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id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Legal career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treason_trial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treason_trial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Treason trial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treason_trial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_the_Prussian_Parliament_and_the_Reichstag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_the_Prussian_Parliament_and_the_Reichstag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Member of the Prussian Parliament and the Reichstag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_the_Prussian_Parliament_and_the_Reichstag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-November_revolution_1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#November_revolution_1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>November revolution 1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-November_revolution_1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prosecution_of_the_murderers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prosecution_of_the_murderers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prosecution of the murderers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prosecution_of_the_murderers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_theory_and_Marxism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_theory_and_Marxism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political theory and Marxism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_theory_and_Marxism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Karl Liebknecht</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="كارل ليبكنخت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل ليبكنخت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Libknext" title="Karl Libknext – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karl Libknext" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Карл Либкнехт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карл Либкнехт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Карл Лібкнехт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карл Лібкнехт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%82" title="Карл Лібкнэхт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карл Лібкнэхт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Карл Либкнехт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл Либкнехт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB_%CE%9B%CE%AF%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BA%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%87%CF%84" title="Καρλ Λίμπκνεχτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καρλ Λίμπκνεχτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="کارل لیبکنشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل لیبکنشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84%ED%81%AC%EB%84%A4%ED%9E%88%ED%8A%B8" title="카를 리프크네히트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 리프크네히트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC_%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A2%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Կարլ Լիբկնեխտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարլ Լիբկնեխտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%98" title="קרל ליבקנכט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל ליבקנכט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%99%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კარლ ლიბკნეხტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ ლიბკნეხტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Карл Либкнехт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карл Либкнехт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Liebknecht" title="Carolus Liebknecht – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_L%C4%ABbknehts" title="Kārlis Lībknehts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis Lībknehts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="കാൾ ലിബ്ക്നെക്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാൾ ലിബ്ക്നെക്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="كارل ليبكنخت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل ليبكنخت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%82%AF%E3%83%8D%E3%83%92%E3%83%88" title="カール・リープクネヒト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール・リープクネヒト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Либкнехт, Карл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Либкнехт, Карл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Карл Либкнехт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл Либкнехт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Libkneht" title="Karl Libkneht – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karl Libkneht" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C" title="คาร์ล ลีพคเน็ชท์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์ล ลีพคเน็ชท์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Карл Лібкнехт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл Лібкнехт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Karl Liebknecht" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%8D%9C%E5%85%8B%E5%86%85%E8%A5%BF" title="卡尔·李卜克内西 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卡尔·李卜克内西" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%8D%9C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%A7%E8%A5%BF" title="李卜克內西 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="李卜克內西" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%8D%9C%E5%85%8B%E5%86%85%E8%A5%BF" title="卡尔·李卜克内西 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔·李卜克内西" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q75886#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German socialist politician (1871–1919)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Karl Liebknecht</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:KLiebknecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/KLiebknecht.jpg/220px-KLiebknecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/KLiebknecht.jpg/330px-KLiebknecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/KLiebknecht.jpg/440px-KLiebknecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Liebknecht <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1911</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> <br /> for Potsdam 7</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">7 February 1912</a> – 26 October 1918</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">August Pauli</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Constituency abolished</i></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Karl Paul August Friedrich Liebknecht</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1871-08-13</span>)</span>13 August 1871<br /><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">15 January 1919<span style="display:none">(1919-01-15)</span> (aged 47)<br /><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">German Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_execution" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrajudicial execution">Extrajudicial execution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_nationality_law" title="German nationality law">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a> (1900–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacus_League" title="Spartacus League">Spartacus League</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">KPD</a> (1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Julia Paradies</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="May 1900">1900</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="22 August 1911">1911</span>)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Liebknecht" title="Sophie Liebknecht">Sophie Ryss Liebknecht</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="October 1912">1912</span>)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a></li><li>Natalie Reh Liebknecht</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Liebknecht" title="Theodor Liebknecht">Theodor Liebknecht</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lawyer</li><li>politician</li><li>revolutionary</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Karl Paul August Friedrich Liebknecht</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈliːpknɛçt]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/8d\/De-Karl_Liebknecht.ogg\/De-Karl_Liebknecht.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Karl Liebknecht.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/De-Karl_Liebknecht.ogg/De-Karl_Liebknecht.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Karl_Liebknecht.ogg" title="File:De-Karl Liebknecht.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 13 August 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a German revolutionary socialist and anti-militarist. A member of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) beginning in 1900, he was one of its deputies in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> from 1912 to 1916, where he represented the left-revolutionary wing of the party. In 1916 he was expelled from the SPD's parliamentary group for his opposition to the <i><a href="/wiki/Burgfriedenspolitik" title="Burgfriedenspolitik">Burgfriedenspolitik</a></i>, the political truce between all parties in the Reichstag while the war lasted. He twice spent time in prison, first for writing an anti-militarism pamphlet in 1907 and then for his role in a 1916 antiwar demonstration. He was released from the second under a general amnesty three weeks before the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/November_Revolution_of_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="November Revolution of 1918">November Revolution</a> that broke out across Germany in the final days of the war, Liebknecht <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_republic_in_Germany" title="Proclamation of the republic in Germany">proclaimed Germany a "Free Socialist Republic"</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Palace" title="Berlin Palace">Berlin Palace</a> on 9 November 1918. On 11 November, together with <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> and others he founded the <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_League" title="Spartacus League">Spartacist League</a>. In December, his call to make Germany a soviet republic was rejected by the majority of the <a href="/wiki/German_workers%27_and_soldiers%27_councils_1918%E2%80%931919#Reich_Congress_of_Workers'_and_Soldiers'_Councils" title="German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919">Reich Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsrätekongress</i></span>). At the end of 1918, Liebknecht was one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD). Shortly after the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Spartacist_uprising" title="Spartacist uprising">Spartacist uprising</a> in which he played a leading role, he and Rosa Luxemburg were killed by members of the <a href="/wiki/Guards_Cavalry_Division_(German_Empire)#Guard_Cavalry_Schützen_Division" title="Guards Cavalry Division (German Empire)">Guard Cavalry Rifle Division</a> after they had consulted with <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Noske" title="Gustav Noske">Gustav Noske</a>, who was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_People%27s_Deputies" title="Council of the People's Deputies">Council of the People's Deputies</a>, Germany's interim government, and had responsibility for military affairs. Although two of the men directly involved in the murders were prosecuted, no one responsible for ordering their deaths was ever brought to trial. </p><p>After their deaths, both Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg became martyrs for the socialist cause in Germany and throughout Europe. Commemoration of the two continues to play an important role among the German left to this day. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karl Paul August Friedrich Liebknecht was born in Leipzig in 1871, the second of the five sons of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Wilhelm Liebknecht</a> and his second wife Natalie (née Reh). His father, along with <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a>, was one of the founders and key leaders of the SPD and its precursor parties. Karl was baptized a <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas Church, Leipzig">St. Thomas Church</a>. According to the Liebknecht family tradition, their lineage was directly descended from the theologian and founder of <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His godparents included <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, who were not present at the baptism but had written declarations of their godparenthood.