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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sambians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sambians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sambians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Teutonic_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_Teutonic_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Arrival of the Teutonic Order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_Teutonic_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_sovereignty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_sovereignty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Polish sovereignty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish_sovereignty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Duchy_of_Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchy_of_Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Duchy of Prussia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchy_of_Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brandenburg-Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brandenburg-Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Brandenburg-Prussia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brandenburg-Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Prussia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Prussia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Kingdom of Prussia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Prussia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Russian occupation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Prussia_after_1773" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Prussia_after_1773"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Kingdom of Prussia after 1773 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Prussia_after_1773-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Weimar Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Nazi Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Jews_under_the_Nazi_regime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Jews_under_the_Nazi_regime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 Persecution of Jews under the Nazi regime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Jews_under_the_Nazi_regime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Poles_during_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Poles_during_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.2 Persecution of Poles during World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Poles_during_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction_in_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction_in_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.3 Destruction in World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction_in_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Kaliningrad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Kaliningrad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Soviet Kaliningrad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Kaliningrad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Jews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuanians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuanians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Lithuanians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuanians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Poles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture and society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture and society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Königsberg_Castle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Königsberg_Castle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Königsberg Castle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Königsberg_Castle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiculturalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiculturalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Multiculturalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiculturalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Fortifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Königsberg</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningsberg" title="Koningsberg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koningsberg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="كونيغسبرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كونيغسبرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6niqsberq" title="Köniqsberq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Köniqsberq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Көнигсберг – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көнигсберг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кьонигсберг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кьонигсберг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraljevic" title="Kraljevic – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kraljevic" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_(Preu%C3%9Fen)" title="Königsberg (Preußen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königsberg (Preußen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenigsbergo" title="Kenigsbergo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kenigsbergo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کونیگسبرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کونیگسبرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BE%A8%EB%8B%88%ED%9E%88%EC%8A%A4%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC" title="쾨니히스베르크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쾨니히스베르크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%BD%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Քյոնիգսբերգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քյոնիգսբերգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кёнигсберг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кёнигсберг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A1%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="კენიგსბერგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კენიგსბერგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaliau%C4%8Diaus_istorija" title="Karaliaučiaus istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karaliaučiaus istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_(Poroszorsz%C3%A1g)" title="Königsberg (Poroszország) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Königsberg (Poroszország)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A1%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="კენიგსბერგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კენიგსბერგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="كونجسبرج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كونجسبرج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koningsbergen" title="Koningsbergen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koningsbergen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%92%E3%82%B9%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF_(%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3)" title="ケーニヒスベルク (プロイセン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケーニヒスベルク (プロイセン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کونگزبرگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کونگزبرگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg,_Prusia" title="Königsberg, Prusia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Königsberg, Prusia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кёнигсберг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кёнигсберг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кенигсберг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кенигсберг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84" title="เคอนิชส์แบร์ค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคอนิชส์แบร์ค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Кенігсберг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кенігсберг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کونگسبرگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کونگسبرگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Königsberg" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="柯尼斯堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柯尼斯堡" 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<button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic Prussian name of Kaliningrad, Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city before 1945. For after 1945, see <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Königsberg (disambiguation)">Königsberg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Königsberg</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Königsberg Castle before World War I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="2047" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a> before World War I; demolished in 1968–1969 on Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>'s orders<a href="#cite_note-NG-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Calvert_Journal-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Baltic_Sea.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Königsberg is located in Baltic Sea"><img alt="Königsberg is located in Baltic Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Relief_Map_of_Baltic_Sea.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Baltic_Sea.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Relief_Map_of_Baltic_Sea.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Baltic_Sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Relief_Map_of_Baltic_Sea.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Baltic_Sea.png 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1039" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.058%;left:53.284%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Königsberg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Königsberg was a port city on the south eastern corner of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. It is today known as <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> and is part of Russia.</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=K%C3%B6nigsberg&params=54_42_41.3_N_20_30_33.5_E_region:RU_type:city">54°42′41.3″N 20°30′33.5″E / 54.711472°N 20.509306°E / 54.711472; 20.509306</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1255</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associated with</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sambians" title="Sambians">Sambians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">State of the Teutonic Order, Poland, Prussia, Russia, Germany</td></tr></tbody></table> Königsberg (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkøːnɪçsbɛʁk]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c3\/De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg\/De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-K\u00f6nigsberg.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c3/De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg/De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-K%C3%B6nigsberg.ogg" title="File:De-Königsberg.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'King's mountain', <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Królewiec, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: Karaliaučius, <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Baltic Prussian</a>: Kunnegsgarbs, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Кёнигсберг, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: Kyonigsberg) is the historic <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> name of the medieval city that is now <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The city was founded in 1255 on the site of the small <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussian</a> settlement <a href="/wiki/Twangste" class="mw-redirect" title="Twangste">Twangste</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Baltic Crusades</a>. It was named in honour of King <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a>, who led a campaign against the pagan <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>, a Baltic tribe.<a href="#cite_note-Routledge_Companion_to_Medieval_Warfare-4">[4]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> port city, it successively became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> and the provinces of <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Prussia</a>. Königsberg remained the coronation city of the Prussian monarchy from 1701 onwards, though the capital was <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. From the thirteenth to the twentieth centuries on, the inhabitants spoke predominantly <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, although the city also had a profound influence upon the Lithuanian and Polish cultures. It was a publishing center of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> literature; this included the first Polish translation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, printed in the city in 1551, as well as the first book in <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> and the first Lutheran catechism, both printed in Königsberg in 1547. A university city, home of the <a href="/wiki/Albertina_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Albertina University">Albertina University</a> (founded in 1544), Königsberg developed into an important German intellectual and cultural center, being the residence of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz" title="Käthe Kollwitz">Käthe Kollwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Miegel" title="Agnes Miegel">Agnes Miegel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wieck" title="Michael Wieck">Michael Wieck</a>, and others. It was the easternmost large city in Germany until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Between the wars, it was in the <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of East Prussia, separated from <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Germany</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>. The city was heavily damaged by <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Allied bombing</a> in 1944 and during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">Battle of Königsberg</a> in 1945, when it was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> of 1945 placed it provisionally under Soviet administration, and it was annexed by the Soviet Union on 9 April 1945. Its small <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanian</a> population was allowed to remain, but the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> were <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">expelled</a>. The city was largely repopulated with <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and, to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>. It was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946, in honour of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Communist">Soviet Communist</a> functionary <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a>. The city's historic centre was subsequently demolished by the Soviet government.<a href="#cite_note-NG-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Calvert_Journal-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Калининградская_архитектура-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-klgd.ru-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Клемешев_А._П.,_Калининградский_государственный_университет_2004_206–207-7">[7]</a> It is now the capital of Russia's <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>, an exclave bordered in the north by <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and in the south by <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Final Settlement</a> treaty of 1990, Germany renounced all claims to the city. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> The first mention of the present-day location in chronicles indicates it as the place of a village of fishermen and hunters. When the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Crusades" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Crusades">Baltic Crusades</a>, they built a wooden fortress, and later a stone fortress, calling it "Conigsberg", which later morphed into "Königsberg". The literal meaning of this is 'King's mountain', in apparent honour of King <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II of Bohemia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Routledge_Companion_to_Medieval_Warfare-4">[4]</a> who led one of the Teutonic campaigns. In Polish, it is called Królewiec, in Lithuanian Karaliaučius (<a href="/wiki/Calques" class="mw-redirect" title="Calques">calques</a> of the original German name).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Königsberg">Timeline of Königsberg</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sambians">Sambians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sambians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sambians" title="Sambians">Sambians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a></div> Königsberg was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Sambian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambian">Sambian</a> — or <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussian</a> — fort known as Twangste (<a href="/wiki/Prussian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian language">Prussian word</a> tvinksta means a pond made by a dam),<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> as well as several Old Prussian settlements including the fishing village and port <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6benicht" title="Löbenicht">Lipnick</a> and the farming villages <a href="/wiki/Sackheim" title="Sackheim">Sakkeim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tragheim" title="Tragheim">Trakkeim</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_the_Teutonic_Order">Arrival of the Teutonic Order</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrival of the Teutonic Order">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St%C3%A4dte_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1255).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/St%C3%A4dte_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281255%29.jpg/220px-St%C3%A4dte_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281255%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/St%C3%A4dte_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281255%29.jpg/330px-St%C3%A4dte_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281255%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/St%C3%A4dte_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281255%29.jpg/440px-St%C3%A4dte_K%C3%B6nigsberg_%281255%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>A map of Königsberg in 1255</figcaption></figure> During the conquest of the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Sambians" title="Sambians">Sambians</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> in 1255, Twangste was destroyed and replaced with a new fortress known as Conigsberg. This name meant "King's Hill" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: castrum Koningsberg, Mons Regius, Regiomontium), honoring King <a href="/wiki/Ottokar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Ottokar II of Bohemia">Ottokar II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a> who paid for the erection of the first fortress there during the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Crusade" title="Prussian Crusade">Prussian Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-biskup-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Northwest of this new <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a> arose an initial settlement, later known as <a href="/wiki/Steindamm_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)" title="Steindamm (Königsberg)">Steindamm</a>, roughly 4.5 miles (7 km) from the <a href="/wiki/Vistula_Lagoon" title="Vistula Lagoon">Vistula Lagoon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-B174-12">[12]</a> The Teutonic Order used Königsberg to fortify their conquests in <a href="/wiki/Sambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambia">Samland</a> and as a base for campaigns against pagan <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Siege of Königsberg">Under siege</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_uprisings" title="Prussian uprisings">Prussian uprisings</a> in 1262–63, Königsberg Castle was relieved by the Master of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-seward-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-turnbull-14">[14]</a> Because the initial northwestern settlement was destroyed by the Prussians during the rebellion, rebuilding occurred in the southern valley between the castle hill and the <a href="/wiki/Pregolya_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pregolya River">Pregolya River</a>. This new settlement, <a href="/wiki/Altstadt_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)" title="Altstadt (Königsberg)">Altstadt</a>, received <a href="/wiki/Kulm_law" title="Kulm law">Culm rights</a> in 1286. <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6benicht" title="Löbenicht">Löbenicht</a>, a new town directly east of Altstadt between the Pregolya River and the <a href="/wiki/Schlossteich" class="mw-redirect" title="Schlossteich">Schlossteich</a>, received its own rights in 1300. Medieval Königsberg's third town was <a href="/wiki/Kneiphof" title="Kneiphof">Kneiphof</a>, which received town rights in 1327 and was located on an island of the same name in the Pregolya, south of Altstadt. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg/170px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg/255px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg/340px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img04_Kant_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="3273" /></a><figcaption>The 14th-century <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> Within the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">state of the Teutonic Order</a>, Königsberg was the residence of the marshal, one of the chief administrators of the military order.<a href="#cite_note-christiansen-15">[15]</a> The city was also the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Samland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Samland">Bishopric of Samland</a>, one of the four <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a> into which <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a> had been divided in 1243 by the <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">papal legate</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Modena" title="William of Modena">William of Modena</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Adalbert of Prague</a> became the main <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a>, a landmark of the town of Kneiphof. Königsberg joined the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> in 1340 and developed into an important port for the south-eastern Baltic region, trading goods throughout Prussia, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. The chronicler <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Dusburg" title="Peter of Dusburg">Peter of Dusburg</a> probably wrote his Chronicon terrae Prussiae in Königsberg from 1324 to 1330.<a href="#cite_note-Christiansen,_p._224-16">[16]</a> After the Teutonic Order's victory over pagan <a href="/wiki/Lithuanians" title="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</a> in the 1348 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Str%C4%97va" title="Battle of Strėva">Battle of Strėva</a>, Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Winrich_von_Kniprode" title="Winrich von Kniprode">Winrich von Kniprode</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_nunnery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian nunnery">Cistercian nunnery</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-christiansen1-17">[17]</a> Aspiring students were educated in Königsberg before continuing on to higher education elsewhere, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_University_in_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles University in Prague">Prague</a> or <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leipzig" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Leipzig">Leipzig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Christiansen,_p._224-16">[16]</a> Although the Knights suffered a crippling defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a>, Königsberg remained under the control of the Teutonic Knights throughout the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War">Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic War</a>. Livonian knights replaced the Prussian branch's garrison at Königsberg, allowing them to participate in the recovery of towns occupied by <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a>'s troops.<a href="#cite_note-urban-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish_sovereignty">Polish sovereignty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Polish sovereignty">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg/220px-AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg/330px-AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg/440px-AGAD_Stany_pruskie_oddaja_swe_ziemie_krolowi_polskiemu_Kazimierzowi_Jagiellonczykowi_i_koronie_polskiej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11768" data-file-height="7356" /></a><figcaption>Act of incorporation of the region into the Kingdom of Poland, 1454</figcaption></figure> In 1440, Königsberg became a founding member of the anti-Teutonic <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a>. In 1454 the Confederation rebelled against the Teutonic Knights and asked the Polish king, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a>, to incorporate Prussia into the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Kingdom of Poland</a>; the king agreed, and signed an act of incorporation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGórski194954-19">[19]</a> The local mayor pledged allegiance to the Polish king during the incorporation in March 1454.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGórski194971–72-20">[20]</a> This marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Years%27_War_(1454%E2%80%931466)" title="Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)">Thirteen Years' War (1454–1466)</a> between the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a> and the Kingdom of Poland. The city, known in Polish as Królewiec, became the seat of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lewiec_Voivodeship" title="Królewiec Voivodeship">Królewiec Voivodeship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodbereski2010113-21">[21]</a> King Casimir IV authorized the city to mint Polish coins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGórski194963-22">[22]</a> While Königsberg three towns initially joined the rebellion, Altstadt and Löbenicht soon rejoined the Teutonic Knights and defeated Kneiphof (Knipawa) in 1455. Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Erlichshausen" title="Ludwig von Erlichshausen">Ludwig von Erlichshausen</a> fled from the crusaders' capital at <a href="/wiki/Malbork_Castle" title="Malbork Castle">Castle Marienburg (Malbork)</a> to Königsberg in 1457; the city's magistrate presented Erlichshausen with a barrel of beer out of compassion.<a href="#cite_note-koch2-23">[23]</a> In 1465, a landing force from Polish-allied <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a> destroyed the shipyard near Altstadt, preventing the Teutonic Knights from rebuilding their fleet until the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Second Peace of Thorn (1466)</a> — which ended the Thirteen Years' War — the reduced monastic state became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland, and Königsberg became the new capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGórski194996–97,_214–215-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-christiansen3-26">[26]</a> The grand masters took over the marshal's quarters. During the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Teutonic_War_(1519%E2%80%931521)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Teutonic War (1519–1521)">Polish-Teutonic War (1519–1521)</a>, Königsberg was besieged without success<a href="#cite_note-urban4-27">[27]</a> by Polish forces led by Grand Crown Hetman <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Firlej_(%3F-1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikołaj Firlej (?-1526)">Mikołaj Firlej</a>. The city itself opposed the Teutonic Knights' war against Poland and demanded peace. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Duchy_of_Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Duchy of Prussia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice,_2022,_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_07.jpg/260px-Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_07.jpg/390px-Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_07.jpg/520px-Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3709" data-file-height="2654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Homage_(painting)" title="Prussian Homage (painting)">Prussian Homage</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Brandenburg" title="Albert of Brandenburg">Albert of Brandenburg</a> and his brothers pay homage for the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> to King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a> of Poland, 1525 (painting by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>, 1882).</figcaption></figure> Through the preachings of the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Samland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Samland">Bishop of Samland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Polenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg von Polenz">Georg von Polenz</a>, Königsberg became predominantly <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-koch5-28">[28]</a> After summoning a <a href="/wiki/Quorum" title="Quorum">quorum</a> of the Knights to Königsberg, Grand Master <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert, Duke of Prussia">Albert of Brandenburg</a> (a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">House of Hohenzollern</a>) secularised the Teutonic Knights' remaining territories in Prussia in 1525 and converted to Lutheranism.<a href="#cite_note-christiansen6-29">[29]</a> By paying <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Homage" title="Prussian Homage">feudal homage</a> to his uncle, King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I of Poland</a>, Albert became the first duke of the new <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a>, a fief of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodbereski2010113-21">[21]</a> While the Prussian estates quickly allied with the duke, the Prussian peasantry would only swear allegiance to Albert in person at Königsberg, seeking the duke's support against the oppressive nobility.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Depending on the intention of "only", this could mean any of the following: "only the peasants would swear allegiance" "only the peasants who were Prussian would swear allegience" "the Prussian peasants would swear allegiance only in person" "if in person at Königsberg, only the peasants who were Prussian would swear allegience" "the Prussian peasantry would consider swearing allegiance, but only if it was to Albert, and only if it occurred in person and in Königsberg" "if required to swear allegiance in person in Königsberg, then the Prussian peasants would do so only to Albert" Any of the above, but with the additional hope of the duke's support against the oppressive nobility. Any of the above, but with the additional demand of the duke's support against the oppressive nobility. (July 2024)">clarification needed</a>] After convincing the rebels to lay down their arms, Albert had several of their leaders executed.<a href="#cite_note-koch7-30">[30]</a> Königsberg, the capital, became one of the biggest cities and ports of Ducal Prussia, having considerable autonomy, a separate <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> and currency. While <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> continued to be the official language, the city served as a vibrant center of publishing in both <a href="/wiki/Polish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Language">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The city flourished through the export of <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Furs" class="mw-redirect" title="Furs">furs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-koch8-31">[31]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">tar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-northern-32">[32]</a> The city acted as an intermediary in maritime trade between the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005131-33">[33]</a> Many Poles, including noblemen and Polish Jews, came to the city for trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005131-33">[33]</a> The 17th-century stock exchange included a painting depicting a townswoman buying goods from a Pole and a Dutchman, embracing the notion that the city's prosperity was based on trade with the East and West, particularly Poland and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005131-33">[33]</a> Königsberg was one of the few Baltic ports regularly visited by more than one hundred ships annually in the latter 16th century, along with <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-northern9-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="University of Königsberg">University of Königsberg</a>, founded by Duke Albert in 1544 and receiving token royal approval from King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> in 1560,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodbereski2010113-21">[21]</a> became a center of Protestant teaching. The university had a profound impact on the development of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a> culture, and several important Lithuanian writers attended the Albertina (see Lithuanians section below). Poles, including several notable figures, were also among the staff and students of the university (see Poles section below). The university was also the preferred educational institution of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a> nobility. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatrum_Vrbium_00316_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Theatrum_Vrbium_00316_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg/220px-Theatrum_Vrbium_00316_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Theatrum_Vrbium_00316_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg/330px-Theatrum_Vrbium_00316_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Theatrum_Vrbium_00316_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg/440px-Theatrum_Vrbium_00316_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="914" /></a><figcaption>View of the city from the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries</figcaption></figure> With the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Scots_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots in Poland">Scottish diaspora in Poland</a>, the first acquisition of citizenship in the city by a Scotsman occurred in 1561.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> On several occasions the city got into disputes with the Prussian Dukes and sought intervention and confirmation of its rights from the Polish authorities. In 1566, the city's rights were extended and the Prussian dukes were not allowed to interfere in the city's internal affairs by the Polish Royal Commissioners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMałłek1992249–250-36">[36]</a> In 1635, Polish King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a> granted the city the right to organize its military defense against a possible <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a> attack in exchange for exemption from paying taxes to Prussian dukes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMałłek1992252-37">[37]</a> King Władysław IV was hosted in the city very grandly during his visits in 1635 and 1636.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMałłek1992253-38">[38]</a> He appointed <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Ossoli%C5%84ski" title="Jerzy Ossoliński">Jerzy Ossoliński</a> as the Polish governor of the duchy in 1636. Ossoliński resided in the city and completed the fortification of the city against a potential Swedish attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMałłek1992253-38">[38]</a> The capable Duke Albert was succeeded by his feeble-minded son, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Frederick,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia">Albert Frederick</a>. Anna, daughter of Albert Frederick, married Elector <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg">John Sigismund</a> of <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, who was granted the right of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">succession</a> to Prussia on Albert Frederick's death in 1618. From this time the <a href="/wiki/Elector_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Elector of Brandenburg">Electors of Brandenburg</a>, the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>, governed the Duchy of Prussia.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brandenburg-Prussia">edit</a>]</div> When Imperial and then <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish</a> armies overran Brandenburg during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> of 1618–1648, the Hohenzollern court fled to Königsberg. On 1 November 1641, Elector <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick William</a> persuaded the Prussian diet to accept an <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise tax">excise tax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-koch10-39">[39]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1656)" title="Treaty of Königsberg (1656)">Treaty of Königsberg</a> of January 1656, the elector recognised his Duchy of Prussia as a fief of Sweden. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wehlau" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Wehlau">Treaty of Wehlau</a> in 1657, however, he negotiated the release of Prussia from Polish sovereignty in return for an alliance with Poland. The 1660 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Treaty of Oliva</a> confirmed Prussian independence from both Poland and Sweden. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Koenigsberg,_Map_by_Merian-Erben_1652.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Image-Koenigsberg%2C_Map_by_Merian-Erben_1652.jpg/220px-Image-Koenigsberg%2C_Map_by_Merian-Erben_1652.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Image-Koenigsberg%2C_Map_by_Merian-Erben_1652.jpg/330px-Image-Koenigsberg%2C_Map_by_Merian-Erben_1652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Image-Koenigsberg%2C_Map_by_Merian-Erben_1652.jpg/440px-Image-Koenigsberg%2C_Map_by_Merian-Erben_1652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Map of Königsberg from 1651</figcaption></figure> In 1661 Frederick William informed the Prussian diet that he possessed jus supremi et absoluti domini, and that the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Landtag" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian Landtag">Prussian Landtag</a> could convene with his permission.<a href="#cite_note-Koch56-40">[40]</a> The Königsberg burghers, led by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Roth" title="Hieronymus Roth">Hieronymus Roth</a> of Kneiphof, opposed "the Great Elector's" <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist</a> claims, and actively rejected the Treaties of Wehlau and Oliva, seeing Prussia as "indisputably contained within the territory of the Polish Crown".<a href="#cite_note-historia-41">[41]</a> Delegations from the city's burghers went to the Polish king, <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a>, who initially promised aid, but then failed to follow through.<a href="#cite_note-historia-41">[41]</a> The town's residents attacked the elector's troops while local Lutheran priests held masses for the Polish king and for the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-historia-41">[41]</a> However, Frederick William succeeded in imposing his authority after arriving with 3,000 troops in October 1662 and training his artillery on the town.<a href="#cite_note-historia-41">[41]</a> Refusing to request mercy, Roth went to prison in <a href="/wiki/Peitz" title="Peitz">Peitz</a> until his death in 1678.<a href="#cite_note-Koch56-40">[40]</a> The Prussian estates which swore fealty to Frederick William in Königsberg on 18 October 1663<a href="#cite_note-clark-42">[42]</a> refused the elector's requests for military funding, and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Christian_Ludwig_von_Kalckstein" title="Christian Ludwig von Kalckstein">Christian Ludwig von Kalckstein</a> sought assistance from neighbouring Poland. After the elector's agents had abducted Kalckstein, he was executed in 1672. The Prussian estates' submission to Frederick William followed; in 1673 and 1674 the elector received taxes not granted by the estates and Königsberg received a garrison without the estates' consent.