Rossignol">Jean Antoine Rossignol</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Westermann" title="François Joseph Westermann">François Joseph Westermann</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Carrier">Jean Baptiste Carrier</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lecomte" title="René François Lecomte">René François Lecomte</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9chelle" title="Jean Léchelle">Jean Léchelle</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_Turreau" title="Louis Marie Turreau">Louis Marie Turreau</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_%281790%E2%80%931794%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Jacques Cathelineau</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_d%27Elb%C3%A9e" title="Maurice d'Elbée">Maurice d'Elbée</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Bonchamps" title="Charles de Bonchamps">Charles de Bonchamps</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_Lescure" title="Louis Marie de Lescure">Louis Marie de Lescure</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_la_Rochejaquelein" title="Henri de la Rochejaquelein">Henri de la Rochejaquelein</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Charette" title="François de Charette">François de Charette</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Stofflet" title="Jean-Nicolas Stofflet">Jean-Nicolas Stofflet</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marie_de_Beaumont_d%27Autichamp" title="Charles Marie de Beaumont d'Autichamp">Charles de Beaumont d'Autichamp</a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Aim%C3%A9_de_Royrand" title="Charles Aimé de Royrand">Charles Aimé de Royrand</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/20px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/30px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg/40px-Drapeau_Arm%C3%A9e_Catholique_et_Royale_de_Vend%C3%A9e3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cadoudal" title="Georges Cadoudal">Georges Cadoudal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 130,000–150,000<sup id="cite_ref-hussenet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussenet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 80,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> c. 30,000 military killed<sup id="cite_ref-hussenet_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussenet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Several tens of thousands killed</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Inhabitants of the Vendee: c. 170,000 military and civilians killed<sup id="cite_ref-hussenet_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussenet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>c. 200,000 dead in total<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jallais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jallais (page does not exist)">Jallais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Cholet" title="First Battle of Cholet">1st Cholet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pont-Charrault" title="Battle of Pont-Charrault">Pont-Charrault</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Pornic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Pornic (page does not exist)">1st Pornic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Sables-d%27Olonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Sables-d'Olonne (page does not exist)">1st Sables-d'Olonne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Pornic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Pornic (page does not exist)">2nd Pornic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Sables-d%27Olonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Sables-d'Olonne (page does not exist)">2nd Sables-d'Olonne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Coron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Coron (page does not exist)">1st Coron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chemill%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chemillé (page does not exist)">Chemillé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Aubiers_(1793)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Aubiers (1793) (page does not exist)">Aubiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Challans_(1793)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Challans (1793) (page does not exist)">Challans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Saint-Gervais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Saint-Gervais (page does not exist)">Saint-Gervais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vezins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vezins (page does not exist)">Vezins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Port-Saint-Pierre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Port-Saint-Pierre (page does not exist)">1st Port-Saint-Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Machecoul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Machecoul (page does not exist)">2nd Machecoul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Beaupr%C3%A9au_(1793)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Beaupréau (1793) (page does not exist)">1st Beaupréau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Beaulieu-sous-la-Roche_(1793)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Beaulieu-sous-la-Roche (1793) (page does not exist)">1st Beaulieu-sous-la-Roche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Leg%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Legé (page does not exist)">1st Legé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thouars" title="Battle of Thouars">Thouars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Saint-Colombin_(1793)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Saint-Colombin (1793) (page does not exist)">1st Saint-Colombin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Port-Saint-P%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Port-Saint-Père (page does not exist)">2nd Port-Saint-Père</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Ch%C3%A2taigneraie_(1793)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of La Châtaigneraie (1793) (page does not exist)">1st La Châtaigneraie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Palluau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Palluau (page does not exist)">Palluau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenay-le-Comte" title="Battle of Fontenay-le-Comte">Fontenay-le-Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_Battle_of_Machecoul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third Battle of Machecoul (page does not exist)">3rd Machecoul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dou%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Doué (page does not exist)">Doué</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Montreuil-Bellay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montreuil-Bellay (page does not exist)">Montreuil-Bellay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saumur_(1793)" title="Battle of Saumur (1793)">Saumur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Lu%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Luçon (page does not exist)">1st Luçon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nantes" title="Battle of Nantes">Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Parthenay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Parthenay (page does not exist)">Parthenay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Moulin-aux-Ch%C3%A8vres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Moulin-aux-Chèvres (page does not exist)">1st Moulin-aux-Chèvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="First Battle of Châtillon">1st Châtillon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Martign%C3%A9-Briand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Martigné-Briand (page does not exist)">Martigné-Briand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vihiers" title="Battle of Vihiers">Vihiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ponts-de-C%C3%A9_(1793)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ponts-de-Cé (1793) (page does not exist)">Ponts-de-Cé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Lu%C3%A7on&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Luçon (page does not exist)">2nd Luçon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Aux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of château d'Aux (page does not exist)">Château d'Aux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lu%C3%A7on" title="Battle of Luçon">3rd Luçon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Roche-sur-Yon_(1793)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of La Roche-sur-Yon (1793) (page does not exist)">La Roche-sur-Yon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vertou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vertou (page does not exist)">Vertou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chantonnay" title="Battle of Chantonnay">Chantonnay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vrines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vrines (page does not exist)">Vrines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Montaigu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Battle of Montaigu (page does not exist)">1st Montaigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tiffauges" title="Battle of Tiffauges">Tiffauges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coron_(1793)" title="Battle of Coron (1793)">Coron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pont-Barr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Pont-Barré">Pont-Barré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montaigu" title="Battle of Montaigu">2nd Montaigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Fulgent" title="Battle of Saint-Fulgent">Saint-Fulgent</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pallet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pallet (page does not exist)">Pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Noirmoutier" title="First Battle of Noirmoutier">1st Noirmoutier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Treize-Septiers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Treize-Septiers (page does not exist)">Treize-Septiers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Moulin-aux-Ch%C3%A8vres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Battle of Moulin-aux-Chèvres (page does not exist)">2nd Moulin-aux-Chèvres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Second Battle of Châtillon">2nd Châtillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noirmoutier_(1794)" title="Battle of Noirmoutier (1794)">2nd Noirmoutier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Tremblaye" title="Battle of La Tremblaye">La Tremblaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cholet" title="Second Battle of Cholet">2nd Cholet</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%A9e_de_Galerne" title="Virée de Galerne">Virée de Galerne</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laval" title="Battle of Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Croix-Bataille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Croix-Bataille (page does not exist)">Croix-Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Entrames" title="Battle of Entrames">Entrames</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ern%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ernée (page does not exist)">Ernée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Foug%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Fougères">Fougères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Granville" title="Battle of Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pontorson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pontorson (page does not exist)">Pontorson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avranches_massacre" title="Avranches massacre">Avranches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dol" title="Battle of Dol">Dol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Angers" title="Siege of Angers">Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_La_Fl%C3%A8che&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of La Flèche (page does not exist)">La Flèche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pontlieue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pontlieue (page does not exist)">Pontlieue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Le_Mans_(1793)" title="Battle of Le Mans (1793)">Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savenay" title="Battle of Savenay">Savenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noirmoutier_(1794)" title="Battle of Noirmoutier (1794)">2nd Noirmoutier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Royalist_Revoltsof_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_French_Revolutionary_Wars_Royalist_Revolts" title="Template:Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars Royalist Revolts"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_French_Revolutionary_Wars_Royalist_Revolts" title="Template talk:Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars Royalist Revolts"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_French_Revolutionary_Wars_Royalist_Revolts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox French Revolutionary Wars Royalist Revolts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royalist_Revoltsof_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Royalist Revolts<br />of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars"><span class="wrap">French Revolutionary Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vendée</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon_(1793)" title="Siege of Toulon (1793)">Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Lyon_against_the_National_Convention" title="Revolt of Lyon against the National Convention">Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_France_(1795)" title="Invasion of France (1795)">Quiberon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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Porrentruy">Porrentruy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qui%C3%A9vrain_(1792)" title="Battle of Quiévrain (1792)">Quiévrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marquain" title="Battle of Marquain">Marquain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1792)" title="Siege of Lille (1792)">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martinique_(1794)" title="Battle of Martinique (1794)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Guadeloupe_(1794)" title="Invasion of Guadeloupe (1794)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Dutch_fleet_at_Den_Helder" title="Capture of the Dutch fleet at Den Helder">Den Helder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siegburg" title="Battle of Siegburg">Siegburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Altenkirchen" title="Battle of Altenkirchen">Altenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wetzlar_(1796)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Wetzlar (1796)">Wetzlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircheib" title="Battle of Kircheib">Kircheib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kehl_(1796)" title="Battle of Kehl (1796)">1st Kehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ettlingen" title="Battle of Ettlingen">Malsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Neresheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Amberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Limburg_(1796)" title="Battle of Limburg (1796)">Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kehl_(1796)" title="Second Battle of Kehl (1796)">2nd Kehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biberach_(1796)" title="Battle of Biberach (1796)">Biberach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fishguard" title="Battle of Fishguard">Fishguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Neuwied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diersheim_(1797)" title="Battle of Diersheim (1797)">Diersheim</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries_theatre_of_the_War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition">Flanders campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_campaign_of_1793%E2%80%931796" title="Mediterranean campaign of 1793–1796">Mediterranean campaign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">War of the Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaigns_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars">Italian campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Rhine_Campaign_of_1793%E2%80%9394" title="Template:Campaignbox Rhine Campaign of 1793–94">Rhine campaign of 1793–94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_campaign_of_May_1794" title="Atlantic campaign of May 1794">Atlantic 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Catholicism" title="Category:Anti-Catholicism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Persecutions</a><br />of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Historical persecution of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_and_Pius_XII" title="Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII">Catholic Church persecutions 1939–1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Russia" title="Pope Pius XII and Russia">Eradication of the Church under Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_victims_of_Soviet_persecutions" title="Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions">Eastern Catholic persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_modern_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in the modern era">Persecution of Christians in the modern era</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Neo-Persian Empire</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Muslim conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Christianity in Saudi Arabia">Christianity in Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Sudan" title="Christianity in Sudan">Christianity in Sudan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by the Islamic State</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_the_Rue_Haxo" title="Massacre in the Rue Haxo">Massacre in the Rue Haxo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iniquis_afflictisque" title="Iniquis afflictisque">Iniquis afflictisque</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acerba_animi" title="Acerba animi">Acerba animi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_del_R%C3%ADo" title="José Sánchez del Río">José Sánchez del Río</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico" title="Anti-clericalism in Mexico">Anti-clericalism in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pro" title="Miguel Pro">Miguel Pro</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Turon" title="Martyrs of Turon">Martyrs of Turon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Daimiel" title="Martyrs of Daimiel">Martyrs of Daimiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Blanco" title="Bartolomé Blanco">Bartolomé Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocencio_of_Mary_Immaculate" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocencio of Mary Immaculate">Innocencio of Mary Immaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_of_Manila" title="José María of Manila">José María of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/233_Spanish_Martyrs" title="233 Spanish Martyrs">233 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/498_Spanish_Martyrs" title="498 Spanish Martyrs">498 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/522_Spanish_Martyrs" title="522 Spanish Martyrs">522 Spanish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_convents_in_Spain_(1931)" title="Burning of convents in Spain (1931)">Burning of convents in Spain (1931)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Germany" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mit_brennender_Sorge" title="Mit brennender Sorge">Mit brennender Sorge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Delp" title="Alfred Delp">Alfred Delp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Grimm" title="Alois Grimm">Alois Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Mayer" title="Rupert Mayer">Rupert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Lichtenberg" title="Bernhard Lichtenberg">Bernhard Lichtenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Josef_Metzger" title="Max Josef Metzger">Max Josef Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Leisner" title="Karl Leisner">Karl Leisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Klausener" title="Erich Klausener">Erich Klausener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyr Saints of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Chapdelaine" title="Auguste Chapdelaine">Auguste Chapdelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_China" title="Pope Pius XII and China">Persecution of Christians in China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Sinarum_gentem" title="Ad Sinarum gentem">Ad Sinarum gentem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cupimus_Imprimis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupimus Imprimis">Cupimus Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_Apostolorum_principis" title="Ad Apostolorum principis">Ad Apostolorum principis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Kung_Pin-Mei" title="Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei">Ignatius Kung Pin-Mei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beda_Chang" title="Beda Chang">Beda Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Tang" title="Dominic Tang">Dominic Tang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_of_Ph%C3%BA_Y%C3%AAn" title="Andrew of Phú Yên">Andrew of Phú Yên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thu%E1%BA%ADn" title="Nguyễn Văn Thuận">Nguyễn Văn Thuận</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_B%E1%BB%ADu_Di%E1%BB%87p" title="Trương Bửu Diệp">Trương Bửu Diệp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_T%C3%A2n_V%C4%83n" title="Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn">Marcel Nguyễn Tân Văn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Poland" title="Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland">Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksymilian_Kolbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maksymilian Kolbe">Maksymilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Polish anti-religious campaign 1945–1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Wyszy%C5%84ski" title="Stefan Wyszyński">Stefan Wyszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/108_Martyrs_of_World_War_II" title="108 Martyrs of World War II">108 Blessed Polish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_Poland" title="Pope Pius XII and Poland">Policies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Poloniae_annalibus" title="In Poloniae annalibus">In Poloniae annalibus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gloriosam_Reginam" title="Gloriosam Reginam">Gloriosam Reginam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Invicti_athletae" title="Invicti athletae">Invicti athletae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Popie%C5%82uszko" title="Jerzy Popiełuszko">Jerzy Popiełuszko</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">József Mindszenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Bossilkov" title="Eugene Bossilkov">Eugene Bossilkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severian_Baranyk" title="Severian Baranyk">Severian Baranyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Beran" title="Josef Beran">Josef Beran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drina_Martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Drina Martyrs">Drina Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zynoviy_Kovalyk" title="Zynoviy Kovalyk">Zynoviy Kovalyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Stepinac" title="Aloysius Stepinac">Aloysius Stepinac</a></li> <li><i><a 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Society of Sisters">Pierce v. 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class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Chelm Eparchy">Conversion of Chelm Eparchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union">Anti-Catholicism in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Victims_of_Soviet_persecutions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions (page does not exist)">Eastern Catholic Victims of Soviet persecutions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Persecutions_of_the_Catholic_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Persecutions of the Catholic Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>War in the Vendée</b> (French: <i lang="fr">Guerre de Vendée</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolution</a> from 1793 to 1796 in the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a> region of <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. The Vendée is a coastal region, located immediately south of the river <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> in western France. Initially, the revolt was similar to the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Jacquerie" title="Jacquerie">Jacquerie</a> peasant uprising, but the Vendée quickly became counter-revolutionary and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Royalist</a>. The revolt headed by the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Armies" title="Catholic and Royal Armies">Catholic and Royal Army</a> was comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a>, which took place in the area north of the Loire. </p><p>While elsewhere in France the revolts against the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">levée en masse</a></i></span> were repressed, an insurgent territory, called the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Vendée militaire</i></span> by historians, formed south of the <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Inférieure</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>), south-west of <a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>), north of <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a> and north-west of <a href="/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Deux-Sèvres">Deux-Sèvres</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>). Gradually referred to as the "Vendeans", the insurgents established in April a "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Armies" title="Catholic and Royal Armies">Catholic and Royal Army</a>" which won a succession of victories in the spring and summer of 1793. The towns of <a href="/wiki/Fontenay-le-Comte" title="Fontenay-le-Comte">Fontenay-le-Comte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thouars" title="Thouars">Thouars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saumur" title="Saumur">Saumur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> were briefly overrun, but the Vendeans failed before <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>. </p><p>During the autumn, the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mainz" title="Army of Mainz">Army of Mainz</a> as reinforcements restored the advantage to the Republican camp, which in October seized <a href="/wiki/Cholet" title="Cholet">Cholet</a>, the most important city controlled by the Vendeans. After this defeat, the bulk of the Vendée forces crossed the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> and marched to <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> in a desperate attempt to take a port to obtain the help of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">British</a> and the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_des_%C3%89migr%C3%A9s" title="Armée des Émigrés">Armée des Émigrés</a></i></span>. Pushed back to <a href="/wiki/Granville,_Manche" title="Granville, Manche">Granville</a>, the Vendée army was finally destroyed in December at <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Mans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Savenay" title="Savenay">Savenay</a>. From the winter of 1793 to the spring of 1794, during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, violent repression was put in place by the Republican forces. In the cities, and in particular in <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>, around 15,000 people were shot, <a href="/wiki/Drownings_at_Nantes" title="Drownings at Nantes">drowned</a> or guillotined on the orders of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Repr%C3%A9sentant_en_mission" title="Représentant en mission">représentants en mission</a></i></span> and Revolutionary Military Commissions, while in the countryside about 20,000 to 50,000 civilians were massacred by the <a href="/wiki/Infernal_columns" title="Infernal columns">infernal columns</a>, who set fire to many towns and villages. </p><p>The repression provoked a resurgence of the rebellion and in December 1794 the Republicans began negotiations which led between February and May 1795 to the signing of peace treaties with the various Vendée leaders, thus bringing about the end of the "first Vendée war". A "second Vendée war" broke out shortly afterwards, in June 1795, after the start of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_France_(1795)" title="Invasion of France (1795)">Quiberon expedition</a>. The uprising quickly ran out of steam and the last Vendée leaders submitted or were executed between January and July 1796. The Vendée still experienced last and brief uprisings with a third war in <a href="/wiki/1799" title="1799">1799</a>, a fourth in <a href="/wiki/1815" title="1815">1815</a> and a fifth in <a href="/wiki/1832" title="1832">1832</a>, but they were on a much smaller scale. The number of victims is estimated at 200,000 dead, including approximately 170,000 for the inhabitants of the military Vendée, i.e. between 20 and 25% of the population of the insurgent territory. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_de_Machecoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Massacre_de_Machecoul.jpg/200px-Massacre_de_Machecoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Massacre_de_Machecoul.jpg/300px-Massacre_de_Machecoul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Massacre_de_Machecoul.jpg/400px-Massacre_de_Machecoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1083" /></a><figcaption>The massacre of 150 to 200 Vendean Republicans by Vendean Royalists in <a href="/wiki/Machecoul" title="Machecoul">Machecoul</a> was the starting event of the War in the Vendée.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Vend%C3%A9en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Le_Vend%C3%A9en.jpg/220px-Le_Vend%C3%A9en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Le_Vend%C3%A9en.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Vendean rebel. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Julien_Le_Blant" title="Julien Le Blant">Julien Le Blant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the rural Vendée, the local <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> seems to have been more permanently in power than in other parts of France.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville, of France</a>, noted that most French nobles lived in cities by 1789. An <a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">Intendants</a>' survey showed one of the few areas where the nobility still lived with the peasants was the Vendée.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this particularly-isolated feudal stronghold, the class conflict that drove the revolution in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and other parts of France was further suppressed by the institutional strength of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic church</a> in alliance with the nobility. <a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a> author <a href="/wiki/Francois_Mignet" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois Mignet">Francois Mignet</a> accused that militant Republicans wanted to destroy both the independence and influence of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church in France</a>, which the people of the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a> considered unimaginable.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1791, two <a href="/wiki/Representative_on_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative on mission">representatives on mission</a> informed the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> that the Vendée was being mobilized against the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a>, and this news was swiftly followed by the exposure of an alleged <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">royalist</a> conspiracy organized by the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Armand_Tuffin,_marquis_de_la_Rou%C3%ABrie" title="Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie">Marquis de la Rouërie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnchel1911980_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnchel1911980-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent defenders of the Vendée rebels argue that this plotting against the Republic was an understandable response to <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">The Terror</a> (a period between 1793 and 1794 where thousands of both real and suspected <a href="/wiki/Dissident" title="Dissident">dissidents</a> were beheaded by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> (1790) and the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse#The_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Levée en masse">conscription</a> upon the whole of France, decreed by the National Convention in February 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson205_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson205-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Furet124_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Furet124-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In what <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> later dubbed <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> required all <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic priest">Roman Catholic priests</a> to transfer their allegiance from the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> to the Constitution and, by extension, to the increasingly <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> of the Republic. All but seven of the 160 French bishops refused to take the oath, as did about half of the parish priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoes200651_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoes200651-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">coercive secularization</a> of <a href="/wiki/French_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="French culture">French culture</a> triggered the Vendée belligerence; another trigger was further mass conscription into the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a>. The March 1793 conscription requiring Vendeans to fill their district's quota of the national total of 300,000 enraged the local nobility, clergy, and the populace,<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson205_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson205-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who took up arms instead as "<a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">The Catholic Army</a>", "Royal" being added later, and fought for "above all the reopening of their parish churches with their former priests."