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a child in the early 1880s, Liebknecht lived in <a href="/wiki/Borsdorf" title="Borsdorf">Borsdorf</a>, now located on the eastern outskirts of Leipzig. His father had moved into a suburban villa there with August Bebel after they were expelled from Leipzig under the 'Lesser State of Siege', a provision of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a> directed against socialist, social democratic and communist associations and writings. The laws were in force from 1878 to 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studies">Studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1890 he graduated from the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Alte Nikolaischule</i></span> in Leipzig and on 16 August 1890 began studying law and administrative (<a href="/wiki/Cameralism" title="Cameralism">cameral</a>) sciences at <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied there with jurist <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Windscheid" title="Bernhard Windscheid">Bernhard Windscheid</a>, jurist and theologian <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Sohm" title="Rudolph Sohm">Rudolph Sohm</a>, economist <a href="/wiki/Lujo_Brentano" title="Lujo Brentano">Lujo Brentano</a>, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a>, and art historian <a href="/wiki/Anton_Heinrich_Springer" title="Anton Heinrich Springer">Anton Springer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn199848–56_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199848–56-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the family moved to Berlin in October 1890, he continued his studies at the Friedrich Wilhelm University (now the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a>), where he attended lectures by historian <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a> and economist <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller">Gustav Schmoller</a>. His certificate of academic completion is dated 7 March 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 May 1893, he passed his examination for higher civil service posts (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Referendarexamen</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liebknecht then did his military service as a <a href="/wiki/One-year_volunteer" title="One-year volunteer">one-year volunteer</a> with the Guard Pioneer Battalion, a unit of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>, in Berlin in 1893 and 1894. </p><p>After a long search for a position, he wrote his doctoral thesis "Compensation Enforcement and Compensation Pleas According to Common Law" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Compensationsvollzug und Compensationsvorbringen nach gemeinem Rechte</i></span>), which was awarded a magna cum laude by the Law and Political Science Faculty of the <a href="/wiki/Julius_Maximilian_University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg">Julius Maximilian University</a> of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohlgemuth197333_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohlgemuth197333-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 April 1899 he passed the examination for candidates to the higher civil service career path with a "good". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_career">Legal career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haase_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Haase_1905.jpg/220px-Haase_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Haase_1905.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Hugo Haase in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>With his brother <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Liebknecht" title="Theodor Liebknecht">Theodor</a> and the socialist and Zionist <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Cohn" title="Oskar Cohn">Oskar Cohn</a>, he opened a law office in Berlin in 1899. In May of the following year he married Julia Paradies, with whom he had two sons, Wilhelm and Robert, and a daughter Vera. </p><p>He joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in 1900 and in 1904, along with his colleague <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Haase" title="Hugo Haase">Hugo Haase</a>, he became known abroad as a political lawyer when he defended nine Social Democrats, among them the Pole <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Tr%C4%85balski" title="Franciszek Trąbalski">Franciszek Trąbalski</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> Secret Society trial. In other high profile criminal trials, he denounced the class-based justice of the empire and the brutal treatment of recruits in the military. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treason_trial">Treason trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treason trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1907 to 1910 Liebknecht was president of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a>, where he frequently spoke out against militarism. In 1907 he published <i>Militarism and Anti-Militarism</i> as part of the SPD Youth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the work he argued that against an external enemy, external militarism required chauvinistic obstinacy, and against an internal enemy, internal militarism required a lack of understanding or hatred of any progressive movement. Militarism also needed an impassive people so that the masses could be driven like a herd of cattle. Anti-militarist agitation, he said, must educate about the dangers of militarism, but it must do so within the framework of the law – a statement that the <a href="/wiki/Reichsgericht" title="Reichsgericht">Reich Court of Justice</a> did not accept when Liebknecht was brought to trial for treason. He characterized the spirit of militarism with a reference to a remark by the Prussian Minister of War at the time, General <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Einem" title="Karl von Einem">Karl von Einem</a>, according to whom a soldier loyal to the king who shoots badly is preferable to one who shoots well but whose political convictions are questionable. On 17 April 1907 von Einem asked the Reich Prosecutor's Office to initiate criminal proceedings against Liebknecht on account of the pamphlet. </p><p>The treason trial against Liebknecht took place before the <a href="/wiki/Reichsgericht" title="Reichsgericht">Reich Court of Justice</a>, presided over by Judge Ludwig Treplin, on 9, 10 and 12 October 1907, with a large public presence. On the first day of the trial, Liebknecht said that imperial orders were null and void if their purpose was a breach of the constitution. (In the court's final ruling, it emphasized that the soldiers' unconditional duty of obedience to the emperor was a central provision of the constitution of the empire.) When Liebknecht responded to a question from the presiding judge by saying that various newspapers as well as the conservative politician <a href="/wiki/Elard_von_Oldenburg-Januschau" title="Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau">Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau</a> were calling for a violent breach of the constitution, the judge cut him off, saying that he could allege that statements had been made in his courtroom that he had understood to be an incitement to a breach of the constitution. On the third day of the trial, Liebknecht was sentenced to one and a half years imprisonment for acts preliminary to high treason.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wilhelm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Wilhelm II">Emperor Wilhelm II</a>, who had a copy of <i>Militarism and Anti-Militarism</i>, was informed about the Liebknecht trial several times by telegraph. He received a detailed report after the verdict was pronounced, but Liebknecht was not sent a copy of the written verdict until 7 November.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His self-defense at the trial brought him considerable popularity among Berlin's workers, and a throng of people escorted him to prison. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_the_Prussian_Parliament_and_the_Reichstag">Member of the Prussian Parliament and the Reichstag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Member of the Prussian Parliament and the Reichstag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophie_and_Karl_Liebknecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sophie_and_Karl_Liebknecht.jpg/220px-Sophie_and_Karl_Liebknecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Sophie_and_Karl_Liebknecht.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Sophie and Karl Liebknecht with the children from his first marriage</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908 Liebknecht became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_House_of_Representatives" title="Prussian House of Representatives">Prussian House of Representatives</a> even though he had not yet been released from prison in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. He was one of the first eight Social Democrats to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Landtag" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Landtag">Prussian state parliament</a>, despite the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise" title="Prussian three-class franchise">Prussian three-class franchise</a> that gave more weight to higher-income voters. Liebknecht remained a member of the state parliament until 1916. </p><p>His wife Julia died on 22 August 1911 after a gall bladder operation. Liebknecht married Sophie Ryss (1884–1964) in October 1912. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_Liebknecht_1912_Edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Karl_Liebknecht_1912_Edit.jpg/220px-Karl_Liebknecht_1912_Edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Karl_Liebknecht_1912_Edit.jpg/330px-Karl_Liebknecht_1912_Edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Karl_Liebknecht_1912_Edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Liebknecht's official <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">Reichstag</a> portrait, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the national <a href="/wiki/1912_German_federal_election" title="1912 German federal election">election of January 1912</a>, Liebknecht, who was just 40, entered the Reichstag as one of the youngest SPD deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After unsuccessful attempts in 1903 and 1907, he won the "imperial constituency" of <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>-<a href="/wiki/Spandau" title="Spandau">Spandau</a>-Osthavelland, which until then had been the safe domain of the <a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a>. In the Reichstag he immediately emerged as a staunch opponent of an army bill that would grant the emperor tax funds for armaments for the army and navy. He was also able to prove that the <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> company, a large steel and armaments firm, had illegally obtained economically important information by bribing employees of the War Ministry (the so-called Kornwalzer scandal).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first half of July 1914 Liebknecht traveled to Belgium and France, where he met with socialist politicians <a href="/wiki/Jean_Longuet" title="Jean Longuet">Jean Longuet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> and spoke at several events. He spent the French national holiday in Paris. He only became aware of the danger of a European war on 23 July, after the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum to <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> became known (the <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a>). At the end of July, he returned to Germany via Switzerland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 August, the day mobilization was announced and war declared on <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, the Reichstag was summoned for a 4 August session. At the time there was still no question in Liebknecht's mind that "the rejection of war loans was self-evident and unquestionable for the majority of the SPD Reichstag faction".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the party's preparatory meeting on 3 August, there were, according to SPD representative <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Heine" title="Wolfgang Heine">Wolfgang Heine</a>, "vile, noisy scenes"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohlgemuth1973242_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohlgemuth1973242-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because Liebknecht and 13 other deputies spoke out decisively against war loans. In the 4 August parliamentary session, however, the Social Democratic faction voted unanimously in favor of approving the loans that enabled the government to finance the initial war effort. </p><p> Before the parliamentary group meeting on 3 August, those in favor of the approval had not expected such a success and had been by no means sure of even obtaining a majority in the SPD parliamentary group.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even during the break in the session after Reich Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg's</a> speech, immediately before the vote, there was turmoil among the SPD deputies because some had demonstratively applauded the Chancellor's remarks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroh1973700_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroh1973700-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liebknecht, who in the years before had repeatedly defended the unwritten rules of party discipline (i.e. unanimity) against representatives of the party's right wing, bowed to the decision of the majority and also voted for the government bill in the Reichstag's full session. Hugo Haase, who like Liebknecht had opposed the loan in the parliamentary group, agreed for similar reasons to read the statement of the parliamentary group majority, which was received with jubilation by the bourgeois parties. Liebknecht often thought about or discussed the events of 4 August, both privately and in public. He saw them as a catastrophic political and personal watershed. In 1916, he noted:</p><blockquote><p>"The defection of the majority of the parliamentary group came as a surprise even to the pessimists; the atomization of the hitherto predominant radical wing no less so. The importance of the credit approval in the shift of the faction's entire policy to the government camp was not obvious: there was still the hope that the decision of 3 August was the result of a temporary panic and would soon be corrected, or at least not repeated and even overridden. These and similar considerations, but also uncertainty and weakness, explained the failure of the attempt to win over the minority for a separate public vote. But what must not be overlooked is the sacred veneration that was still paid to party discipline at that time, and most of all by the radical wing that until then had had to defend itself ever more pointedly against breaches of discipline, or tendencies to break discipline, on the part of revisionist party members."