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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-The_city_of_Anuradhapura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_city_of_Anuradhapura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>The city of Anuradhapura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_city_of_Anuradhapura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Arrival of Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_the_sacred_tooth_relic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_the_sacred_tooth_relic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Arrival of the sacred tooth relic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_the_sacred_tooth_relic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Invasions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Anuradhapura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Anuradhapura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fall of Anuradhapura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Anuradhapura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and military</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_military-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and military subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monarch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Monarch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhist_priesthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhist_priesthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Buddhist priesthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhist_priesthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade_and_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_and_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trade and economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_and_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Architecture and engineering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_and_engineering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture and engineering subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irrigation_and_water_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irrigation_and_water_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Irrigation and water management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irrigation_and_water_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anuradhapura kingdom</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مملكة أنورادابورا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة أنورادابورا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="অনুরাধাপুর রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনুরাধাপুর রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_d%27Anuradhapura" title="Regne d'Anuradhapura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne d'Anuradhapura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Anuradhapura" title="Reino de Anuradhapura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Anuradhapura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_d%27Anur%C3%A2dhapura" title="Royaume d'Anurâdhapura – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume d'Anurâdhapura" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%88%84%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%A4%ED%91%B8%EB%9D%BC_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="아누라다푸라 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아누라다푸라 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Anuradhapura" title="Kerajaan Anuradhapura – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Anuradhapura" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Anuradhapura" title="Regno di Anuradhapura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Anuradhapura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="അനുരാധാപുര രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനുരാധാപുര രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अनुराधापुऱ्याचे राज्य – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अनुराधापुऱ्याचे राज्य" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="अनुराधापुरा राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अनुराधापुरा राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8C%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="アヌラーダプラ王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヌラーダプラ王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapura_qirolligi" title="Anuradhapura qirolligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anuradhapura qirolligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Царство Анурадхапура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Царство Анурадхапура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="රජරට රාජධානියේ අනුරාධපුර යුගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රජරට රාජධානියේ අනුරාධපුර යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapursko_kraljestvo" title="Anuradhapursko kraljestvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anuradhapursko kraljestvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அனுராதபுர இராச்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அனுராதபுர இராச்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%AA%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" 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class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.35000000°N 80.38361111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.35000000; 80.38361111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Sinhalese kingdom from 437 BC to 1017 CE</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Anuradhapura</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>)</span><br /><i>Anurādhapura Rājadhāniya</i><br /><span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">அனுராதபுர இராச்சியம்</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>)</span><br /><i>Anurātapura irācciyam</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">437 BC–1017 AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Dutthagamani.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Anuradhapura Kingdom"><img alt="Flag of Anuradhapura Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Dutthagamani.png/125px-Flag_of_Dutthagamani.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Dutthagamani.png/188px-Flag_of_Dutthagamani.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Dutthagamani.png/250px-Flag_of_Dutthagamani.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div> </div> <div>Flag of King Dutugamunu (161-137 B.C.), as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Dambulla_cave_temple" title="Dambulla cave temple">Dambulla Viharaya</a> cave no.2<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Anuradhapura_Kingdom_(3rd_century_BC_map).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Anuradhapura_Kingdom_%283rd_century_BC_map%29.svg/250px-Anuradhapura_Kingdom_%283rd_century_BC_map%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Anuradhapura_Kingdom_%283rd_century_BC_map%29.svg/375px-Anuradhapura_Kingdom_%283rd_century_BC_map%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Anuradhapura_Kingdom_%283rd_century_BC_map%29.svg/500px-Anuradhapura_Kingdom_%283rd_century_BC_map%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="781" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Administrative subdivisions:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F21489; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EA68A9; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Maya_Rata" title="Maya Rata">Maya Rata</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EEA0F2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ruhuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhuna">Ruhuna</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Anuradhapura_kingdom&params=8_21_0.000_N_80_23_1.000_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°21′0.000″N</span> <span class="longitude">80°23′1.000″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.35000000°N 80.38361111°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">8.35000000; 80.38361111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese language">Sinhala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a> (from 267 BC)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (~267 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201458_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201458-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 437 BC-367 BC </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pandukabhaya" title="Pandukabhaya">Pandukabhaya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 982–1017 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_V" title="Mahinda V">Mahinda V</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">437 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1017 AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Kingdom of Tambapanni</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Category:History of Sri Lanka">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><small>Historical <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></small></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/150px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/225px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/300px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Kingdom of Tambapanni</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">543–437 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anuradhapura kingdom</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">437 BCE–1017 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura from Rohana</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1017–1055</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Kingdom of Polonnaruwa</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1055–1232</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Kingdom of Dambadeniya</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1232–1341</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Kingdom of Gampola</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1341–1371</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kingdom of Kotte</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1371–1597</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna kingdom</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1232–1620</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Kingdom of Sitawaka</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1521–1594</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kingdom of Kandy</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1469–1815</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: 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style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1815–1948</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka since 1948</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1948–1972</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Republic of Sri Lanka</a></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1972–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Anuradhapura kingdom</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a>: <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">අනුරාධපුර රාජධානිය</span></span>, translit: Anurādhapura Rājadhāniya, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">அனுராதபுர இராச்சியம்</span></span>), named for <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">its capital city</a>, was the second established <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">kingdom</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a>, it was founded by King <a href="/wiki/Pandukabhaya" title="Pandukabhaya">Pandukabhaya</a> in 437 BC, whose authority extended throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> played a major role in the Anuradhapura period, influencing its culture, laws, and methods of governance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society and the culture were revolutionized when the faith was introduced during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura">Devanampiya Tissa</a>; this cultural change was further strengthened by the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_relic_of_the_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth relic of the Buddha">tooth relic of the Buddha</a> in Sri Lanka and the patronage extended by her rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Anuradhapura era, the country was invaded by South Indians several times. Rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Dutthagamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutthagamani">Dutthagamani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valagamba" title="Valagamba">Valagamba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dhatusena" title="Dhatusena">Dhatusena</a> are noted for defeating South Indian invaders and unifying the country. Other rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Sena_II_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena II of Anuradhapura">Sena II</a> are notable for dispatching forces to the South Indian mainland, and gaining several victories such as the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_invasion_of_Pandya" title="Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya">sacking of Madurai in 862</a>. </p><p>The kingdom was largely based on agriculture, hence the construction of irrigation works was a major achievement of the Anuradhapura kingdom, ensuring water supply in the dry zone and helping the country grow mostly self-sufficient. Several kings, most notably <a href="/wiki/Vasabha" title="Vasabha">Vasabha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahasena_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasena of Sri Lanka">Mahasena</a>, built large reservoirs and canals, which created a vast and complex irrigation network in the <i>Rajarata</i> area throughout the Anuradhapura period. These constructions are an indication of the advanced technical and engineering skills used to create them. The famous paintings and structures at <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ruwanwelisaya" title="Ruwanwelisaya">Ruwanwelisaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jetavanaramaya" title="Jetavanaramaya">Jetavana stupas</a>, and other large <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupas</a>; large buildings like the <a href="/wiki/Lovamahapaya" title="Lovamahapaya">Lovamahapaya</a>; and religious works (like the numerous Buddha statues) are landmarks demonstrating the Anuradhapura period's advancement in sculpting. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_city_of_Anuradhapura">The city of Anuradhapura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The city of Anuradhapura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According the chronicle <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahavamsa</a>, In 543 BC, prince <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijaya of Sri Lanka">Vijaya</a> (543–505 BC) arrived in Sri Lanka, having been banished from his homeland in India. He eventually brought the island under his control and established himself as king. After this, his retinue established villages and colonies throughout the country. One of these was established by Anuradha, a minister of King Vijaya, on the banks of a stream called Kolon and was named Anuradhagama after himself and the <a href="/wiki/Anuradha_(nakshatra)" title="Anuradha (nakshatra)">Anuradha Nakshatra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 377 BC, King <a href="/wiki/Pandukabhaya_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka">Pandukabhaya</a>, grandson of King Panduvasudeva (437–367 BC) made it his capital and developed the city.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anuradhapura (Anurapura) was named after the minister who first established the village. The name was also derived from the city's establishment on the <a href="/wiki/Nakshatra" title="Nakshatra">auspicious asterism</a> called Anura.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anuradhapura was the capital of all the monarchs who ruled the country in the Anuradhapura kingdom, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa_I_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashyapa I of Sri Lanka">Kashyapa I</a> (473–491), who chose <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a> to be his capital.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is also marked on <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map" title="Ptolemy's world map">Ptolemy's world map</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a>, King Pandukabhaya, the founder and first ruler of Anuradhapura, fixed village boundaries in the country and established an administration system by appointing village headmen. He constructed hermitages, houses for the poor, cemeteries, and irrigation tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He brought a large portion of the country under the control of the Anuradhapura kingdom. However, it was not until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Dutthagamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutthagamani">Dutthagamani</a> (161–137 BC) that the whole country was unified under the Anuradhapura kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defeated 32 rulers in different parts of the country before he defeated the South Indian invader <a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Elara</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijithapura" title="Battle of Vijithapura">battle at Vijithapura</a>, and ascended to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i> describes his reign with much praise, and devotes 11 chapters out of 37 for his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is described as both a warrior king and a devout Buddhist.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After unifying the country, he helped establish Buddhism on a firm and secure base and built several monasteries and shrines including the <a href="/wiki/Ruwanweli_Seya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwanweli Seya">Ruwanweli Seya</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lovamahapaya" title="Lovamahapaya">Lovamahapaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another notable king of the Anuradhapura kingdom is <a href="/wiki/Valagamba_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Valagamba of Sri Lanka">Valagamba</a> (103, 89–77 BC), also known as Vatthagamani Abhaya, who was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Dravidians" title="The Five Dravidians">five invaders</a> from South India. He regained his throne after defeating these invaders one by one and unified the country again under his rule. During the times of Vasabha, <a href="/wiki/Mahasena_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahasena of Sri Lanka">Mahasena</a> (274–301) and Dhatusena, the construction of large irrigation tanks and canals was given priority. Vasabha constructed 11 tanks and 12 canals,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahasen constructed 16 tanks and a large canal,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dhatusena built 18 tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the other kings have also built irrigation tanks throughout <i>Rajarata</i>, the area around Anuradhapura. By the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom, a large and intricate irrigation network was available throughout Rajarata to support the agriculture of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._171_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._171-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saddha_Tissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddha Tissa">Saddha Tissa</a> (137–119 BC), Mahaculi Mahatissa (77–63 BC), <a href="/wiki/Vasabha" title="Vasabha">Vasabha</a> (67–111), <a href="/wiki/Gajabahu_I" title="Gajabahu I">Gajabahu I</a> (114–136), <a href="/wiki/Dhatusena" title="Dhatusena">Dhatusena</a> (455–473), Aggabodhi I (571–604) and Aggabodhi II (604–614) were among the rulers who held sway over the entire country after Dutthagamani and Valagamba. Rulers from Kutakanna Tissa (44–22 BC) to Amandagamani (29–19 BC) also managed to keep the whole country under the rule of the Anuradhapura kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._35_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._35-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other rulers could not maintain their rule over the whole island, and independent regions often existed in <i>Ruhuna</i> and <i>Malayarata</i> (hill country) for limited periods. During the final years of the Anuradhapura kingdom, rebellions sprang up and the authority of the kings gradually declined.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_V" title="Mahinda V">Mahinda V</a> (982–1017), the last king of the Anuradhapura kingdom, the power of the king had deteriorated that he could not even properly organize the collection of taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._114_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._114-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_Buddhism">Arrival of Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arrival of Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large Bo tree (Ficus religiosa) surrounded by a white wall and a golden fence." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi today, to which the Kingdom was offered by Devanampiya Tissa </figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most notable events during the Anuradhapura kingdom was the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to the country. A strong alliance existed between <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa" title="Devanampiya Tissa">Devanampiya Tissa</a> (250–210 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> of India,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who sent a missionary of 5 monks including <a href="/wiki/Arahat" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahat">Arahat</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a>, and a novice.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They encountered Devanampiya Tissa at <a href="/wiki/Mihintale" title="Mihintale">Mihintale</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Poson" title="Poson">Poson</a> poya day. After this meeting, king Devanampiya Tissa embraced Buddhism and the order of monks was established in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king, guided by Arahat Mahinda, took steps to firmly establish Buddhism in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikkhuni</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a> arrived from India in order to establish the <i>Bhikkhuni sasana</i> (order of nuns) in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She brought along with her a sapling from the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Maha Bodhi">Sri Maha Bodhi</a>, the tree under which the Buddha attained <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">enlightenment</a>. The king sent his cousin, Prince Aritta to Dambakolapatuna to escort the delegation back to Anuradhapura. The bo sapling was then planted at the Mahamevna Gardens in Anuradhapura<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and bestowed the newly planted <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on his kingdom. Prince Aritta along with other men was ordained by Arahat Madinda, thus establishing the order of the monks in Sri Lanka. Similarly Lady Anula, a member of the royal family was ordained along with 400 other women. This was the origin of the order of the nuns. Subsequently Buddhism was established as the main religion of Sri Lanka. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_the_sacred_tooth_relic">Arrival of the sacred tooth relic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrival of the sacred tooth relic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sirimeghavanna_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirimeghavanna of Anuradhapura">Kithsirimevan</a> (301–328), Sudatta, the sub king of <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a>, and Hemamala brought the <a href="/wiki/Tooth_relic_of_the_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth relic of the Buddha">tooth relic of the Buddha</a> to Sri Lanka because of unrest in their country.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kithsirimevan carried it in procession and placed the relic in a mansion named <i>Datadhatughara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ordered this procession to be held annually which is still taking place in the country. The tooth relic of the Buddha soon became one of the most sacred objects in the country and a symbol of kingship. The person who was in possession of the tooth relic was identified to be the rightful ruler of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, it was often enshrined within the royal palace itself.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasions">Invasions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several invasions have been made against the Anuradhapura kingdom, all of which were launched from <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. The first invasion recorded in the history of the country is during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Suratissa_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Suratissa of Sri Lanka">Suratissa</a> (247–237 BC), where he was overthrown by two horse dealers from South India named Sena and Guththika.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After ruling the country for 22 years, they were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Asela_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Asela of Sri Lanka">Asela</a> (215–205 BC), who was in turn overthrown by another invasion led by a <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> prince named <a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Elara</a> (205–161 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._47_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._47-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elara ruled for 44 years before being defeated by Dutthagamani (Duttugamunu) <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Mahavamsa records that these kings from the mainland ruled the country fairly and lawfully.<sup id="cite_ref-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._47_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._47-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_(%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_%28%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%29.jpg/220px-%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_%28%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_%28%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%29.jpg/330px-%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_%28%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE_Sri_Lanka_%28%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%8B%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="804" /></a><figcaption>Ambassador from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (獅子國 <i>Shiziguo</i>) to China (<a href="/wiki/Liang_dynasty" title="Liang dynasty">Liang dynasty</a>), <i><a href="/wiki/Wanghuitu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanghuitu">Wanghuitu</a></i> (王会图), circa 650 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The country was invaded again in 103 BC by <a href="/wiki/The_Five_Dravidians" title="The Five Dravidians">Five Dravidian chiefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulahatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulahatta">Pulahatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahiya">Bahiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panya_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Panya Mara">Panya Mara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilaya_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilaya Mara">Pilaya Mara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dathika" class="mw-redirect" title="Dathika">Dathika</a>, who ruled until 89 BC when they were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Valagamba" title="Valagamba">Valagamba</a>. Another invasion occurred in 433, and the country fell under the control of <a href="/wiki/The_Six_Dravidians" title="The Six Dravidians">six rulers from South India</a>. These were <a href="/wiki/Pandu" title="Pandu">Pandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parinda" title="Parinda">Parinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khudda_Parinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Khudda Parinda">Khudda Parinda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiritara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiritara">Tiritara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dathiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dathiya">Dathiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pithiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithiya">Pithiya</a>, who was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Dhathusena" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhathusena">Dhathusena</a> who regained power in 459.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._42_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._42-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More invasions and raids from South India occurred during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Sena_I_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena I of Anuradhapura">Sena I</a> (833–853)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Udaya_III_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Udaya III of Anuradhapura">Udaya III</a> (935–938).