<a href="#cite_note-koch11-43">[43]</a> The economic and political weakening of Königsberg strengthened the power of the <a href="/wiki/Junker" title="Junker">Junker</a> nobility within Prussia.<a href="#cite_note-holborn-44">[44]</a> Königsberg long remained a center of Lutheran resistance to <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> within <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>; Frederick William forced the city to accept Calvinist citizens and property-holders in 1668.<a href="#cite_note-clark12-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Prussia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg/220px-Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg/330px-Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg/440px-Preussen_1701_K%C3%B6nigsberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Coronation of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I of Prussia</a> in 1701</figcaption></figure> By the act of coronation in <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a> on 18 January 1701, Frederick William's son, Elector Frederick III, became <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_in_Prussia" title="King in Prussia">King in Prussia</a>. The elevation of the Duchy of Prussia to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> was possible because the Hohenzollerns' authority in Prussia was independent of Poland and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Since "Kingdom of Prussia" was increasingly used to designate all of the Hohenzollern lands, former ducal Prussia became known as the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> (1701–1773), with Königsberg as its capital. However, Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> in Brandenburg were the main residences of the Prussian kings. The city was wracked by <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> and other illnesses from September 1709 to April 1710, losing 9,368 people, or roughly a quarter of its populace.<a href="#cite_note-northern13-46">[46]</a> On 13 June 1724, <a href="/wiki/Altstadt_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)" title="Altstadt (Königsberg)">Altstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kneiphof" title="Kneiphof">Kneiphof</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6benicht" title="Löbenicht">Löbenicht</a> <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (politics)">amalgamated</a> to formally create the larger city Königsberg. Suburbs that subsequently were annexed to Königsberg include Sackheim, <a href="/wiki/Rossgarten" title="Rossgarten">Rossgarten</a>, and Tragheim.<a href="#cite_note-B174-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_Arms_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_Arms_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_Arms_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Königsberg (first used as a seal from 1724; made the official armorial in 1906)</figcaption></figure> From 1734, during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a>, Polish King <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a> stayed in the city, and several prominent Polish officials, including <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Maksymilian_Ossoli%C5%84ski" title="Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński">Franciszek Maksymilian Ossoliński</a>, and voivodes <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Micha%C5%82_Potocki" title="Antoni Michał Potocki">Antoni Michał Potocki</a>, Piotr Jan Czapski and Andrzej Morsztyn, formed an informal political committee in support of Leszczyński there in 1734.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> After the arrival of more Leszczyński's supporters in 1735, the city was the main center of authority and court of King Stanisław Leszczyński.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> After his defeat in the war, Leszczyński signed an act of renunciation of the Polish crown in the city on 26 January 1736, and then left the city for France on 27 March 1736.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_occupation">Russian occupation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Russian occupation">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763), the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> decided to go to war with the Kingdom of Prussia and annex the territory and city, which was then to be offered to Poland as part of a territorial exchange desired by Russia.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Russia occupied and annexed Königsberg in January 1758 with no resistance, and the Prussian estates pledged allegiance to Russia.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The economic growth of the following years was based on the supply of arms to the Russian army and boosted trade with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> By the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1762)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg</a> (signed 5 May 1762), Russia relinquished its claim to Königsberg and it reverted back to Prussian control.<a href="#cite_note-historia-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-anthropology-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Prussia_after_1773">Kingdom of Prussia after 1773</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Prussia after 1773">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/First_Partition_of_Poland" title="First Partition of Poland">First Partition of Poland</a> in 1772, Königsberg became the capital of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">province of East Prussia</a> in 1773, which replaced the Province of Prussia in 1773. By 1800 the city was approximately five miles (8.0 km) in circumference and had 60,000 inhabitants, including a military garrison of 7,000, making it one of the most populous German cities of the time.<a href="#cite_note-comparison-54">[54]</a> After Prussia's defeat at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> in 1806 during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Berlin_(1806)" title="Fall of Berlin (1806)">occupation of Berlin</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a> fled with his court from Berlin to Königsberg.<a href="#cite_note-koch15-55">[55]</a> The city was a centre for political resistance to Napoleon. To foster <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> among the Prussian middle class, the "League of Virtue" was founded in Königsberg in April 1808. The <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a> forced its dissolution in December 1809, but its ideals were continued by the Turnbewegung of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a> in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-koch16-56">[56]</a> Königsberg officials, such as Johann Gottfried Frey, formulated much of <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">Stein</a>'s 1808 Städteordnung, or new order for urban communities, which emphasised self-administration for Prussian towns.<a href="#cite_note-holborn17-57">[57]</a> The East Prussian <a href="/wiki/Landwehr" title="Landwehr">Landwehr</a> was organised from the city after the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Convention of Tauroggen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clark18-58">[58]</a> In 1819 Königsberg had a population of 63,800.<a href="#cite_note-holborn19-59">[59]</a> It served as the capital of the united <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Prussia" title="Province of Prussia">Province of Prussia</a> from 1824 to 1878, when East Prussia was merged with <a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a>. It was also the seat of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_(region)" title="Königsberg (region)">Regierungsbezirk Königsberg</a>, an administrative subdivision.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Led by the provincial president <a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Sch%C3%B6n" title="Theodor von Schön">Theodor von Schön</a> and the Königsberger Volkszeitung newspaper, Königsberg was a stronghold of liberalism against the conservative government of King <a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_IV_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William IV of Prussia">Frederick William IV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-clark20-61">[61]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_German_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in the German states">revolution of 1848</a>, there were 21 episodes of public unrest in the city;<a href="#cite_note-clark21-62">[62]</a> major demonstrations were suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-holborn22-63">[63]</a> Königsberg became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> in 1871 during the Prussian-led <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>. A sophisticated-for-its-time <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_fortifications" title="Königsberg fortifications">series of fortifications</a> around the city that included fifteen forts was completed in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-64">[64]</a> The extensive <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Eastern_Railway" title="Prussian Eastern Railway">Prussian Eastern Railway</a> linked the city to <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a> (Wrocław), <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn</a> (Toruń), <a href="/wiki/Insterburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Insterburg">Insterburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eydtkuhnen" class="mw-redirect" title="Eydtkuhnen">Eydtkuhnen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilsit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilsit">Tilsit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pillau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillau">Pillau</a>. In 1860 the railway connecting <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> was completed and increased Königsberg's commerce. Extensive electric tramways were in operation by 1900; and regular steamers plied the waterways to <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Memel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapiau" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapiau">Tapiau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Labiau" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiau">Labiau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zelenogradsk" title="Zelenogradsk">Cranz</a>, Tilsit, and <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> (Gdańsk). The completion of a canal to Pillau in 1901 increased the trade of Russian grain in Königsberg, but, like much of eastern Germany, the city's economy was generally in decline.<a href="#cite_note-baltic-65">[65]</a> The city was an important <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> for Scottish herring. in 1904 the export peaked at more than 322 thousand barrels.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> By 1900 the city's population had grown to 188,000, with a 9,000-strong military garrison.<a href="#cite_note-B174-12">[12]</a> By 1914 Königsberg had a population of 246,000;<a href="#cite_note-baltic23-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> flourished in the culturally pluralistic city.<a href="#cite_note-clark24-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar_Republic">Weimar Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nigsberg_(Luftaufnahme).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/K%C3%B6nigsberg_%28Luftaufnahme%29.JPG/220px-K%C3%B6nigsberg_%28Luftaufnahme%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/K%C3%B6nigsberg_%28Luftaufnahme%29.JPG/330px-K%C3%B6nigsberg_%28Luftaufnahme%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/K%C3%B6nigsberg_%28Luftaufnahme%29.JPG/440px-K%C3%B6nigsberg_%28Luftaufnahme%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="2111" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the castle and city centre in the interbellum</figcaption></figure> Following the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Imperial Germany was replaced with the democratic <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. The Kingdom of Prussia ended with the abdication of the Hohenzollern monarch, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>, and the kingdom was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a>. Königsberg and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">East Prussia</a>, however, were separated from the rest of Weimar Germany following the restoration of independent Poland and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>. Due to the isolated geographical situation after World War I the German Government supported several large infrastructure projects: 1919 Airport "Devenau" (the first civil airport in Germany), 1920 "Deutsche Ostmesse" (a new German trade fair; including new hotels and radio station), 1929 reconstruction of the railway system including the new central railway station and 1930 opening of the North station. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Germany">Nazi Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nazi Germany">edit</a>]</div> In 1932 the local paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> had already started to terrorise their political opponents. On the night of 31 July 1932 there was a bomb attack on the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a> in Königsberg, the <a href="/wiki/Otto_Braun" title="Otto Braun">Otto-Braun-House</a>. The Communist politician Gustav Sauf was killed, and the executive editor of the Social Democrat "Königsberger Volkszeitung", Otto Wyrgatsch, and the <a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> politician Max von Bahrfeldt were severely injured. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner</a> were attacked and the local Reichsbanner Chairman of Lötzen (<a href="/wiki/Gi%C5%BCycko" title="Giżycko">Giżycko</a>), Kurt Kotzan, was murdered on 6 August 1932.<a href="#cite_note-Matull-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s coming to power, Nazis confiscated Jewish shops and, as in the rest of Germany, a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">public book burning</a> was organised, accompanied by antisemitic speeches in May 1933 at the Trommelplatz square. Street names and monuments of Jewish origin were removed, and signs such as "Jews are not welcomed in hotels" started appearing. As part of the state-wide <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">"aryanisation" of the civil service</a> Jewish academics were ejected from the university.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> In July 1934, Hitler made a speech in the city in front of 25,000 supporters.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski_249-72">[72]</a> In 1933 the NSDAP alone received 54% of votes in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski_249-72">[72]</a> After the Nazis took power in Germany, opposition politicians were persecuted and newspapers were banned. The Otto-Braun-House was requisitioned and became the headquarters of the SA, which used the house to imprison and torture opponents. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Walter Schütz">Walter Schütz</a>, a communist member of the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>, was murdered there.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Many who would not co-operate with the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> were sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> and held prisoner there until their death or liberation. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albertina,_K%C3%B6nigsberg.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Albertina%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg.JPG/220px-Albertina%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Albertina%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg.JPG/330px-Albertina%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Albertina%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg.JPG/440px-Albertina%2C_K%C3%B6nigsberg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Königsberg in 1938</figcaption></figure> In 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> designated Königsberg as the Headquarters for <a href="/wiki/Military_district_(Germany)" title="Military district (Germany)">Wehrkreis I</a> (under the command of General der Artillerie <a href="/wiki/Albert_Wodrig" title="Albert Wodrig">Albert Wodrig</a>), which took in all of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Prussia">East Prussia</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to the census of May 1939, Königsberg had a population of 372,164.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated-74">[74]</a> In World War II both Königsberg and Berlin had large Fernschreibstellen (teleprinter offices) for the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(1935%E2%80%931945)" title="German Army (1935–1945)">German Army</a> which collected morning messages each day from regional or local centres to be sent in long messages to headquarters. They also had a Geheimschreibstube or cipher room where plaintext messages could be encrypted on <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorenz SZ 40">Lorenz SZ40/42</a> machines. If sent by radio rather than landline they were intercepted and decrypted at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> in England, where they were known as <a href="/wiki/Fish_(cryptography)" title="Fish (cryptography)">Fish</a>. Some messages were daily returns, and some were between Hitler and his generals; both were valuable to Allied intelligence. Königsberg had links over the Eastern Front.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persecution_of_Jews_under_the_Nazi_regime">Persecution of Jews under the Nazi regime</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Persecution of Jews under the Nazi regime">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the Nazi era, Königsberg was home to a third of East Prussia's 13,000 Jews. Under Nazi rule, the Polish and Jewish minorities were classified as <a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a> and persecuted by the authorities. The city's Jewish population shrank from 3,200 in 1933 to 2,100 in October 1938. The <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synagogue (Königsberg)">New Synagogue of Königsberg</a>, constructed in 1896, was destroyed during <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> (9 November 1938); 500 Jews soon fled the city. After the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a> of 20 January 1942, Königsberg's Jews began to be deported to various <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Ost.net-76">[76]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a> sent the first and largest group of Jewish deportees, comprising 465 Jewish men, women and children, from Königsberg and East Prussia to the <a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Maly Trostenets extermination camp">Maly Trostenets extermination camp</a> near <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> on 24 June 1942. Almost all were murdered soon after their arrival. Additional transports from Königsberg to the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt ghetto">Theresienstadt ghetto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a> took place until 1945.<a href="#cite_note-ESR-77">[77]</a> In 1944–1945, the Germans operated a <a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp#Sub-camps" title="Stutthof concentration camp">sub-camp of the Stutthof concentration camp</a> in Königsberg, where they imprisoned around 500 Jews as <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In 1939, the Germans also established a forced labour camp for <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> in the city.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persecution_of_Poles_during_World_War_II">Persecution of Poles during World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Persecution of Poles during World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerzy_Warcha%C5%82owski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jerzy_Warcha%C5%82owski.jpg/170px-Jerzy_Warcha%C5%82owski.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Jerzy_Warcha%C5%82owski.jpg/255px-Jerzy_Warcha%C5%82owski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Jerzy_Warcha%C5%82owski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Jerzy Warchałowski, last pre-war Polish Consul General in Königsberg, arrested by Germany in 1939</figcaption></figure> In September 1939, with the German <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> underway, the Polish consulate in Königsberg was attacked (which constituted a violation of international law), its workers arrested and sent to concentration camps where several of them died.