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982218_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982218-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg/220px-Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg/330px-Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg/440px-Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5044" data-file-height="7592" /></a><figcaption>Rosa Luxemburg</figcaption></figure> <p>Liebknecht expressly did not endorse a statement by Rosa Luxemburg and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Mehring" title="Franz Mehring">Franz Mehring</a> (its complete text is thought to have been lost),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982221_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982221-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which they threatened to leave the party because of its conduct. He "felt that it was a half-measure: in such a case one would already have had to leave."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007242_ff._22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007242_ff.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luxemburg formed the International Group on 5 August 1914, to which Liebknecht along with ten other SPD leftists belonged and that attempted to form an inner-party opposition to the SPD's <i><a href="/wiki/Burgfriedenspolitik" title="Burgfriedenspolitik">Burgfriedenspolitik</a></i> – a political truce under which the SPD voted for the war loans, all parties agreed not to criticize the government or the war, and the trade unions refrained from striking. In the summer and fall of 1914 Liebknecht and Luxemburg traveled throughout Germany to try to persuade – with little success – opponents of the war to reject financial support for the war. He also contacted other European workers' parties to show them that not all German Social Democrats were in favor of the war. </p><p>Liebknecht's first major conflict with the new party line, one which attracted wide public attention, came when he traveled to Belgium between 4 and 12 September, in the middle of the 3-month long German invasion of the country. There he met with local socialists and was informed – in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andenne" title="Andenne">Andenne</a>, among other places – about the mass reprisals ordered by the German military against alleged attacks by Belgian civilians. Liebknecht was accused in the press – including by Social Democratic papers – of "treason against the fatherland" and "party treason" and had to justify himself before the party executive on 2 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007242_ff._22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007242_ff.-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After that he was all the more determined to vote against the new loan bill and to make it a demonstrative statement against the "unity phase's high tide"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982219_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982219-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for it to be the basis for rallying opponents of the war. In the run-up to the 2 December 1914 session, he tried and failed to win other opposition deputies over to his position. <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a>, who had previously assured Liebknecht that he would also openly vote no, was not able to withstand the party pressure and stayed away from the full session. Liebknecht was in the end the only deputy not to stand when Reichstag President <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kaempf" title="Johannes Kaempf">Johannes Kaempf</a> called on the House to approve the supplementary budget by rising from their seats. At the next vote on 20 March 1915, Rühle voted with Liebknecht. Both had previously refused a request from about 30 other party members to leave the chamber with them during the vote. </p><p>In April 1915 Mehring and Luxemburg published the journal <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Die Internationale</i></span>. It was immediately confiscated by the authorities and appeared only once. Liebknecht, however, was not able to participate in the venture. Since 2 December 1914, police and military authorities had been considering how to stop his activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007263_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007263-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early February 1915, the high command of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> called him to serve in a construction battalion. He was therefore subject to the military laws that forbade any political activity outside his duties in the Reichstag and the Prussian Landtag. He went through the war on the Western and Eastern fronts as non-combatant soldier who was given leaves of absence for sessions of the Reichstag and Landtag. </p><p>He nevertheless succeeded in expanding the International Group and organizing the SPD's staunchest opponents of the war throughout the Reich. That gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_League" title="Spartacus League">Spartacus League</a> on 1 January 1916; it was renamed the Spartacist League after its final break from social democracy in November 1918. On 12 January 1916, the SPD Reichstag membership expelled Liebknecht from its ranks by 60 votes to 25. In solidarity with him, Otto Rühle also resigned from the parliamentary group two days later. In March 1916 another 18 opposition deputies were expelled and subsequently formed the Social Democratic Working Group, which Liebknecht and Rühle did not join. </p><p>During the war Liebknecht had few opportunities to make himself heard in the Reichstag. Contrary to customary practice, the Reichstag president did not record in the official minutes the statement that Liebknecht had submitted in writing explaining his vote against the second war loan bill on 2 December 1914. Under various pretexts he was subsequently refused the parliamentary floor. It was not until 8 April 1916 that Liebknecht was able to speak from the rostrum on a lesser budget issue. This resulted in what deputy <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dittmann" title="Wilhelm Dittmann">Wilhelm Dittmann</a> called a "chaotic and scandalous scene" such as never before witnessed in the Reichstag.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liebknecht was shouted down by liberal and conservative deputies raging "as if possessed",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmannRojahn1995467_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittmannRojahn1995467-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> insulted as a "scoundrel" and an "English spy" and told to "shut his mouth". One member snatched Liebknecht's written notes from him and threw the sheets into the hall, and another had to be prevented by members of the Social Democratic Working Group from physically attacking him. </p><p>At the Easter Youth Conference in <a href="/wiki/Jena" title="Jena">Jena</a>, Liebknecht spoke to 60 young people on anti-militarism and the changing of social conditions in Germany. On 1 May 1916 he led an antiwar demonstration in Berlin that had been planned by the Spartacus League. Even though the demonstrators were surrounded by police, he began his oration with the words "Down with the war! Down with the government!" He was arrested and charged with treason. On the first day of the trial, which was intended to be an example for the socialist left, <a href="/wiki/28_June_1916_Berlin_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="28 June 1916 Berlin strike">a spontaneous solidarity strike</a> organized by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Stewards" title="Revolutionary Stewards">Revolutionary Stewards</a> took place in Berlin with over 50,000 participants. Instead of weakening the opposition, Liebknecht's arrest gave new impetus to opposition to the war.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 August 1916 Liebknecht was sentenced to four years and one month in prison,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he served at <a href="/wiki/Luckau" title="Luckau">Luckau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> from mid-November 1916 until his release under an amnesty on 23 October 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Liebknecht was in prison, Hugo Haase, SPD chairman until March 1916, lobbied in vain for his release. In April 1917 the SPD split apart with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (USPD), which the Spartacus group joined in order to work within it toward revolutionary goals. </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> and the Catholic Reichstag deputy <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger" title="Matthias Erzberger">Matthias Erzberger</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a> – who like Liebknecht was later murdered by right-wing extremists – Liebknecht was one of the very few German parliamentarians to publicly denounce the human rights violations of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Turkish-Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish-Ottoman Empire">Turkish-Ottoman</a> allies such as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and the brutal crackdown on other non-Turkish minorities, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. This practice was tacitly approved both by the liberal parties and by the majority SPD, which was politically allied with the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turk</a> party <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">CUP</a>. In some cases support was even publicly justified on the grounds of Germany's strategic interests and the alleged existential threat to <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> from Armenian and Arab terrorism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="November_revolution_1918">November revolution 1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: November revolution 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046271,_Berlin,_Kundgebung_im_Tiergarten,_Liebknecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046271%2C_Berlin%2C_Kundgebung_im_Tiergarten%2C_Liebknecht.jpg/355px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046271%2C_Berlin%2C_Kundgebung_im_Tiergarten%2C_Liebknecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="355" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046271%2C_Berlin%2C_Kundgebung_im_Tiergarten%2C_Liebknecht.jpg/533px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046271%2C_Berlin%2C_Kundgebung_im_Tiergarten%2C_Liebknecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046271%2C_Berlin%2C_Kundgebung_im_Tiergarten%2C_Liebknecht.jpg/710px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P046271%2C_Berlin%2C_Kundgebung_im_Tiergarten%2C_Liebknecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Liebknecht speaking at a rally in the Berlin Tiergarten</figcaption></figure> <p>Liebknecht was released from prison on 23 October 1918 as part of a general amnesty that the Reich government hoped would act as a relief valve for the pre-revolutionary mood in the country. The hope proved illusory, since in Berlin, where Liebknecht went immediately, he was greeted by a cheering crowd at the <a href="/wiki/Anhalter_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhalter Station">Anhalter Station</a>. A march set off in the direction of the Reichstag building but was pushed eastward by the Berlin police. In front of the Russian Embassy Liebknecht gave a speech in which he proclaimed: "Down with the <a href="/wiki/Hohenzollerns" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenzollerns">Hohenzollerns</a>! Long live the social republic of Germany!"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The embassy, which since the Russian <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917 was representing a communist led country, then gave a reception in his honor. </p><p>Liebknecht set about reorganizing the Spartacus League, which then emerged as a political organization in its own right. He urged the Revolutionary Stewards, which had organized the January strike, and both the USPD's rank and file and the Spartacus League to jointly coordinate preparations for a nationwide revolution. They planned a simultaneous general strike in all major cities and parades of armed strikers in front of the barracks of army regiments in order to persuade them to either join or lay down their arms. The Stewards, guided by workers' sentiment in the factories and fearing an armed confrontation with army troops, postponed the date set for the revolution several times, finally to 11 November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffrogge201838–41_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffrogge201838–41-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liebknecht though was unable to win acceptance in his party for the plans. On 30 October 1918 the central executive committee of the USPD, whose members were thinking more of a revolution by peaceful means, rejected his ideas, as did a meeting between the USPD and the Revolutionary Stewards on 1 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachtan2018181_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachtan2018181-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-01448,_Berlin,_Reichskanzlei,_Philipp_Scheidemann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-01448%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Philipp_Scheidemann.