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final invasion during the Anuradhapura kingdom, which ended the kingdom and left the country under the rule of the Cholas, took place during the reign of Mahinda V.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._44_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._44-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, none of these invaders could extend their rule to <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ruhuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ruhuna">Ruhuna</a></i>, the southern part of the country, and Sri Lankan rulers and their heirs always organized their armies from this area and managed to regain their throne. Throughout the history of Sri Lanka, <i>Ruhuna</i> served as a base for resistance movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._35_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._35-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_Anuradhapura">Fall of Anuradhapura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fall of Anuradhapura"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_V_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda V of Anuradhapura">Mahinda V</a> (981-1017), distracted by a revolt of his own <a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">Indian mercenary troops</a>, fled to the south-eastern province of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ruhuna" title="Principality of Ruhuna">Rohana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._44_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._44-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mahavamsa describes the rule of Mahinda V as weak, and the country was suffering from poverty by this time. It further mentions that his army rose against him due to lack of wages.<sup id="cite_ref-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._114_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._114-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking advantage of this internal strife Chola Emperor <a href="/wiki/Rajaraja_I" title="Rajaraja I">Rajaraja I</a> invaded Anuradhapura sometime in 993 AD and conquered the northern part of the country and incorporated it into his kingdom as a province named "Mummudi-sola-mandalam" after himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> son of Rajaraja I, launched a large invasion in 1017. The <a href="/wiki/Culavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culavamsa">Culavamsa</a> says that the capital at Anuradhapura was "utterly destroyed in every way by the Chola army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1976411_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976411-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capital was at <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a> which was renamed "Jananathamangalam".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A partial consolidation of Chola power in <a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a> had succeeded the initial season of plunder. With the intention to transform Chola encampments into more permanent military enclaves, Saivite temples were constructed in Polonnaruva and in the emporium of Mahatittha. Taxation was also instituted, especially on merchants and artisans by the Cholas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1976416_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976416-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1014 Rajaraja I died and was succeeded by his son the Rajendra Chola I, perhaps the most aggressive king of his line. Chola raids were launched southward from Rajarata into Rohana. By his fifth year, Rajendra claimed to have completely conquered the island. The whole of Anuradhapura including the south-eastern province of Rohana was incorporated into the Chola Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000199–200_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2000199–200-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As per the Sinhalese chronicle <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i>, the conquest of Anuradhapura was completed in the 36th year of the reign of the Sinhalese monarch Mahinda V, i.e. about 1017–18.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000199–200_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2000199–200-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the south of the island, which lacked large and prosperous settlements to tempt long-term Chola occupation, was never really consolidated by the Chola. Thus, under Rajendra, Chola expansion in Ceylon began to reach a point of diminishing returns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1976416_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976416-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Culavamsa and Karandai plates, Rajendra Chola led a large army into Anuradhapura and captured Mahinda's crown, queen, daughter, a vast amount of wealth and the king himself whom he took as a prisoner to India, where he eventually died in exile in 1029.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1976417_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976417-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000199–200_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2000199–200-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chola conquest had one permanent result in that the capital of <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> was destroyed by the Cholas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a>, a military outpost of the Sinhalese kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was renamed Jananathamangalam, after a title assumed by Rajaraja I, and became the new centre of administration for the Cholas. This was because earlier Tamil invaders had only aimed at overlordship of <a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a> in the north, but the Cholas were bent on control of the whole island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is practically no trace of Chola rule in Anuradhapura. When Sinhalese sovereignty was restored under Vijayabahu I, he crowned himself at Anuradhapura but continued to have his capital at Polonnaruwa for it being more central and made the task of controlling the turbulent province of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ruhuna" title="Principality of Ruhuna">Rohana</a> much easier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_military">Government and military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government and military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sinhalese monarchy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subdivisions_of_Kingdom_of_Anuradhapura.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Subdivisions_of_Kingdom_of_Anuradhapura.png/220px-Subdivisions_of_Kingdom_of_Anuradhapura.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Subdivisions_of_Kingdom_of_Anuradhapura.png/330px-Subdivisions_of_Kingdom_of_Anuradhapura.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Subdivisions_of_Kingdom_of_Anuradhapura.png/440px-Subdivisions_of_Kingdom_of_Anuradhapura.png 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="3284" /></a><figcaption>Subdivisions of Anuradhapura Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarch">Monarch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Monarch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kingdom was under the rule of a king. The consecration ceremonies and rituals associated with kingship began during the reign of Devanampiya Tissa,<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._86_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._86-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the influence of Ashoka of India.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole country was brought under the rule of a single monarch by Dutthagamani for the first time. Before this, it had several principalities independent of the Anuradhapura kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._86_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._86-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The succession of the throne was <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a>, or if otherwise, inherited by the brother of the previous king.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._87_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._87-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king of Anuradhapura was recognized as the supreme ruler throughout the island, even at times when he did not have absolute control over it.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four dynasties have ruled the kingdom from its founding to its ending. The rulers from Vijaya to <a href="/wiki/Subharaja_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Subharaja of Anuradhapura">Subharaja</a> (60–67) are generally considered as the Vijayan dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandukabhaya was the first ruler of the Anuradhapura kingdom belonging to this dynasty. The Vijayan dynasty existed until <a href="/wiki/Vasabha" title="Vasabha">Vasabha</a> of the Lambakarana clan seized power in 66 AD. His ascension to the throne saw the start of the first Lambakarana dynasty, which ruled the country for more than three centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new dynasty began with <a href="/wiki/Dhatusena" title="Dhatusena">Dhatusena</a> in 455. Named the Maurya dynasty, the origins of this line are uncertain although some historians trace them to <a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a> princes who accompanied the sapling of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Maha_Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Maha Bodhi">Sri Maha Bodhi</a> to Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last dynasty of the Anuradhapura period, the second Lambakanna dynasty, started with <a href="/wiki/Manavanna_of_Anuradhapura" title="Manavanna of Anuradhapura">Manavanna</a> (684–718) seizing the throne in 684 and continued till the last ruler of Anuradhapura, Mahinda V.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Officials">Officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Royal officials were divided into three categories; officials attached to the palace, officials of central administration and officials of provincial administration. One of the most important positions was the <i>purohita</i>, the advisor of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._87_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._87-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king also had a board of ministers called <i>amati paheja</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In central administration, <i>senapati</i> (Commander-in-Chief of the Army) was a second position only to the king and held by a member of the nobility.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This position, and also the positions of <i><a href="/wiki/Yuvaraja" title="Yuvaraja">yuvaraja</a></i> (sub king), administrative positions in the country's provinces and major ports and provinces, were often held by relatives of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_1994,_p._8_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_1994,_p._8-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kingdom was often divided into sections or provinces and governed separately. <i>Rajarata</i>, the area around the capital, was under the direct administration of the king, while the <i>Ruhuna</i> (southern part of the country) and the <i>Malaya Rata</i> (hill country) were governed by officials called <i>apa</i> and <i>mapa</i>. These administrative units were further divided into smaller units called <i>rata</i>. Officials called <i>ratiya</i> or <i>ratika</i> were in charge of these.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The smallest administrative unit was the <i>gama</i> (village), under a village chief known as <i>gamika</i> or <i>gamladda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhist_priesthood">Buddhist priesthood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Buddhist priesthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A close link existed between the ruler and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></i> (Buddhist priesthood) since the introduction of Buddhism to the country. This relationship was further strengthened during Dutthagamani's reign. The monks often advised and even guided the king on decisions. This association was initially with the Mahavihara sect, but by the middle of the 1st century BC, the Abhayagiri sect had also begun to have a close link to the ruling of the country. By the end of the 3rd century AD, the Jetavana sect had also become close to the ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estrangements between the ruler and the priesthood often weakened the government, as happened during the reign of Lanjatissa.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Valagamba's resistance movement was initially hampered because of a rift with the Mahavihara, and he succeeded only after a reconciliation was affected.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some rulers patronized only one sect, but this often led to unrest in the country and most rulers equally supported all sects.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, religious establishments were often plundered during times of internal strife by the rulers themselves, such as during the reigns of Dathopatissa I (639–650) and Kashyapa II (650–659).<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_1994,_p._8_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_1994,_p._8-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Customs, traditions and moral principles based on Buddhism were used as the bases of law. Specific laws were eventually developed and adopted. <i>Samantapasadika</i>, a 5th-century commentary, gives details of complex regulations on the theft of fish. The chief judicial officer was known as <i>viniccayamacca</i> and there were several judicial officers under him, known as <i>vinicchayaka</i>. Apart from them, village headmen and provincial governors were also given the power to issue judgments. The king was the final judge in legal disputes, and all cases against members of the royal family and high dignitaries of the state were judged by him. However, the king had to exercise this power with care and after consulting with his advisers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Udaya I recorded judgments that were regarded as important precedents in the royal library in order to maintain uniformity in judicial decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the administration of justice at the village level was the responsibility of village assemblies, which usually consisted of the elders of the village.