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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cumulus-oocyte_complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cumulus-oocyte_complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cumulus-oocyte complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cumulus-oocyte_complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maternal_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Maternal contributions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maternal_contributions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maternal contributions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maternal_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avoidance_of_damage_to_germ-line_DNA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avoidance_of_damage_to_germ-line_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Avoidance of damage to germ-line DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avoidance_of_damage_to_germ-line_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mRNAs_and_proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mRNAs_and_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>mRNAs and proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mRNAs_and_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitochondria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitochondria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mitochondria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitochondria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nucleolus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nucleolus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nucleolus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nucleolus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ribosomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ribosomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Ribosomes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ribosomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prophase_I_arrest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prophase_I_arrest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prophase I arrest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prophase_I_arrest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paternal_contributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paternal_contributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Paternal contributions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paternal_contributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abnormalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abnormalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Abnormalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abnormalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خلية بيضية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلية بيضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyt" title="Oocyt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oocyt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyt" title="Oocyt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oocyt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eizelle" title="Eizelle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eizelle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%8D%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Ωοκύτταρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ωοκύτταρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocito" title="Oocito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oocito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocito" title="Oocito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oocito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obozito" title="Obozito – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Obozito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اووسیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اووسیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovocyte" title="Ovocyte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ovocyte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovocito" title="Ovocito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ovocito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocito" title="Oocito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oocito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosit" title="Oosit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oosit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovocito" title="Ovocito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ovocito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഊസൈറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഊസൈറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%B6cyt" title="Oöcyt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oöcyt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E6%AF%8D%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" title="卵母細胞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="卵母細胞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovocit" title="Ovocit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ovocit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyt" title="Oocyt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oocyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%B3cito" title="Ovócito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ovócito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Ооцит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ооцит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyt" title="Oocyt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oocyt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosit" title="Oosit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Oosit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Immature ovum or egg cell</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:thistle">Oocyte</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D009865">D009865</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Foundational_Model_of_Anatomy" title="Foundational Model of Anatomy">FMA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bioportal.bioontology.org/ontologies/FMA/?p=classes&conceptid=http%3A%2F%2Fpurl.org%2Fsig%2Font%2Ffma%2Ffma18644">18644</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a><div style="text-align: right;"><small class="noprint">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246226" class="extiw" title="d:Q3246226">edit on Wikidata</a>]</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>oocyte</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <b>oöcyte</b>, or <b>ovocyte</b>) is a female <a href="/wiki/Gametocyte" title="Gametocyte">gametocyte</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cell</a> involved in <a href="/wiki/Biological_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological reproduction">reproduction</a>. In other words, it is an <a href="/wiki/Immature_ovum" title="Immature ovum">immature ovum</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cell</a>. An oocyte is produced in a female fetus in the ovary during <a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">female gametogenesis</a>. The female germ cells produce a primordial germ cell (PGC), which then undergoes <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">oogonia</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">oogenesis</a>, the oogonia become primary oocytes. An oocyte is a form of genetic material that can be collected for <a href="/wiki/Cryoconservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryoconservation">cryoconservation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gray5.png/330px-Gray5.