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-01448%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Philipp_Scheidemann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-01448%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Philipp_Scheidemann.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-01448%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Philipp_Scheidemann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-01448%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Philipp_Scheidemann.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_175-01448%2C_Berlin%2C_Reichskanzlei%2C_Philipp_Scheidemann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Philipp Scheidemann proclaims the German Republic at the Reichstag hours before Liebknecht's proclamation of the Free Socialist Republic at the Berlin Palace.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 8 November the revolution sparked by the <a href="/wiki/Kiel_mutiny" title="Kiel mutiny">sailors' uprising in Kiel</a> spread across Germany independently of Liebknecht's plans. Berlin's Revolutionary Stewards and USPD representatives called on their supporters to join the marches planned for the following day. On 9 November masses of people poured into the center of Berlin from all directions. From Gate 4 of the Berlin Palace, standing at the large window of the second floor, Liebknecht proclaimed the "Free Socialist Republic of Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier that day <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Scheidemann" title="Philipp Scheidemann">Philipp Scheidemann</a> of the SPD had <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_republic_in_Germany" title="Proclamation of the republic in Germany">proclaimed the "German Republic"</a> from the Reichstag building. </p><p>Liebknecht then became the spokesman for the revolutionary left. In order to push the November Revolution in the direction of a socialist soviet republic, he and Rosa Luxemburg began publishing a daily newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Rote_Fahne" title="Die Rote Fahne">Die Rote Fahne</a></i> ('The Red Flag'). In the ensuing disputes, however, it soon became apparent that most workers' representatives in Germany were pursuing social democratic rather than socialist goals. At the <a href="/wiki/German_workers%27_and_soldiers%27_councils_1918%E2%80%931919#Reich_Congress_of_Workers'_and_Soldiers'_Councils" title="German workers' and soldiers' councils 1918–1919">Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils</a> of 16–20 December 1918, a majority advocated early parliamentary elections and thus self-dissolution of the councils. Liebknecht and Luxemburg were excluded from participation. </p><p>Since December 1918, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a> (SPD), head of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_People%27s_Deputies" title="Council of the People's Deputies">Council of the People's Deputies</a> that was acting as Germany's interim government, had been trying to take power away from the council movement with, if necessary, the help of the army. He was doing this in accordance with the secret <a href="/wiki/Ebert%E2%80%93Groener_pact" title="Ebert–Groener pact">Ebert-Groener pact</a>, under which <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Groener" title="Wilhelm Groener">Wilhelm Groener</a>, Quartermaster General of the German Army, had assured Ebert of the army's loyalty, in return for which Ebert had promised among other things to take prompt action against leftist uprisings. Ebert had troops assembled in and around Berlin for this purpose. On 6 December 1918 he attempted to use the military to prevent the Reich Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Councils from taking place and, after that failed, to weaken the resolution the Congress had made for disempowering the military. On 24 December 1918, during the <a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_the_Berlin_Schloss" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmish of the Berlin Schloss">Berlin Christmas battles</a>, he used military force for the first time, directing it against the <a href="/wiki/Volksmarinedivision" title="Volksmarinedivision">People's Navy Division</a>. It was close to the revolutionary Kiel sailors and was supposed to protect the Reich Chancellery for the Ebert government but was not prepared to leave its positions without pay. As a result of Ebert's successful military intervention against it, the three USPD representatives on the Council of People's Deputies resigned on 29 December, after which the council was made up of five SPD representatives. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00015,_Friedrich_Ebert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00015%2C_Friedrich_Ebert.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00015%2C_Friedrich_Ebert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00015%2C_Friedrich_Ebert.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00015%2C_Friedrich_Ebert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00015%2C_Friedrich_Ebert.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00015%2C_Friedrich_Ebert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Friedrich Ebert</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spartacists, who were gaining popularity throughout the Reich, made use of the military intervention to plan the founding of a new, left-wing revolutionary party and invited their supporters to its founding congress in Berlin at the end of December 1918. On 1 January 1919, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD) introduced itself to the public. </p><p>Beginning on 8 January, Liebknecht and other KPD members participated in the <a href="/wiki/Spartacist_uprising" title="Spartacist uprising">Spartacist uprising</a> which began with a general strike and the occupation of several Berlin newspaper buildings. Liebknecht joined the strike leadership and, against the advice of Rosa Luxemburg, called for an armed insurrection to overthrow the Ebert government. KPD delegates tried without success to persuade some regiments stationed in and around Berlin to defect, and with only minimal support from the mass of the working classes of Berlin, the uprising failed to gain ground. When the government called out the military against the insurgents on 11 January, they were quickly overwhelmed. The total death toll is estimated at around 180.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "intelligence services of numerous 'associations representing the interests of the state'" actively sought the leading figures of the KPD.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1918 numerous red, large-format posters directed against the Spartacus League were posted in Berlin, culminating in the demand "Beat their leaders to death! Kill Liebknecht!"<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of thousands of handbills with the same content were also distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Stadtler" title="Eduard Stadtler">Eduard Stadtler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevik League</a> was among those involved. In the SPD's newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Vorw%C3%A4rts" title="Vorwärts">Vorwärts</a></i> (Forward), Liebknecht was repeatedly portrayed as "mentally ill".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929238_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929238-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire Council of People's Deputies signed a leaflet on 8 January announcing that "the hour of reckoning is approaching".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929277_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929277-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following day the leaflet's text appeared as official news in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutscher Reichsanzeiger</i></span>, the German Reich's newspaper of record. Rumors circulated among civilians and military personnel – spread by, among others, Philipp Scheidemann's son-in-law Fritz Henck – that bounties had been placed on the Spartacist leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199525_f._40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199525_f.-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 January an article appeared in a newsletter of two Social Democratic regiments, stating that "the next few days" would show that "as for the heads of the movement … the gloves are now coming off".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929296_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929296-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plakat_an_Berliner_Litfa%C3%9Fs%C3%A4ulen_1918.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plakat_an_Berliner_Litfa%C3%9Fs%C3%A4ulen_1918.JPG/273px-Plakat_an_Berliner_Litfa%C3%9Fs%C3%A4ulen_1918.JPG" decoding="async" width="273" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plakat_an_Berliner_Litfa%C3%9Fs%C3%A4ulen_1918.JPG/410px-Plakat_an_Berliner_Litfa%C3%9Fs%C3%A4ulen_1918.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Plakat_an_Berliner_Litfa%C3%9Fs%C3%A4ulen_1918.JPG/546px-Plakat_an_Berliner_Litfa%C3%9Fs%C3%A4ulen_1918.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3590" data-file-height="2763" /></a><figcaption>The placard reads: Workers! Citizens! The fatherland is close to ruin. Save It! It is not threatened from without but from within: the Spartacus Group. Beat their leaders to death! Kill Liebknecht! Then you will have peace, work, and bread. – The soldiers of the front.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since their lives were now in danger, Liebknecht and Luxemburg went into hiding, initially in the Berlin suburb of <a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln" title="Neukölln">Neukölln</a>, but after two days they moved to new quarters in Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Wilmersdorf" title="Wilmersdorf">Wilmersdorf</a> neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The owner of the apartment, the merchant Siegfried Marcusson, was a member of the USPD and belonged to the Wilmersdorf Workers' and Soldiers' Council; his wife was a friend of Rosa Luxemburg. In the early evening of 15 January, five members of the Wilmersdorf <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bürgerwehr</i></span> – a middle class civilian militia – entered the apartment and arrested Liebknecht and Luxemburg. It is not known who tipped off the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bürgerwehr</i></span> or gave it the order, but it is certain that it was a targeted raid, not a random search. Each person involved in the arrest received a reward of 1,700 marks from the chairman of the Wilmersdorf civic council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199531_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199531-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 9 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a>, who was to become president of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (East Germany) from 1949 to 1960, entered the apartment unsuspectingly and was also arrested.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Liebknecht was first taken to the Wilmersdorf Cecilia School. From there a member of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bürgerwehr</i></span> called the Reich Chancellery and informed its deputy press chief, Robert Breuer of the Wilmersdorf SPD, that Liebknecht had been captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199530_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199530-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breuer said he would call back but reportedly did not.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199531_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199531-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about 9:30 p.m. members of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bürgerwehr</i></span> drove Liebknecht to their command office, the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Guards_Cavalry_Division_(German_Empire)#Guard_Cavalry_Schützen_Division" title="Guards Cavalry Division (German Empire)">Guards Cavalry Rifle Division</a> in the Eden Hotel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199533_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199533-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liebknecht, who up to that point had denied who he was, was identified by the initials on his clothing in the presence of the de facto commander<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199517_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199517-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the division, Captain <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Pabst" title="Waldemar Pabst">Waldemar Pabst</a>. After a few minutes of reflection, Pabst decided to have Liebknecht and Luxemburg, who was brought in around 10 p.m., "taken care of".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995111_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995111-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called the Reich Chancellery to discuss further action with Minister of Defense <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Noske" title="Gustav Noske">Gustav Noske</a>. Noske urged him to consult with the commander in chief of the Provisional <a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_L%C3%BCttwitz" title="Walther von Lüttwitz">General von Lüttwitz</a>, and if possible obtain a formal order from him. Pabst said that it was out of the question, to which Noske replied, "Then you yourself must know what is to be done."