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoes200652–53_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoes200652–53-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although town dwellers were more likely to support the Revolution in the Vendée,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1961211_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1961211-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there was some support for the Revolution among the rural peasantry. Some Vendean peasants had lived as tenant farmers on Church-owned farmland, and they overwhelmingly embraced the Revolution after all Church lands were seized and redistributed by the Republican government.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a> historians have argued that local <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> had primarily protected the peasantry. They cite the fact that over the 100 years of struggle to impose <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> upon France, the middle class were the primary beneficiaries. Nearly all the purchasers of former Church land were members of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> and very few peasants benefited from the confiscation and sales.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_of_revolt">Outbreak of revolt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outbreak of revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coeur-chouan.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A red cross supported by a heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Coeur-chouan.jpeg/200px-Coeur-chouan.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Coeur-chouan.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a> patch of the Vendean royalist insurgents. The French motto '<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dieu, le Roi</i></span>' means 'God, the King'.</figcaption></figure> <p>There were other levy riots across France when regions started to draft men into the army in response to the Levy Decree in February 1793. The reaction in the northwest in early March was particularly pronounced with large-scale rioting verging on insurrection. By early April, in areas north of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, order had been restored by the revolutionary government, but south of the Loire in four departments that became known as the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Vendée militaire</i></span> there were few troops to control rebels and what had started as rioting quickly took on the form of a full insurrection led by priests and the local nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within a few weeks the Royalist forces had formed a substantial, ill-equipped, army, the <i>Royal and Catholic Army</i>, supported by two thousand <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular</a> <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> and a few captured <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> pieces. The main force of the Royalist operated on a much smaller scale, using <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla tactics</a>, supported by the insurgents' local knowledge and social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographic_coverage">Geographic coverage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic coverage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vendee-militaire_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vendee-militaire_2.svg/300px-Vendee-militaire_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vendee-militaire_2.svg/450px-Vendee-militaire_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vendee-militaire_2.svg/600px-Vendee-militaire_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>The administrative <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a> (green), the "Military Vendée" (pink) where most of the insurrection took place and the <a href="/wiki/Vir%C3%A9e_de_Galerne" title="Virée de Galerne">Virée de Galerne</a> (black, red and blue arrows)</figcaption></figure> <p>Geographically, the insurrection occurred within a rough quadrilateral approximately 60 miles (97 km) wide. The territory defied description in the terms of the redistricting of 1790, nor did it align itself to descriptors used in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien Régime</a></i>; the heart of the movement lay in the forests, with <a href="/wiki/Cholet" title="Cholet">Cholet</a> at its center, in the wild districts of the old county of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>, in the Breton marshlands between <a href="/wiki/Montaigu,_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Montaigu, Vendée">Montaigu</a> and the sea. It included parts of the old <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Departement" class="mw-redirect" title="Departement">departements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a>, the Vendée, and <a href="/wiki/Deux_S%C3%A8vres" class="mw-redirect" title="Deux Sèvres">Deux Sèvres</a>, but never completely fell under Royalist control. The further the land was from Paris (the seat of revolutionary power), the more Counter-revolutionary belligerence occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989165_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989165-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vendée_military_response"><span id="Vend.C3.A9e_military_response"></span>Vendée military response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vendée military response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The insurrection began in March 1793, as a rejection of the mass conscription edict. In February, the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> had voted to approve a levy of three hundred thousand men, to be chosen by lot among the unmarried men in each commune. Thus, the arrival of recruiters reminded locals of the methods of the monarchy, aroused resistance in the countryside, and set in motion the first serious signs of sedition. Much of this opposition was quelled quickly, but in the lower <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauges (page does not exist)">Mauges</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauges" class="extiw" title="fr:Mauges">fr</a>]</span> and in the Vendean <a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">bocage</a>, the situation was more serious and more protracted. Youths from communes surrounding Cholet, a large textile town on the boundary between the two regions, invaded the town and killed the commander of the National Guard, a "patriotic" (pro-revolutionary) manufacturer. Within a week, violence had spread to the Breton marshlands; peasants overran the town of <a href="/wiki/Machecoul" title="Machecoul">Machecoul</a> on 11 March, and several hundred Republican citizens were <a href="/wiki/First_Massacre_of_Machecoul" title="First Massacre of Machecoul">massacred</a>. A large band of peasants under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Jacques Cathelineau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Stofflet" title="Jean-Nicolas Stofflet">Jean-Nicolas Stofflet</a> seized <a href="/wiki/Saint-Florent-le-Vieil" title="Saint-Florent-le-Vieil">Saint-Florent-le-Vieil</a> on 12 March. By mid-March, a minor revolt against conscription had turned into full-fledged insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989165–166_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989165–166-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republic was quick to respond, dispatching over 45,000 troops to the area. The first pitched battle was on the night of March 19. A Republican column of 2,000, under <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_generals_of_the_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of French generals of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">general</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Henri_Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Marc%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Henri François de Marcé">Louis Henri François de Marcé</a>, moving from <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, was intercepted north of <a href="/wiki/Chantonnay" title="Chantonnay">Chantonnay</a> near the Gravereau bridge (<a href="/wiki/Saint-Vincent-Sterlanges" title="Saint-Vincent-Sterlanges">Saint-Vincent-Sterlanges</a>), over the river le Petit-Lay.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After six hours of fighting, rebel reinforcements arrived and routed the Republican forces. In the north, on 22 March, another Republican force was routed near <a href="/wiki/Chalonnes-sur-Loire" title="Chalonnes-sur-Loire">Chalonnes-sur-Loire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Bressuire">Battle of Bressuire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Bressuire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There followed a series of skirmishes and armed contacts. On 3 May 1793, <a href="/wiki/Bressuire" title="Bressuire">Bressuire</a> fell to Vendéen forces led by <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_la_Rochejaquelein" title="Henri de la Rochejaquelein">Henri de la Rochejaquelein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Thouars">Battle of Thouars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of Thouars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Special:EditPage/War in the Vendée">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bataille_de_Thouars_1793.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bataille_de_Thouars_1793.JPG/220px-Bataille_de_Thouars_1793.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bataille_de_Thouars_1793.JPG/330px-Bataille_de_Thouars_1793.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Bataille_de_Thouars_1793.JPG/440px-Bataille_de_Thouars_1793.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>La Rochejaquelein and the Marquis de Lescure leading troops on the pont de Vrine</figcaption></figure> <p>On 5 May 1793, the main clash took place on the <i>Pont de Vrine</i>, the bridge over the <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrin_(rivi%C3%A8re)" class="extiw" title="fr:Vrin (rivière)">stream</a> leading into <a href="/wiki/Thouars" title="Thouars">Thouars</a>. The Vendéens proved unable to take the bridge for six hours, until <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_Lescure" title="Louis Marie de Lescure">Louis Marie de Lescure</a> (fighting in his first battle) showed himself alone on the bridge under enemy fire and encouraged his men to follow him, which they did, crossing the bridge. The Republicans there were taken from behind by the cavalry under <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Bonchamps" title="Charles de Bonchamps">Charles de Bonchamps</a>, which had crossed the river at a ford. Despite the arrival of reinforcements, the Republicans were routed and withdrew towards the city. The insurgents, headed by <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_la_Rochejaquelein" title="Henri de la Rochejaquelein">Henri de La Rochejacquelein</a>, took the rampart by force and poured into the city, and the Republican troops quickly capitulated. The Vendéens seized a large amount of arms and gunpowder, but allowed the captured Republican forces to leave, after having sworn to no longer fight in the Vendée and had their hair shaved off so they could be recognised lest they went back on their word and were recaptured. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Fontenay-le-Comte">Battle of Fontenay-le-Comte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of Fontenay-le-Comte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 May 1793 the Catholic and royalist army took <a href="/wiki/Fontenay-le-Comte" title="Fontenay-le-Comte">Fontenay-le-Comte</a>. Lescure led his men in a courageous charge under enemy fire, shouting 'Long live the king!' and braving cannon fire, which left him unharmed. Likewise La Rochejacquelein wore his distinctive three red handkerchiefs on his head, waist and neck even though the gunners in the Republican forces were aiming for them. Following the victory his friends decided to copy him and all decided to wear three red handkerchiefs too so that La Rochejacquelein could not be distinguished by the enemy in the future. After this the only Vendée towns remaining in the control of the Republic were <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Les_Sables_d%27Olonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Sables d'Olonne">Les Sables d'Olonne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Saumur">Battle of Saumur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of Saumur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 9 June 1793, Vendean insurgents commanded by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Jacques Cathelineau</a> captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Saumur" title="Saumur">Saumur</a> from <a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a>. The victory gave the insurgents a massive supply of arms, including 50 cannons. This was the high point of the insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vendeans had never before attempted to take such a large town, and they captured it in a single day, inflicting heavy losses on its Republican defenders. Many prisoners were taken, some of whom went over to the Vendean cause, while many of the citizens fled to <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incendie_Granville_1793.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Incendie_Granville_1793.JPG/220px-Incendie_Granville_1793.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Incendie_Granville_1793.JPG/330px-Incendie_Granville_1793.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Incendie_Granville_1793.JPG/440px-Incendie_Granville_1793.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>The burning of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Granville" title="Battle of Granville">Granville</a>, 14 November 1793</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Nantes">Battle of Nantes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Nantes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 24 June 1793, the commanders of the Catholic and royalist army issued an ultimatum to the mayor of Nantes, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Gaston_Baco_de_la_Chapelle" title="René-Gaston Baco de la Chapelle">Baco de la Chapelle</a> to surrender the city or they would massacre the garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 June, they began an assault with a force of 40,000. Inside the city were Republicans from the surrounding countryside who had fled to Nantes for safety, fortifying the defenders with tales of the horrors that the rebels inflicted on towns they managed to take. Baco de la Chapelle stood on a dustcart that he called the "chariot of victory" to urge the people on, even after he had been wounded in the leg. Poor coordination between the four Vendean armies led by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Charette" title="François de Charette">Charette</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Bonchamps" title="Charles de Bonchamps">Bonchamps</a>, Cathelineau and Lyrot hampered the assault, and Cathelineau's forces were delayed in their deployment by fighting along the river <a href="/wiki/Erdre" title="Erdre">Erdre</a> with a Republican battalion. Cathelineau himself was shot at the head of his forces, causing his men to lose heart and retreat; ultimately, the Vendeans were unable to take the city.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1793, in order to punish the Vendean prisoners taken after the failure of the siege of Nantes, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Carrier" title="Jean-Baptiste Carrier">Jean-Baptiste Carrier</a> ordered them to be shot en masse. When this proved impractical, he had the prisoners rounded up and put out on the river <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> in boats equipped with trap-door bottoms; when these opened the victims were left to drown.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this occasion it was rumored that female prisoners were stripped and tied up with men before being sent to their deaths, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Republican_Marriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Marriage">Republican Marriage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some later historians dispute this story as a counter-revolutionary myth.