<sup id="cite_ref-Rambukwelle_1993,_p._38_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambukwelle_1993,_p._38-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, towards the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom a group of ten villages, known as <i>dasagam</i>, was responsible for upholding justice in that area. The laws and legal measures to be followed by them were proclaimed by the king. Several rock inscriptions that record these proclamations have been found in archaeological excavations. Punishments differed from ruler to ruler. Some kings, such as Sanghabodhi (247–249) and Voharika Tissa (209–231) were lenient in this aspect, while rulers like Ilanaga (33–43) and Jettha Tissa I (263–273) were harsher. However, crimes such as treason, murder, and slaughter of cattle were generally punishable by death.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early stages, the Anuradhapura kingdom did not have a strong regular army except for a small body of soldiers. These were assigned to guarding the capital and the royal palace. The King had the right to demand an able-bodied son for military service from every family in his kingdom. In times of war, a larger army was formed using this method. An army consisted of four main divisions; an elephant corps, cavalry, chariots and infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combination was called <i>Chaturangani Sena</i> (fourfold army). However, the majority of the army was infantry composed of swordsmen, spearmen and archers.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When such an army was prepared, it was commanded by several generals. The <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the army was usually a member of the nobility. The King and his generals led the army from the front during battles, mounted on <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">elephants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major cities of the kingdom were defended with <a href="/wiki/Defensive_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive walls">defensive walls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moats" class="mw-redirect" title="Moats">moats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sieges" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieges">Sieges</a>, often lasting several months, were common during warfare. Single combat between the opposing kings or commanders, mounted on elephants, often decided the outcome of the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._67_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._67-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>South Indian <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> were often employed in the armies of the Anuradhapura kingdom during its latter stages.<sup id="cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manavanna and Moggallana I (491–508) obtained the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Pallava" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallava">Pallavas</a> during succession disputes to secure the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._42_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._42-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Anuradhapura kingdom appears to have had strong armies during some periods, such as when Sena II sent his armies to South India against the <a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Kingdom">Pandyan</a> king.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gajabahu I also launched an invasion against South India<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to rescue 12,000 captives, and brought back 12,000 prisoners as well as the freed captives.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surprisingly, however, a navy was not considered important during the Anuradhapura kingdom, and one was rarely maintained. This would have been the first line of defence for the island nation and would also have been helpful in dealing with invasions from South India.<sup id="cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._67_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._67-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade_and_economy">Trade and economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Trade and economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economy of the Anuradhapura kingdom was based mainly on <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main agricultural product was <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, the cultivation of which was supported by an intricate irrigation network. Rice cultivation began around the <a href="/wiki/Malvathu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvathu River">Malvatu Oya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deduru_Oya" title="Deduru Oya">Deduru Oya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli Ganga</a> and spread throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> was also done during the rainy seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice was produced in two main seasons named <i>Yala</i> and <i>Maha</i>. Due to the extensive production of rice, the country was mostly <a href="/wiki/Self-sufficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficient">self-sufficient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> was grown extensively to meet the requirements of <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a> were also grown and there are frequent references in classical literature to these agricultural products. <a href="/wiki/Finger_millet" title="Finger millet">Finger millet</a> was grown as a substitute for rice, particularly in the dry zone of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._182_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._182-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surpluses of these products, mainly rice, were exported.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anuradhapura-monedes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A showcase with a number of coins arranged in a circle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anuradhapura-monedes.jpg/220px-Anuradhapura-monedes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anuradhapura-monedes.jpg/330px-Anuradhapura-monedes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Anuradhapura-monedes.jpg/440px-Anuradhapura-monedes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ancient coins belonging to the Anuradhapura period on display at the museum of Anuradhapura.</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary goods exported during the Anuradhapura period are <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic ware">ceramic ware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfumes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wines</a> were imported from other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Anuradhapura itself became an important commercial centre as the residence of many foreign merchants from around the world. From very early times was a settlement of <a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Greeks</a> known as Yavanas. Professor Merlin Peris, former Professor of Classics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Peradeniya" title="University of Peradeniya">University of Peradeniya</a>, writes that “The Greeks whom King Pandukabhaya settled in the West Gate of Anuradhapura were not the second or third generation of Greeks who arrived in NW India but were men who, just two decades ago at the most, left Greek homelands as Alexander’s camp followers and come to Sri Lanka with or in the wake of Alexander’s troops. When their fellow Greeks showed reluctance to push further south, these Greeks apparently had done so.”<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the fifth century one of <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> in addition to Tamil and Arab merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201446_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201446-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These foreign merchants, mainly Arabs, often acted as <a href="/wiki/Reseller" title="Reseller">middlemen</a> in these imports and exports.<sup id="cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the ninth century these Muslim traders had established themselves around the ports of the Anuradhapura kingdom, they would soon form the still extant <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Moors" title="Sri Lankan Moors">Muslim community</a> of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201447_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201447-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luxury cloth was also imported from <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">Eastern India</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._182_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._182-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">stone inscription</a> in Anuradhapura implies that the market or <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaar</a> was an important functionality in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trade was limited in villages since they were mostly self-sufficient, but essential commodities such as salt and metal had to be obtained from outside.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's position in the Indian Ocean and its natural bays made it a centre of international trade transit.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ports such as <i>Mahatittha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Mannar,_Sri_Lanka" title="Mannar, Sri Lanka">Mannar</a>) and <i>Gokanna</i> (<a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a>) were used as trading ports during the Anuradhapura kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_imitation_of_Roman_coin_Sri_Lanka_South_India_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bronze_imitation_of_Roman_coin_Sri_Lanka_South_India_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg/150px-Bronze_imitation_of_Roman_coin_Sri_Lanka_South_India_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bronze_imitation_of_Roman_coin_Sri_Lanka_South_India_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg/225px-Bronze_imitation_of_Roman_coin_Sri_Lanka_South_India_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bronze_imitation_of_Roman_coin_Sri_Lanka_South_India_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg/300px-Bronze_imitation_of_Roman_coin_Sri_Lanka_South_India_4th_to_8th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1112" /></a><figcaption>Bronze imitation of a Roman coin, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, 4th-8th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Currency was often used for settling judicial fines, <a href="/wiki/Taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxes">taxes</a> and payments for goods<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or services.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, remuneration for services to the king, officials and temples were often made in the form of land revenue. The oldest coins found at Anuradhapura date up to 200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These earliest coins were <a href="/wiki/Hammered_coinage" title="Hammered coinage">punch marked</a> rectangular pieces of silver known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kahavanu" title="Kahavanu">kahavanu</a></i>. These eventually became circular in shape, which was in turn followed by <a href="/wiki/Milled_coinage" title="Milled coinage">die struck</a> coins.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uncoined metals, particularly <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, were used for trading as well.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterns of elephants, horses, <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dharmacakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmacakra">Dharmacakra</a> were commonly imprinted on the coins of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary tax of this period was named <i>bojakapati</i> (grain tax) and charged for land used for cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A water tax, named <i>dakapati</i> was also charged for the water used from reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">Customs duties</a> were also imposed in ports.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those unable to pay these taxes in cash were expected to take part in services such as repairing reservoirs. The administration of taxes was the duty of <i>Badagarika</i>, the king's treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_Section_of_Dry_Zone_Catena_of_Sri_Lanka.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Cross_Section_of_Dry_Zone_Catena_of_Sri_Lanka.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Typical layout of the tank, settlements, and paddy fields in a traditional dry-zone village</figcaption></figure> <p>Culture in the Anuradhapura kingdom was largely based on Buddhism with the slaughter of animals for food considered low and unclean. As a result, animal husbandry, except for the rearing of <a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">buffalo</a> and cattle, was uncommon. Elephants and horses were prestige symbols, and could only be afforded by the nobility. The skills needed to train and care for these animals were highly regarded .<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle and buffalo were used for ploughing and preparing <a href="/wiki/Paddy_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddy fields">paddy fields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dairy products formed an important part of people's diets while <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala literature">Sinhala literature</a> often refer to five products obtained from the cow: milk, <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> and butter.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bullocks and <a href="/wiki/Bullock_carts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullock carts">bullock carts</a> were also used for transport.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metalwork was an important and well-developed craft, and metal tools such as axes, <a href="/wiki/Mammoty" title="Mammoty">mammoties</a> and hoes were widely used. Weapons and tools of iron and steel were produced on a large scale for the military.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good indication of the development of metalwork of this period is the <a href="/wiki/Lovamahapaya" title="Lovamahapaya">Lovamahapaya</a>, which had been roofed entirely with copper.