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995111_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995111-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0413-500,_Waldemar_Pabst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0413-500%2C_Waldemar_Pabst.jpg/163px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0413-500%2C_Waldemar_Pabst.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0413-500%2C_Waldemar_Pabst.jpg/244px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0413-500%2C_Waldemar_Pabst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0413-500%2C_Waldemar_Pabst.jpg/325px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0413-500%2C_Waldemar_Pabst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>Waldemar Pabst</figcaption></figure> <p>Pabst charged a group of naval officers under the command of Captain Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Horst_von_Pflugk-Harttung" title="Horst von Pflugk-Harttung">Horst von Pflugk-Harttung</a> with carrying out Liebknecht's murder. (In January 1932 Pflugk-Harttung said in an interview that Noske had explicitly ordered Liebknecht's shooting, but when Noske publicly contradicted him, he claimed that he had been misunderstood by the journalist.)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995130_f._49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995130_f.-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The officers left the hotel with Liebknecht at around 10:45 p.m., dressed in enlisted men's uniforms for disguise. As they were leaving, Liebknecht was spat on, insulted and struck by hotel guests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199534_f._50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199534_f.-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just after he was put into a waiting car with the officers, Private Otto Runge, who had been promised money by a Guards Cavalry officer not privy to the full plan, hit him with the butt of his rifle. Lieutenant Rudolf Liepmann, who also had not been informed by Pabst of the intention to murder Liebknecht, drove the car to the nearby <a href="/wiki/Tiergarten_(park)" title="Tiergarten (park)">Tiergarten</a> park. There he feigned a breakdown at a spot "where a completely unlit footpath branched off".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGumbel192211_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGumbel192211-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liebknecht was led away from the car and after a few meters shot from behind "at close range"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929306_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929306-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the shore of a lake. Shots were fired by von Pflugk-Harttung, Naval Lieutenant Heinrich Stiege, Naval First Lieutenant Ulrich von Ritgen and by Liepmann, who "instinctively joined in".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995113_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995113-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also present were Captain Heinz von Pflugk-Harttung, Horst's younger brother; Second Lieutenant Bruno Schulze; and Private Clemens Friedrich, the only enlisted man involved in the crime.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The perpetrators delivered the dead man as an "unknown body" to the ambulance station opposite the Eden Hotel at 11:15 p.m. and then reported to Pabst. Half an hour later, Luxemburg was taken away in an open car and shot about 40 meters from the entrance to the Eden Hotel, apparently by Naval Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Souchon" title="Hermann Souchon">Hermann Souchon</a>. Her body was thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Landwehr_Canal" title="Landwehr Canal">Landwehr Canal</a> by First Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Vogel_(German_officer)" title="Kurt Vogel (German officer)">Kurt Vogel</a> and was not found until 31 May. Pabst's press officer Friedrich Grabowski subsequently circulated a communiqué stating that Liebknecht had been "shot while fleeing" and Luxemburg "killed by a mob".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199540_ff._55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199540_ff.-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 1969, Pabst commented on the background to the murders in a private letter: </p><blockquote><p>"The fact is: the execution of my orders unfortunately did not take place as it should have. But it did take place, and for that these German idiots should thank Noske and me on their knees, erect monuments to us, and have streets and squares named after us! [Because Pabst thought that the murders had prevented Germany from becoming communist.] Noske was exemplary at the time, and the party [SPD] (except for its semi-communist left wing) behaved impeccably in the affair. That I could not carry out the action without Noske's approval (with Ebert in the background) and also that I had to protect my officers is clear. But very few people understood why I was never questioned or brought up on charges, and why the court-martial went the way it did, [Kurt] Vogel was freed from prison, and so on. As a man of honor, I responded to the behavior of the SPD of the time by keeping my mouth shut for 50 years about our cooperation. ... If it is not possible to skirt the truth and I get so angry I'm ready to explode, I will tell the truth, which I would like to avoid in the interest of the SPD."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger2008394_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger2008394-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-08931-0002,_Berlin-Friedrichsfelde,_Beerdigung_der_Revolutionsopfer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-08931-0002%2C_Berlin-Friedrichsfelde%2C_Beerdigung_der_Revolutionsopfer.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-08931-0002%2C_Berlin-Friedrichsfelde%2C_Beerdigung_der_Revolutionsopfer.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-08931-0002%2C_Berlin-Friedrichsfelde%2C_Beerdigung_der_Revolutionsopfer.jpg/450px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-08931-0002%2C_Berlin-Friedrichsfelde%2C_Beerdigung_der_Revolutionsopfer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-08931-0002%2C_Berlin-Friedrichsfelde%2C_Beerdigung_der_Revolutionsopfer.jpg/600px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-08931-0002%2C_Berlin-Friedrichsfelde%2C_Beerdigung_der_Revolutionsopfer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Burial on 25 January 1919 of Karl Liebknecht and 31 others killed in the Spartacist uprising</figcaption></figure> <p>Liebknecht was buried on 25 January along with 31 other dead from the Spartacist uprising. The burial initially planned by the KPD at the Cemetery of the <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">March Fallen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshain" title="Friedrichshain">Friedrichshain</a> was forbidden by both the government and Berlin's municipal authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead the burial commission was referred to the cemetery for the poor in <a href="/wiki/Zentralfriedhof_Friedrichsfelde" title="Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde">Friedrichsfelde</a>, then located on the urban periphery. The funeral procession turned into a mass demonstration in which several tens of thousands of people took part in spite of a massive military presence. Chairman <a href="/wiki/Paul_Levi" title="Paul Levi">Paul Levi</a> spoke at the graves for the KPD and <a href="/wiki/Luise_Zietz" title="Luise Zietz">Luise Zietz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Breitscheid" title="Rudolf Breitscheid">Rudolf Breitscheid</a> for the USPD. </p><p>In 1926 the <a href="/wiki/November_Revolution_Monument" title="November Revolution Monument">November Revolution Monument</a> was dedicated at the gravesite of the militants in the Friedrichsfelde Cemetery. <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> authorities had it demolished in 1935. The remains of Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg have never been definitively found or identified. In 1951, Liebknecht and Luxemburg were honoured with symbolic graves at the <i>Memorial to the Socialists</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten</i>) in the Friedrichsfelde Cemetery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prosecution_of_the_murderers">Prosecution of the murderers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prosecution of the murderers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The officers Horst von Pflugk-Harttung, Heinrich Stiege, Ulrich von Ritgen and Rudolf Liepmann are to be regarded as the murderers of Karl Liebknecht. In addition, the officers Heinz von Pflugk-Harttung, Bruno Schulze and the soldier Clemens Friedrich were involved. </p><p>A civilian trial against the murderers of Liebknecht and Luxemburg did not take place, and an investigation into what lay behind them was not initiated. Only after the KPD, through its own investigations led by <a href="/wiki/Leo_Jogiches" title="Leo Jogiches">Leo Jogiches</a>, had revealed the whereabouts of some of the perpetrators, did the Guard Cavalry open court-martial proceedings against them. The military court prosecutor Paul Jorns impeded the investigations, and in the main trial only Otto Runge and Kurt Vogel were sentenced to prison terms. The only officers charged, the von Pflugk-Harttung brothers, were acquitted.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verdicts were signed by Gustav Noske, who also arranged for the subsequent appeal proceedings to be discontinued. Runge and Vogel later received compensation for their time in prison from the National Socialists. </p><p>Heinz von Pflugk-Harttung later played a leading role in the <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a>. In 1920, he was killed in an explosion after <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a> in his car accidentally detonated.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pabst was neither prosecuted nor charged, and Vogel was helped to escape by Captain Lieutenant (later Admiral) <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris" title="Wilhelm Canaris">Wilhelm Canaris</a> three days after sentencing. Runge was recognized and beaten by workers in 1925 and 1931 after his release from prison. In June 1945, Runge, now 70, was tracked down by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> in Berlin and handed over to the Soviet commandant's office on the instructions of senior prosecutor Max Berger. Runge was charged with murder, but his health later deteriorated. He died in prison in September 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995132_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995132-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1946, the <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Corps" title="Counterintelligence Corps">Counterintelligence Corps</a> searched von Ritgen's home after his father-in-law reported him for his alleged involvement in the murder of <a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Walther Rathenau</a>. During the search, the CIC instead found evidence linking him to Liebknecht's murder. On the orders of the U.S. military occupation authorities, German police officers were forced to arrest von Ritgen and put him on trial. While in prison, he was treated as a "hero of freedom", and was later acquitted by the Kassel Higher Regional Court. Ritgen died in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_theory_and_Marxism">Political theory and Marxism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political theory and Marxism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Liebknecht's main interest was political agitation, he rarely expressed himself in public on political theory and participated only minimally in the SPD's theoretical disputes, such as the debate on imperialism. He found leisure and calm for his studies only during his time in prison. That he grappled with questions of political theory and practice throughout his political life can be seen from the progress of his posthumously published "<i>Studies on the Laws of Motion of Social Development</i>" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Studien über die Bewegungsgesetze der gesellschaftlichen Entwicklung</i></span>), which he began to work on in 1891. The philosophically oriented "Studies" consisted of the parts "Basic Concepts and Classification", "Contexts and Laws", and "Individual Cultural Phenomena". His aim was to revise and further develop <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx's</a> theory of scientific socialism with a more constitutive-constructive theory. </p><p>In Liebknecht's opinion, Marx had limited his theory too much to the era of capitalism and therefore had not been able to grasp the complexity of social development. He considered Marx's philosophical and economic foundations to be wrong because they were limited to the materialistic concept of history. Only through the spiritual and psychic essence of economic relations was a connection to human development possible, and through this alone would they be social phenomena. He rejected the <a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labour theory of value</a> because, in his view, labor could not, as the result of some sort of economic 'spontaneous generation', create surplus value beyond its own intrinsic value. The value of goods, including labor, was determined instead by the average societal prerequisites of production. For Liebknecht exploitation was purely a problem of distribution and not of production, as Marx had claimed. Value, he argued, was not a fact of capitalist society because it existed before and after capitalist development. His system would better show that the exploitation of the proletariat would take place through force and discrimination in the distribution of the total production of society. </p><p>His universal approach was based – unlike Marx's – on concepts of a philosophy of nature. He saw human society as a unified organism following a higher instinct of development, with the goal of a new, all-encompassing <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>. For him the history of mankind was not determined by class struggles but by struggles for the distribution of social and political functions within a society. It was not a dialectical process, but an evolutionary process determined by objective and subjective factors. Objective factors were the gradual alignments of the various interest groups in a society arising from the fact that they were driven by insight into the nature and needs of society, and those would increasingly satisfy individual needs. Subjective factors were the conscious political actions of politicians in the interests of higher development, something that would be triggered by the social movement of the proletariat – as a form of development and struggle of the new humanism – because all other social groups would have to give up part of their privileges. </p><p>For Liebknecht the evolutionary process included not only continuing education but also cultural and social setbacks. The revolution would be only one particularly intense stage within the evolutionary process. Liebknecht's utopian and vague goal of a new humanism had no appeal to the masses during the November Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Klaus Gietinger did not think that Liebknecht was a Marxist.