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski_256-80">[80]</a> Polish students at the local university were captured, tortured and finally executed.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski_256-80">[80]</a> Other victims included local Polish civilians guillotined for petty violations of German law and regulations such as buying and selling meat.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski_256-80">[80]</a> Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement</a> was active in the city, which served as one of the region's main transfer points for smuggled <a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In September 1944 69,000 <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">slave labourers</a> were registered in the city (not counting prisoners of war), with most of them working on the outskirts; within the city were 15,000 slave labourers.<a href="#cite_note-j257-82">[82]</a> All of them were denied freedom of movement, forced to wear a <a href="/wiki/P_(Nazi_symbol)" title="P (Nazi symbol)">"P" sign</a>, if Poles, or "Ost" sign, if they were from the Soviet Union, and were watched by special units of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> and Wehrmacht.<a href="#cite_note-j257-82">[82]</a> They were denied basic spiritual and physical needs and food, and suffered from famine and exhaustion.<a href="#cite_note-j257-82">[82]</a> The conditions of the forced labour were described as "tragic", especially for Poles and Soviets, who were treated harshly by their German overseers. Ordered to paint German ships with toxic paints and chemicals, they were neither given gas-masks nor was there any ventilation in facilities where they worked, supposedly to expedite construction, while the substances evaporated in temperatures as high as 40 Celsius. As a result, there were cases of sudden illness or death during the work.<a href="#cite_note-j257-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destruction_in_World_War_II">Destruction in World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Destruction in World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">Bombing of Königsberg in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">Battle of Königsberg</a></div> In 1944, Königsberg suffered heavy damage from <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Königsberg in World War II">British bombing attacks</a> and burned for several days. The historic city center, especially the original quarters Altstadt, Löbenicht, and Kneiphof were destroyed, including the cathedral, the castle, all churches of the old city, the old and the new universities, and the old shipping quarters.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-093-65,_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_auf_Schiff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-093-65%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_auf_Schiff.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-093-65%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_auf_Schiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-093-65%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_auf_Schiff.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-093-65%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_auf_Schiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-093-65%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_auf_Schiff.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1972-093-65%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge_auf_Schiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>Refugees fleeing from Königsberg before the advancing Red Army in 1945</figcaption></figure> Many people fled from Königsberg ahead of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>'s advance after October 1944, particularly after word spread of the Soviet atrocities at <a href="/wiki/Nemmersdorf_massacre" title="Nemmersdorf massacre">Nemmersdorf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-berlin-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-translated-85">[85]</a> In early 1945, Soviet forces, under the command of the Polish-born Soviet Marshal <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rokossovsky" title="Konstantin Rokossovsky">Konstantin Rokossovsky</a>, besieged the city that Hitler had envisaged as the home for a museum holding all the Germans had 'found in Russia'.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">Operation Samland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hovhannes_Bagramyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovhannes Bagramyan">General Baghramyan's</a> <a href="/wiki/1st_Baltic_Front" title="1st Baltic Front">1st Baltic Front</a>, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Sambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambia">Samland</a> Group, captured Königsberg in April.<a href="#cite_note-generals-87">[87]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> had declared Königsberg an "invincible bastion of German spirit", the Soviets captured the city after a three-month-long siege. A temporary German breakout had allowed some of the remaining civilians to escape via train and naval evacuation from the nearby port of Pillau. Königsberg, which had been declared a "fortress" (<a href="/wiki/German_World_War_II_strongholds" class="mw-redirect" title="German World War II strongholds">Festung</a>) by the Germans, was fanatically defended.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> On 21 January, during the Red Army's <a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="East Prussian Offensive">East Prussian Offensive</a>, mostly Polish and Hungarian Jews from Seerappen, Jesau, <a href="/wiki/Heiligenbeil_concentration_camp" title="Heiligenbeil concentration camp">Heiligenbeil</a>, Schippenbeil, and Gerdauen (subcamps of <a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof concentration camp</a>) were gathered in Königsberg by the Nazis. Up to 7,000 of them were forced on a <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">death march</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambia">Sambia</a>: those that survived were subsequently executed at <a href="/wiki/Yantarny,_Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Yantarny, Kaliningrad Oblast">Palmnicken</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ost.net-76">[76]</a> On 9 April – one month before the end of the war in Europe – the German military commander of Königsberg, General <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lasch" title="Otto Lasch">Otto Lasch</a>, surrendered the remnants of his forces, following the three-month-long <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">siege by the Red Army</a>. For this act, Lasch was condemned to death, in absentia, by Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> At the time of the surrender, military and civilian dead in the city were estimated at 42,000, with the Red Army claiming over 90,000 prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Lasch's subterranean command bunker is preserved as a museum in today's Kaliningrad.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> About 120,000 survivors remained in the ruins of the devastated city. The German civilians were held as forced labourers until 1946. Only the Lithuanians, a small minority of the pre-war population, were collectively allowed to stay.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Between October 1947 and October 1948, about 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">Germans were forcibly moved</a> to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-bergerj10-93">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] The remaining 20,000 German residents were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expelled</a> in 1949–50.<a href="#cite_note-university-94">[94]</a> According to Soviet documents, there were 140,114 German inhabitants in September 1945 in the region that later became the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>, thereof 68,014 in Königsberg. Between April 1947 and May 1951, according to Soviet documents, 102,407 were deported to the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. How many of the deportees were from the city of Königsberg does not become apparent from Soviet records. It is estimated that 43,617 Germans were in the city in the spring of 1946.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> According to German historian Andreas Kossert, there were about 100,000 to 126,000 German civilians in the city at the time of Soviet conquest, and of these only 24,000 survived to be deported in 1947. Hunger accounted for 75% of the deaths, epidemics (especially typhoid fever) for 2.6% and violence for 15%, according to Kossert.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Kaliningrad">Soviet Kaliningrad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Soviet Kaliningrad">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a></div> Under the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> of 1 August 1945, the city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> pending the final determination of territorial borders at an anticipated peace settlement. This final determination eventually took place on 12 September 1990 when the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a> was signed. The excerpt from the initial agreement pertaining to the partition of East Prussia, including the area surrounding Königsberg, is as follows (note that Königsberg is spelt "Koenigsberg" in the original document): <blockquote>VI. CITY OF KOENIGSBERG AND THE ADJACENT AREA The Conference examined a proposal by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Soviet Government</a> that pending the final determination of territorial questions at the peace settlement, the section of the western frontier of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics which is adjacent to the Baltic Sea should pass from a point on the eastern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Bay" title="Gdańsk Bay">Bay of Danzig</a> to the east, north of <a href="/wiki/Braniewo" title="Braniewo">Braunsberg</a> – <a href="/wiki/Go%C5%82dap" title="Gołdap">Goldep</a>, to the meeting point of the frontiers of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>. The Conference has agreed in principle to the proposal of the Soviet Government concerning the ultimate transfer to the Soviet Union of the city of Koenigsberg and the area adjacent to it as described above, subject to expert examination of the actual frontier. The <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">President of the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">British Prime Minister</a> supported the proposal of the Conference at the forthcoming peace settlement.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg/170px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg/255px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg/340px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>The monument to Kalinin on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalinin_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalinin Square (page does not exist)">Kalinin Square</a> (former Reichsplatz), built in 1959</figcaption></figure> Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet</a> of the USSR <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a>, although Kalinin was unrelated to the city, and there were already cities named in honour of Kalinin in the Soviet Union, namely Kalinin (now <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>) and Kaliningrad (now <a href="/wiki/Korolev,_Moscow_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Korolev, Moscow Oblast">Korolev, Moscow Oblast</a>).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Some historians speculate that it may have originally been offered to the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a> because the resolution from the conference specifies that Kaliningrad's border would be at the (pre-war) Lithuanian frontier. The remaining German population was <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)">forcibly expelled</a> between 1947 and 1948. The annexed territory was populated with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet citizens</a>, mostly ethnic Russians but to a lesser extent also Ukrainians and Belarusians.<a href="#cite_note-Milan_Bufon_2014_97-100">[100]</a> The German language was replaced with the Russian language. In 1950, there were 1,165,000 inhabitants, which was only half the number of the pre-war population. From 1953 to 1962, a monument to Stalin stood on Victory Square. In 1973, the town hall was turned into the House of Soviets. In 1975, the trolleybus was launched again. In 1980, a concert hall was opened in the building of the former Lutheran Church of the Holy Family. In 1986, the Kreuzkirche building was transferred to the Russian Orthodox Church. For foreigners, the city was <a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">completely closed</a> and, with the exception of rare visits of friendship from neighboring Poland, it was practically not visited by foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif/lossless-page1-220px-K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif/lossless-page1-330px-K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif/lossless-page1-440px-K%C3%B6nigsberger_schloss_schlossturm_sprengung_1959.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>Demolition of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a> with explosives, 1959</figcaption></figure> The old city was not restored, and the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a> were demolished in the late 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-NG-1">[1]</a> on <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>'s personal orders,<a href="#cite_note-NG-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Calvert_Journal-2">[2]</a> despite the protests of architects, historians, local historians and ordinary residents of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Калининградская_архитектура-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-klgd.ru-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Клемешев_А._П.,_Калининградский_государственный_университет_2004_206–207-7">[7]</a> The "reconstruction" of the oblast, threatened by hunger in the immediate post-war years, was carried out through an ambitious policy of oceanic fishing<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> with the creation of one of the main fishing harbours of the USSR in Kaliningrad city. Fishing not only fed the regional economy but also was a basis for social and scientific development, in particular oceanography.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-104">[104]</a> In 1957, an agreement was signed and later came into force which delimited the border between <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a> (Soviet <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a> at the time) and the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The region was added as a <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">semi-exclave</a> to the Russian SFSR; since 1946 it has been known as the Kaliningrad Oblast. According to some historians, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> created it as an oblast separate from the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian SSR">Lithuanian SSR</a> because it further separated the Baltic states from the West.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Others think that the reason was that the region was far too strategic for the USSR to leave it in the hands of another SSR other than the Russian one.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-104">[104]</a> The names of the cities, towns, rivers, and other geographical features were changed to Russian names. The area was administered by the planning committee of the Lithuanian SSR, although it had its own Communist Party committee.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> offered the entire Kaliningrad Oblast to the Lithuanian SSR but <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Snie%C4%8Dkus" title="Antanas Sniečkus">Antanas Sniečkus</a> refused to accept the territory because it would add at least a million ethnic Russians to Lithuania proper.<a href="#cite_note-Milan_Bufon_2014_97-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 2010, the German magazine <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> published a report claiming that Kaliningrad had been offered to Germany in 1990 (against payment). The offer was not seriously considered by the West German government which, at the time, saw reunification with East Germany as a higher priority.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> However, this story was later denied by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> Following the Christianization of the region, the vast majority of the population was <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, and after the Reformation, the majority of the population belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of Prussia">Evangelical Church of Prussia</a>. A majority of its parishioners were <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a>, although there were also <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a>. <dl><dt>Number of inhabitants, by year</dt></dl> <ul><li>1400: 10,000</li> <li>1663: 40,000</li> <li>1819: 63,869</li> <li>1840: 70,839</li> <li>1855: 83,593</li> <li>1871: 112,092</li> <li>1880: 140,909</li> <li>1890: 172,796</li> <li>1900: 189,483 (including the military), among whom were 8,465 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a> and 3,975 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-konversations-111">[111]</a></li> <li>1905: 223,770, among whom were 10,320 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>, 4,415 <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and 425 Poles.<a href="#cite_note-gemeindelexikon-112">[112]</a></li> <li>1910: 245,994</li> <li>1919: 260,895</li> <li>1925: 279,930, among whom were 13,330 Catholics, 4,050 Jews and approximately 6,000 others.<a href="#cite_note-brockhaus-113">[113]</a></li> <li>1933: 315,794</li> <li>1939: 372,164</li> <li>1945: 73,000</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews">Jews</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jews">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="History of the Jews in Königsberg">History of the Jews in Königsberg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0_1.jpg/170px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0_1.jpg/255px-%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Synagogue" title="Königsberg Synagogue">New Synagogue</a>, destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> in 1938</figcaption></figure> The Jewish community in the city had its origins in the 16th century, with the arrival of the first Jews in 1538. The first synagogue was built in 1756. A second, smaller synagogue which served Orthodox Jews was constructed later, eventually becoming the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Synagogue" title="Königsberg Synagogue">New Synagogue</a>. The Jewish population of Königsberg in the 18th century was fairly low, although this changed as restrictions<a href="#cite_note-Mendelssohn-114">[114]</a> became relaxed over the course of the 19th century. In 1756 there were 29 families of "protected Jews" in Königsberg, which increased to 57 by 1789. The total number of Jewish inhabitants was less than 500 in the middle of the 18th century, and around 800 by the end of it, out of a total population of almost 60,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski-115">[115]</a> The number of Jewish inhabitants peaked in 1880 at about 5,000, many of whom were migrants escaping <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. This number declined subsequently so that by 1933, when the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> took over, the city had about 3,200 Jews. As a result of antisemitism and persecution in the 1920s and 1930s two-thirds of the city's Jews emigrated, mostly to the US and Great Britain. Those who remained were shipped by the Germans to concentration camps in two waves; first in 1938 to various camps in Germany, and the second in 1942 to the <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt concentration camp</a> in occupied <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald concentration camp</a> in occupied <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, as well as camps in <a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets_extermination_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Maly Trostenets extermination camp">Minsk</a> in the occupied <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Fall_of_Hitler's_Fortress_City:_The_Battle_for_Königsberg,_1945-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuanians">Lithuanians</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lithuanians">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="University of Königsberg">University of Königsberg</a> was an important center of Protestant Lithuanian culture and studies.