<sup id="cite_ref-Alain_Gérard_1993_p.265-266_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alain_Gérard_1993_p.265-266-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Battle_of_Châtillon"><span id="First_Battle_of_Ch.C3.A2tillon"></span>First Battle of Châtillon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: First Battle of Châtillon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 5 July 1793, the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="First Battle of Châtillon">First Battle of Châtillon</a> took place at <a href="/wiki/Maul%C3%A9on,_Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Mauléon, Deux-Sèvres">Châtillon-sur-Sèvre</a> near the commune of Mauléon. In that action, Marquis de la Rochejaquelein commanding 20,000 Vendean Royalists attacked a French Republican force led by General <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Westermann" title="François Joseph Westermann">François Joseph Westermann</a>. The Vendean Royalists were victorious, killing and wounding 5,000 French Republicans. Among those killed in the battle was French Republican General Chambon.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_Charette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Capture_Charette.jpg/220px-Capture_Charette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Capture_Charette.jpg/330px-Capture_Charette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Capture_Charette.jpg/440px-Capture_Charette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>The capture of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Charette" title="François de Charette">François de Charette</a>, 1796</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Vihiers">Battle of Vihiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Vihiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vendeans won a victory over the revolutionary army led by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Joseph_Santerre" title="Antoine Joseph Santerre">Santerre</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vihiers" title="Battle of Vihiers">Battle of Vihiers</a> on 18 July 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Luçon"><span id="Battle_of_Lu.C3.A7on"></span>Battle of Luçon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Battle of Luçon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lu%C3%A7on" title="Battle of Luçon">Battle of Luçon</a> was actually a series of three engagements fought over four weeks, the first on 15 July and the last on 14 August 1793, between Republican forces under <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Tuncq" title="Augustin Tuncq">Augustin Tuncq</a> and Vendean forces. The engagement on 14 August, fought near the town of <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%A7on" title="Luçon">Luçon</a> was actually the conclusion of three engagements between <a href="/wiki/Maurice_d%27Elb%C3%A9e" title="Maurice d'Elbée">Maurice d'Elbée</a>'s Vendean insurgents and the Republican army. On 15 July, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Sandoz" title="Claude Sandoz">Claude Sandoz</a> and a garrison of 800 had repulsed 5,000 insurgents led by d'Elbee; on 28 July, Tuncq drove off a second attempt; two weeks later, Tuncq and his 5,000 men routed 30,000 insurgents under the personal command of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Charette" title="François de Charette">François de Charette</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Montaigu">Battle of Montaigu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Battle of Montaigu"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montaigu" title="Battle of Montaigu">Battle of Montaigu</a> was fought on 21 September 1793 when the Vendéens attacked general <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Beysser" title="Jean-Michel Beysser">Jean-Michel Beysser</a>'s French Republican division. Taken by surprise, this division fought back but lost 400 men, including many captured. Some of these prisoners were summarily executed by the Vendeens and their bodies later found in the castle wells by troops under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9,_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_(Square_Battalion).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg/220px-Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg/330px-Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg/440px-Le_Bataillon_Carr%C3%A9%2C_Affaire_de_Foug%C3%A8res_1793_%28Square_Battalion%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="588" /></a><figcaption><i>Le Bataillon Carré</i>, a painting depicting an ambush in the War of Vendée</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Battle_of_Tiffauges">Second Battle of Tiffauges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Second Battle of Tiffauges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tiffauges" title="Battle of Tiffauges">Battle of Tiffauges</a> was fought on 19 September 1793 between Royalist military leaders against Republican troops under Jean-Baptiste Kléber and Canclaux.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Battle_of_Châtillon"><span id="Second_Battle_of_Ch.C3.A2tillon"></span>Second Battle of Châtillon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Second Battle of Châtillon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 October 1793, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon" title="Second Battle of Châtillon">Second Battle of Châtillon</a> took place at Châtillon-sur-Sèvre near the commune of Mauléon. In that action, a Vendean Royalist force led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_Lescure" title="Louis Marie de Lescure">Louis Marie de Lescure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Bonchamps" title="Charles de Bonchamps">Charles de Bonchamps</a> skirmished with a column of French Republican soldiers from the Coasts of La Rochelle Army. The Republican force commanded by <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Chalbos" title="Alexis Chalbos">Alexis Chalbos</a> was routed by the Vendean Royalists. Later in the evening of the same day, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Westermann" title="François Joseph Westermann">François Joseph Westermann</a> led a Republican raiding party and attacked the Vendean encampment inflicting losses upon the rebel fighters and non-combatants. The next day the Vendean Royalists withdrew toward Mortagne-sur-Sèvre.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Tremblaye">Battle of Tremblaye</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Battle of Tremblaye"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Tremblaye" title="Battle of La Tremblaye">Battle of Tremblaye</a> (15 October 1793) took place near Cholet during the war in the Vendée, and was a Republican victory over the Vendéens. The Vendean leader Lescure was seriously injured in the fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_(October–December_1793)"><span id="Defeat_.28October.E2.80.93December_1793.29"></span>Defeat (October–December 1793)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Defeat (October–December 1793)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg/250px-Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg/375px-Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg/500px-Fusillades_de_Nantes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Mass shootings at Nantes, 1793</figcaption></figure> <p>On 1 August 1793, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> ordered <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Carrier" title="Jean-Baptiste Carrier">Jean-Baptiste Carrier</a> to carry out a "pacification" of the region by complete physical destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These orders were not carried out immediately, but a steady stream of demands for total destruction persisted.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Travers%C3%A9e_de_la_Loire_Vend%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Travers%C3%A9e_de_la_Loire_Vend%C3%A9e.jpg/220px-Travers%C3%A9e_de_la_Loire_Vend%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Travers%C3%A9e_de_la_Loire_Vend%C3%A9e.jpg/330px-Travers%C3%A9e_de_la_Loire_Vend%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Travers%C3%A9e_de_la_Loire_Vend%C3%A9e.jpg/440px-Travers%C3%A9e_de_la_Loire_Vend%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Crossing the Loire: General Lescure, wounded, crosses the Loire at Saint-Florent (17 October 1793), by Jules Girardet</figcaption></figure> <p>The Republican army was reinforced, benefiting from the first men of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">levée en masse</a></i> and reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>. The Vendean army had its first serious defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cholet" title="Second Battle of Cholet">Battle of Cholet</a> on 17 October; worse for the rebels, their army was split. In October 1793 the main force, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_la_Rochejaquelein" title="Henri de la Rochejaquelein">Henri de la Rochejaquelein</a> and numbering some 25,000 (followed by thousands of civilians of all ages), crossed the Loire, headed for the port of <a href="/wiki/Granville,_Manche" title="Granville, Manche">Granville</a> where they expected to be greeted by a British fleet and an army of exiled French nobles. Arriving at <a href="/wiki/Granville,_Manche" title="Granville, Manche">Granville</a>, they found the city surrounded by Republican forces, with no British ships in sight. Their attempts to take the city were unsuccessful. During the retreat, the extended columns fell prey to Republican forces; suffering from hunger and disease, they died in the thousands. The force was defeated in the last, decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savenay" title="Battle of Savenay">Battle of Savenay</a> on 23 December.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor1913_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor1913-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevene2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3PsLXeDflfMCpgPA103_104]Chapter_3:_The_Vendée_–_A_Paradigm_Shift?_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevene2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3PsLXeDflfMCpgPA103_104]Chapter_3:_The_Vendée_–_A_Paradigm_Shift?-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those executed the following day was lieutenant-general <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Alexis_de_Verteuil" title="Jacques Alexis de Verteuil">Jacques Alexis de Verteuil</a>, but some historians assert that after the battle of Savenay the rebellion was still going on.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Who? Which specific events after 23 December 1793 do they qualify as rebellion? (March 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-JC.Martin_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC.Martin-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savenay" title="Battle of Savenay">Battle of Savenay</a> (December 1793), in a document whose authenticity is disputed,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Westermann reported to his political masters at the convention: "The Vendée is no more ... According to your orders, I have trampled their children beneath our horses' feet; I have massacred their women, so they will no longer give birth to brigands. I do not have a single prisoner to reproach me. I have exterminated them all."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevene2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3PsLXeDflfMCpgPA103_104]Chapter_3:_The_Vendée_–_A_Paradigm_Shift?_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevene2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3PsLXeDflfMCpgPA103_104]Chapter_3:_The_Vendée_–_A_Paradigm_Shift?-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such killing of civilians would have been an explicit violation of the convention's orders to Westermann.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several thousand living Vendéan prisoners were being held by Westerman's forces though when the letter was supposedly written.<sup id="cite_ref-JC.Martin_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JC.Martin-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_of_the_first_war_and_later_revolts">Aftermath of the first war and later revolts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aftermath of the first war and later revolts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></div> <p>With the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savenay" title="Battle of Savenay">Battle of Savenay</a> (December 1793) came formal orders for forced evacuation; also, a '<a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a>' policy was initiated: farms were destroyed, crops and forests burned and villages razed. There were many reported atrocities and a campaign of mass killing universally aimed at residents of the Vendée regardless of combatant status, political affiliation, age or sex.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20067_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20067-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One specific target were the women of the region. Since they were seen, in a way, that they were carrying anti-revolutionary babies, they were seen as primary targets.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From January to May 1794, 20,000 to 50,000 Vendean civilians were massacred by the <i><a href="/wiki/Infernal_columns" title="Infernal columns">colonnes infernales</a></i> ("infernal columns") of the general <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_Turreau" title="Louis Marie Turreau">Louis Marie Turreau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those killed towards the end of the conflict were Blessed <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Repin" title="Guillaume Repin">Guillaume Repin</a> and 98 other religious figures, many of whom were later <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> by the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anjou" title="Duchy of Anjou">Anjou</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Hentz" title="Nicolas Hentz">Nicolas Hentz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Pierre_Adrien_Francastel" title="Marie Pierre Adrien Francastel">Marie Pierre Adrien Francastel</a>, Republicans captured 11,000 to 15,000 Vendeans, 6,500 to 7,000 were shot or guillotined and 2,000 to 2,200 prisoners died from disease.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under orders from the Committee of Public Safety in February 1794, the Republican forces launched their final "pacification" effort (named <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Vendée-Vengé</i></span> or "Vendée Avenged"): twelve infernal columns under <a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_Turreau" title="Louis Marie Turreau">Louis Marie Turreau</a>, marched through the Vendée.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Turreau inquired about "the fate of the women and children I will encounter in rebel territory", stating that, if it was "necessary to pass them all by sword", he would require a decree.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> ordered him to "eliminate the brigands to the last man, there is your duty..."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ex%C3%A9cution_Charette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ex%C3%A9cution_Charette.jpg/300px-Ex%C3%A9cution_Charette.