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Villages were usually concentrated around irrigation reservoirs to enable easy access to water for agriculture. Houses stood immediately below the reservoir embankment, between the water and the paddy fields below. This facilitated easy control of the water supply to the fields and also supported the maintenance of domestic gardens for fruit and vegetable production.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A village typically consisted of a cluster of dwellings, paddy fields, a reservoir, a grazing ground, <a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">shift crop</a> reserves and a village forest. In areas of high rainfall, a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">perennial watercourse</a> often took the place of the reservoir.<sup id="cite_ref-Rambukwelle_1993,_p._38_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rambukwelle_1993,_p._38-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inland fishing was widespread during the Anuradhapura kingdom period because of the numerous reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not entirely absent, sea fishing was not common during this period mainly because of the rudimentary nature of transporting sea fish to cities which were located far inland.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women appear to have enjoyed considerable freedom and independence during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutthagamani frequently sought his mother's advice during his military campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Unsurpassed_heroism_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unsurpassed_heroism-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rock inscriptions show that women donated caves and temples for the use of the sangha. However, there are no records of women holding any administrative posts. It is not clear if women were given equal footing with men, but they did have complete freedom in religious matters.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Asia_45_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/British_Museum_Asia_45_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-British_Museum_Asia_45_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/British_Museum_Asia_45_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-British_Museum_Asia_45_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/British_Museum_Asia_45_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-British_Museum_Asia_45_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="2547" /></a><figcaption>Gilded bronze statue of the Bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a>, dated to the 8th century, found in the eastern coast of Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the adoption of Buddhism by the royalty, there was no single organized religion or proper state religion but a wide variety of different belief systems were practiced some of which received royal patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include worship of yakśas and yakśanis (female yakśas), <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāgās</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestor worship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">worship of gods</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">worship of trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Brahmanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Nigaṇthas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Śaivisam</a>, various ascetic groups such as Paribbrājakas, <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ᾱjīvakas</a> and forms of early <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known yakśas that received royal patronage during the reign of King Pandukabhaya include Chitrarāja, Kālavēla and yakśani Valavāmukhī.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Named gods to include <a href="/wiki/Saman_(deity)" title="Saman (deity)">Sumana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upulvan" title="Upulvan">Upulvan</a> while goddess named pachchimarājinī meaning “western queen” is also mentioned. Buddhism while not prevalent was brought by traders from India who built places of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Brahmanism</a> was prevalent among the ruling elite until the introduction of Buddhism to Sri Lanka during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura">Devanampiya Tissa</a>. It spread rapidly throughout the country under his patronage becoming the official religion of the kingdom. Despite this status, the tolerance of Buddhist society ensured the survival of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> with only a minor loss of influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201458_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201458-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the rulers were expected to be the protectors of Buddhism in the country and it became a legitimizing factor of royal authority.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three fraternities of Buddhism had come into existence by the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom; Mahavihara, Abhayagiri and Jetavana. <a href="/wiki/Mahavihara" title="Mahavihara">Mahavihara</a> was established immediately after the introduction of Buddhism to the country. Representing the Theravada teachings, it remained strictly conventional throughout the Anuradhapura kingdom. The Abhayagiri fraternity, established after <a href="/wiki/Abhayagiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhayagiriya">Abhayagiriya</a> was built, represented several schools of Buddhist thought. It did not restrict itself to Theravada and accepted Mahayana and Tantric ideas as well. Little evidence exists on the Jetavana fraternity which was established after the <a href="/wiki/Jetavanaramaya" title="Jetavanaramaya">Jetavanaramaya</a> was built, later than the other two. However, it too was receptive to new and more liberal views regarding Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rulers sponsored <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> and often took steps to stop the spreading of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> beliefs. Rulers such as Aggabodhi I, Kashyapa V (914–923) and Mahinda IV (956–972) promulgated disciplinary rules for the proper conduct of the Sangha.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_1994,_p._8_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_1994,_p._8-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voharika Tissa and <a href="/wiki/Gothabhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothabhaya">Gothabhaya</a> (249–262) expelled several monks from the order for supporting such views.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A change in this occurred when Mahasena embraced Mahayana teachings and acted against Theravada institutions. However, he too accommodated Theravada teachings after the population rebelled against him.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the kingdom and the authority of kings declined, Mahayana and Tantric doctrines again began to spread, however, Theravada remained the main and most widespread doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koneswaram.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Koneswaram.JPG/220px-Koneswaram.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Koneswaram.JPG/330px-Koneswaram.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Koneswaram.JPG/440px-Koneswaram.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Koneswaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Koneswaram temple">Koneswaram Hindu temple</a> was constructed in the Anuradhapura kingdom era.</figcaption></figure> <p>Followers of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> were also present to some extent during the Anuradhapura kingdom. There were a number of them in Rajarata during Elara's reign. Mahasen destroyed several Hindu temples during his reign in the 2nd century. Particularly Indian merchant communities living near ports such as <i>Mahatittha</i> and <i>Gokanna</i> were followers of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and Hindu temples were constructed in these areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom, large Hindu temples such as the <a href="/wiki/Konesvaram_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Konesvaram temple">Konesvaram temple</a> had been constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical sources<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> indicate that there were also <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a> in Anuradhapura during the reign of Valagamba.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A community of Christians are believed to have migrated and settled in the Kingdom likely introduced by Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> in AD 52-72.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Christians at that time were either St.Thomas Christians or <a href="/wiki/Nestorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian">Nestorian</a> Christians. In 1912, the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_cross" title="Anuradhapura cross">Anuradhapura cross</a> indicated a possibility of a strong Christian population during the Anuradhapura period.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anuradhapura_Cross-Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Anuradhapura_Cross-Vector.svg/220px-Anuradhapura_Cross-Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Anuradhapura_Cross-Vector.svg/330px-Anuradhapura_Cross-Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Anuradhapura_Cross-Vector.svg/440px-Anuradhapura_Cross-Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>The Anuradhapura Cross: the most ancient symbol of Christianity in Sri Lanka</figcaption></figure> <p>Nestorian Christians held some influence and power in the Anuradhapura kingdom, particularly during the reign of <a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Dathusena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Dathusena (page does not exist)">King Dathusena</a>. </p><p>There was also a presence of Muslim Traders from Arabia and Persia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, inscriptions are recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hm%C4%AB_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brāhmī script">Brāhmī script</a>. This gradually developed into the modern <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala script</a>, but this was not complete by the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom. The first reference in historical sources to any written work is about 80 BC, but both Sinhala and Pali literature existed even two centuries before this, if not earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest Sinhala literature is found at <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poems written from the 6th century to the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom are found among the graffiti on the mirror wall at Sigiriya. Most of these verses are describing or even addressed the female figures depicted in the frescoes of Sigiriya.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of these poems have been written between the 8th and 10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only three Sinhala books survive from the Anuradhapura period. One of them, <i>Siyabaslakara</i>, was written in the 9th or 10th century on the art of poetry and is based on the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i>Kavyadarsha</i>. <i>Dampiya Atuva Gatapadaya</i> is another, and is a glossary for the <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> <i>Dhammapadatthakatha</i>, providing Sinhala words and synonyms for Pali words. The third book is <i>Mula Sikha Ha Sikhavalanda</i>, a set of disciplinary rules for Buddhist monks. Both these have been written during the last two centuries of the Anuradhapura period.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of Valagamba, the Pali <i><a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a></i> was written in palm leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several commentaries on Buddhism, known as <i>Atthakatha</i> have also been written during the reign of Mahanama (406–428). Pali chronicles such as <a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a> have been written during the Anuradhapura kingdom, and are still useful as resources for studying the history of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya_frescoes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting on a rock face depicting two women, one dark-skinned and the other fair-skinned. Both are wearing jewellery and flowers, and both figures appear to be hidden in clouds below the waist." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sigiriya_frescoes.jpg/220px-Sigiriya_frescoes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sigiriya_frescoes.jpg/330px-Sigiriya_frescoes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sigiriya_frescoes.jpg/440px-Sigiriya_frescoes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>The Sigiriya frescoes are the oldest and best preserved paintings belonging to the Anuradhapura period.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sigiriya Frescoes found at <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> were painted during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa_I_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashyapa I of Anuradhapura">King Kashyapa I</a> (ruled 477 — 495 AD). Depicting female figures carrying flowers, they are the oldest surviving paintings of the Anuradhapura period.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._290_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._290-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various theories exist as to who are shown in these paintings. Some suggest that they are <a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara"><i>apsaras</i></a> (celestial nymphs),<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others suggest that they are the ladies of the king's court or even a representation of lightning and rain clouds.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although they bear some similarity to the <a href="/wiki/Ajanta_Caves" title="Ajanta Caves">paintings of Ajanta</a> in India, there are significant differences in style and composition suggesting that these are examples of a distinctive Sri Lankan school of art.