<a href="#cite_note-Piłat1998-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraomas_Kulvietis" title="Abraomas Kulvietis">Abraomas Kulvietis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanislovas_Rapalionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislovas Rapalionis">Stanislovas Rapalionis</a> are also seen as important early Lithuanian scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Piłat1998-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Klein_(grammarian)" title="Daniel Klein (grammarian)">Daniel Klein</a> published the first <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> grammar book in Königsberg in 1653. Königsberg was closely related to the Lithuanian culture, and had an important impact in founding the literary language and national press of Lithuania. Despite persecution and intensive <a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a>, about 9 percent of the city was Lithuanian by the end of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poles">Poles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poles_in_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="History of Poles in Königsberg">History of Poles in Königsberg</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PolnischeKirche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PolnischeKirche.jpg/220px-PolnischeKirche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PolnischeKirche.jpg/330px-PolnischeKirche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/PolnischeKirche.jpg/440px-PolnischeKirche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steindamm_Church" title="Steindamm Church">Steindamm Church</a>, also known as the Polish Church, in 1908. It was heavily damaged by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and its ruins were demolished in 1950 by the Soviet government.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> were among the first professors of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="University of Königsberg">University of Königsberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Oleksiński1972-119">[119]</a> which received the royal <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Privilege" class="mw-redirect" title="Law of Privilege">Law of Privilege</a> from King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> on 28 March 1560.<a href="#cite_note-Małłek1987-120">[120]</a> University of Königsberg lecturers included <a href="/wiki/Hieronim_Malecki" title="Hieronim Malecki">Hieronim Malecki</a> (theology), Maciej Menius (<a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mikulicz-Radecki" title="Jan Mikulicz-Radecki">Jan Mikulicz-Radecki</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanislaw_Sarnicki" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislaw Sarnicki">Stanislaw Sarnicki</a> were among the first students known to be Polish, later <a href="/wiki/Florian_Ceynowa" title="Florian Ceynowa">Florian Ceynowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_K%C4%99trzynski" class="mw-redirect" title="Wojciech Kętrzynski">Wojciech Kętrzynski</a><a href="#cite_note-shsg-122">[122]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julian_Klaczko" title="Julian Klaczko">Julian Klaczko</a> studied in Königsberg.<a href="#cite_note-obn126-123">[123]</a> For 24 years <a href="/wiki/Celestyn_My%C5%9Blenta" title="Celestyn Myślenta">Celestyn Myślenta</a> (who first registered at the University as "Polonus") was a seven time rector of the university,<a href="#cite_note-obn85-124">[124]</a> while Maciej Menius was a three times rector.<a href="#cite_note-menius-125">[125]</a> From 1728 there was a "Polish Seminar" at the seminary of Protestant theology, which operated until the early 1930s and had developed a number of <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastors</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Krzysztof_Celestyn_Mrongovius" title="Krzysztof Celestyn Mrongovius">Krzysztof Celestyn Mrongovius</a> and August Grzybowski.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-obn81-126">[126]</a> Duke Albert of Prussia established a press in Königsberg that issued thousands of Polish pamphlets and religious books. During the Reformation Königsberg became a place of refuge for Polish Protestant adherents, a training ground for Polish Protestant clergy and a source of Polish Protestant literature.<a href="#cite_note-cambridge-127">[127]</a> In 1564 <a href="/wiki/Jan_M%C4%85czy%C5%84ski" title="Jan Mączyński">Jan Mączyński</a> issued his Polish-Latin lexicon at Königsberg.<a href="#cite_note-hippocrene-128">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poczta_Kr%C3%B3lewiecka_(Europeana).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Poczta_Kr%C3%B3lewiecka_%28Europeana%29.jpg/170px-Poczta_Kr%C3%B3lewiecka_%28Europeana%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Poczta_Kr%C3%B3lewiecka_%28Europeana%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poczta_Kr%C3%B3lewiecka" title="Poczta Królewiecka">Poczta Królewiecka</a>, the second oldest Polish newspaper</figcaption></figure> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Jasi%C5%84ski" title="Janusz Jasiński">Janusz Jasiński</a>, based on estimates obtained from the records of St. Nicholas's Church, during the 1530s Lutheran Poles constituted about one quarter of the city population. This does not include Polish <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a> who did not have centralised places of worship until the 17th century, hence records that far back for these two groups are not available.<a href="#cite_note-Jasinski-115">[115]</a> From the 16th to 20th centuries, the city was a publishing center of Polish-language literature, especially religious literature. In 1545 in Königsberg a Polish catechism was printed by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Seklucjan" title="Jan Seklucjan">Jan Seklucjan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bibel-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-cambridge27-130">[130]</a> In 1551 the first translation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> came out, issued by <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Murzynowski" title="Stanisław Murzynowski">Stanisław Murzynowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bibel-129">[129]</a> Murzynowski's collections of sermons were delivered by <a href="/wiki/Eustachy_Trepka" title="Eustachy Trepka">Eustachy Trepka</a> and in 1574 by Hieronim Malecki. The works of <a href="/wiki/Mikolaj_Rej" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikolaj Rej">Mikolaj Rej</a> were printed here by Seklucjan.<a href="#cite_note-context-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maciej_Stryjkowski" title="Maciej Stryjkowski">Maciej Stryjkowski</a> announced in Königsberg the publication of his Kronika Polska, Litewska, Żmudzka, i wszystkiej Rusi ("A Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania, Samogitia and all Rus").<a href="#cite_note-morf-132">[132]</a> Although formally the relationship of these lands with Poland stopped at the end of the 17th century, in practice the Polish element in Königsberg played a significant role for the next century, until the outbreak of World War II. Before the second half of the 19th century many municipal institutions (e.g. courts, magistrates) employed Polish translators, and there was a course in Polish at the university.<a href="#cite_note-AugusiewiczJasiński2005-133">[133]</a> Polish books were issued as well as magazines with the last one being the Kalendarz Staropruski Ewangelicki (Old Prussian Evangelical Calendar) issued between 1866 and 1931.<a href="#cite_note-historia-41">[41]</a> In the 1840s, a local branch of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Democratic_Society" title="Polish Democratic Society">Polish Democratic Society</a> was founded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005127-134">[134]</a> The city played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a>, as it was one of the main supply centres for Polish underground movement, with about 10 companies of Königsberg smuggling arms and ammunition for Polish insurgents. There was a complex Polish resistance network built in the city, including figures such as <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Szulc_(etnograf)" class="extiw" title="pl:Kazimierz Szulc (etnograf)">Kazimierz Szulc</a> and <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Drzewiecki_(1838%E2%80%931868)" class="extiw" title="pl:Piotr Drzewiecki (1838–1868)">Piotr Drzewiecki</a>. In 1876, <a href="/wiki/Wojciech_K%C4%99trzy%C5%84ski" title="Wojciech Kętrzyński">Wojciech Kętrzyński</a> wrote that the city retained a significant Polish community and the local population had pro-Polish sentiments, writing: "In Königsberg [...] a Pole among Germans today still finds sympathetic hearts, hearts that nourish sympathy for him".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005123–132-135">[135]</a> At that time, between 25 and 30 percent of the city's population was Polish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005123–132-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> During the Protestant Reformation the oldest church in Königsberg, <a href="/wiki/Steindamm_Church" title="Steindamm Church">St. Nicholas</a>, was opened for non-Germans, especially Lithuanians and Poles.<a href="#cite_note-rautenberg-137">[137]</a> Services for Lithuanians started in 1523, and by the mid-16th century also included ones for Poles.<a href="#cite_note-Andreas_Osiander._Gesamtausgabe._Schriften_und_Briefe_1549_bis_August_1551-138">[138]</a> By 1603 it had become a solely Polish-language church as Lithuanian service was moved to <a href="/wiki/St._Elisabeth%27s_Church,_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="St. Elisabeth's Church, Königsberg">St. Elizabeth</a>. In 1880 St. Nicholas was converted to a German-language church; weekly Polish services remained only for Masurians in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>, although those were halted in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-Gause693-139">[139]</a> The church was bombed in 1944, further damaged in 1945, and the remaining ruins were demolished after the war in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodbereski2010113–117-140">[140]</a> The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a> also hosted Polish-language services until the 18th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture and society">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="List of people from Königsberg">List of people from Königsberg</a></div> Königsberg was the birthplace of the mathematician <a href="/wiki/Christian_Goldbach" title="Christian Goldbach">Christian Goldbach</a> and the writer <a href="/wiki/E.T.A._Hoffmann" class="mw-redirect" title="E.T.A. Hoffmann">E.T.A. Hoffmann</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> as well as the home of the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> who lived there virtually all his life and rarely travelled more than ten miles (16 km) away from the city.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Kant entered the university of Königsberg at age 16 and was appointed to a chair in metaphysics there in 1770 at the age of 46. While working there he published his <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Pure_Reason" title="Critique of Pure Reason">Critique of Pure Reason</a> (arguing that knowledge arises from the application of innate concepts to sensory experience) and his <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics_of_Morals" title="Metaphysics of Morals">Metaphysics of Morals</a> which argues that virtue is acquired by the performance of duty for its own sake.<a href="#cite_note-introduction-144">[144]</a> In 1736, the Swiss mathematician <a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a> used the arrangement of the city's bridges and islands as the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Bridges_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Seven Bridges of Königsberg">Seven Bridges of Königsberg Problem</a>, which led to the mathematical branches of <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>. In 1862, <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> was born in Königsberg; he established himself as one of the world's most influential mathematicians by the turn of the century.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Noted South African baboon rescuer <a href="/wiki/Rita_Miljo" title="Rita Miljo">Rita Miljo</a> (1931–2012) grew up in Königsberg.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The distinguished biochemist and Nobel prizewinner <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a> (1899–1986) was born in Königsberg. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> The language of government and high culture was <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian dialect</a> was widely spoken, but is now a <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund language</a> as its refugee speakers are elderly and dying out. As the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">region of East Prussia</a> which was a multi-ethnic territory, diverse languages such as <a href="/wiki/Kursenieki#Language" title="Kursenieki">Latvian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Language">Lithuanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masurian_dialects" title="Masurian dialects">Polish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish Language">Yiddish</a> were commonly heard on the streets of Königsberg. <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Prussian Language">Old Prussian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic language">Baltic language</a>, died out in the 18th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_koenigstor_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Normal_koenigstor_1849.jpg/220px-Normal_koenigstor_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Normal_koenigstor_1849.jpg/330px-Normal_koenigstor_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Normal_koenigstor_1849.jpg/440px-Normal_koenigstor_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gate_(Kaliningrad)" title="King's Gate (Kaliningrad)">King's Gate</a> in the 19th century. It was restored in 2005.</figcaption></figure> In the Königsstraße (King Street) stood the Academy of Art with a collection of over 400 paintings. About 50 works were by <a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Italian</a> masters; some early <a href="/wiki/Dutch_art" title="Dutch art">Dutch</a> paintings were also to be found there.<a href="#cite_note-baedeker-146">[146]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Gate_(Kaliningrad)" title="King's Gate (Kaliningrad)">King's Gate</a> stood statues of King <a href="/wiki/Ottakar_I_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottakar I of Bohemia">Ottakar I of Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Duke_of_Prussia" title="Albert, Duke of Prussia">Albert of Prussia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I of Prussia</a>. Königsberg had a magnificent Exchange (completed in 1875) with fine views of the harbour from the staircase. Along Bahnhofsstraße ("Station Street") were the offices of the famous Royal Amber Works – Samland was celebrated as the "<a href="/wiki/Amber_Coast" title="Amber Coast">Amber Coast</a>". There was also an <a href="/wiki/Koenigsberg_Observatory" title="Koenigsberg Observatory">observatory</a> fitted up by the astronomer <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Bessel">Friedrich Bessel</a>, a botanical garden, and a zoological museum. The "Physikalisch", near the Heumarkt, contained botanical and anthropological collections and prehistoric antiquities. Two large theatres built during the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelmine">Wilhelmine</a> era were the <a href="/wiki/Stadttheater_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Stadttheater Königsberg">Stadttheater</a> (municipal theatre) and the Apollo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Königsberg_Castle">Königsberg Castle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Königsberg Castle">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg/220px-Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg/330px-Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg/440px-Koenigsberg_Schloss_Ostseite_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3512" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Eastern side of Königsberg Castle, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a> was one of the city's most notable structures. The former seat of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Masters_of_the_Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights">Grand Masters of the Teutonic Knights</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Prussia">Dukes of Prussia</a>, it contained the <a href="/wiki/Schlosskirche_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)" title="Schlosskirche (Königsberg)">Schloßkirche</a>, or palace church, where <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Prussia" title="Frederick I of Prussia">Frederick I</a> was crowned in 1701 and <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">William I</a> in 1861. It also contained the spacious Moscowiter-Saal, one of the largest halls in the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>, and a museum of Prussian history. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Königsberg became a center of education when the <a href="/wiki/University_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="University of Königsberg">Albertina University</a> was founded by Duke Albert of Prussia in 1544. The university was opposite the north and east side of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Cathedral" title="Königsberg Cathedral">Königsberg Cathedral</a>. Lithuanian scholar <a href="/wiki/Stanislovas_Rapalionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislovas Rapalionis">Stanislovas Rapalionis</a>, one of the founding fathers of the university, was the first professor of theology.<a href="#cite_note-zinkevi-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Multiculturalism">edit</a>]</div> As a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the 1525 and subsequent Prussian church orders called for providing religious literature in the languages spoken by the recipients.<a href="#cite_note-Bock127-148">[148]</a> Duke Albrecht thus called in a Danzig (Gdańsk) book printer, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Weinreich" title="Hans Weinreich">Hans Weinreich</a>, who was soon joined by other book printers, to publish Lutheran literature not only in German and (New) Latin, but also in Latvian, Lithuanian, Old Prussian and Polish.<a href="#cite_note-Königsberger_Buch-_und_Bibliotheksgeschichte-149">[149]</a> The expected readership were inhabitants of the duchy, religious refugees, Lutherans in Poland (including neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>) and Lithuania as well as Lutheran priests from Poland and Lithuania called in by the duke.<a href="#cite_note-Bock127-148">[148]</a> Königsberg thus became a centre for printing German, Polish and Lithuanian books:<a href="#cite_note-northern25-150">[150]</a> In 1530, the first Polish translation of <a href="/wiki/Luther%27s_Small_Catechism" title="Luther's Small Catechism">Luther's Small Catechism</a> was published by Weinrich.<a href="#cite_note-Bock131-151">[151]</a> In 1545, Weinreich published two Old Prussian editions of the catechism, which are the oldest printed and second-oldest books in that language after the handwritten 14th-century "Elbing dictionary".<a href="#cite_note-Textarten_im_Sprachwandel._Nach_der_Erfindung_des_Buchdrucks-152">[152]</a> The first Lithuanian-language book, <a href="/wiki/Simple_Words_of_Catechism" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple Words of Catechism">Simple Words of Catechism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Martynas Mažvydas">Martynas Mažvydas</a>, was also printed in Königsberg, published by Weinreich in 1547.