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Gray5.png/390px-Gray5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Gray5.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing the reduction in number of the <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a> in the process of maturation of the <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a>; the process is known as <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></div> <p>The formation of an oocyte is called oocytogenesis, which is a part of oogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oogenesis results in the formation of both <b>primary oocytes</b> during fetal period, and of <b>secondary</b> oocytes after it as part of <a href="/wiki/Ovulation" title="Ovulation">ovulation</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cell type</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy">ploidy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">chromosomes</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chromatids" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatids">chromatids</a></th> <th>Process</th> <th>Time of completion </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">Oogonium</a></td> <td>diploid/46(2N)</td> <td>2C</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oocytogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Oocytogenesis">Oocytogenesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>)</td> <td>third trimester </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>primary Oocyte</b></td> <td>diploid/46(2N)</td> <td>4C</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ootidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootidogenesis">Ootidogenesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> I) (<a href="/wiki/Folliculogenesis" title="Folliculogenesis">Folliculogenesis</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dictyate" title="Dictyate">Dictyate</a> in prophase I for up to 50 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>secondary Oocyte</b></td> <td>haploid/23(1N)</td> <td>2C</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ootidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootidogenesis">Ootidogenesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> II)</td> <td>Halted in metaphase II until fertilization </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ootid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootid">Ootid</a></td> <td>haploid/23(1N)</td> <td>1C</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ootidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootidogenesis">Ootidogenesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> II)</td> <td>Minutes after fertilization </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">Ovum</a></td> <td>haploid/23(1N)</td> <td>1C</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cytoplasm">Cytoplasm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cytoplasm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oocytes are rich in <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, which contains yolk granules to nourish the cell early in development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleus">Nucleus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nucleus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the primary oocyte stage of oogenesis, the nucleus is called a germinal vesicle.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only normal human type of secondary oocyte has the 23rd (sex) chromosome as 23,X (female-determining), whereas sperm can have 23,X (female-determining) or 23,Y (male-determining). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nest">Nest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The space within an ovum or immature ovum is located is the <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell_nest" title="Germ cell nest">cell-nest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cumulus-oocyte_complex">Cumulus-oocyte complex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cumulus-oocyte complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cumulus-oocyte complex contains layers of tightly packed cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte in the Graafian follicle. The oocyte is arrested in Meiosis II at the stage of metaphase II at the diplotene stage and is considered a secondary oocyte. Before ovulation, the <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_oophorus" title="Cumulus oophorus">cumulus complex</a> goes through a structural change known as cumulus expansion. The granulosa cells transform from tightly compacted to an expanded mucoid matrix. Many studies show that cumulus expansion is critical for the maturation of the oocyte because the cumulus complex is the oocyte's direct communication with the developing follicle environment. It also plays a significant role in fertilization, though the mechanisms are not entirely known and are species specific.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maternal_contributions">Maternal contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maternal contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oocyte_Poles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="diagram of an oocyte with its vegetal and animal hemispheres identified" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oocyte_Poles.jpg/250px-Oocyte_Poles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Oocyte_Poles.jpg/330px-Oocyte_Poles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Oocyte_Poles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>Oocyte poles</figcaption></figure> <p>In order for an oocyte to become fertilized and ultimately grow into a fully functioning organism, it must be able to regulate multiple cellular and developmental processes. The oocyte, a large and complex cell, must be able to direct the growth of the embryo and control cellular activities. As the oocyte is a product of female <a href="/wiki/Gametogenesis" title="Gametogenesis">gametogenesis</a>, the maternal contribution to the oocyte and consequently the newly fertilized egg, is enormous. There are many types of molecules that are maternally supplied to the oocyte, which will direct various activities within the growing <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avoidance_of_damage_to_germ-line_DNA">Avoidance of damage to germ-line DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Avoidance of damage to germ-line DNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The DNA of a cell is vulnerable to the damaging effect of oxidative free radicals produced as byproducts of cellular metabolism. DNA damage occurring in oocytes, if not repaired, can be lethal and result in reduced fecundity and loss of potential progeny. Oocytes are substantially larger than the average somatic cell, and thus considerable metabolic activity is necessary for their provisioning. If this metabolic activity were carried out by the oocyte's metabolic machinery, the oocyte genome would be exposed to the reactive oxidative by-products generated. Thus it appears that a process evolved to avoid this vulnerability of germline DNA. It was proposed that, in order to avoid damage to the DNA genome of the oocytes, the metabolism contributing to the synthesis of much of the oocyte's constituents was shifted to other maternal cells that then transferred these constituents to oocytes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, oocytes of many organisms are protected from oxidative DNA damage while storing up a large mass of substances to nurture the zygote in its initial embryonic growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="mRNAs_and_proteins">mRNAs and proteins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: mRNAs and proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the growth of the oocyte, a variety of maternally transcribed messenger RNAs, or <a href="/wiki/Messenger_RNA" title="Messenger RNA">mRNAs</a>, are supplied by maternal cells. These mRNAs can be stored in mRNP (message ribonucleoprotein) complexes and be translated at specific time points, they can be localized within a specific region of the cytoplasm, or they can be homogeneously dispersed within the cytoplasm of the entire oocyte.