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paintings from a cave at <a href="/wiki/Hindagala" title="Hindagala">Hindagala</a> date back to the late Anuradhapura period, and may even belong to the same period as the Sigiriya paintings. The paintings of Sigiriya and Hindagala are the only surviving specimens of the art of the Anuradhapura kingdom. However, remnants of paintings indicate that the walls and ceilings of some buildings and the inside walls of <i>stupas</i> and <i>vahalkadas</i> were also painted.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._290_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._290-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saddhatissa had employed painters to decorate the Ruwanweli Seya when his brother Duttugemunu wanted to see it on his death bed.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statue making, most noticeably <a href="/wiki/Buddharupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddharupa">statues of the Buddha</a>, was an art perfected by the Sri Lankan sculptors during the Anuradhapura kingdom. The earliest Buddha statues belonging to the Anuradhapura period date back to the 1st century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Standard postures such as <i>Abhaya Mudra</i>, <i>Dhyana Mudra</i>, <i>Vitarka Mudra</i> and <i>Kataka Mudra</i> were used when making these statues. The <a href="/wiki/Samadhi_statue" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi statue">Samadhi statue</a> in Anuradhapura, considered one of the finest examples of ancient Sri Lankan art,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows the Buddha in a seated position in deep meditation, and is sculpted from <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomitic</a> marble and is datable to the 4th century. The <a href="/wiki/Toluvila_statue" title="Toluvila statue">Toluvila statue</a> is similar to this, and dates to the later stages of the Anuradhapura kingdom. Notable standing Buddha statues dating from the Anuradhapura period include the ones at <a href="/wiki/Avukana" class="mw-redirect" title="Avukana">Avukana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maligavila" class="mw-redirect" title="Maligavila">Maligavila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buduruvagala" title="Buduruvagala">Buduruvagala</a>. The Buduruvagala statue is the tallest in the country, standing at 50 feet (15 m). All these statues are carved out of rock.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The carvings at <a href="/wiki/Isurumuniya" title="Isurumuniya">Isurumuniya</a> are some of the best examples of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">stone carving</a> art of the Anuradhapura kingdom. Skill in arts was a respected and valued trait during this period and artists were well rewarded by the rulers. The Mahavamsa records that <a href="/wiki/Jettha_Tissa_II_of_Anuradhapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Jettha Tissa II of Anuradhapura">Jettha Tissa II</a> (328–337) was himself skilled in stone and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving" title="Ivory carving">ivory carving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_engineering">Architecture and engineering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Architecture and engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruwanwelisaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ruwanwelisaya.jpg/220px-Ruwanwelisaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ruwanwelisaya.jpg/330px-Ruwanwelisaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ruwanwelisaya.jpg/440px-Ruwanwelisaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>King Dutthagamani constructed Ruwanweli Seya, the first large stupa, beginning a practice which would be followed by subsequent rulers.</figcaption></figure> <p>The construction of <a href="/wiki/Stupas" class="mw-redirect" title="Stupas">stupas</a> was noticeable not only during the Anuradhapura kingdom but throughout the history of Sri Lanka. Stupas were built enshrining an object of worship. The stupa of <a href="/wiki/Thuparamaya" title="Thuparamaya">Thuparamaya</a>, built by Devanampiya Tissa, is one of the earliest built and was constructed immediately after the arrival of Buddhism. The construction of large stupas was begun by King Dutthagamani with the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Ruwanweli_Seya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwanweli Seya">Ruwanweli Seya</a>, standing 300 feet (91 m) high with a circumference of 298 feet (91 m).<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Anuradhapura dagabas which date from the early centuries of the Anuradhapura period, are of such colossal proportions that they constitute the largest structures of their type anywhere in the Buddhist World, even rivalling the Pyramids of Egypt in size.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Abhayagiri_Dagaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhayagiri Dagaba">Abhayagiri</a> stupa in the Abhayagiriya monastic complex is another large stupa of the Anuradhapura period the original height of which was 350 feet (110 m). The <a href="/wiki/Jetavanaramaya" title="Jetavanaramaya">Jetavana</a> stupa, constructed by Mahasen, is the largest in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stupas had deep and well-constructed foundations, and the builders were clearly aware of the attributes of the materials used for construction. Suitable methods for each type of material have been used to lay foundations on a firm basis.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All buildings have been adorned with elaborate carvings and sculptures and were supported by large stone columns. These stone columns can be seen in several buildings such as the <a href="/wiki/Lovamahapaya" title="Lovamahapaya">Lovamahapaya</a> (brazen palace).<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Drainage systems</a> of these buildings are also well planned, and <a href="/wiki/Terra_cotta" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra cotta">terra cotta</a> pipes were used to carry water to drainage pits. Large ponds were attached to some monasteries, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kuttam_Pokuna" title="Kuttam Pokuna">Kuttam Pokuna</a> (twin pond). Hospital complexes have also been found close to monasteries. Buildings were constructed using timber, bricks and stones. Stones were used for foundations and columns, while brick was used for walls. Lime mortar was used for plastering walls.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irrigation_and_water_management">Irrigation and water management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Irrigation and water management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">Rainfall</a> in the dry zone of Sri Lanka is limited to 50-75 inches. Under these conditions, rain-fed cultivation was difficult, forcing early settlers to develop means to store water in order to maintain a constant supply of water for their cultivations. Small irrigation tanks were constructed at the village level, to support the cultivations of that village.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest medium-scale irrigation tank is the Basawakkulama reservoir built by King Pandukabhaya. Nuwara wewa and <a href="/wiki/Tissa_Wewa_(Anuradhapura)" title="Tissa Wewa (Anuradhapura)">Tissa Wewa</a> reservoirs were constructed a century later. These reservoirs were enlarged in subsequent years by various rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flors_de_lotus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A lake mostly covered with floating aquatic plants. The further bank is lined with trees and a hill is in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flors_de_lotus.jpg/220px-Flors_de_lotus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flors_de_lotus.jpg/330px-Flors_de_lotus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Flors_de_lotus.jpg/440px-Flors_de_lotus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A small and now unused <a href="/wiki/Irrigation_works_in_ancient_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigation works in ancient Sri Lanka">ancient irrigation lake</a> in Anuradhapura </figcaption></figure> <p>Construction of large scale reservoirs began in the 1st century AD under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Vasabha" title="Vasabha">Vasabha</a>. The Alahara canal, constructed by damming the Amban river to divert water to the west for 30 miles (48 km), was constructed during this period. Among the reservoirs constructed during the reign of Vasabha, Mahavilacchiya and Nocchipotana reservoirs both have circumferences of about 2 miles (3.2 km). During the reign of Mahasen, the Alahara canal was widened and lengthened to supply water to the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/Minneriya_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneriya tank">Minneriya tank</a>, which covered 4,670 acres (18.9 km<sup>2</sup>) and had a 1.25 miles (2.01 km) long and 44 feet (13 m) high embankment. He was named <i>Minneri Deiyo</i> (god of Minneriya) for this construction and is still referred to as such by the people in that area.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kavudulu reservoir, Pabbatanta canal and Hurulu reservoir were among the large irrigation constructions carried out during this period. These constructions contributed immensely to the improvement of agriculture in the northern and eastern parts of the dry zone. Reservoirs were also constructed using tributaries of the Daduru Oya during this period, thereby supplying water to the southwestern part of the dry zone. This conservation and distribution of water resources ensured that the water supply was sufficient throughout the dry zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._170_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._170-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/James_Emerson_Tennent" title="James Emerson Tennent">James Emerson Tennent</a><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described the ancient irrigation network as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... there seems every reason to believe that from their own subsequent experience and the prodigious extent to which they occupied themselves in the formulation of works of this kind, they attained a facility unsurpassed by the people of any other country.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_setting_over_Kandalama_Lake,_Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A partial view of a large lake, seen over a tree line. The further bank is covered by a thick forest, and the sun is setting over a mountain range in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sun_setting_over_Kandalama_Lake%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg/220px-Sun_setting_over_Kandalama_Lake%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sun_setting_over_Kandalama_Lake%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg/330px-Sun_setting_over_Kandalama_Lake%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Sun_setting_over_Kandalama_Lake%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg/440px-Sun_setting_over_Kandalama_Lake%2C_Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kandalama_Reservoir" title="Kandalama Reservoir">Kandalama Reservoir</a>, believed to have been constructed during the latter stage of the kingdom, is one of many tanks that form an intricate network.</figcaption></figure> <p>The water resources of the dry zone were further exploited during the times of Upatissa I and <a href="/wiki/Dhatusena" title="Dhatusena">Dhatusena</a>. The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Kala_wewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kala wewa">Kala wewa</a>, covering an area of 6,380 acres (25.8 km<sup>2</sup>) with an embankment 3.75 miles (6.04 km) long and 40 feet (12 m) high, was done during Dhatusena's reign. A 54 miles (87 km) canal named the <a href="/wiki/Yodha_Ela" title="Yodha Ela">Jayaganga</a> carries water from the Kala wewa to the <a href="/wiki/Tissa_Wewa_(Anuradhapura)" title="Tissa Wewa (Anuradhapura)">Tissa Wewa</a> and feeds a network of smaller canals. The construction of this network is also attributed to Dhatusena. The Jayaganga supplied water to 180 square kilometres of paddy fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._170_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._170-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 5th century, two major irrigation networks, one supported by the <a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahaweli river">Mahaweli river</a> and the other by Malvatu Oya and Kala Oya, were covering the <i>Rajarata</i> area. The Mahavamsa records that many other rulers constructed a number of irrigation tanks, some of which have not yet been identified. By the 8th century, large tanks such as <a href="/wiki/Padaviya" title="Padaviya">Padaviya</a>, Naccaduva, Kantale and <a href="/wiki/Giritale_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Giritale tank">Giritale</a> had come into existence, further expanding the irrigation network. However, from the 8th century to the end of the Anuradhapura kingdom, there wasn't much activity in the construction of irrigation works.<sup id="cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._171_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._171-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img29_Kuttam_Pokuna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large rectangular artificial pond with carved stone sides" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img29_Kuttam_Pokuna.jpg/220px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img29_Kuttam_Pokuna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img29_Kuttam_Pokuna.jpg/330px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img29_Kuttam_Pokuna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img29_Kuttam_Pokuna.jpg/440px-SL_Anuradhapura_asv2020-01_img29_Kuttam_Pokuna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7811" data-file-height="4882" /></a><figcaption>The water for the <a href="/wiki/Kuttam_Pokuna" title="Kuttam Pokuna">Kuttam Pokuna</a> was obtained through underground conduits. </figcaption></figure> <p>Advanced technology was required for the planning and construction of large reservoirs and canals. When constructing reservoirs, the gaps between low <a href="/wiki/Ridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridges">ridges</a> in the dry zone plains were used for <a href="/wiki/Damming" class="mw-redirect" title="Damming">damming</a> watercourses. Two different techniques were used in construction; one method involved making an embankment using natural rock formations across a valley and the other involved diverting water courses through constructed canals to reservoirs. All the reservoirs and canals in an area were interconnected by an intricate network, so that excess water from one will flow into the other.