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not entirely clear to him whether Liebknecht read Marx himself or learned about him second hand. Gietinger calls Liebknecht's work, which remained fragmentary, "anti-Marx".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger202130,_footnote_38_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger202130,_footnote_38-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_sockel_liebknecht-denkmal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Berlin_sockel_liebknecht-denkmal.jpg/220px-Berlin_sockel_liebknecht-denkmal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Berlin_sockel_liebknecht-denkmal.jpg/330px-Berlin_sockel_liebknecht-denkmal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Berlin_sockel_liebknecht-denkmal.jpg/440px-Berlin_sockel_liebknecht-denkmal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The cornerstone for the unfinished Liebknecht memorial in Berlin </figcaption></figure> <p>The annual Liebknecht-Luxemburg commemorations in Berlin marking the anniversary of their murders on the second Sunday in January are attended by a wide range of left-leaning groups, parties and individuals. </p><p>At the site of the 1916 antiwar demonstration, Friedrich Ebert Jr., Lord Mayor of Greater Berlin (East) and member of the Politburo of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (East German Communist Party), unveiled the cornerstone of a monument to Karl Liebknecht on 13 August 1951, the 80th anniversary of his birth. The tribute took place within the framework of the Third World-Festival of Youth and Students and was part of a campaign against the rearmament of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany_(1949-1990)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany (1949-1990)">Federal Republic of Germany</a> (West Germany). But the memorial on <a href="/wiki/Potsdamer_Platz" title="Potsdamer Platz">Potsdamer Platz</a> was not completed before the erection of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. </p><p>The sealing off of the sector border to <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> began on 13 August 1961. The memorial cornerstone stood in the border strip at the forward wall until the <a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification of Germany">reunification of Germany</a> in 1990. With planning for the new Potsdamer Platz, the memorial was removed and put into storage in 1995. In 2002 the district council of Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Mitte" title="Mitte">Mitte</a> district advocated for the pedestal's reinstallation as a document of the city's history and of how Germany's socialist and anti-militarist traditions were dealt with. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> there was a Karl Liebknecht School for German emigrant children in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. The Russian warship <i>Karl Liebknecht</i> bore his name, as did several places in Russia. <a href="/wiki/Karlo-Libknekhtovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlo-Libknekhtovsk">Karlo-Libknekhtovsk</a> in Soviet Ukraine was also named after him. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, Liebknecht was honored as a "mastermind of socialism". This led to the erection of numerous monuments in his honor as well as the naming of streets and schools after him. Some of these were renamed after the reunification of Germany in 1990, while others retained their names. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHundt" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hundt, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxforschung.de/2016/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/BzMEF-29-M.-Hundt-S.-186-192.pdf">"Noch einmal über Liebknechts Weg in den Bund der Kommunisten. Eine notwendige Ergänzung"</a> [Once again on Liebknecht's path into the league of Communists. A necessary supplement] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marx Forschung</i> (in German). pp. 186–187<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marx+Forschung&rft.atitle=Noch+einmal+%C3%BCber+Liebknechts+Weg+in+den+Bund+der+Kommunisten.+Eine+notwendige+Erg%C3%A4nzung&rft.pages=186-187&rft.aulast=Hundt&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarxforschung.de%2F2016%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F12%2FBzMEF-29-M.-Hundt-S.-186-192.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1957" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Karl W. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/2159407"><i>Karl Liebknecht, Man Without a Country</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2159407">2159407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Liebknecht%2C+Man+Without+a+Country&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Public+Affairs+Press&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2159407&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Karl+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F2159407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchröder2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schröder, Wolfgang (2005). <i>Blickpunkt Borsdorf: August Bebels und Wilhelm Liebknechts Asyl 1881–1884</i> [<i>Focal Point Borsdorf: August Bebel's und Wilhelm Liebknecht's Asylum 1881–1884</i>] (in German). Heimatverein Borsdorf und Zweenfurth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blickpunkt+Borsdorf%3A+August+Bebels+und+Wilhelm+Liebknechts+Asyl+1881%E2%80%931884&rft.pub=Heimatverein+Borsdorf+und+Zweenfurth&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">John, Matthias (1998). <i>Höhere Bildung in Leipzig. Karl Liebknecht als Nicolaitaner und Studiosus</i> [<i>Higher Education in Leipzig. Karl Liebknecht at the Nicolai School and as Student</i>] (in German). Leipzig: Universitätsverlag. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=H%C3%B6here+Bildung+in+Leipzig.+Karl+Liebknecht+als+Nicolaitaner+und+Studiosus&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4tsverlag&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199848–56-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn199848–56_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn1998">John 1998</a>, p. 48–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWohlgemuth1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wohlgemuth, Heinz (1973). <i>Karl Liebknecht. Eine Biographie</i> (in German). Berlin: Dietz Verlag. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Liebknecht.+Eine+Biographie&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Dietz+Verlag&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Wohlgemuth&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Liebknecht to Friedrich Engels on 9 June 1893.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohlgemuth197333-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohlgemuth197333_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWohlgemuth1973">Wohlgemuth 1973</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebknecht1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liebknecht, Karl (1971). <i>Militarismus und Antimilitarismus. Unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der internationalen Jugendbewegung</i> [<i>Militarism and Antimilitarism. With Special Consideration to the International Youth Movement</i>] (in German) (Reprint of 1907 ed.). Dortmund: Weltkreis-Verlags-GmbH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Militarismus+und+Antimilitarismus.+Unter+besonderer+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+der+internationalen+Jugendbewegung&rft.place=Dortmund&rft.edition=Reprint+of+1907&rft.pub=Weltkreis-Verlags-GmbH&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Liebknecht&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyrbe1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Syrbe, Horst (1961). "Zur nationalen Bedeutung von Karl Liebknechts Schrift „Militarismus und Antimilitarismus"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>" [On the National Meaning of Karl Liebknecht's Work "Militarism and Antimilitarism"]. <i>Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung</i> [<i>Contributions to the History of the German Workers' Movement</i>] (in German). Vol. 3. Berlin: Dietz. pp. 573–592.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zur+nationalen+Bedeutung+von+Karl+Liebknechts+Schrift+%E2%80%9EMilitarismus+und+Antimilitarismus%E2%80%9C&rft.btitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Geschichte+der+deutschen+Arbeiterbewegung&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=573-592&rft.pub=Dietz&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Syrbe&rft.aufirst=Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331170956/https://sites.google.com/site/sozialistischeklassiker2punkt0/liebknecht/1907/karl-liebknecht-das-hochverratsurteil-gegen-karl-liebknecht/i-das-urteil-mit-anmerkungen">"Reichsgericht: Das Urteil mit Anmerkungen"</a> [Reich Court of Justice: Ruling with Remarks]. <i>Sozialistische Klassiker 2.0</i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/sozialistischeklassiker2punkt0/liebknecht/1907/karl-liebknecht-das-hochverratsurteil-gegen-karl-liebknecht/i-das-urteil-mit-anmerkungen">the original</a> on 31 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sozialistische+Klassiker+2.0&rft.atitle=Reichsgericht%3A+Das+Urteil+mit+Anmerkungen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fsozialistischeklassiker2punkt0%2Fliebknecht%2F1907%2Fkarl-liebknecht-das-hochverratsurteil-gegen-karl-liebknecht%2Fi-das-urteil-mit-anmerkungen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Der Hochverratsprozeß gegen Liebknecht vor dem Reichsgericht. Verhandlungsbericht nebst einem Nachwort</i> [<i>The Treason Trial against Liebknecht at the Reich Court of Justice. Trial Report with Afterword</i>] (in German). Berlin: Buchhandlung Vorwärts. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Hochverratsproze%C3%9F+gegen+Liebknecht+vor+dem+Reichsgericht.+Verhandlungsbericht+nebst+einem+Nachwort&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Buchhandlung+Vorw%C3%A4rts&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reichstag-abgeordnetendatenbank.de/selectmaske.html?pnd=11857275X&recherche=ja">"Datenbank der deutschen Parlamentsabgeordneten: Karl Liebknecht"</a> [Database of members of the Reichstag: Karl Liebknecht]. <i>Verhandlungen des Deutschen Reichstags</i> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verhandlungen+des+Deutschen+Reichstags&rft.atitle=Datenbank+der+deutschen+Parlamentsabgeordneten%3A+Karl+Liebknecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reichstag-abgeordnetendatenbank.de%2Fselectmaske.html%3Fpnd%3D11857275X%26recherche%3Dja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBösch2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bösch, Frank (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524/hzhz.2005.281.jg.337">"Krupps 'Kornwalzer'. Formen und Wahrnehmung von Korruption im Kaiserreich"</a> [Krupp's 'Kornwalzer'. Forms and Perception of Corruption in the Empire]. <i>Historische Zeitschrift</i> (in German). <b>281</b> (1): 337–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1524%2Fhzhz.2005.281.jg.337">10.1524/hzhz.2005.281.jg.337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201117858">201117858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historische+Zeitschrift&rft.atitle=Krupps+%27Kornwalzer%27.+Formen+und+Wahrnehmung+von+Korruption+im+Kaiserreich&rft.volume=281&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=337-379&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1524%2Fhzhz.2005.281.jg.337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201117858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6sch&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1524%2Fhzhz.2005.281.jg.337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaschitza2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laschitza, Annelies (2007). <i>Die Liebknechts. Karl und Sophie – Politik und Familie</i> (in German). Aufbau. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783351026523" title="Special:BookSources/9783351026523"><bdi>9783351026523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Liebknechts.+Karl+und+Sophie+%E2%80%93+Politik+und+Familie&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Aufbau&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783351026523&rft.aulast=Laschitza&rft.aufirst=Annelies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaschitzaKeller1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laschitza, Annelies; Keller, Elke (1982). <i>Karl Liebknecht. Eine Biographie in Dokumenten</i> (in German). Berlin: Dietz. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3880126602" title="Special:BookSources/978-3880126602"><bdi>978-3880126602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Liebknecht.+Eine+Biographie+in+Dokumenten&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Dietz&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3880126602&rft.aulast=Laschitza&rft.aufirst=Annelies&rft.au=Keller%2C+Elke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWohlgemuth1973242-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWohlgemuth1973242_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWohlgemuth1973">Wohlgemuth 1973</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroh1973" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Groh, Dieter (1973). <i>Negative Integration und revolutionärer Attentismus. Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges</i> [<i>Negative Integration and Revolutionary Wait-and-See. German Social Democracy on the Eve of the First World War</i>] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Propyläen. p. 694. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783549072813" title="Special:BookSources/9783549072813"><bdi>9783549072813</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negative+Integration+und+revolution%C3%A4rer+Attentismus.+Die+deutsche+Sozialdemokratie+am+Vorabend+des+Ersten+Weltkrieges&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=694&rft.pub=Propyl%C3%A4en&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9783549072813&rft.aulast=Groh&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGroh1973700-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGroh1973700_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGroh1973">Groh 1973</a>, p. 700.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982218-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982218_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaschitzaKeller1982">Laschitza & Keller 1982</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982221-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982221_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaschitzaKeller1982">Laschitza & Keller 1982</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007242_ff.-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007242_ff._22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007242_ff._22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaschitza2007">Laschitza 2007</a>, pp. 242 ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982219-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitzaKeller1982219_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaschitzaKeller1982">Laschitza & Keller 1982</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007263-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaschitza2007263_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaschitza2007">Laschitza 2007</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDittmannRojahn1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dittmann, Wilhelm; Rojahn, Jürgen (1995). <i>Erinnerungen</i> [<i>Memoirs</i>] (in German). Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3593352855" title="Special:BookSources/978-3593352855"><bdi>978-3593352855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erinnerungen&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3593352855&rft.aulast=Dittmann&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Rojahn%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDittmannRojahn1995467-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDittmannRojahn1995467_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDittmannRojahn1995">Dittmann & Rojahn 1995</a>, p. 467.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffrogge2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoffrogge, Ralf (2018). <i>Richard Müller – der Mann hinter der Novemberrevolution</i> [<i>Richard Müller – the Man Behind the November Revolution</i>] (in German). Berlin: Dietz. pp. 38–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783320023546" title="Special:BookSources/9783320023546"><bdi>9783320023546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+M%C3%BCller+%E2%80%93+der+Mann+hinter+der+Novemberrevolution&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=38-41&rft.pub=Dietz&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783320023546&rft.aulast=Hoffrogge&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oberkriegsgericht des Gouvernements Berlin, 23. August 1916; Reichsmilitärgericht, 4. November 1916 [Superior War Court of the Berlin Government, 23 August 1916; Reich Military Court, 4 November 1916].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockWalcher1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stock, Ernst; Walcher, Karl (1998). <i>Jacob Walcher (1887–1970) : Gewerkschafter und Revolutionär zwischen Berlin, Paris und New York</i> [<i>Trade unionist and revolutionary between Berlin, Paris and New York</i>] (in German). Berlin: Trafo-Verlag Weist. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89626-144-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-89626-144-4"><bdi>3-89626-144-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+Walcher+%281887%E2%80%931970%29+%3A+Gewerkschafter+und+Revolution%C3%A4r+zwischen+Berlin%2C+Paris+und+New+York&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Trafo-Verlag+Weist&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-89626-144-4&rft.aulast=Stock&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Walcher%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachtan2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Machtan, Lothar (2018). <i>Kaisersturz. Vom Scheitern im Herzen der Macht</i> [<i>Fall of the Emperor. Of failure at the Heart of Power</i>] (in German). Darmstadt: wbg Theiss. pp. 173 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8062-3760-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8062-3760-3"><bdi>978-3-8062-3760-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaisersturz.+Vom+Scheitern+im+Herzen+der+Macht&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=173+ff&rft.pub=wbg+Theiss&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-8062-3760-3&rft.aulast=Machtan&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoffrogge201838–41-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoffrogge201838–41_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoffrogge2018">Hoffrogge 2018</a>, pp. 38–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMachtan2018181-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMachtan2018181_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMachtan2018">Machtan 2018</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuhnkeProkaskySabrow2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Juhnke, Dominik; Prokasky, Judith; Sabrow, Martin (2008). <i>Mythos der Revolution. Karl Liebknecht, das Berliner Schloss und der 9. November 1918</i> [<i>Myth of the Revolution. Karl Liebknecht, the Berlin Palace and November 9, 1918</i>] (in German). Munich: Hanser Verlag. pp. 83–89, 121–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-446-26089-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-446-26089-4"><bdi>978-3-446-26089-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythos+der+Revolution.+Karl+Liebknecht%2C+das+Berliner+Schloss+und+der+9.+November+1918&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=83-89%2C+121-125&rft.pub=Hanser+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-446-26089-4&rft.aulast=Juhnke&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft.au=Prokasky%2C+Judith&rft.au=Sabrow%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2016" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mark (2016). <i>Founding Weimar: Violence and the German Revolution of 1918–1919</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11512-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11512-5"><bdi>978-1-107-11512-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Weimar%3A+Violence+and+the+German+Revolution+of+1918%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11512-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGietinger1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gietinger, Klaus (1995). <i>Eine Leiche im Landwehrkanal. Die Ermordung der Rosa L</i> [<i>A Body in the Landwehr Canal. The Murder of Rosa L.</i>] (in German). Berlin: Edition Nautilus. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eine+Leiche+im+Landwehrkanal.+Die+Ermordung+der+Rosa+L&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Edition+Nautilus&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Gietinger&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFröhlichLindauThomas1929" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fröhlich, Paul; Lindau, Rudolf; Thomas, J. (1929). <i>Illustrierte Geschichte der Deutschen Revolution</i> [<i>Illustrated History of the German Revolution</i>] (in German). Berlin: Internationaler Arbeiter-Verlag. p. 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrierte+Geschichte+der+Deutschen+Revolution&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Internationaler+Arbeiter-Verlag&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%B6hlich&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Lindau%2C+Rudolf&rft.au=Thomas%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWette1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wette, Wolfram (1987). <i>Gustav Noske. Eine politische Biographie</i> (in German). Düsseldorf: Droste Verlag. p. 313.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustav+Noske.+Eine+politische+Biographie&rft.place=D%C3%BCsseldorf&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Droste+Verlag&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Wette&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929238-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929238_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFröhlichLindauThomas1929">Fröhlich, Lindau & Thomas 1929</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929277-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929277_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFröhlichLindauThomas1929">Fröhlich, Lindau & Thomas 1929</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199525_f.-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199525_f._40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, pp. 25 f..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929296-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929296_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFröhlichLindauThomas1929">Fröhlich, Lindau & Thomas 1929</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPieck1958" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pieck, Wilhelm (1958). "Erinnerungen an die Novemberrevolution und die Gründung der KPD" [Recollections of the November Revolution and the Founding of the KPD]. In Institut für Marxismus-Leninismus (ed.). <i>Vorwärts und nicht vergessen! Erlebnisberichte aktiver Teilnehmer der Novemberrevolution 1918/19</i> [<i>Forward and do not Forget! Reports on the Experiences of Active Participants in the November Revolution 1918/19</i>] (in German). Berlin: Dietz. pp. 29–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Erinnerungen+an+die+Novemberrevolution+und+die+Gr%C3%BCndung+der+KPD&rft.btitle=Vorw%C3%A4rts+und+nicht+vergessen%21+Erlebnisberichte+aktiver+Teilnehmer+der+Novemberrevolution+1918%2F19&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=29-78&rft.pub=Dietz&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Pieck&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199531-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199531_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199531_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumbel1922" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gumbel, Emil Julius (1922). <i>Vier Jahre politischer Mord</i> [<i>Four Years of Political Murder</i>] (in German). Berlin: Verlag der neuen Gesellschaft. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vier+Jahre+politischer+Mord&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Verlag+der+neuen+Gesellschaft&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Gumbel&rft.aufirst=Emil+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199530-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199530_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199533-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199533_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199517-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199517_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995111-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995111_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995111_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995130_f.-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995130_f._49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, pp. 130 f..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199534_f.-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199534_f._50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, pp. 34 f..