<a href="#cite_note-Königsberger_Buch-_und_Bibliotheksgeschichte26-153">[153]</a> Further Polish- and Lithuanian-language religious and non-religious prints followed. One of the first newspapers in Polish was published in Königsberg in the years 1718–1720, the <a href="/wiki/Poczta_Kr%C3%B3lewiecka" title="Poczta Królewiecka">Poczta Królewiecka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-zien-154">[154]</a> The city remained an important Polish printing center until the early 20th century, with the last Polish book printed in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodbereski2010114-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> clubs which played in Königsberg included <a href="/wiki/VfB_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="VfB Königsberg">VfB Königsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/SV_Prussia-Samland_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="SV Prussia-Samland Königsberg">SV Prussia-Samland Königsberg</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lilli_Henoch" title="Lilli Henoch">Lilli Henoch</a>, the world record holder in the <a href="/wiki/Discus" class="mw-redirect" title="Discus">discus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shot_put" title="Shot put">shot put</a>, and <a href="/wiki/4_%C3%97_100_meters_relay" class="mw-redirect" title="4 × 100 meters relay">4 × 100 meters relay</a> events was born in Königsberg,<a href="#cite_note-google1-156">[156]</a> as was <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sandow" title="Eugen Sandow">Eugen Sandow</a>, dubbed the "father of modern bodybuilding". <a href="/wiki/Segelclub_RHE" class="mw-redirect" title="Segelclub RHE">Segelclub RHE</a>, Germany's oldest <a href="/wiki/Sailing_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailing club">sailing club</a>, was founded in Königsberg in 1855. The club still exists, and is now headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nigsberger_Marzipan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Marzipan.jpg/220px-K%C3%B6nigsberger_Marzipan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Marzipan.jpg/330px-K%C3%B6nigsberger_Marzipan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Marzipan.jpg/440px-K%C3%B6nigsberger_Marzipan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Königsberg-style marzipan</figcaption></figure> Königsberg was well known within Germany for its unique regional cuisine.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A popular dish from the city was <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Klopse" title="Königsberger Klopse">Königsberger Klopse</a>, which is still made today in some specialist restaurants in the now Russian city and elsewhere in present-day Germany. Other food and drink native to the city included: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Marzipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Königsberger Marzipan">Königsberger Marzipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopskiekelwein" title="Kopskiekelwein">Kopskiekelwein</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Redcurrant" title="Redcurrant">redcurrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4renfang" title="Bärenfang">Bärenfang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochsenblut" title="Ochsenblut">Ochsenblut</a>, literally "ox blood", a champagne-burgundy cocktail mixed at the popular Blutgericht pub, which no longer exists (the pub was located in the north wing of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle" title="Königsberg Castle">Königsberg Castle</a>, which was demolished in 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripe_soup" title="Tripe soup">Königsberger Fleck</a> or Königsberg-style tripe soup, made with the addition of bone marrow and root vegetables</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Fortifications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg_fortifications" title="Königsberg fortifications">Königsberg fortifications</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaliningrad_05-2017_img30_Dohna_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img30_Dohna_Tower.jpg/220px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img30_Dohna_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img30_Dohna_Tower.jpg/330px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img30_Dohna_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kaliningrad_05-2017_img30_Dohna_Tower.jpg/440px-Kaliningrad_05-2017_img30_Dohna_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5204" data-file-height="2927" /></a><figcaption>Dohna Tower, the last to surrender after the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Battle of Königsberg">storming of Königsberg</a> in 1945<a href="#cite_note-Königsberg-157">[157]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Fortification" title="Fortification">fortifications</a> of Königsberg consist of numerous <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">defensive walls</a>, forts, <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a> and other structures. They make up the First and the Second Defensive Belt, built in 1626–1634 and 1843–1859, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-64">[64]</a> The 15-metre-thick First Belt was erected due to Königsberg's vulnerability during the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Polish–Swedish wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-64">[64]</a> The Second Belt was largely constructed on the place of the first one, which was in a bad condition.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-64">[64]</a> The new belt included twelve bastions, three <a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">ravelins</a>, seven <a href="/wiki/Spoil_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoil bank">spoil banks</a> and two fortresses, surrounded by water <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-64">[64]</a> Ten brick gates served as entrances and passages through defensive lines and were equipped with <a href="/wiki/Moveable_bridge" title="Moveable bridge">moveable bridges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Museum-64">[64]</a> There was a <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_tower" title="Bismarck tower">Bismarck tower</a> just outside Königsberg, on the Galtgarben, the highest point on the <a href="/wiki/Sambian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambian Peninsula">Sambian Peninsula</a>. It was built in 1906 and destroyed by German troops sometime in January 1945 <a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">as the Soviets approached</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="List of people from Königsberg">List of people from Königsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Klopse" title="Königsberger Klopse">Königsberger Klopse</a>, traditional menu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Marzipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Königsberger Marzipan">Königsberger Marzipan</a>, traditional type of marzipan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Bridges_of_K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Seven Bridges of Königsberg">Seven Bridges of Königsberg</a>, a topology problem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_question" title="Kaliningrad question">Kaliningrad (Königsberg) question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberger_Paukenhund" title="Königsberger Paukenhund">Königsberger Paukenhund</a>, traditional kettle drum dog of the Prussian infantry</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NG-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NG_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NG_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NG_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NG_1-3">d</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRyabushev2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ryabushev, Alexander (11 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ng.ru/regions/2008-11-11/100_zamok.html">"Калининградские руины еще немного подождут"</a>. Nezavisimaya Gazeta (in Russian). Retrieved 19 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nezavisimaya+Gazeta&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft.aulast=Ryabushev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ng.ru%2Fregions%2F2008-11-11%2F100_zamok.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Calvert_Journal-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Calvert_Journal_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Calvert_Journal_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Calvert_Journal_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtamonova2018" class="citation news cs1">Artamonova, Alexandra (7 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calvertjournal.com/features/show/10130/beyond-the-game-kaliningrad-architecture">"Raze and rebuild: Kaliningrad's battle to preserve its complex post-war cityscape"</a>. The Calvert Journal. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Calvert+Journal&rft.atitle=Raze+and+rebuild%3A+Kaliningrad%27s+battle+to+preserve+its+complex+post-war+cityscape&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft.aulast=Artamonova&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calvertjournal.com%2Ffeatures%2Fshow%2F10130%2Fbeyond-the-game-kaliningrad-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaga2020" class="citation journal cs1">Haga, Mitsuru (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12797%2FRM.02.2020.08.01">"Vertical lands and horizontal gods: is East "East" and West "West"?"</a>. Intercultural Relations. 2 (8): 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12797%2FRM.02.2020.08.01">10.12797/RM.02.2020.08.01</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2544-2139">2544-2139</a>. <q>The old Prussian settlement of Twangste was conquered by the Teutonic Knights in 1225 and became the German city of Königsberg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intercultural+Relations&rft.atitle=Vertical+lands+and+horizontal+gods%3A+is+East+%22East%22+and+West+%22West%22%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12797%2FRM.02.2020.08.01&rft.issn=2544-2139&rft.aulast=Haga&rft.aufirst=Mitsuru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.12797%252FRM.02.2020.08.01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge_Companion_to_Medieval_Warfare-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_to_Medieval_Warfare_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_Companion_to_Medieval_Warfare_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury2004" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, Jim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j6y0E6YO-oEC&pg=PA75">Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare</a>. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/-0-203-64466-2" title="Special:BookSources/-0-203-64466-2"><bdi>-0-203-64466-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Companion+to+Medieval+Warfare&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=-0-203-64466-2&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj6y0E6YO-oEC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Калининградская_архитектура-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Калининградская_архитектура_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Калининградская_архитектура_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archikld.ru/publications_3_56">"Калининградская архитектура"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archikld.ru%2Fpublications_3_56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] // archikld.ru </li> <li id="cite_note-klgd.ru-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klgd.ru_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-klgd.ru_6-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a2_1.php">О восстановлении послевоенного Калининграда 1946—1953 гг.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925103426/https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a2_1.php">Archived</a> 25 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // klgd.ru </li> <li id="cite_note-Клемешев_А._П.,_Калининградский_государственный_университет_2004_206–207-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Клемешев_А._П.,_Калининградский_государственный_университет_2004_206–207_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Клемешев_А._П.,_Калининградский_государственный_университет_2004_206–207_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFКлемешев_А._П.Калининградский_государственный_университет2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Андрей Павлович Клемешев (page does not exist)">Клемешев А. 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Dzieje.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dzieje.pl&rft.atitle=Kalendarz+dat%3A+1465&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdzieje.pl%2Fkalendarz-dat%2F1465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGórski194996–97,_214–215-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGórski194996–97,_214–215_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGórski1949">Górski 1949</a>, pp. 96–97, 214–215. </li> <li id="cite_note-christiansen3-26"><a href="#cite_ref-christiansen3_26-0">^</a> Christiansen, p. 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-urban4-27"><a href="#cite_ref-urban4_27-0">^</a> Urban, p. 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-koch5-28"><a href="#cite_ref-koch5_28-0">^</a> Koch, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-christiansen6-29"><a href="#cite_ref-christiansen6_29-0">^</a> Christiansen, p. 247 </li> <li id="cite_note-koch7-30"><a href="#cite_ref-koch7_30-0">^</a> Koch, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-koch8-31"><a href="#cite_ref-koch8_31-0">^</a> Koch, p. 44 </li> <li id="cite_note-northern-32"><a href="#cite_ref-northern_32-0">^</a> Kirby, Northern Europe, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005131-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005131_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005131_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005131_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasiński2005">Jasiński 2005</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-northern9-34"><a href="#cite_ref-northern9_34-0">^</a> Kirby, Northern Europe, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeduszka2009" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Feduszka, Jacek (2009). 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"Prusy Wschodnie w trakcie polskiej wojny sukcesyjnej i wojny siedmioletniej". In Gieszczyński, Witold; Kasparek, Norbert (eds.). Wielkie wojny w Prusach. Działania militarne między dolną Wisłą a Niemnem na przestrzeni wieków (in Polish). Dąbrówno. pp. 108–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-62552-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-62552-00-9"><bdi>978-83-62552-00-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prusy+Wschodnie+w+trakcie+polskiej+wojny+sukcesyjnej+i+wojny+siedmioletniej&rft.btitle=Wielkie+wojny+w+Prusach.+Dzia%C5%82ania+militarne+mi%C4%99dzy+doln%C4%85+Wis%C5%82%C4%85+a+Niemnem+na+przestrzeni+wiek%C3%B3w&rft.place=D%C4%85br%C3%B3wno&rft.pages=108-109&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-83-62552-00-9&rft.aulast=Ciesielski&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Ciesielski, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Ciesielski, p. 113 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Ciesielski, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Ciesielski, p. 165 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Ciesielski, p. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-anthropology-53"><a href="#cite_ref-anthropology_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZammito,_John_H.2002" class="citation book cs1">Zammito, John H. (2002). Kant, Herder, and the birth of anthropology. University of Chicago Press. p. 392. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-97859-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-97859-8"><bdi>978-0-226-97859-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kant%2C+Herder%2C+and+the+birth+of+anthropology&rft.pages=392&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-97859-8&rft.au=Zammito%2C+John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-comparison-54"><a href="#cite_ref-comparison_54-0">^</a> For comparison: <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> ca. 170,000, <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> ca. 50,000 each, and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> ca. 30,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-koch15-55"><a href="#cite_ref-koch15_55-0">^</a> Koch, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-koch16-56"><a href="#cite_ref-koch16_56-0">^</a> Koch, p. 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-holborn17-57"><a href="#cite_ref-holborn17_57-0">^</a> Holborn, 1648–1840, p. 401 </li> <li id="cite_note-clark18-58"><a href="#cite_ref-clark18_58-0">^</a> Clark, p. 361 </li> <li id="cite_note-holborn19-59"><a href="#cite_ref-holborn19_59-0">^</a> Holborn, 1840–1945, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Hauf, R (1980) The Prussian administration of the district of Königsberg, 1871–1920, Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim P21 </li> <li id="cite_note-clark20-61"><a href="#cite_ref-clark20_61-0">^</a> Clark, pp. 440–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-clark21-62"><a href="#cite_ref-clark21_62-0">^</a> Clark, p. 476 </li> <li id="cite_note-holborn22-63"><a href="#cite_ref-holborn22_63-0">^</a> Holborn, 1840–1945, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-Museum-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Museum_64-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110310062628/http://www.world-ocean.ru/en/monuments/posolstvo/past.php">"The Past..."</a> Museum of the World Ocean. 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Holzner Verlag. p. 350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ostdeutschlands+Arbeiterbewegung%3A+Abri%C3%9F+ihrer+Geschichte%2C+Leistung+und+Opfer&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=Holzner+Verlag&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Matull&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fbreslau%2Fpdf%2Fa20715%2Fa20715_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://einestages.spiegel.de/static/topicalbumbackground/4374/die_aufrechten_roten_von_koenigsberg.html">Die aufrechten Roten von Königsberg</a> Der Spiegel, 28 June 2009 (in German) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Janusz Jasinski, Historia Krolewca, 1994, page 251-252 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jasinski_249-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_249_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_249_72-1">b</a> Janusz Jasinski, Historia Krolewca, 1994, page 249 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Matull, page 357 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated-74"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated_74-0">^</a> GRC, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2006" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, Paul (2006). 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Retrieved 12 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=visitkaliningrad.com&rft.pub=visitkaliningrad.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitkaliningrad.com%2Fbunkermuseum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton" class="citation web cs1">Eaton, Nicole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/building-soviet-city-the-transformation-konigsberg">"Building a Soviet City: the Transformation of Königsberg"</a>. Wilson Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wilson+Center&rft.atitle=Building+a+Soviet+City%3A+the+Transformation+of+K%C3%B6nigsberg&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Fbuilding-soviet-city-the-transformation-konigsberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bergerj10-93"><a href="#cite_ref-bergerj10_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2010" class="citation journal cs1">Berger, Stefan (13 May 2010). "How to be Russian with a Difference? Kaliningrad and its German Past". Geopolitics. 