<sup id="cite_ref-Mtango_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mtango-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maternally loaded <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> can also be localized or ubiquitous throughout the cytoplasm. The translated products of the mRNAs and the loaded proteins have multiple functions; from regulation of cellular "house-keeping" such as cell cycle progression and cellular metabolism, to regulation of developmental processes such as <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilization</a>, activation of zygotic transcription, and formation of body axes.<sup id="cite_ref-Mtango_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mtango-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Below are some examples of maternally inherited mRNAs and proteins found in the oocytes of the <a href="/wiki/African_clawed_frog" title="African clawed frog">African clawed frog</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Type of maternal molecule </th> <th>Localization </th> <th>Function </th></tr> <tr> <td>VegT<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>mRNA </td> <td>Vegetal hemisphere </td> <td>Transcription factor </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vg1<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>mRNA </td> <td>Vegetal hemisphere </td> <td>Transcription factor </td></tr> <tr> <td>XXBP-1<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>mRNA </td> <td>Not known </td> <td>Transcription factor </td></tr> <tr> <td>CREB<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Protein </td> <td>Ubiquitous </td> <td>Transcription factor </td></tr> <tr> <td>FoxH1<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>mRNA </td> <td>Ubiquitous </td> <td>Transcription factor </td></tr> <tr> <td>p53<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Protein </td> <td>Ubiquitous </td> <td>Transcription Factor </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lef/Tcf<sup id="cite_ref-Heasman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heasman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>mRNA </td> <td>Ubiquitous </td> <td>Transcription factor </td></tr> <tr> <td>FGF2<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Protein </td> <td>Nucleus </td> <td>Not known </td></tr> <tr> <td>FGF2, 4, 9 FGFR1<sup id="cite_ref-Heasman_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heasman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>mRNA </td> <td>Not known </td> <td>FGF signaling </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ectodermin<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Protein </td> <td>Animal hemisphere </td> <td>Ubiquitin ligase </td></tr> <tr> <td>PACE4<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>mRNA </td> <td>Vegetal hemisphere </td> <td>Proprotein convertase </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coco<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Protein </td> <td>Not known </td> <td>BMP inhibitor </td></tr> <tr> <td>Twisted gastrulation<sup id="cite_ref-Heasman_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heasman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Protein </td> <td>Not known </td> <td>BMP/Chordin binding protein </td></tr> <tr> <td>fatvg<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>mRNA </td> <td>Vegetal hemisphere </td> <td>Germ cell formation and cortical rotation </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oocyte_Determinants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a diagram of the Xenopus laevis oocyte and its maternal determinants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Oocyte_Determinants.jpg/250px-Oocyte_Determinants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Oocyte_Determinants.jpg/330px-Oocyte_Determinants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Oocyte_Determinants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption> Maternal determinants in <a href="/wiki/African_clawed_frog" title="African clawed frog"><i>Xenopus laevis</i></a> oocyte</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitochondria">Mitochondria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mitochondria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oocyte receives <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a> from maternal cells, which will go on to control embryonic metabolism and apoptotic events.<sup id="cite_ref-Mtango_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mtango-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The partitioning of mitochondria is carried out by a system of <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a> that will localize mitochondria throughout the oocyte. In certain organisms, such as mammals, paternal mitochondria brought to the oocyte by the spermatozoon are degraded through the attachment of ubiquitinated proteins. The destruction of paternal mitochondria ensures the strictly maternal inheritance of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).<sup id="cite_ref-Mtango_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mtango-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nucleolus">Nucleolus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nucleolus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In mammals, the <a href="/wiki/Nucleolus" title="Nucleolus">nucleolus</a> of the oocyte is derived solely from maternal cells.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogushi_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogushi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nucleolus, a structure found within the nucleus, is the location where rRNA is transcribed and assembled into ribosomes. While the nucleolus is dense and inactive in a mature oocyte, it is required for proper development of the embryo.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogushi_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogushi-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ribosomes">Ribosomes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ribosomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maternal cells also synthesize and contribute a store of <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a> that are required for the translation of proteins before the <a href="/wiki/Zygotic_genome_activation" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygotic genome activation">zygotic genome is activated</a>. In mammalian oocytes, maternally derived ribosomes and some mRNAs are stored in a structure called cytoplasmic lattices. These cytoplasmic lattices, a network of fibrils, protein, and RNAs, have been observed to increase in density as the number of ribosomes decrease within a growing oocyte<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mutation in them have been linked to infertility.