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGumbel192211-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGumbel192211_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGumbel1922">Gumbel 1922</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929306-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFröhlichLindauThomas1929306_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFröhlichLindauThomas1929">Fröhlich, Lindau & Thomas 1929</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995113-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995113_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGietinger2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gietinger, Klaus (2008). <i>Der Konterrevolutionär. Waldemar Pabst – eine deutsche Karriere</i> [<i>The Counterrevolutionary. Waldemar Pabst – a German Career</i>] (in German). Hamburg: Verlag Lutz Schulenburg. p. 126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Konterrevolution%C3%A4r.+Waldemar+Pabst+%E2%80%93+eine+deutsche+Karriere&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Verlag+Lutz+Schulenburg&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Gietinger&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger199540_ff.-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger199540_ff._55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, pp. 40 ff..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger2008394-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger2008394_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger2008">Gietinger 2008</a>, p. 394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoßke1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Voßke, Heinz (1982). <i>Geschichte der Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten in Berlin-Friedrichsfelde</i> [<i>History of the Memorial of the Socialists in Berlin-Friedrichsfelde</i>] (in German). Berlin: Dietz. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+der+Sozialisten+in+Berlin-Friedrichsfelde&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Dietz&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Vo%C3%9Fke&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannover-DrückHannover1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hannover-Drück, Elisabeth; Hannover, Heinrich, eds. (1967). <i>Der Mord an Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht</i> [<i>The Murder of Rosa Luxemburg und Karl Liebknecht</i>] (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. p. 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Mord+an+Rosa+Luxemburg+und+Karl+Liebknecht&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Suhrkamp&rft.date=1967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesarchiv.de/aktenreichskanzlei/1919-1933/0000/adr/adrmr/kap1_4/para2_63.html">Befehlshaber beim Kapp-Putsch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995132-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger1995132_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger1995">Gietinger 1995</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGietinger2019" class="citation web cs1">Gietinger, Klaus (8 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thecharnelhouse.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Klaus-Gietinger-The-Murder-of-Rosa-Luxemburg.pdf">"The Murder of Rosa Luxemburg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Murder+of+Rosa+Luxemburg&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft.aulast=Gietinger&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthecharnelhouse.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F03%2FKlaus-Gietinger-The-Murder-of-Rosa-Luxemburg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotnow1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trotnow, Helmut (1982). <i>Karl Liebknecht – eine politische Biographie</i> (in German). Cologne: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karl+Liebknecht+%E2%80%93+eine+politische+Biographie&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pub=Kiepenheuer+%26+Witsch&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Trotnow&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGietinger2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gietinger, Klaus (2021). "Karl Liebknecht, der Unterschätzte" [Karl Liebknecht, the Under-Appreciated]. In Gietinger, Klaus (ed.). <i>Karl Liebknecht oder: Nieder mit dem Krieg, nieder mit der Regierung!</i> [<i>Karl Liebknecht, or: Down with the War, Down with the Government!</i>] (in German). Berlin: Dietz. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karl+Liebknecht%2C+der+Untersch%C3%A4tzte&rft.btitle=Karl+Liebknecht+oder%3A+Nieder+mit+dem+Krieg%2C+nieder+mit+der+Regierung%21&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Dietz&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Gietinger&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGietinger202130,_footnote_38-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGietinger202130,_footnote_38_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGietinger2021">Gietinger 2021</a>, p. 30, footnote 38.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Timeline of Karl Liebknecht's life (in German), at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/biografie/karl-liebknecht">Lebendiges Museum Online</a>.</li> <li>Helmut Trotnow, <i>Karl Liebknecht, 1871–1919: A Political Biography</i>, Olympic Marketing Corp, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0208020338" title="Special:BookSources/978-0208020338">978-0208020338</a>.</li> <li>Emile Burns, <i>Karl Liebknecht</i>, London: Martin Lawrence, 1934.</li> <li>Karl Liebknecht, <i>"The Future Belongs to the People"</i> Leopold Classic Library, 2015.</li> <li>H. Wohlgemuth, <i>Karl Liebknecht</i>, Dietz Verlag, 1975.</li> <li>Annelies Laschitza, <i>Die Liebknechts: Karl und Sophie – Politik und Familie</i>, Berlin: Aufbau Taschenbuch, 2009.</li> <li>Sara Ann Sewell, "Mourning Comrades: Communist Funerary Rituals in Colonge during the Weimar Republic", <i>German Studies Review</i>, 32(3) 2009, 527–548.</li> <li>Eric D. Weitz, <i>Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State.</i> Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1997.</li> <li>Ottokar Luban, "The Role of the Spartacist Group after 9 November 1918 and the Formation of the KPD", in: Ralf Hoffrogge and Norman LaPorte (eds.), <i>Weimar Communism as Mass Movement 1918–1933</i>, London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2017, pp. 45–65.</li> <li>Karl Liebknecht's works (in English) at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/liebknecht-k/index.htm">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" class="extiw" title="commons:Karl Liebknecht"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Karl Liebknecht</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Karl_Liebknecht" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/39796">Works by Karl Liebknecht</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Liebknecht%2C%20Karl%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Karl%20Liebknecht%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Liebknecht%2C%20Karl%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Karl%20Liebknecht%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Liebknecht%2C%20K%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Karl%20Liebknecht%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Liebknecht%2C%20Karl%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Karl%20Liebknecht%22%29%20OR%20%28%221871-1919%22%20AND%20Liebknecht%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Karl Liebknecht</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/liebknecht-k/index.htm">Karl Liebknecht Internet Archive</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. Retrieved 21 April 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011420">Newspaper clippings about Karl Liebknecht</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Liebknecht,_Karl" class="extiw" title="s:1922 Encyclopædia Britannica/Liebknecht, Karl">Liebknecht, Karl</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (12th ed.). 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liebknecht%2C+Karl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1921" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Liebknecht,_Karl" class="extiw" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Liebknecht, Karl">Liebknecht, Karl</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liebknecht%2C+Karl&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=P.+F.+Collier+%26+Son+Company&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Liebknecht,_Karl" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Liebknecht, Karl">Liebknecht, Karl</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liebknecht%2C+Karl&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarl+Liebknecht" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121251325">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27067725">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17028/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqVRpMDDGwcF9yvCVWkXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11857275X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50050137">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11912987x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11912987x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00551901">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liebknecht, Karl"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV000162">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000799&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX886413">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070052301">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Liebknecht, Karl, 1871-1919"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000124585&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=145355">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnrfls0qnxg2r">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810652198205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264683105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13943346">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03704076?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/00e5c38d-c252-48dc-a391-7d67e9b0b4a9">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/904936">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11857275X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11857275X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026989913">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w65m7884">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/100442">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rosa_Luxemburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Template:Rosa Luxemburg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Template talk:Rosa Luxemburg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rosa Luxemburg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rosa_Luxemburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg_bibliography" title="Rosa Luxemburg bibliography">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Industrial_Development_of_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Industrial Development of Poland (page does not exist)">The Industrial Development of Poland</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Defence_of_Nationality" title="In Defence of Nationality">In Defence of Nationality</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Social_Reform_or_Revolution%3F" title="Social Reform or Revolution?">Social Reform or Revolution?</a></i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Socialist_Crisis_in_France" title="The Socialist Crisis in France">The Socialist Crisis in France</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Organizational_Questions_of_the_Russian_Social_Democracy" title="Organizational Questions of the Russian Social Democracy">Organizational Questions of the Russian Social Democracy</a></i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mass_Strike,_the_Political_Party_and_the_Trade_Unions" title="The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions">The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Question_and_Autonomy" title="The National Question and Autonomy">The National Question</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theory_%26_Practice_(polemic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theory & Practice (polemic) (page does not exist)">Theory & Practice</a></i> (1910)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></i> (1913) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">Anti-Critique</a></i>, 1915</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Junius_Pamphlet" title="Junius Pamphlet">The Junius Pamphlet</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Revolution_(pamphlet)" title="The Russian Revolution (pamphlet)">The Russian Revolution</a></i> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karl Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartacus_League" title="Spartacus League">Spartacus League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spartacist_uprising" title="Spartacist uprising">Spartacist uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg_(film)" title="Rosa Luxemburg (film)"><i>Rosa Luxemburg</i> (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz" title="Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz">Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg_Foundation" title="Rosa Luxemburg Foundation">Rosa Luxemburg Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&oldid=1258572231">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl_Liebknecht&oldid=1258572231</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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