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The locations of these constructions indicate that the ancient engineers were aware of geological formations in the sites as well, and made effective use of them.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Underground conduits have also been constructed to supply water to and from artificial ponds, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Kuttam_Pokuna" title="Kuttam Pokuna">Kuttam Pokuna</a> and the ponds at <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 54 miles (87 km) long Jayaganga has a gradient of six inches to the mile, which indicates that the builders had expert knowledge and accurate measuring devices to achieve the minimum gradient in the water flow. The construction of <i>Bisokotuva</i>, a cistern sluice used to control the outward flow of water in reservoirs, indicates a major advancement in irrigation technology. Since the 3rd century, these sluices, made of brick and stone, were placed at various levels in the embankments of reservoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">List of Sri Lankan monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beminitiya_Seya" title="Beminitiya Seya">Beminitiya Seya</a></li> <li><i><b><small><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/48px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/64px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka portal</a></small></b></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This flag was known as the only ancient representation of the lion flag of the Sinhalese but in 1957, the lion figure on it was defaced by a vandal.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhism was such an important factor in this period that <a href="#CITEREFMendis2000">Mendis (2000)</a>, p.196 asserts, "The island of Lanka belonged to the Buddha himself; it was like a treasury filled with the <a href="/wiki/Three_Jewels" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Jewels">three gems</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is also known as the Anuradhapura dynasty, starting from Pandukabhaya.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This position was called <i>rataladda</i> by the later period of the Anuradhapura kingdom.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is disputed by some historians however since there is no mention of this in the <i>Mahavamsa</i> although the <i>Rajavaliya</i> describes the event in detail.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <i><a href="/wiki/Samantapasadika" title="Samantapasadika">Samantapasadika</a></i>, the use of coins in transactions involving the purchasing of items had become common by the 5th century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <i>historical sources</i> used in this article refer to the ancient texts on the history of Sri Lanka, mainly <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rajavaliya" title="Rajavaliya">Rajavaliya</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sir James Emerson Tennent was the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Secretary_of_Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Secretary of Ceylon">Colonial Secretary</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> from 1845 to 1850. He has written several books on the country and its history.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeneviratna1983" class="citation book cs1">Seneviratna, Anuradha (1983). <i>Golden Rock Temple of Dambulla: Caves of infinite Buddhas</i>. Central Cultural Fund. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Rock+Temple+of+Dambulla%3A+Caves+of+infinite+Buddhas&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Central+Cultural+Fund&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Seneviratna&rft.aufirst=Anuradha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodakumbura1969" class="citation book cs1">Godakumbura, C.E. (1969). <i>History of archaeology in Ceylon</i>. Journal of the Ceylon Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, New Series (Vol XIII). p. 36. <q>We all agree with Deraniyagala when he considers that the defacing of the lion depicted upon Dutugemunu's flag in the famous Dambulla frescoes as a national loss. This, so far as we know, is the only ancient representation of the lion-flag of the Sinhalese.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+archaeology+in+Ceylon&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Journal+of+the+Ceylon+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society%2C+New+Series+%28Vol+XIII%29&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Godakumbura&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Silva2005" class="citation book cs1">De Silva, K.M (2005). <i>A History of Sri Lanka</i>. Penguin Books India. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9558095923" title="Special:BookSources/9558095923"><bdi>9558095923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9558095923&rft.aulast=De+Silva&rft.aufirst=K.M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201458-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201458_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201458_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva2014">De Silva 2014</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk/moodle/pluginfile.php/22943/mod_resource/content/1/cha%203.pdf">"The downfall of the Anuradhapura kingdom and South Indian influences"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+downfall+of+the+Anuradhapura+kingdom+and+South+Indian+influences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-thaksalawa.moe.gov.lk%2Fmoodle%2Fpluginfile.php%2F22943%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2Fcha%25203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/10-consecrating-pandukabhaya/">"The Consecrating of Pandukabhaya - King Pandukabhaya"</a>. 8 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Consecrating+of+Pandukabhaya+-+King+Pandukabhaya&rft.date=2011-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmahavamsa.org%2Fmahavamsa%2Foriginal-version%2F10-consecrating-pandukabhaya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perera (2001), p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blaze (1995), p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yogasundaram (2008), p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bandaranayake (2007), p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendis (1999), p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moratuwagama (1996), p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludowyk (1985), p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moratuwagama (1996), p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moratuwagama (1996), p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._171-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._171_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._171_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._35-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._35_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._35_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._114-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._114_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._114_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendis (1999), p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludowyk (1985), p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludowyk (1985), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludowyk (1985), p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blaze (1995), p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blaze (1995), p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rambukwelle (1993), p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._47-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._47_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wijesooriya_2006,_p._47_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._42-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._42_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._42_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._44-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._44_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._44_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000172–173_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2000">Sastri 2000</a>, p. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976411-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1976411_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencer1976">Spencer 1976</a>, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976416-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1976416_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1976416_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencer1976">Spencer 1976</a>, p. 416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESastri2000199–200-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000199–200_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000199–200_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESastri2000199–200_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSastri2000">Sastri 2000</a>, p. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer1976417-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer1976417_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpencer1976">Spencer 1976</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">as noted by its native name of Kandavura Nuvara (the camp city)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._86-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._86_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._86_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._87-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._87_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._87_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perera (2001), p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholas and Paranavitana (1961), p. 143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siriweera_1994,_p._8-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_1994,_p._8_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_1994,_p._8_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_1994,_p._8_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (1994), p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (1994), p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rambukwelle (1993), p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rambukwelle (1993), p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (1994), p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendis (1999), p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rambukwelle_1993,_p._38-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rambukwelle_1993,_p._38_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rambukwelle_1993,_p._38_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rambukwelle (1993), p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66_76-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66_76-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._66_76-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yogasundaram (2008), p. 66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellawala (1969), p.148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._67-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._67_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yogasundaram_2008,_p._67_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yogasundaram (2008), p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wijesooriya (2006), p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendis (1999), p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goonaratne and Hirashima (1990), p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siriweera_2004,_p._182-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._182_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siriweera_2004,_p._182_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seneviratna (1989), p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (1994), p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sundaytimes.lk/120729/plus/did-anuradhapura-greeks-come-east-with-alexander-7214.html">Did Anuradhapura Greeks come east with Alexander?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201446-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201446_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva2014">De Silva 2014</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201447-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Silva201447_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Silva2014">De Silva 2014</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (1994), p 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Codrington (1994), p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (1994), p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (1994), p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (1994), p. 169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (1994), p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellawala (1969), p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellawala (1969), p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 187</span> </li> <li 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Observer&rft.atitle=The+beautiful+twin+ponds+of+Anuradhapura&rft.date=2008-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.sundayobserver.lk%2F2008%2F11%2F02%2Fjun06.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bandaranayake (2007), p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siriweera (2004), p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seneviratna (1989), p. 76</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Silva2014" class="citation book cs1">De Silva, K. 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Colombo: Vijitha Yapa Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-8095-92-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-8095-92-8"><bdi>978-955-8095-92-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Colombo&rft.edition=%5BRevised.