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prophase_I_arrest">Prophase I arrest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prophase I arrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Female mammals and birds are born possessing all the oocytes needed for future ovulations, and these oocytes are arrested at the prophase I stage of <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mira1998_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mira1998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, as an example, oocytes are formed between three and four months of <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a> within the fetus and are therefore present at birth. During this prophase I arrested stage (<a href="/wiki/Dictyate" title="Dictyate">dictyate</a>), which may last for many years, four copies of the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> are present in the oocytes. The arrest of ooctyes at the four genome copy stage appears to provide the informational redundancy needed to <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repair damage in the DNA</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Germline" title="Germline">germline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mira1998_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mira1998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repair process used likely involves <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombinational</a> repair.<sup id="cite_ref-Mira1998_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mira1998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stringer2020_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stringer2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prophase arrested oocytes have a high capability for efficient repair of <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA damages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stringer2020_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stringer2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, <a href="/wiki/DNA_damage_(naturally_occurring)" title="DNA damage (naturally occurring)">DNA double-strand breaks</a> can be repaired during the period of prophase arrest by <a href="/wiki/Homologous_recombination" title="Homologous recombination">homologous recombinational repair</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Non-homologous_end_joining" title="Non-homologous end joining">non-homologous end joining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA repair capability appears to be a key quality control mechanism in the female germ line and a critical determinant of <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stringer2020_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stringer2020-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paternal_contributions">Paternal contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paternal contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoon</a> that fertilizes an oocyte will contribute its <a href="/wiki/Pronucleus" title="Pronucleus">pronucleus</a>, the other half of the zygotic <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a>. In some species, the spermatozoon will also contribute a <a href="/wiki/Centriole" title="Centriole">centriole</a>, which will help make up the zygotic <a href="/wiki/Centrosome" title="Centrosome">centrosome</a> required for the first division. However, in some species, such as in the mouse, the entire centrosome is acquired maternally.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently under investigation is the possibility of other cytoplasmic contributions made to the embryo by the spermatozoon. </p><p>During fertilization, the sperm provides three essential parts to the oocyte: (1) a signalling or activating factor, which causes the metabolically dormant oocyte to activate; (2) the haploid paternal genome; (3) the centrosome, which is responsible for maintaining the microtubule system. See anatomy of <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abnormalities">Abnormalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Abnormalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nondisjunction" title="Nondisjunction">Nondisjunction</a>—a failure of proper homolog separation in meiosis I, or sister <a href="/wiki/Chromatid" title="Chromatid">chromatid</a> separation in meiosis II can lead to <a href="/wiki/Aneuploidy" title="Aneuploidy">aneuploidy</a>, in which the oocyte has the wrong number of chromosomes, for example 22,X or 24,X. This is the cause of conditions like <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwards_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwards syndrome">Edwards syndrome</a> in humans. It is more likely with <a href="/wiki/Advanced_maternal_age" title="Advanced maternal age">advanced maternal age</a>.</li> <li>Some oocytes have multiple <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclei</a>, although it is thought they never mature.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortical_granule" title="Cortical granule">Cortical granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryoconservation_of_animal_genetic_resources" title="Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources">Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folliculogenesis" title="Folliculogenesis">Folliculogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_maturation_inhibitor" title="Oocyte maturation inhibitor">Oocyte maturation inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_body" title="Polar body">Polar body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry_breaking_and_cortical_rotation" title="Symmetry breaking and cortical rotation">Symmetry breaking and cortical rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_abnormalities" title="Oocyte abnormalities">Oocyte abnormalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_distinct_cell_types_in_the_adult_human_body" class="mw-redirect" title="List of distinct cell types in the adult human body">List of distinct cell types in the adult human body</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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"Paternal contributions to the mammalian zygote: fertilization after sperm-egg fusion". <i>International Review of Cytology</i>. <b>195</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0074-7696%2808%2962703-5">10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62703-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-364599-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-364599-9"><bdi>978-0-12-364599-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10603574">10603574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Cytology&rft.atitle=Paternal+contributions+to+the+mammalian+zygote%3A+fertilization+after+sperm-egg+fusion&rft.volume=195&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10603574&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0074-7696%2808%2962703-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-364599-9&rft.aulast=Sutovsky&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Schatten%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOocyte" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurvesOriansSadavaHeller2004" class="citation book cs1">Purves WK, Orians GH, Sadava D, Heller HC (2004). <i>Life: The Science of Biology</i> (7th ed.). Freeman, W. H. & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">823–</span>824. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-9856-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-9856-9"><bdi>978-0-7167-9856-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life%3A+The+Science+of+Biology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E823-%3C%2Fspan%3E824&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Freeman%2C+W.+H.