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ex%C3%A9cution_Charette.jpg/450px-Ex%C3%A9cution_Charette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Ex%C3%A9cution_Charette.jpg/600px-Ex%C3%A9cution_Charette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption>Execution of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Charette" title="François de Charette">General Charette</a>, in Nantes, March 1796, by <a href="/wiki/Julien_Le_Blant" title="Julien Le Blant">Julien Le Blant</a>, c. 1883</figcaption></figure> <p>The Convention issued conciliatory proclamations allowing the Vendeans liberty of worship and guaranteeing their property. <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">General Hoche</a> applied these measures with great success. He restored their cattle to the peasants who submitted, "let the priests have a few crowns", and on 20 July 1795 annihilated an <i>émigré</i> expedition which had been equipped in England and had seized Fort Penthièvre and <a href="/wiki/Quiberon" title="Quiberon">Quiberon</a>. Treaties were concluded at <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_La_Jaunaye" title="Treaty of La Jaunaye">La Jaunaye</a> (15 February 1795) and at La Mabillaie, and were fairly well observed by the Vendeans; no obstacle remained but the feeble and scattered remnant of the Vendeans still under arms and the <a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouans</a>. On 16 July 1796, the <a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a> proclaimed the official end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 July the state of siege was raised in the western departments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnchel1911981_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnchel1911981-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates of those killed in the Vendean conflict—on both sides—range between 117,000 and 450,000, out of a population of around 800,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1990_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1990-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcphee_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcphee-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Hundred_Days">The Hundred Days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Hundred Days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Theodore A. Dodge,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the war in the Vendée lasted with intensity from 1793 to 1799, when it was suppressed, but later broke out spasmodically especially in 1813, 1814 and 1815. During <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> in 1815, some of the population of the Vendée remained loyal to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">Louis XVIII</a>, forcing Napoleon—who was short of troops to fight the <a href="/wiki/Waterloo_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterloo Campaign">Waterloo Campaign</a>—to send <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Observation_of_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Corps of Observation of the Vendée">a force of 10,000</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Maximilien_Lamarque" title="Jean Maximilien Lamarque">Jean Maximilien Lamarque</a> to pacify the 8,000 Vendeans led by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Pierre_Constant,_Count_of_Suzannet" title="Jean Baptiste Pierre Constant, Count of Suzannet">Pierre Constant Suzannet</a>, which ended with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheservi%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rocheservière">Battle of Rocheservière</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911WC_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911WC-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This relatively brief episode in <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">French history</a> has left significant traces on French politics, yet it is reasonable to see the episode, Charles Tilly has claimed, in a far more benign light: </p> <blockquote><p> West's counterrevolution grew directly from the efforts of revolutionary officials to install a particular kind of direct rule in the region: a rule that practically eliminated nobles and priests from their positions as partly autonomous <a href="/wiki/Intermediary" title="Intermediary">intermediaries</a>, that brought the state's demands for taxes, manpower, and deference to the level of individual communities, neighborhoods, and households that gave the region's <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois</a> political power they had never before wielded. In seeking to extend the state's rule to every locality, and to dislodge all enemies of that rule, French revolutionaries started a process that did not cease for twenty-five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly199062_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly199062-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Vendée revolt became an immediate symbol of confrontation between revolution and <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counterrevolution</a>, and a source of unexpurgated violence. The region, and its towns, were eliminated; even the department name of <i>Vendée</i> was renamed <i>Venge</i>. Towns and cities were also renamed, but at heart, in villages and farms, the old names remained the same. Beyond the controversial interpretations of genocide, other historians posit the insurrection as a revolt against conscription that cascaded to include other complaints. For a period of several months, control of the Vendée slipped from the hands of Parisian revolutionaries. They ascribed the revolt to the resurgence of royalist ideas: when faced with insurrection of the people against the Revolution of the People, they were unable to see it as anything <i>but</i> an aristocratic plot. <a href="/wiki/Mona_Ozouf" title="Mona Ozouf">Mona Ozouf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a> maintain it was not. The entire territory, none of it unified under a single idea from the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">ancien régime</i></span>, had never been a region morally at odds with the rest of the nation. It was not the fall of the old regime that aroused the population against the Revolution, but rather the construction of the new regime into locally unacceptable principles and forms: the new map of districts and departments, the administrative dictatorship, and above all the non-juring priests. Rebellion had first flared in August 1792, but had been immediately quelled. Even the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">regicide</a> did not trigger insurrection. What did was the forced conscription. Although the Vendeans, to use the term loosely, wrote God and King large on their flags, they invested those symbols of their tradition with something other than regret for the lost regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989166_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989166-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genocide_controversy">Genocide controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Genocide controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>There were poor girls, completely naked, hanging from tree branches, hands tied behind their backs, after having been raped. It was fortunate that, with the Blues [Republicans] gone, some charitable passersby delivered them from this shameful torment. Elsewhere, in a refinement of barbarism, perhaps without precedent, pregnant women were stretched out and crushed beneath wine presses. ... Bloody limbs and nursing infants were carried in triumph on the points of bayonets. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Account of the war by a Vendean abbott<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20066_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20066-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chouans_in_the_Vendee.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chouans_in_the_Vendee.png/200px-Chouans_in_the_Vendee.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chouans_in_the_Vendee.png/300px-Chouans_in_the_Vendee.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Chouans_in_the_Vendee.png/400px-Chouans_in_the_Vendee.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers, women, and children embroiled in a fight near a church</figcaption></figure> <p>The popular <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of the War in the Vendée is deeply rooted in the pervasive <a href="/wiki/Political_polarisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political polarisation">political polarisation</a> within post-1789 <a href="/wiki/French_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="French culture">French culture</a> and historiography. As a result, scholarship on the uprising is generally lacking in <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity_and_objectivity_(philosophy)" title="Subjectivity and objectivity (philosophy)">objectivity</a>, coming down strongly in defense of either the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a> or of the Vendéen rebels and the local Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200768–69_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200768–69-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conflict originated in the 19th century between two groups of historians. The <i>Bleus</i>, so-named for their defense of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a> and who based their interpretations solely on documents from Republican sources. The <i>Blancs</i>, on the other hand, are so named in a denigrating reference to their continued membership in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church in France</a>, also based their findings on Republican archival documents, but also used eyewitness accounts, memoirs by survivors, and "local oral histories".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200770–71_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200770–71-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Les Bleus</i></span> generally allege that the War in Vendée was not a popular uprising, but was the result of <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> noble and priestly lies and manipulation of the local peasantry against their self-appointed liberators. One of the leaders of this school of history, <a href="/wiki/Charles-Louis_Chassin" title="Charles-Louis Chassin">Charles-Louis Chassin</a>, published eleven volumes of letters, archives, and other materials in an effort to argue for this interpretation. Meanwhile, <i>Les Blancs</i> were at least sometimes <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic priest">Roman Catholic priests</a>, local historians, or survivors of the pre-1789 local <a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a>. They allege, on the other hand, that the Vendean peasant rebels were acting out of "genuine love" and loyalty towards individual local families of less wealthy and non-absentee landlords and, far more importantly, a desire to protect the Catholic Church from both <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, and coerced <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a> at the hands of the First French Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200770–71_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200770–71-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a> interpretation by <i>Les Blancs</i> was widely popularized among the <a href="/wiki/Social_conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social conservativism">social conservatives</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal era</a>, with French historian Reynald Secher's 1986 <i>A French Genocide: The Vendée</i>. Secher argued that the <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> against the local population and the <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> tactics unleashed by both the Republican government and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a> during the War in the Vendée were the first modern <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SR-Vendée_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SR-Vendée-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Secher's claims caused a minor uproar in France amongst scholars of <a href="/wiki/French_history" class="mw-redirect" title="French history">French history</a>, as many mainstream authorities on the period—both French and foreign—published articles denouncing Secher's allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Claude Langlois (of the Institute of History of the French Revolution) derides Secher's claims as "quasi-mythological".<sup id="cite_ref-CL-426–434_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CL-426–434-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Timothy Tackett of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> summarizes the case as such: "In reality ... the Vendée was a tragic civil war with endless horrors committed by both sides—initiated, in fact, by the rebels themselves. The Vendeans were no more blameless than were the republicans. The use of the word genocide is wholly inaccurate and inappropriate."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hugh Gough (Professor of history at <a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a>) called Secher's book an attempt at <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">historical revisionism</a> unlikely to have any lasting impact.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some such as Peter McPhee roundly criticized Secher, including the assertion of commonality between the functions of the Republican government and the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, historian <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chaunu" title="Pierre Chaunu">Pierre Chaunu</a> expressed support for Secher's views,<sup id="cite_ref-google105_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google105-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describing the events as the first "ideological genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevene2005108_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevene2005108-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FUSILLADES.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/FUSILLADES.jpg/220px-FUSILLADES.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/FUSILLADES.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="244" data-file-height="163" /></a><figcaption>Shootings and massacres by the <a href="/wiki/Colonnes_infernales" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonnes infernales">Colonnes infernales</a> under Turreau</figcaption></figure> <p>Critics of Secher's thesis have also accused his methodology of being flawed. McPhee asserted that these errors are as follows: (1) The war was not fought against Vendeans generally but Royalist Vendeans; the government relied on the support of Republican Vendeans. (2) The Convention ended the campaign after the Royalist Army was clearly defeated—if the aim was genocide, then they would have continued and easily exterminated the population. (3) He fails to inform the reader of atrocities committed by Royalist forces against Republican civilians and POWs in the Vendée. (4) He repeats alleged folkloric myths as facts (5) He does not refer to the wide range of estimates of deaths suffered by both sides, and that casualties were not "one-sided"; and more.<sup id="cite_ref-mcphee_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcphee-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Noyades_de_Nantes_(Joseph_Aubert).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Noyades_de_Nantes_%28Joseph_Aubert%29.jpg/240px-Noyades_de_Nantes_%28Joseph_Aubert%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Noyades_de_Nantes_%28Joseph_Aubert%29.jpg/360px-Noyades_de_Nantes_%28Joseph_Aubert%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Noyades_de_Nantes_%28Joseph_Aubert%29.jpg/480px-Noyades_de_Nantes_%28Joseph_Aubert%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4138" data-file-height="3313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drownings_at_Nantes" title="Drownings at Nantes">Drownings at Nantes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Peter McPhee says that the pacification of the Vendée does not fit either the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/CPPCG" class="mw-redirect" title="CPPCG">CPPCG</a> definition of genocide because the events happened during a civil war. He states that the war in the Vendée was not a one-sided mass killing and the Committee of Public Safety did not intend to exterminate the whole population of the Vendée; as parts of the population at least were allies of the revolutionary government.<sup id="cite_ref-mcphee_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcphee-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerning the controversy, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Vovelle" title="Michel Vovelle">Michel Vovelle</a>, a specialist on the French Revolution, remarked: "A whole literature is forming on 'Franco-French genocide', starting from risky estimates of the number of fatalities in the Vendean wars ... Despite not being specialists in the subject, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chaunu" title="Pierre Chaunu">Pierre Chaunu</a> have put all the weight of their great moral authority behind the development of an anathematizing discourse, and have dismissed any effort to look at the subject reasonably."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly before his return to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a> after decades of exile in 1993, former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissident" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet dissident">Soviet dissident</a> and winner of the 1970 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Solzhenitsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Solzhenitsyn">Alexander Solzhenitsyn</a> delivered a speech in <a href="/wiki/Les_Lucs-sur-Boulogne" title="Les Lucs-sur-Boulogne">Les Lucs-sur-Boulogne</a> to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the Vendée Uprising. Coming down strongly in favor of calling the Republican response genocidal, Solzhenitsyn compared <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> with the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobin Club</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Solzhenitsyn also compared the Vendean rebels with the Russian, Ukrainian, and <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossack</a> peasants who similarly rebelled against the Bolsheviks, saying that both were destroyed mercilessly by "revolutionary despotism". He commented sadly that, while the French <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> ended with the <a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermidorian reaction">Thermidorian reaction</a>, the toppling of the Jacobin <a href="/wiki/Single_party_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Single party state">single party state</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Revolutionary Army</a>, and the execution of <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a>, its Soviet equivalent continued to accelerate until the <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_thaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchev thaw">Khrushchev thaw</a> of the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Debate over the characterization of the Vendée uprising was renewed in 2007, when nine deputies introduced a measure to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> to officially recognize the Republican actions as genocidal.