15 (2): 345–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14650040903486967">10.1080/14650040903486967</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143378878">143378878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geopolitics&rft.atitle=How+to+be+Russian+with+a+Difference%3F+Kaliningrad+and+its+German+Past&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=345-366&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14650040903486967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143378878%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-university-94"><a href="#cite_ref-university_94-0">^</a> Michael Wieck: A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a "Certified Jew," University of Wisconsin Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-18544-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-18544-3">0-299-18544-3</a>, Hans Lehndorff: East Prussian Diary, A Journal of Faith, 1945–1947 London 1963 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Bernhard Fisch and Marina Klemeševa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zfo-online.de/portal/index.php/zfo/article/view/5979/5978">"Zum Schicksal der Deutschen in Königsberg 1945–1948 (im Spiegel bislang unbekannter russischer Quellen)"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zfo-online.de/portal/index.php/zfo/article/view/5979">Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung Bd. 44 Nr. 3 (1995)</a>, pages 394, 395, 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Andreas Kossert, Ostpreußen. Geschichte und Mythos, 2007 Pantheon Verlag, PDF edition, p. 347. Peter B. Clark (The Death of East Prussia. War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province, Andover Press 2013, PDF edition, p. 326) refers to Professor Wilhelm Starlinger, the director of the city's two hospitals that cared for typhus patients, who estimated that out of a population of about 100,000 in April 1945, some 25,000 had survived by the time large-scale evacuations began in 1947. This estimate is also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bessel" title="Richard Bessel">Richard Bessel</a>, "Unnatural Deaths", in: The Illustrated Oxford History of World War II, edited by Richard Overy, Oxford University Press 2015, pp. 321 to 343 (p. 336). </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/450802a.html">"The Potsdam Declaration"</a>. 2 August 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010719233857/https://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/450802a.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2001. Retrieved 2 April 2009 – via <a href="/wiki/Ibiblio" title="Ibiblio">ibiblio</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Potsdam+Declaration&rft.date=1945-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fpolicy%2F1945%2F450802a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a5_4.php">Кёнигсберг мог стать Балтийском.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201084522/https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a5_4.php">Archived</a> 1 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // klgd.ru </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a8_5.php">Кёнигсберг-Калининград. Поиск самоидентификации.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106035920/https://www.klgd.ru/city/history/almanac/a8_5.php">Archived</a> 6 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // klgd.ru </li> <li id="cite_note-Milan_Bufon_2014_97-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milan_Bufon_2014_97_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milan_Bufon_2014_97_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilan_Bufon2014" class="citation book cs1">Milan Bufon (11 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GpoxBwAAQBAJ&q=kaliningrad&pg=PA97">The New European Frontiers: Social and Spatial (Re)Integration Issues in Multicultural and Border Regions</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5936-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5936-3"><bdi>978-1-4438-5936-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+European+Frontiers%3A+Social+and+Spatial+%28Re%29Integration+Issues+in+Multicultural+and+Border+Regions&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-5936-3&rft.au=Milan+Bufon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGpoxBwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkaliningrad%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://window.edu.ru/window/library/pdf2txt?p_id=5810">Социально-экономическая география Балтийского региона.</a> // window.edu.ru </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/politics/k95640.html">Калининград: От реликта России до процветающего города Прибалтики («The Independent», Великобритания).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827151959/http://www.newkaliningrad.ru/news/politics/k95640.html">Archived</a> 27 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // newkaliningrad.ru </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Roqueplo O: La Russie et son Miroir d'Extrême-Occident, Langues'O, HAL, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_104-1">b</a> Roqueplo O: La Russie et son miroir d'Extrême-Occident, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TREATIES/RUS-POL1957SF.PDF">"Russia (USSR) / Poland Treaty (with annexed maps) concerning the Demarcation of the Existing Soviet–Polish State Frontier in the Sector Adjoining the Baltic Sea 5 March 1957"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+%28USSR%29+%2F+Poland+Treaty+%28with+annexed+maps%29+concerning+the+Demarcation+of+the+Existing+Soviet%E2%80%93Polish+State+Frontier+in+the+Sector+Adjoining+the+Baltic+Sea+5+March+1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2FLEGISLATIONANDTREATIES%2FPDFFILES%2FTREATIES%2FRUS-POL1957SF.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> For other issues of the frontier <a href="/wiki/Delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimitation">delimitation</a> see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/STATEFILES/POL.htm">"Maritime boundary delimitation agreements and other material"</a>. Retrieved 2 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+boundary+delimitation+agreements+and+other+material&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Flos%2FLEGISLATIONANDTREATIES%2FSTATEFILES%2FPOL.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinberg2005" class="citation book cs1">Weinberg, Gerhard L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionsofvictory00wein">Visions of Victory: The hopes of eight World War II leaders</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionsofvictory00wein/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85254-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85254-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Victory%3A+The+hopes+of+eight+World+War+II+leaders&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85254-8&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionsofvictory00wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrickus2002" class="citation book cs1">Krickus, Richard J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDOUZEEnHFUC&pg=PA39">"2. Kaliningrad under Soviet and Russian Rule"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sDOUZEEnHFUC">The Kaliningrad Question</a>. Lanham, Maryland, United States: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1705-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-1705-9"><bdi>978-0-7425-1705-9</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Kaliningrad+under+Soviet+and+Russian+Rule&rft.btitle=The+Kaliningrad+Question&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland%2C+United+States&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-1705-9&rft.aulast=Krickus&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsDOUZEEnHFUC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegrefe2010" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wiegrefe, Klaus (22 May 2010). Müller von Blumencron, Mathias; Mascolo, Georg (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014130823/http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-70569479.html">"Zeitgeschichte: Historischer Ballast"</a> [Contemporary History: Historical Ballast]. <a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (in German). Hamburg, Germany: Spiegel-Berlag. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2195-1349">2195-1349</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-70569479.html">the original</a> on 14 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Zeitgeschichte%3A+Historischer+Ballast&rft.date=2010-05-22&rft.issn=2195-1349&rft.aulast=Wiegrefe&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fspiegel%2Fprint%2Fd-70569479.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2010" class="citation web cs1">Berger, Stefan (31 July 2010). <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rusbridger" title="Alan Rusbridger">Rusbridger, Alan</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206033943/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jul/31/kalingrad-kant-home-return-german">"Should Kant's home once again be German?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London, England, United Kingdom. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-3224">1756-3224</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60623878">60623878</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jul/31/kalingrad-kant-home-return-german">the original</a> on 6 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Should+Kant%27s+home+once+again+be+German%3F&rft.date=2010-07-31&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60623878&rft.issn=1756-3224&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fjul%2F31%2Fkalingrad-kant-home-return-german&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-konversations-111"><a href="#cite_ref-konversations_111-0">^</a> Meyers Konversations-Lexikon. 6th edition, vol. 11, Leipzig and Vienna 1908, p. 387 (in German). </li> <li id="cite_note-gemeindelexikon-112"><a href="#cite_ref-gemeindelexikon_112-0">^</a> Gemeindelexikon für das Königreich Preußen. Heft 1, Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Landesamtes, Berlin 1907, p. 118 + 119 (in German). </li> <li id="cite_note-brockhaus-113"><a href="#cite_ref-brockhaus_113-0">^</a> Der Große Brockhaus, 15th edition, vol. 10 (Leipzig 1931), p. 382 (in German). </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendelssohn-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Mendelssohn_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReade,_Cyril2007" class="citation book cs1">Reade, Cyril (2007). Mendelssohn to Mendelsohn: Visual Case Studies of Jewish Life in Berlin. Peter Lang. pp. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-531-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-531-1"><bdi>978-3-03910-531-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mendelssohn+to+Mendelsohn%3A+Visual+Case+Studies+of+Jewish+Life+in+Berlin&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-531-1&rft.au=Reade%2C+Cyril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jasinski-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jasinski_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasiński,_Janusz1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Jasi%C5%84ski" title="Janusz Jasiński">Jasiński, Janusz</a> (1994). Historia Królewca: szkice z XIII-XX stulecia. Olsztyn: Ksiaznica Polska. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85702-03-2" title="Special:BookSources/83-85702-03-2"><bdi>83-85702-03-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Kr%C3%B3lewca%3A+szkice+z+XIII-XX+stulecia&rft.place=Olsztyn&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Ksiaznica+Polska&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=83-85702-03-2&rft.au=Jasi%C5%84ski%2C+Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Fall_of_Hitler's_Fortress_City:_The_Battle_for_Königsberg,_1945-116"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Fall_of_Hitler's_Fortress_City:_The_Battle_for_Königsberg,_1945_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanny,_Isabel2009" class="citation book cs1">Danny, Isabel (2009). The Fall of Hitler's Fortress City: The Battle for Königsberg, 1945. 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Wydawnictwo "Littera". p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-89775-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-89775-03-0"><bdi>978-83-89775-03-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wybitni+Polacy+w+Kr%C3%B3lewcu%3A+XVI-XX+wiek&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+%22Littera%22&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-83-89775-03-0&rft.au=S%C5%82awomir+Augusiewicz&rft.au=Janusz+Jasi%C5%84ski&rft.au=Tadeusz+Oracki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL99oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005127-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005127_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasiński2005">Jasiński 2005</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005123–132-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005123–132_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJasiński2005123–132_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJasiński2005">Jasiński 2005</a>, pp. 123–132. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorzyszkowski2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borzyszkowski, Józef (2006). 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Leer: Gerhard Rautenberg. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7921-0320-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-7921-0320-6"><bdi>3-7921-0320-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+der+Stadt+K%C3%B6nigsberg%2FPr.+und+Umgebung&rft.place=Leer&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Gerhard+Rautenberg&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=3-7921-0320-6&rft.aulast=Albinus&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andreas_Osiander._Gesamtausgabe._Schriften_und_Briefe_1549_bis_August_1551-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Andreas_Osiander._Gesamtausgabe._Schriften_und_Briefe_1549_bis_August_1551_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerSeebass1994" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Gerhard; Seebass, Gottfried (1994). Andreas Osiander. Gesamtausgabe. Schriften und Briefe 1549 bis August 1551. Vol. 9. Gütersloh: Mohn. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-579-00133-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-579-00133-7"><bdi>3-579-00133-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andreas+Osiander.+Gesamtausgabe.+Schriften+und+Briefe+1549+bis+August+1551&rft.place=G%C3%BCtersloh&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Mohn&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=3-579-00133-7&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Seebass%2C+Gottfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gause693-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Gause693_139-0">^</a> Gause II, p. 693 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodbereski2010113–117-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodbereski2010113–117_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodbereski2010">Podbereski 2010</a>, pp. 113–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hoffmann,_Ernst_Theodor_Wilhelm">"Hoffmann, Ernst Theodor Wilhelm" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hoffmann%2C+Ernst+Theodor+Wilhelm&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kant,_Immanuel">"Kant, Immanuel" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 662–672.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kant%2C+Immanuel&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=662-672&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Lewis, Rick. 2005. 'Kant 200 Years On'. Philosophy Now. No. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-introduction-144"><a href="#cite_ref-introduction_144-0">^</a> Guyer P, "Introduction. The starry heavens and the moral law" in Guyer P (ed) The Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 2006 pp3-5. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchudel2012" class="citation news cs1">Schudel, Matt (28 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/rita-miljo-founder-of-south-african-baboon-sanctuary-dies-at-81/2012/07/28/gJQAa2qsGX_story.html">"Rita Miljo, Founder of South African Baboon Sanctuary, Dies at 81"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704144000/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/rita-miljo-founder-of-south-african-baboon-sanctuary-dies-at-81/2012/07/28/gJQAa2qsGX_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rita+Miljo%2C+Founder+of+South+African+Baboon+Sanctuary%2C+Dies+at+81&rft.date=2012-07-28&rft.aulast=Schudel&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Frita-miljo-founder-of-south-african-baboon-sanctuary-dies-at-81%2F2012%2F07%2F28%2FgJQAa2qsGX_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-baedeker-146"><a href="#cite_ref-baedeker_146-0">^</a> Baedeker, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-zinkevi-147"><a href="#cite_ref-zinkevi_147-0">^</a> Zinkevičius, p.32 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bock127-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bock127_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bock127_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock2004" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Vanessa (2004). "Die Anfänge des polnischen Buchdrucks in Königsberg. Mit einem Verzeichnis der polnischen Drucke von Hans Weinreich und Alexander Augezdecki". In Axel E. Walter (ed.). Königsberger Buch- und Bibliotheksgeschichte. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 127–155, esp. p. 127-131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Anf%C3%A4nge+des+polnischen+Buchdrucks+in+K%C3%B6nigsberg.+Mit+einem+Verzeichnis+der+polnischen+Drucke+von+Hans+Weinreich+und+Alexander+Augezdecki&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6nigsberger+Buch-+und+Bibliotheksgeschichte&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=127-155%2C+esp.+p.+127-131&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Königsberger_Buch-_und_Bibliotheksgeschichte-149"><a href="#cite_ref-Königsberger_Buch-_und_Bibliotheksgeschichte_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomorowski2004" class="citation book cs1">Komorowski, Manfred (2004). "Eine Bibliographie Königsberger Drucke vor 1800 – Utopie oder reelle Chance?". In Axel E. Walter (ed.). Königsberger Buch- und Bibliotheksgeschichte. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 169–186, esp. p. 170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eine+Bibliographie+K%C3%B6nigsberger+Drucke+vor+1800+%E2%80%93+Utopie+oder+reelle+Chance%3F&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6nigsberger+Buch-+und+Bibliotheksgeschichte&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=169-186%2C+esp.+p.+170&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Komorowski&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock2004" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Vanessa (2004). "Die Anfänge des polnischen Buchdrucks in Königsberg. Mit einem Verzeichnis der polnischen Drucke von Hans Weinreich und Alexander Augezdecki". In Axel E. Walter (ed.). Königsberger Buch- und Bibliotheksgeschichte. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 127–155, esp. p. 127-131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Anf%C3%A4nge+des+polnischen+Buchdrucks+in+K%C3%B6nigsberg.+Mit+einem+Verzeichnis+der+polnischen+Drucke+von+Hans+Weinreich+und+Alexander+Augezdecki&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6nigsberger+Buch-+und+Bibliotheksgeschichte&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=127-155%2C+esp.+p.+127-131&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-northern25-150"><a href="#cite_ref-northern25_150-0">^</a> Kirby, Northern Europe, p. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bock131-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Bock131_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock2004" class="citation book cs1">Bock, Vanessa (2004). "Die Anfänge des polnischen Buchdrucks in Königsberg. Mit einem Verzeichnis der polnischen Drucke von Hans Weinreich und Alexander Augezdecki". In Axel E. Walter (ed.). Königsberger Buch- und Bibliotheksgeschichte. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 127–155, esp. p. 131-132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Anf%C3%A4nge+des+polnischen+Buchdrucks+in+K%C3%B6nigsberg.+Mit+einem+Verzeichnis+der+polnischen+Drucke+von+Hans+Weinreich+und+Alexander+Augezdecki&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6nigsberger+Buch-+und+Bibliotheksgeschichte&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=127-155%2C+esp.+p.+131-132&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Textarten_im_Sprachwandel._Nach_der_Erfindung_des_Buchdrucks-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Textarten_im_Sprachwandel._Nach_der_Erfindung_des_Buchdrucks_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosseWellmann1996" class="citation book cs1">Grosse, Rudolf; Wellmann, Hans (1996). Textarten im Sprachwandel. Nach der Erfindung des Buchdrucks. Heidelberg: Winter. p. 65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textarten+im+Sprachwandel.+Nach+der+Erfindung+des+Buchdrucks&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Winter&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Grosse&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft.au=Wellmann%2C+Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Königsberger_Buch-_und_Bibliotheksgeschichte26-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Königsberger_Buch-_und_Bibliotheksgeschichte26_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaunas2004" class="citation book cs1">Kaunas, Domas (2004). "Die Rolle Königsbergs in der Geschichte des litauischen Buches". In Axel E. Walter (ed.). Königsberger Buch- und Bibliotheksgeschichte. Cologne: Böhlau. pp. 157–167, esp. p. 158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Rolle+K%C3%B6nigsbergs+in+der+Geschichte+des+litauischen+Buches&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6nigsberger+Buch-+und+Bibliotheksgeschichte&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=157-167%2C+esp.