+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-9856-9&rft.aulast=Purves&rft.aufirst=WK&rft.au=Orians%2C+GH&rft.au=Sadava%2C+D&rft.au=Heller%2C+HC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOocyte" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oocyte&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://it.stlawu.edu/~mtem/devbiol/atlas/ANTRAL1.JPG">Micrograph of a primary oocyte and follicle of a monkey</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Stages_of_human_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Stages of human development">Stages of human development</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">Sperm</a> + Oocyte </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Female_reproductive_system" title="Template:Female reproductive system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Female_reproductive_system" title="Template talk:Female reproductive system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Female_reproductive_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Female reproductive system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Female_reproductive_system91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female reproductive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterine_appendages" title="Uterine appendages">Adnexa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_follicle" title="Ovarian follicle">Follicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Corpus</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_hemorrhagicum" title="Corpus hemorrhagicum">Hemorrhagicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_luteum" title="Corpus luteum">Luteum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_albicans" title="Corpus albicans">Albicans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca_of_follicle" title="Theca of follicle">Thecae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theca_externa" title="Theca externa">Externa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theca_interna" title="Theca interna">Interna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_antrum" title="Follicular antrum">Follicular antrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicular_fluid" title="Follicular fluid">Follicular fluid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_radiata_(embryology)" title="Corona radiata (embryology)">Corona radiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zona_pellucida" title="Zona pellucida">Zona pellucida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrana_granulosa" title="Membrana granulosa">Membrana granulosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perivitelline_space" title="Perivitelline space">Perivitelline space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germinal_epithelium_(female)" title="Germinal epithelium (female)">Germinal epithelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_albuginea_(ovaries)" title="Tunica albuginea (ovaries)">Tunica albuginea</a></li> <li><i>Cortex</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulus_oophorus" title="Cumulus oophorus">Cumulus oophorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroma_of_ovary" title="Stroma of ovary">Stroma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medulla_of_ovary" title="Medulla of ovary">Medulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rete_ovarii" title="Rete ovarii">Retia ovarii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oogenesis" title="Oogenesis">Oogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oogonium" title="Oogonium">Oogonium</a></li> <li>Oocytogenesis</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oocyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ootidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootidogenesis">Ootidogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ootid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ootid">Ootid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">Ovum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tubes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Isthmus of uterine tube">Isthmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampulla_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampulla of uterine tube">Ampullae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infundibulum_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Infundibulum of uterine tube">Infundibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbriae_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbriae of uterine tube">Fimbriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostium_of_uterine_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostium of uterine tube">Ostia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube#Intramural_part" title="Fallopian tube">Intramural segments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">Ligaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_ligament" title="Ovarian ligament">Ovarian ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_ovary" title="Suspensory ligament of ovary">Suspensory ligaments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampiniform_plexus" title="Pampiniform plexus">Pampiniform plexus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesonephric_duct#Female_development" title="Mesonephric duct">Wolffian vestiges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gartner%27s_duct" title="Gartner's duct">Gartner's ducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoophoron" title="Epoophoron">Epoophora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesicular_appendages_of_epoophoron" title="Vesicular appendages of epoophoron">Vesicular appendages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paroophoron" title="Paroophoron">Paroophora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Structure" title="Uterus">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_cavity" title="Uterine cavity">Cavity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Structure" title="Uterus">Fundus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_isthmus" title="Uterine isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_canal" title="Cervical canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_os" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal os">Internal os</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_os" class="mw-redirect" title="External os">External os</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supravaginal_portion_of_cervix" title="Supravaginal portion of cervix">Supravaginal portion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_horns" title="Uterine horns">Horns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Layers" title="Uterus">Layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Uterine wall">Wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">Endometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">Myometrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimetrium" title="Perimetrium">Perimetrium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parametrium" title="Parametrium">Parametrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_epithelium" title="Uterine epithelium">Epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uterus#Major_ligaments" title="Uterus">Ligaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Round_ligament_of_uterus" title="Round ligament of uterus">Round ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_ligament_of_the_uterus" title="Broad ligament of the uterus">Broad ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_ligament" title="Cardinal ligament">Cardinal ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterosacral_ligament" title="Uterosacral ligament">Uterosacral ligaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubocervical_ligament" title="Pubocervical ligament">Pubocervical ligaments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_gland" title="Uterine gland">Glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_diaphragm" title="Urogenital diaphragm">Urogenital diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vestibular glands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartholin%27s_gland" title="Bartholin's gland">Bartholin's glands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skene%27s_gland" title="Skene's gland">Skene's glands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaginal canal">Canal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_rugae" title="Vaginal rugae">Rugae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina#Microanatomy" title="Vagina">Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_fornix" title="Vaginal fornix">Fornices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_support_structures" title="Vaginal support structures">Support structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_epithelium" title="Vaginal epithelium">Epithelium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vulva9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">Labia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mons_pubis" title="Mons pubis">Mons pubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora" title="Labia majora">Labia majora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Pudendal_cleft" title="Labia majora">Pudendal cleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiocrural_folds" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiocrural folds">Labiocrural folds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Commissures" title="Labia majora">Anterior commissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Commissures" title="Labia majora">Posterior commissure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_majora#Function_and_structure" title="Labia majora">Dartos muliebris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_nerves" title="Posterior labial nerves">Posterior labial nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_labial_nerves" title="Anterior labial nerves">Anterior labial nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perineal_nerve" title="Perineal nerve">Perineal nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia_minora" title="Labia minora">Labia minora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_labia_minora" title="Frenulum of labia minora">Frenulum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_arteries" title="Posterior labial arteries">Posterior labial arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_labial_veins" title="Posterior labial veins">Posterior labial veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labia#Structure" title="Labia">Interlabial sulci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">Clitoris</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Root" title="Clitoris">Root</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crus_of_clitoris" title="Crus of clitoris">Crura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule" title="Bulb of vestibule">Bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspensory_ligament_of_clitoris" title="Suspensory ligament of clitoris">Suspensory ligament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascia_of_Scarpa#Structure" title="Fascia of Scarpa">Fundiform ligament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of clitoris">Body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_of_clitoris" title="Corpus cavernosum of clitoris">Corpora cavernosa</a></li> <li>Trabeculae of corpora cavernosa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule#Structure" title="Bulb of vestibule">Infra-corporeal residual spongy part</a></li> <li>Angle</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule#Structure" title="Bulb of vestibule">Commissure of bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulb_of_vestibule#Structure" title="Bulb of vestibule">Pars intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Glans" title="Clitoris">Glans</a> <ul><li>Corona</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoris#Frenulum" title="Clitoris">Frenulum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Arteries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_artery_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal artery of clitoris">Dorsal arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_artery_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep artery of clitoris">Deep arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artery_of_bulb_of_vestibule" title="Artery of bulb of vestibule">Arteries of bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_artery" title="Internal pudendal artery">Internal pudendal artery</a></li></ul></li> <li>Veins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_dorsal_veins_of_clitoris" title="Superficial dorsal veins of clitoris">Superficial dorsal veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_dorsal_vein_of_clitoris" title="Deep dorsal vein of clitoris">Deep dorsal veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein_of_bulb_of_vestibule" class="mw-redirect" title="Vein of bulb of vestibule">Veins of bulbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_pudendal_veins" title="Internal pudendal veins">Internal pudendal veins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nerves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_nerve_of_clitoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal nerve of clitoris">Dorsal nerves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudendal_nerve" title="Pudendal nerve">Pudendal nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_hood" title="Clitoral hood">Clitoral hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">Fascia</a></li> <li>Tunica albuginea</li> <li>Septum</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vulval_vestibule" title="Vulval vestibule">Vestibule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossa_of_vestibule_of_vagina" title="Fossa of vestibule of vagina">Fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina#Vaginal_opening_and_hymen" title="Vagina">Vaginal orifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">Hymen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vestibular gland openings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_meatus" title="Urinary meatus">External urethral orifice</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Blood supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arteries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_artery" title="Ovarian artery">Ovarian arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_artery" title="Uterine artery">Uterine artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcuate_vessels_of_uterus" title="Arcuate vessels of uterus">Arcuate artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_artery" title="Vaginal artery">Vaginal artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_artery" title="Spiral artery">Spiral arteries</a></li></ul></li> <li>Veins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovarian_vein" title="Ovarian vein">Ovarian veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_vein" title="Uterine vein">Uterine vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterine_venous_plexus" title="Uterine venous plexus">Uterine venous plexuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_venous_plexus" title="Vaginal venous plexus">Vaginal venous plexus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" 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