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measure was strongly denounced by a group of <a href="/wiki/Far_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far Left">Far Left</a> <a href="/wiki/French_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="French historians">French historians</a> as an attempt to use history to justify political extremism.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the start of 2017 Jacques Villemain published <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Vendée, 1793–1794 : Crime de guerre ? Crime contre l'humanité ? Génocide ? Une étude juridique</i></span> (English: <span lang="en">Vendée, 1793–1794: War crime? Crime against humanity? Genocide? A juridical study</span>), which an analysis by him of the Vendée war from the perspective of the international courts of justice in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a>). Jacques Villemain is a French <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a>, and is currently the vice representative of France at <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> and is representing France at the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>. He presented a legal study on the War of Vendée based on current <a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">international criminal law</a>, according to modern findings in the international courts on genocide cases like the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwanda Genocide</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a>, is that the government of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">First French Republic</a> was guilty of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> beginning in March 1793, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> between April to July 1793, and genocide from 1 August 1793 to the middle of 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenging_the_methodology">Challenging the methodology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Challenging the methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the heart of the modern controversy lies Secher's evidence, which <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a> analyzed in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly199049–63_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly199049–63-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Tilly maintains, Secher completed a thoughtful <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>-style thesis about the revolutionary experience in his own village, <a href="/wiki/La_Chapelle-Basse-Mer" title="La Chapelle-Basse-Mer">La Chapelle-Basse-Mer</a>, which lies near Nantes. In the published version of his thesis, he incorporated some of Tilly's own arguments: that conflicts within communities generalized into a region-wide confrontation of anti-revolutionary majority based in the countryside with a pro-revolutionary minority that had particular strength in the cities. The split formed with the application of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy and the oath to support it, in 1790–1792. From then, the local conflicts grew more sharply defined, over the choice between juring and non-juring priests. The conscription of March 1793, with the questionable exemption for Republican officials and National Guard members, broadened the anti-revolutionary coalition and brought the young men into action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly199060_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly199060-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le génocide français</i></span>, Reynald Secher's thesis for the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Doctorat d'État</i></span> began with a generalization of the standard arguments to the whole region. Although <a href="/wiki/La_Chapelle-Basse-Mer" title="La Chapelle-Basse-Mer">La Chapelle-Basse-Mer</a> served him repeatedly as a reference point, Secher illustrated his arguments with wide citations from national and regional archives to establish a broader frame of reference. Furthermore, he drew on graphic, nineteenth century accounts widely known to the historians of the Vendee: Carrier drownings and the "infernal columns of Turreau". Most importantly, however, Secher broke with conventional assessments by asserting on the basis of minimal evidence, Tilly claims, that the pre-revolutionary Vendée was more prosperous than the rest of France (to better emphasize the devastation of the war and the repression). He used dubious statistical methods to establish population losses and fatalities, statistical processes that inflated the number of people in the region, the number and value of houses, and the financial losses of the region. Secher's statistical procedure relied on three unjustifiable assumptions. First, Secher assumes a constant birth rate of about 37 per thousand of population, when actually, Tilly maintains, the population was declining. Second, Secher assumes no net migration; Tilly maintains that thousands fled the region, or at least shifted where they lived within the region. Finally, Secher understated the population present at the end of the conflict by ending it 1802, not 1794.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly199061–63_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly199061–63-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the criticism, a number of scholars continue the assertion of genocide. In addition to Secher and Chaunu, Kurt Jonassohn and Frank Chalk also consider it a case of genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further support comes from <a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Adam Jones</a>, who wrote in <i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i> a summary of the Vendée uprising, supporting the view that it was a genocide: "the Vendée Uprising stands as a notable example of a mass killing campaign that has only recently been conceptualized as 'genocide<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" and that while this designation "is not universally shared ... it seems apt in the light of the large scale murder of a designated group (the Vendéan civilian population)."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Chaunu" title="Pierre Chaunu">Pierre Chaunu</a><sup id="cite_ref-google105_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google105-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> describes it as the first "ideological genocide".."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevene2005118_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevene2005118-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Mark Levene</a>, a historian who specializes in the study of genocide,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (November 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> considers the Vendée "an archetype of modern genocide".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars who consider the massacres to be genocide include <a href="/wiki/R._J._Rummel" title="R. J. Rummel">R. J. Rummel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Tulard" title="Jean Tulard">Jean Tulard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Anthony James Joes.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, <a href="/wiki/David_Bell_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Bell (historian)">David Bell</a> published a paper in <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i> to rebut the genocide theory.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_depictions">Cultural depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cultural depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri-de-la-rochejacquelein-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Henri-de-la-rochejacquelein-1.jpg/220px-Henri-de-la-rochejacquelein-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Henri-de-la-rochejacquelein-1.jpg/330px-Henri-de-la-rochejacquelein-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Henri-de-la-rochejacquelein-1.jpg/440px-Henri-de-la-rochejacquelein-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Henri_de_la_Rochejaquelein" title="Portrait of Henri de la Rochejaquelein">Portrait of Henri de la Rochejaquelein</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Narcisse_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Pierre-Narcisse Guérin">Pierre-Narcisse Guérin</a>, 1816</figcaption></figure> <p>The events of the Vendee have been the subject of books, films, and music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_&_Television"><span id="Film_.26_Television"></span>Film & Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Film & Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filmed on location in France, <i>The Hidden Rebellion</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Docu-drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Docu-drama">docu-drama</a> produced and directed by Daniel Rabourdin, presents the rebellion as an example of the courage and love for God and country that the royalists possessed. Winner of the 2017 Remi Film Award, it has aired on <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">EWTN</a> and is available for purchase on DVD.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The uprising in the Vendée was also the subject of an independent feature film from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Navis_Pictures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navis Pictures (page does not exist)">Navis Pictures</a>. <i>The War of the Vendée</i> (2012), written and directed by Jim Morlino, won awards for "Best Film For Young Audiences" (Mirabile Dictu International Catholic Film Festival, at the Vatican) and "Best Director" (John Paul II International Film Festival, Miami, FL).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Vendée Revolt was the setting for one of the BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlet_Pimpernel_(TV_series)" title="The Scarlet Pimpernel (TV series)">The Scarlet Pimpernel (TV series)</a></i> series entitled "Valentine Gautier" (2002).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Vendée Revolt was also the setting for "<a href="/wiki/The_Frogs_and_the_Lobsters" title="The Frogs and the Lobsters">The Frogs and the Lobsters</a>", an episode of the television program <i><a href="/wiki/Hornblower_(TV_series)" title="Hornblower (TV series)">Hornblower</a></i>. It is set during the French Revolutionary Wars and very loosely based on the chapter of the same name in <a href="/wiki/C._S._Forester" title="C. S. Forester">C. S. Forester</a>'s novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Midshipman_Hornblower" title="Mr. Midshipman Hornblower">Mr. Midshipman Hornblower</a></i> and on the actual ill-fated <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_France_(1795)" title="Invasion of France (1795)">Quiberon expedition</a> of 1795.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>Vaincre ou mourir</i> was a related 2022 film released by <a href="/wiki/StudioCanal" title="StudioCanal">Studio Canal</a> in co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Puy_du_Fou" class="mw-redirect" title="Puy du Fou">Puy du Fou</a> theme park company.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="Special:EditPage/War in the Vendée">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Album <i>Chante la Vendée Militaire (La Chouannerie)</i>, by Catherine Garret, 1977.</li> <li>Album <i>Vendée 1792–1796</i>, by the Chœur Montjoie Saint-Denis, 2005 (reedition in 2016).</li> <li>EP <i>Guerres de Vendée: Chouans</i>, by Jean-Pax Méfret, 2006.</li> <li>The French black/folk metal band <i>Paydretz</i> works and plays exclusively about the Wars in the Vendée and the <a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vandeana" title="La Vandeana">La Vandeana</a>, an Italian song about the Vendée.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vendean leaders: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Melchior_Artus_de_Bonchamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Melchior Artus de Bonchamps">Charles Melchior Artus de Bonchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cathelineau" title="Jacques Cathelineau">Jacques Cathelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Charette" title="François de Charette">François Athanase de Charette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_d%27Elb%C3%A9e" title="Maurice d'Elbée">Maurice d'Elbée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_Lescure" title="Louis Marie de Lescure">Louis Marie de Salgues de Lescure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_du_Vergier_de_la_Rochejaquelein" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri du Vergier de la Rochejaquelein">Henri du Vergier de la Rochejaquelein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Aim%C3%A9_de_Royrand" title="Charles Aimé de Royrand">Charles Aimé de Royrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Stofflet" title="Jean-Nicolas Stofflet">Jean-Nicolas Stofflet</a></li></ul></li> <li>Republican leaders: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Carrier" title="Jean-Baptiste Carrier">Jean-Baptiste Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Joseph_Santerre" title="Antoine Joseph Santerre">Antoine Joseph Santerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Westermann" title="François Joseph Westermann">François Joseph Westermann</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other links: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a> (another Royalist uprising)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Catholic and Royal Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_des_%C3%89migr%C3%A9s" title="Armée des Émigrés">Armée des Émigrés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drownings_at_Nantes" title="Drownings at Nantes">Drownings at Nantes</a> (mass executions by drowning)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholet" title="Cholet">Cholet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clisson" title="Clisson">Clisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontenay-le-Comte" title="Fontenay-le-Comte">Fontenay-le-Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Roche-sur-Yon" title="La Roche-sur-Yon">La Roche-sur-Yon</a> (capital of Vendée)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninety-Three" title="Ninety-Three">Ninety-Three</a> (novel by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Lourdais" title="Marie Lourdais">Marie Lourdais</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hussenet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hussenet_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussenet_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hussenet_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Hussenet (dir.), <i>« Détruisez la Vendée ! » Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée</i>, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDupâquierLaclau1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Dup%C3%A2quier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Dupâquier (page does not exist)">Dupâquier, Jacques</a>; Laclau, A. (1992). "Pertes militaires, 1792–1830" [Military losses, 1792–1830]. <i>Atlas de la Révolution française</i> [<i>Atlas of the French Revolution</i>] (in French). Paris. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pertes+militaires%2C+1792%E2%80%931830&rft.btitle=Atlas+de+la+R%C3%A9volution+fran%C3%A7aise&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Dup%C3%A2quier&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.au=Laclau%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment_Martin" title="Jean-Clément Martin">Martin, Jean-Clément</a> (2010). "La Terreur, part maudite de la Révolution, coll" [The Terror, cursed part of the Revolution, coll.]. <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9couvertes_Gallimard" title="Découvertes Gallimard">Découvertes Gallimard</a></i> (in French) (566): 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=D%C3%A9couvertes+Gallimard&rft.atitle=La+Terreur%2C+part+maudite+de+la+R%C3%A9volution%2C+coll.&rft.issue=566&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, David A. (15 August 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14623528.2019.1655953">"The French Revolution, the Vendée, and Genocide"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Genocide_Research" title="Journal of Genocide Research">Journal of Genocide Research</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1): 19–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1655953">10.1080/14623528.2019.1655953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201974394">201974394</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.atitle=The+French+Revolution%2C+the+Vend%C3%A9e%2C+and+Genocide&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-25&rft.date=2019-08-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1655953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201974394%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14623528.2019.1655953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment_Martin" title="Jean-Clément Martin">Jean-Clément Martin</a> (dir.), <i>Dictionnaire de la Contre-Révolution</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Éditions Perrin">Perrin</a>, 2011, p.504.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/Citizens:_A_Chronicle_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution"><i>Citizens</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 694. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141017273" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141017273"><bdi>978-0141017273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens&rft.pages=694&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0141017273&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTocqueville" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville, Alexis de</a>. <i>The Old Regime and the Revolution</i>. pp. 122–123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Regime+and+the+Revolution&rft.pages=122-123&rft.aulast=Tocqueville&rft.aufirst=Alexis+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignet1826" class="citation book cs1">Mignet, François (1826). <i>History of the French revolution, from 1789 to 1814</i>. Scholar's Choice. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1298067661" title="Special:BookSources/978-1298067661"><bdi>978-1298067661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+French+revolution%2C+from+1789+to+1814&rft.pub=Scholar%27s+Choice&rft.date=1826&rft.isbn=978-1298067661&rft.aulast=Mignet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnchel1911980-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnchel1911980_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnchel1911">Anchel 1911</a>, p. 980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson205-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson205_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson205_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2007" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James Maxwell (2007). <i>Daily Life During the French Revolution</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWLkLT_hEsQC&pg=PA205">205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33683-6"><bdi>978-0-313-33683-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daily+Life+During+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33683-6&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Furet124-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Furet124_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuret1996" class="citation book cs1">Furet, François (1996). <i>The French Revolution, 1770–1814</i>. France: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1qN-KifyMncC&pg=PA124">124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20299-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20299-4"><bdi>0-631-20299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution%2C+1770%E2%80%931814&rft.place=France&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-20299-4&rft.aulast=Furet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoes200651-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoes200651_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoes2006">Joes 2006</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoes200652–53-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoes200652–53_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoes2006">Joes 2006</a>, pp. 52–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1961211-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1961211_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTilly1961">Tilly 1961</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1959" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Tilly, Charles</a> (1959). 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(2003). <i>The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order</i>. <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RqlaVNxLxQC&pg=PA155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23363-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23363-6"><bdi>0-631-23363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution+and+Empire%3A+The+Quest+for+a+Civic+Order&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-631-23363-6&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Donald+M.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2003" class="citation journal cs1">North, Jonathan (April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/29/article/40955">"General Hoche and Counterinsurgency"</a>. <i>The Journal of Military History</i>. <b>67</b> (2): 529–540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjmh.2003.0154">10.1353/jmh.2003.0154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=General+Hoche+and+Counterinsurgency&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=529-540&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjmh.2003.0154&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F29%2Farticle%2F40955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989165-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989165_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuretOzouf1989">Furet & Ozouf 1989</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989165–166-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989165–166_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuretOzouf1989">Furet & Ozouf 1989</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrévost_(comte)_de_la_Boutetière1869" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prévost (comte) de la Boutetière, Louis (1869). <i>Le chevalier de Sapinaud et les chefs vendéens du centre</i> [<i>The Chevalier de Sapinaud and the Vendée chiefs of the center</i>] (in French). Paris. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+chevalier+de+Sapinaud+et+les+chefs+vend%C3%A9ens+du+centre&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%A9vost+%28comte%29+de+la+Bouteti%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques, <i>Dictionary, P–Z,</i> p. 810.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chronicle of the French Revolution p. 336 Longman Group 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p. 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques, <i>Dictionary, P–Z,</i> p. 916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p. 342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p. 346</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p. 348</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>People's History of the French Revolution</i>. [S.l.]: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-589-1"><bdi>978-1-78168-589-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People%27s+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-589-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakemore1997" class="citation book cs1">Blakemore, Steven (1997). <i>Crisis in representation: Thomas Paine, Mary Wollstonecraft, Helen Maria Williams, and the rewriting of the French Revolution</i>. Madison: <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838637142" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838637142"><bdi>978-0838637142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+representation%3A+Thomas+Paine%2C+Mary+Wollstonecraft%2C+Helen+Maria+Williams%2C+and+the+rewriting+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0838637142&rft.aulast=Blakemore&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alain_Gérard_1993_p.265-266-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alain_Gérard_1993_p.265-266_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGérard1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gérard, Alain (1993). <i>La Vendée: 1789–1793</i> [<i>The Vendée: 1789–1793</i>] (in French). Editions Champ Vallon. pp. 265–266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782876731608" title="Special:BookSources/9782876731608"><bdi>9782876731608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Vend%C3%A9e%3A+1789%E2%80%931793&rft.pages=265-266&rft.pub=Editions+Champ+Vallon&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9782876731608&rft.aulast=G%C3%A9rard&rft.aufirst=Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Digby. The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. London: Greenhill, 1998, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p. 352</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Jacques, <i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F–O,</i> Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, p. 604.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1896" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Thomas George (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zwIbAAAAYAAJ"><i>François-Séverin Marceau, 1769–1796</i></a>. London: George Bell & Sons<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fran%C3%A7ois-S%C3%A9verin+Marceau%2C+1769%E2%80%931796&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Bell+%26+Sons&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzwIbAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p. 372</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutherland, Donald (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-RqlaVNxLxQC&pg=PA222"><i>The French Revolution and Empire: The Quest for a Civic Order</i></a> p. 222, <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23363-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23363-6">0-631-23363-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor1913-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor1913_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ida_Ashworth_Taylor" title="Ida Ashworth Taylor">Taylor, Ida Ashworth</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tragedyanarmyla00taylgoog"><i>The tragedy of an army: La Vendée in 1793</i></a>. Hutchinson & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tragedyanarmyla00taylgoog/page/n348">315</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+tragedy+of+an+army%3A+La+Vend%C3%A9e+in+1793&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co.&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Ida+Ashworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftragedyanarmyla00taylgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevene2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3PsLXeDflfMCpgPA103_104]Chapter_3:_The_Vendée_–_A_Paradigm_Shift?-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevene2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3PsLXeDflfMCpgPA103_104]Chapter_3:_The_Vendée_–_A_Paradigm_Shift?_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevene2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid3PsLXeDflfMCpgPA103_104]Chapter_3:_The_Vendée_–_A_Paradigm_Shift?_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevene2005">Levene 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PsLXeDflfMC&pg=PA103">104</a>, Chapter 3: The Vendée – A Paradigm Shift?.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JC.Martin-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JC.Martin_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JC.Martin_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment_Martin" title="Jean-Clément Martin">Martin, Jean-Clément</a> (1998). <i>Contre-Révolution, Révolution et Nation en France, 1789–1799</i> [<i>Counter-Revolution, Revolution and Nation in France, 1789–1799</i>] (in French). éditions du Seuil, collection Points. p. 219.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contre-R%C3%A9volution%2C+R%C3%A9volution+et+Nation+en+France%2C+1789%E2%80%931799&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=%C3%A9ditions+du+Seuil%2C+collection+Points&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frédéric Augris, <i>Henri Forestier, général à 18 ans</i>, Éditions du Choletais, 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Clément Martin, Guerre de Vendée, dans l'Encyclopédie Bordas, <i>Histoire de la France et des Français</i>, Paris, Éditions Bordas, 1999, p 2084, et Contre-Révolution, Révolution et Nation en France, 1789–1799, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20067-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20067_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClénet1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clénet, Louis-Marie (1993). <i>Les colonnes infernales</i> [<i>The Infernal Columns</i>] (in French). 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Carven, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://via.library.depaul.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1060&context=vhj"><i>Martyrs for the Faith</i></a>, Vincentian Heritage Journal, 8:2, Fall 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Hussenet (dir.), <i>« Détruisez la Vendée ! » Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée</i>, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007, pp. 452–53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masson, Sophie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.godspy.com/culture/Remembering-The-Vendee.cfm">Remembering the Vendée</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523142530/http://www.godspy.com/culture/Remembering-The-Vendee.cfm">Archived</a> 23 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Godspy 2004. First published in "Quadrant" magazine Australia, 1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Moniteur_Universel1796" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Moniteur Universel (21 July 1796). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.retronews.fr/journal/gazette-nationale-ou-le-moniteur-universel/21-juillet-1796/149/1286243/1">"Suite de la séance du 28 messidor. Le directoire exécutif au conseil des cinq cents"</a> [Continuation of the session of 28 Messidor. The executive directory at the council of five hundred.] (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Suite+de+la+s%C3%A9ance+du+28+messidor.+Le+directoire+ex%C3%A9cutif+au+conseil+des+cinq+cents.&rft.date=1796-07-21&rft.au=Le+Moniteur+Universel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.retronews.fr%2Fjournal%2Fgazette-nationale-ou-le-moniteur-universel%2F21-juillet-1796%2F149%2F1286243%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnchel1911981-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnchel1911981_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnchel1911">Anchel 1911</a>, p. 981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly1990-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly1990_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTilly1990">Tilly 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlaud1989" class="citation news cs1">Furlaud, Alice (9 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/09/travel/vive-la-contre-revolution.html">"Vive la Contre-Revolution!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Vive+la+Contre-Revolution%21&rft.date=1989-07-09&rft.aulast=Furlaud&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F07%2F09%2Ftravel%2Fvive-la-contre-revolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcphee-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcphee_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcphee_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcphee_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhee2004" class="citation journal cs1">McPhee, Peter (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-france.net/vol4reviews/vol4no26McPhee.pdf">"Review of Reynald Secher, A French Genocide: The Vendée"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>H-France Review</i>. <b>4</b> (26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H-France+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Reynald+Secher%2C+A+French+Genocide%3A+The+Vend%C3%A9e&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=26&rft.date=2004-03&rft.aulast=McPhee&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-france.net%2Fvol4reviews%2Fvol4no26McPhee.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Napoleon</i> by Theodore A. Dodge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911WC-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB1911WC_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Becke, Archibald Frank (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Waterloo Campaign, 1815"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Waterloo_Campaign,_1815">"Waterloo Campaign, 1815" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 371–381.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Waterloo+Campaign%2C+1815&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=371-381&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Becke&rft.aufirst=Archibald+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETilly199062-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETilly199062_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTilly1990">Tilly 1990</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989166-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989166_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuretOzouf1989">Furet & Ozouf 1989</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones20066-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones20066_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200768–69-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200768–69_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin200770–71-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200770–71_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin200770–71_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2007">Martin 2007</a>, pp. 70–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SR-Vendée-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SR-Vendée_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecher2003" class="citation book cs1">Secher, Reynald (2003). <i>A French Genocide: The Vendée</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Press" title="University of Notre Dame Press">University of Notre Dame Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-268-02865-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-268-02865-6"><bdi>0-268-02865-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+French+Genocide%3A+The+Vend%C3%A9e&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-268-02865-6&rft.aulast=Secher&rft.aufirst=Reynald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergerDonovanPassmore1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Berger" title="Stefan Berger">Berger, Stefan</a>; Donovan, Mark; Passmore, Kevin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8hLx7cF25_kC"><i>Writing National Histories: Western Europe Since 1800</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16427-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16427-6"><bdi>978-0-415-16427-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+National+Histories%3A+Western+Europe+Since+1800&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16427-6&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft.au=Donovan%2C+Mark&rft.au=Passmore%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8hLx7cF25_kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span>, contribution by Julian Jackson. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.qmul.ac.uk/staff/jackson.html">jackson biography</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Mary, University of London">QMUL</a>)</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebrun1985" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lebrun, François (May 1985). "La guerre de Vendée : massacre ou génocide ?" [The Vendée War: massacre or genocide?]. <i>L'Histoire</i> (in French) (78). Paris: 93–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Histoire&rft.atitle=La+guerre+de+Vend%C3%A9e+%3A+massacre+ou+g%C3%A9nocide+%3F&rft.issue=78&rft.pages=93-99&rft.date=1985-05&rft.aulast=Lebrun&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebrun1985" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lebrun, François (September 1985). <i>L'Histoire</i> (in French) (81). Paris: 99–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Histoire&rft.issue=81&rft.pages=99-101&rft.date=1985-09&rft.aulast=Lebrun&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallonneau1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tallonneau, Paul (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PBpHAQAAIAAJ"><i>Les Lucs et le génocide vendéen: comment on a manipulé les textes</i></a> [<i>The Lukes and the Vendée genocide: how the texts were manipulated</i>] (in French). Editions Hécate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86913-051-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86913-051-7"><bdi>978-2-86913-051-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Lucs+et+le+g%C3%A9nocide+vend%C3%A9en%3A+comment+on+a+manipul%C3%A9+les+textes&rft.pub=Editions+H%C3%A9cate&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-86913-051-7&rft.aulast=Tallonneau&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPBpHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetitfrère1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petitfrère, Claude (1982). <i>La Vendée et les Vendéens</i> [<i>The Vendée and the Vendéens</i>] (in French). Editions Gallimard/Julliard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Vend%C3%A9e+et+les+Vend%C3%A9ens&rft.pub=Editions+Gallimard%2FJulliard&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Petitfr%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martin, Voir Jean-Clément (1987). <i>La Vendée et la France</i> [<i>The Vendée and France</i>] (in French). Le Seuil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Vend%C3%A9e+et+la+France&rft.pub=Le+Seuil&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Voir+Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CL-426–434-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CL-426–434_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claude Langlois, "Les héros quasi mythiques de la Vendée ou les dérives de l'imaginaire", in F. Lebrun, 1987, pp. 426–434, and "Les dérives vendéennes de l'imaginaire révolutionnaire", AESC, no. 3, 1988, pp. 771–797.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTackett2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tackett, Timothy (Autumn 2001). "Interpreting the Terror". <i><a href="/wiki/French_Historical_Studies" title="French Historical Studies">French Historical Studies</a></i>. <b>24</b> (4): 569–578 [572]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00161071-24-4-569">10.1215/00161071-24-4-569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Interpreting+the+Terror&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=569-578+572&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00161071-24-4-569&rft.aulast=Tackett&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGough1987" class="citation journal cs1">Gough, Hugh (1987). "Genocide & the Bicentenary: the French Revolution and the revenge of the Vendée". <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 977–988 [987]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00022433">10.1017/S0018246X00022433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Genocide+%26+the+Bicentenary%3A+the+French+Revolution+and+the+revenge+of+the+Vend%C3%A9e&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=977-988+987&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00022433&rft.aulast=Gough&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google105-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google105_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google105_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaileaderWhalen2010" class="citation book cs1">Daileader, Philip; 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+Winners&rft.pub=Mirabile+Dictu+International+Catholic+Film+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirabiledictu-icff.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D35%26Itemid%3D573rd-international-catholic-film-festival-in-early-july-english-7193.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jp2filmfestival.com/the-festival/previous-festivals/2012-revelation/2012-reel-rose-awards/">"2012 Reel Rose Awards"</a>. John Paul II International Film Festival<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2012+Reel+Rose+Awards&rft.pub=John+Paul+II+International+Film+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jp2filmfestival.com%2Fthe-festival%2Fprevious-festivals%2F2012-revelation%2F2012-reel-rose-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt18349514/">"Vaincre ou mourir"</a>. 25 January 2023 – via IMDb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vaincre+ou+mourir&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt18349514%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuretOzouf1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">Furet, François</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mona_Ozouf" title="Mona Ozouf">Ozouf, Mona</a> (9 September 1989). <i>A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution</i>. Translated by Goldhammer, Arthur. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674177284" title="Special:BookSources/9780674177284"><bdi>9780674177284</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Dictionary+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989-09-09&rft.isbn=9780674177284&rft.aulast=Furet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Ozouf%2C+Mona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoes2006" class="citation book cs1">Joes, Anthony James (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC"><i>Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2339-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2339-9"><bdi>0-8131-2339-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+Rebellion%3A+The+History+and+Politics+of+Counterinsurgency&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8131-2339-9&rft.aulast=Joes&rft.aufirst=Anthony+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuHXFDFdeoQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jones_(Canadian_scholar)" title="Adam Jones (Canadian scholar)">Jones, Adam</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010110108/http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf"><i>Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-35385-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-35385-8"><bdi>0-415-35385-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidetext.net/gaci_origins.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Comprehensive+Introduction&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-35385-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocidetext.net%2Fgaci_origins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Levene, Mark</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PsLXeDflfMC"><i>Genocide in the Age of the Nation State</i></a>. Vol. 2: The rise of the West and the coming of Genocide. <a href="/wiki/I._B._Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I. B. Tauris">I. B. Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-057-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+in+the+Age+of+the+Nation+State&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-057-4&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3PsLXeDflfMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment_Martin" title="Jean-Clément Martin">Martin, Jean-Clément</a> (2007). <i>La Vendée et la Révolution. Accepter la mémoire pour écrire l'histoire</i>. Perrin, collection Tempus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Vend%C3%A9e+et+la+R%C3%A9volution.+Accepter+la+m%C3%A9moire+pour+%C3%A9crire+l%27histoire&rft.pub=Perrin%2C+collection+Tempus&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Cl%C3%A9ment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Tilly, Charles</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft2h4nb1h9&doc.view=content&chunk.id=d0e1419&toc.depth=1&anchor.id=0&brand=eschol">"State and Counterrevolution in France"</a>. In Fehér, Ferenc (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2h4nb1h9/"><i>The French Revolution and the Birth of Modernity</i></a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 49–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=State+and+Counterrevolution+in+France&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution+and+the+Birth+of+Modernity&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=49-63&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft2h4nb1h9%26doc.view%3Dcontent%26chunk.id%3Dd0e1419%26toc.depth%3D1%26anchor.id%3D0%26brand%3Deschol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnchel1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anchel, Robert (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Vendée, Wars of the"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Vend%C3%A9e,_Wars_of_the">"Vendée, Wars of the" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 980–981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vend%C3%A9e%2C+Wars+of+the&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=980-981&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Anchel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/Europe:_A_History" title="Europe: A History">Europe: A History</a></i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebord1991" class="citation book cs1">Debord, Guy (1991). <i>Panegyric</i>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-347-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-347-3"><bdi>0-86091-347-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panegyric&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-86091-347-3&rft.aulast=Debord&rft.aufirst=Guy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff1985" class="citation journal cs1">Markoff, John (1985). "The social geography of rural revolt at the beginning of the French Revolution". <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>50</b> (6): 761–781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2095503">10.2307/2095503</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095503">2095503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=The+social+geography+of+rural+revolt+at+the+beginning+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=761-781&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2095503&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2095503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff1990" class="citation journal cs1">Markoff, John (1990). "Peasant Grievances and Peasant Insurrection: France in 1789". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>62</b> (3): 445–476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F600540">10.1086/600540</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1881173">1881173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Peasant+Grievances+and+Peasant+Insurrection%3A+France+in+1789&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-476&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F600540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1881173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSecher2003" class="citation book cs1">Secher, Reynald (2003). <i>A French Genocide: The Vendée</i>. University of Notre Dame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-268-02865-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-268-02865-6"><bdi>0-268-02865-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+French+Genocide%3A+The+Vend%C3%A9e&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-268-02865-6&rft.aulast=Secher&rft.aufirst=Reynald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTackett1982" class="citation journal cs1">Tackett, Timothy (1982). "The West in France in 1789: The Religious Factor in the Origins of the Counterrevolution". <i>Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 715–745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F244228">10.1086/244228</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1906018">1906018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+West+in+France+in+1789%3A+The+Religious+Factor+in+the+Origins+of+the+Counterrevolution&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=715-745&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F244228&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1906018%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Tackett&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilly1964" class="citation book cs1">Tilly, Charles (1964). <i>The Vendée: A Sociological Analysis of the Counter-Revolution of 1793</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vend%C3%A9e%3A+A+Sociological+Analysis+of+the+Counter-Revolution+of+1793&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Tilly&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_2">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCenser2014" class="citation journal cs1">Censer, Jack R. (2014). "Historians Revisit the Terror—Again". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social_History" title="Journal of Social History">Journal of Social History</a></i>. <b>48</b> (2): 383–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshu077">10.1093/jsh/shu077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Historians+Revisit+the+Terror%E2%80%94Again&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=383-403&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjsh%2Fshu077&rft.aulast=Censer&rft.aufirst=Jack+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1968" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Harvey (1968). "The Vendée and Counterrevolution: A Review Essay". <i><a href="/wiki/French_Historical_Studies" title="French Historical Studies">French Historical Studies</a></i>. <b>5</b> (4): 405–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F286051">10.2307/286051</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/286051">286051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=French+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Vend%C3%A9e+and+Counterrevolution%3A+A+Review+Essay&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=405-429&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F286051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F286051%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="in_French">in French</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: in French"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFournier1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fournier, Elie (1985). <i>Turreau et les colonnes infernales, ou, L'échec de la violence</i> (in French). A. Michel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-226-02524-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-226-02524-3"><bdi>2-226-02524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turreau+et+les+colonnes+infernales%2C+ou%2C+L%27%C3%A9chec+de+la+violence&rft.pub=A.+Michel&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=2-226-02524-3&rft.aulast=Fournier&rft.aufirst=Elie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWar+in+the+Vend%C3%A9e" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e_and_Chouannerie" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:War in the Vendée and Chouannerie">War in the Vendée and Chouannerie</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">War of the First Coalition</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: center;"><b>French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns</b><br />War in the Vendée </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden (1793)</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a 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