+p.+158&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kaunas&rft.aufirst=Domas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zien-154"><a href="#cite_ref-zien_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZieniukowa,_J2007" class="citation journal cs1">Zieniukowa, J (2007). "On the History of Polish Language in Königsberg". Acta Baltico-Slavica. Archeologia, Historia, Ethnographia, et Linguarum Scientia. 31: 325–337.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Baltico-Slavica.+Archeologia%2C+Historia%2C+Ethnographia%2C+et+Linguarum+Scientia&rft.atitle=On+the+History+of+Polish+Language+in+K%C3%B6nigsberg&rft.volume=31&rft.pages=325-337&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Zieniukowa%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPodbereski2010114-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPodbereski2010114_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodbereski2010">Podbereski 2010</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-google1-156"><a href="#cite_ref-google1_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_M._Siegman1992" class="citation book cs1">Joseph M. Siegman (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qpiphgls99IC&q=Lilli+Henoch+jewish&pg=PA167">The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame</a>. SP Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56171-028-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56171-028-8"><bdi>1-56171-028-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Jewish+Sports+Hall+of+Fame&rft.pub=SP+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-56171-028-8&rft.au=Joseph+M.+Siegman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQpiphgls99IC%26q%3DLilli%2BHenoch%2Bjewish%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Königsberg-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Königsberg_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20101225150614/http://en.tourismkaliningrad.ru/attractions/museum/">"Museums of Kaliningrad"</a>. Tourism Kaliningrad. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.tourismkaliningrad.ru/attractions/museum/">the original</a> on 25 December 2010. Retrieved 1 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museums+of+Kaliningrad&rft.pub=Tourism+Kaliningrad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tourismkaliningrad.ru%2Fattractions%2Fmuseum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarckturm" class="extiw" title="de:Bismarckturm">de:Bismarckturm</a> Bismarck towers (<a href="/wiki/German_Wikipedia" title="German Wikipedia">German Wikipedia</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galtgarben" class="extiw" title="de:Galtgarben">Galtgarben (German Wikipedia)</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%B6nigsberg&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaedeker1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Baedeker" title="Karl Baedeker">Baedeker, Karl</a> (1904). Baedeker's Northern Germany. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baedeker%27s+Northern+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Baedeker&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Biskup" title="Marian Biskup">Biskup, Marian</a>. Königsberg gegenüber Polen und dem Litauen der Jagiellonen zur Zeit des Mittelalters (bis 1525) in Królewiec a Polska Olsztyn 1993 (in German)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBötticher1897" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_B%C3%B6tticher" title="Adolf Bötticher">Bötticher, Adolf</a> (1897). Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Ostpreußen. Heft VII. Königsberg (in German). Königsberg: Rautenberg. p. 395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Bau-+und+Kunstdenkm%C3%A4ler+der+Provinz+Ostpreu%C3%9Fen.+Heft+VII.+K%C3%B6nigsberg&rft.place=K%C3%B6nigsberg&rft.pages=395&rft.pub=Rautenberg&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6tticher&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiansen1997" class="citation book cs1">Christiansen, Erik (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287">The Northern Crusades</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/287">287</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026653-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026653-4"><bdi>0-14-026653-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Crusades&rft.place=London&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-14-026653-4&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnortherncrusades00eric%2Fpage%2F287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clark" title="Christopher Clark">Clark, Christopher</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri/page/776">Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947</a>. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ironkingdomrised00chri/page/776">776</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-02385-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-02385-4"><bdi>0-674-02385-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Kingdom%3A+The+Rise+and+Downfall+of+Prussia+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=776&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-674-02385-4&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fironkingdomrised00chri%2Fpage%2F776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2013" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Peter B. (2013). The Death of East Prussia — War and Revenge in Germany's Easternmost Province. US: Andover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-481935-75-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-481935-75-3"><bdi>978-1-481935-75-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+East+Prussia+%E2%80%94+War+and+Revenge+in+Germany%27s+Easternmost+Province&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Andover+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-481935-75-3&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Gause" title="Fritz Gause">Gause, Fritz</a>: Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg in Preußen. Three volumes, Böhlau, Cologne 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-412-08896-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-412-08896-X">3-412-08896-X</a> (in German).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGórski1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish and Latin). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zwi%C4%85zek+Pruski+i+poddanie+si%C4%99+Prus+Polsce%3A+zbi%C3%B3r+tekst%C3%B3w+%C5%BAr%C3%B3d%C5%82owych&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pub=Instytut+Zachodni&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3rski&rft.aufirst=Karol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolborn1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hajo_Holborn" title="Hajo Holborn">Holborn, Hajo</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng01holb">A History of Modern Germany: 1648–1840</a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 556.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%3A+1648%E2%80%931840&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=556&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng01holb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolborn1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hajo_Holborn" title="Hajo Holborn">Holborn, Hajo</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/844">A History of Modern Germany: 1840–1945</a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/844">844</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00797-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00797-7"><bdi>0-691-00797-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%3A+1840%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=844&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-00797-7&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng00hajo%2Fpage%2F844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasiński2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jasiński, Janusz (2005). "Polska a Królewiec". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). 2 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Komunikaty+Mazursko-Warmi%C5%84skie&rft.atitle=Polska+a+Kr%C3%B3lewiec&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Jasi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kirby_(historian)" title="David Kirby (historian)">Kirby, David</a> (1990). Northern Europe in the Early Modern Period: The Baltic World, 1492–1772. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-00410-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-00410-1"><bdi>0-582-00410-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Europe+in+the+Early+Modern+Period%3A+The+Baltic+World%2C+1492%E2%80%931772&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-582-00410-1&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kirby_(historian)" title="David Kirby (historian)">Kirby, David</a> (1999). The Baltic World, 1772–1993: Europe's Northern Periphery in an Age of Change. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-00408-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-00408-X"><bdi>0-582-00408-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+World%2C+1772%E2%80%931993%3A+Europe%27s+Northern+Periphery+in+an+Age+of+Change&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-582-00408-X&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMałłek1992" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Małłek, Janusz (1992). "Polityka miasta Królewca wobec Polski w latach 1525–1701". Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie (in Polish). No. 3–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Komunikaty+Mazursko-Warmi%C5%84skie&rft.atitle=Polityka+miasta+Kr%C3%B3lewca+wobec+Polski+w+latach+1525%E2%80%931701&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%82%C5%82ek&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ostpreussen.net/index.php?seite_id=12&bericht=04&kreis=38&stadt=01">"Juden in Königsberg"</a> (in German). Ostpreussen.net. 12 December 2006. Retrieved 5 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juden+in+K%C3%B6nigsberg&rft.pub=Ostpreussen.net&rft.date=2006-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ostpreussen.net%2Findex.php%3Fseite_id%3D12%26bericht%3D04%26kreis%3D38%26stadt%3D01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodbereski2010" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podbereski, Wacław (2010). "Królewiec – Koenigsberg – Kaliningrad". Znad Wilii (in Polish). Vol. 4, no. 44. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1392-9712">1392-9712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Znad+Wilii&rft.atitle=Kr%C3%B3lewiec+%E2%80%93+Koenigsberg+%E2%80%93+Kaliningrad&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=113&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1392-9712&rft.aulast=Podbereski&rft.aufirst=Wac%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)" title="Stephen Turnbull (historian)">Turnbull, Stephen</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fortresscrusader01turn">Crusader Castles of the Teutonic Knights (1): The red-brick castles of Prussia 1230–1466</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fortresscrusader01turn/page/n65">64</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-557-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-557-0"><bdi>1-84176-557-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crusader+Castles+of+the+Teutonic+Knights+%281%29%3A+The+red-brick+castles+of+Prussia+1230%E2%80%931466&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84176-557-0&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffortresscrusader01turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Urban" title="William Urban">Urban, William</a> (2003). The Teutonic Knights: A Military History. London: <a href="/wiki/Greenhill_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenhill Books">Greenhill Books</a>. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85367-535-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85367-535-0"><bdi>1-85367-535-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teutonic+Knights%3A+A+Military+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-85367-535-0&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieck2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wieck" title="Michael Wieck">Wieck, Michael</a> (2003). A Childhood Under Hitler and Stalin: Memoirs of a "Certified Jew. Madison: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-18544-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-18544-3"><bdi>0-299-18544-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Childhood+Under+Hitler+and+Stalin%3A+Memoirs+of+a+%22Certified+Jew&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-299-18544-3&rft.aulast=Wieck&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinkevičius2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zigmas_Zinkevi%C4%8Dius" title="Zigmas Zinkevičius">Zinkevičius, Zigmas</a> (2008). Mažosios Lietuvos indėlis į lietuvių kultūrą. Vilnius: <a href="/wiki/Mokslo_ir_enciklopedij%C5%B3_leidybos_institutas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas">Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas</a>. p. 286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-420-01621-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-420-01621-3"><bdi>978-5-420-01621-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ma%C5%BEosios+Lietuvos+ind%C4%97lis+%C4%AF+lietuvi%C5%B3+kult%C5%ABr%C4%85&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=Mokslo+ir+enciklopedij%C5%B3+leidybos+institutas&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-5-420-01621-3&rft.aulast=Zinkevi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Zigmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C3%B6nigsberg" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:K%C3%B6nigsberg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Königsberg">Königsberg</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/K%C3%B6nigsberg" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Königsberg">Königsberg</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.kneiphof.ru/">Photoarchaeology of Kneiphof</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008072536/http://www.swajdo.travel.pl/kaliningrad.htm">Kaliningrad Photo Gallery – Reisebilder aus Königsberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koenigsberg-is-dead.de">The Film Königsberg is dead, France/Germany 2004 by Max & Gilbert</a> (in German and English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.territorial.de/ostp/koen/koen.htm">Territory's history from 1815 to 1945</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.upc.nl/joostr/PLAN-ORTE-KOENIGSBERG.htm">Interactive Map with photos of Königsberg and modern Kaliningrad</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729185917/http://members.upc.nl/joostr/PLAN-ORTE-KOENIGSBERG.htm">Archived</a> 29 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kng750.kanet.ru/index.htm">Site with 400+ side-by-side photos of 1939/2005 identical locations in Königsberg/Kaliningrad</a> (in Russian and German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronet.nl/~jlemmens/">Northeast Prussia 2000: Travel Photos</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book-olds.ru/BookLibrary/19005-Korni-v-Germanii.html">Adreßbuch der Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg., Адресная книга Кёнигсберга. (нем. яз.)(1770–1941) </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde (Darłowo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin (Szczecin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp (Słupsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig (Gdańsk)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau (Wrocław)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat (Tartu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing (Elbląg)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Königsberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow (Kraków)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval (Tallinn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga (Rīga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn (Toruń)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> 1 <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> 1</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>2 </li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vitten</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li>2 The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4120832#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4120832#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4120832#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154153242">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcMKbCq9cqk4HDj4RtKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4031541-1">Germany</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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[\"CITEREFGannon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGliński\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrosseWellmann1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGórski1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaga2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarold_EllisSir_Roy_CalneChristopher_Watson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolborn1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolborn1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanusz_Małłek1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJasiński,_Janusz1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJasiński2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerzy_Oleksiński1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_M._Siegman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaunas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirby1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomorowski2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrašovec,_Jože1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrickus2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipinski,_Roman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatull1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMałłek1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilan_Bufon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorfill,_Richard1883\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüllerSeebass1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodbereski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReade,_Cyril2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRyabushev2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchudel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSławomir_AugusiewiczJanusz_JasińskiTadeusz_Oracki2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniwersytet_im._Adama_Mickiewicza_w_Poznaniu,_Instytut_Historii1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrban2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalenty_Piłat1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeinberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieck2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiegrefe2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrzesiński,_WojciechAchremczyk,_Stanisław1993\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFZammito,_John_H.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZieniukowa,_J2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinkevičius2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFКлемешев_А._П.Калининградский_государственный_университет2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 18,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Konigsberg\"] = 1,\n [\"Deadlink\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Hanseatic League\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Infobox ancient site\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Wikisource1911Enc\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5w7wd","timestamp":"20241124161035","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"K\u00f6nigsberg","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K%C3%B6nigsberg","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4120832","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4120832","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-30T16:44:35Z","dateModified":"2024-10-31T20:30:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/ba\/K%C3%B6nigsberg_Castle.jpg","headline":"historic Prussian name of Kaliningrad"}</script> </body> </html>