%5D&rft.pub=Vijitha+Yapa+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-955-8095-92-8&rft.aulast=De+Silva&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandaranayake2007" class="citation book cs1">Bandaranayake, Senake (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sigiriyacitypala0000band"><i>Sigiriya</i></a></span>. Central Cultural Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-613-111-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-613-111-6"><bdi>978-955-613-111-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sigiriya&rft.pub=Central+Cultural+Fund&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-955-613-111-6&rft.aulast=Bandaranayake&rft.aufirst=Senake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsigiriyacitypala0000band&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasnayake1986" class="citation book cs1">Basnayake, H. T. (1986). <i>Sri Lankan Monastic Architecture</i>. Sri Satguru Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7030-009-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7030-009-0"><bdi>978-81-7030-009-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Lankan+Monastic+Architecture&rft.pub=Sri+Satguru+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-81-7030-009-0&rft.aulast=Basnayake&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaze1995" class="citation book cs1">Blaze, L. E (1995). <i>The Story of Lanka</i>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1074-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1074-3"><bdi>978-81-206-1074-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Lanka&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1074-3&rft.aulast=Blaze&rft.aufirst=L.+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCodrington1994" class="citation book cs1">Codrington, H.W. (1994). <i>Ceylon Coins and Currency</i>. Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0913-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0913-6"><bdi>978-81-206-0913-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceylon+Coins+and+Currency&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0913-6&rft.aulast=Codrington&rft.aufirst=H.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllawala1969" class="citation book cs1">Ellawala, H. (1969). <i>Social History of Early Ceylon</i>. Department of Cultural Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+History+of+Early+Ceylon&rft.pub=Department+of+Cultural+Affairs&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Ellawala&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernando2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernando, G. S. (2001). <i>සිංහල සැරසිලි—Sinhala Sarasili</i> [<i>Sinhala Decorational Art</i>] (in Sinhala). M. D. 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Godage International Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-30-0610-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-30-0610-3"><bdi>978-955-30-0610-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mistique+of+Sigiriya+%E2%80%94+Whispers+of+the+Mirror+Wall&rft.pub=Godage+International+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-955-30-0610-3&rft.aulast=Lokubandara&rft.aufirst=W.+J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudowyk1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._F._C._Ludowyk" title="E. F. C. Ludowyk">Ludowyk, E. F. C.</a> (1985). <i>The Story of Ceylon</i>. Navrang Booksellers & Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7013-020-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7013-020-8"><bdi>978-81-7013-020-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Ceylon&rft.pub=Navrang+Booksellers+%26+Publishers&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-81-7013-020-8&rft.aulast=Ludowyk&rft.aufirst=E.+F.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendis1999" class="citation book cs1">Mendis, Ranjan Chinthaka (1999). <i>The Story of Anuradhapura</i>. 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Godage & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-20-4847-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-20-4847-0"><bdi>978-955-20-4847-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rulers+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=S.+Godage+%26+Brothers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-955-20-4847-0&rft.aulast=Mendis&rft.aufirst=Vernon+L.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoratuwagama1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moratuwagama, H. M. (1996). <i>සිංහල ථුපවංසය—Sinhala Thupavansaya</i> [<i>Sinhala Thupavamsa</i>] (in Sinhala). 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Navrang Booksellers & Publishers. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/89906331">89906331</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21524601">21524601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Springs+of+Sinhala+Civilization&rft.pub=Navrang+Booksellers+%26+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21524601&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F89906331&rft.aulast=Seneviratna&rft.aufirst=Anuradha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiriweera2004" class="citation book cs1">Siriweera, W. I. (2004). <i>History of Sri Lanka</i>. Dayawansa Jayakody & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-551-257-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-551-257-2"><bdi>978-955-551-257-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Dayawansa+Jayakody+%26+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-955-551-257-2&rft.aulast=Siriweera&rft.aufirst=W.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiriweera1994" class="citation book cs1">Siriweera, W. I. (1994). <i>A Study of the Economic History of Pre Modern Sri Lanka</i>. Vikas Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-7621-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-7621-2"><bdi>978-0-7069-7621-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+the+Economic+History+of+Pre+Modern+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Vikas+Publishing+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7069-7621-2&rft.aulast=Siriweera&rft.aufirst=W.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWijesooriya2006" class="citation book cs1">Wijesooriya, S. (2006). <i>A Concise Sinhala Mahavamsa</i>. Participatory Development Forum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-9140-31-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-9140-31-3"><bdi>978-955-9140-31-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Sinhala+Mahavamsa&rft.pub=Participatory+Development+Forum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-955-9140-31-3&rft.aulast=Wijesooriya&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYogasundaram2008" class="citation book cs1">Yogasundaram, Nath (2008). <i>A Comprehensive History of Sri Lanka</i>. Vijitha Yapa Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-665-002-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-665-002-0"><bdi>978-955-665-002-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Vijitha+Yapa+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-955-665-002-0&rft.aulast=Yogasundaram&rft.aufirst=Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer1976" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, George W. (May 1976). "The Politics of Plunder:The Cholas in Eleventh-Century Ceylon". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (3): 405–419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2053272">10.2307/2053272</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2053272">2053272</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154741845">154741845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Plunder%3AThe+Cholas+in+Eleventh-Century+Ceylon&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-419&rft.date=1976-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154741845%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2053272%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2053272&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnuradhapura+kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_Anuradhapura_period_topics_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anuradhapura_period_topics" title="Template:Anuradhapura period topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anuradhapura_period_topics" title="Template talk:Anuradhapura period topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anuradhapura_period_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anuradhapura period topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_Anuradhapura_period_topics_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Pre_Anuradhapura_period_topics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Pre Anuradhapura period topics (page does not exist)">←</a> <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> topics <a href="/wiki/Template:Polonnaruwa_period_topics" title="Template:Polonnaruwa period topics">→</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anuradhapura kingdom</a> 377 BC – 1017 AD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(377 BC–463 AD)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka#Introduction_of_Buddhism" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Arrival of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Elara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutugamunu_Campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutugamunu Campaign (page does not exist)">Dutugamunu Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijithapura" title="Battle of Vijithapura">Battle of Vijithapura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Dravidians" title="The Five Dravidians">The Five Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Buddhist council">Fourth Buddhist council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gajabahu%27s_invasion_of_Chola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gajabahu's invasion of Chola (page does not exist)">Gajabahu's invasion of Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beminitiya_Seya" title="Beminitiya Seya">Beminitiya Seya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Dravidians" title="The Six Dravidians">The Six Dravidians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(463–691)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(691–1017)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_invasion_of_Pandya" title="Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya">Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Government_and_military">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lambakanna_I" title="House of Lambakanna I">Lambakanna I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Moriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Moriya (page does not exist)">Moriya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lambakanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Lambakanna II (page does not exist)">Lambakanna II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Military">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">Tamil mercenaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a> and people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta">Sanghamitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Rata" title="Malaya Rata">Malaya Rata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Rata" title="Maya Rata">Maya Rata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ruhuna" title="Principality of Ruhuna">Ruhuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhayagiri_vih%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhayagiri vihāra">Abhayagiri vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Maha_Viharaya" title="Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya">Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamasthana" title="Atamasthana">Atamasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamevn%C4%81wa_Gardens" title="Mahamevnāwa Gardens">Mahamevnāwa Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapagala_fortress" title="Mapagala fortress">Mapagala fortress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_irrigation_network" title="Sri Lankan irrigation network">Irrigation network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank_cascade_system" title="Tank cascade system">Tank cascade system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gems_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Gems of Sri Lanka">Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahapana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahapana (page does not exist)">Kahapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahavanu" title="Kahavanu">Kahavanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Gokanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Gokanna (page does not exist)">Port of Gokanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Port of Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Mahatittha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Mahatittha (page does not exist)">Port of Mahatittha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajakariya">Rajakariya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_constructions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka">Constructions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">Immigration</a></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">in Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala literature">in Sinhalese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Esala_Perahera" title="Kandy Esala Perahera">Perahera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anuradhapura_period_in_popular_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anuradhapura period in popular culture (page does not exist)">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Brahmanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Tantric Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Anuradhapura_period" title="Category:Anuradhapura period">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" title="Portal:Sri Lanka">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Sri_Lanka" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Sri Lanka">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sinhalese_monarchy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Template:Sinhalese Monarchy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Template talk:Sinhalese Monarchy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sinhalese Monarchy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sinhalese_monarchy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sinhalese monarchy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_the_Sinhalese_Monarchy" title="Template:Timeline of the Sinhalese Monarchy">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culavamsa">Culavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajavaliya" title="Rajavaliya">Rajavaliya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre_Anuradhapura_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre Anuradhapura period">Pre Anuradhapura</a> & <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Tambapanni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anuradhapura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lambakanna_I" title="House of Lambakanna I">Lambakanna I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Moriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Moriya (page does not exist)">Moriya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lambakanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Lambakanna II (page does not exist)">Lambakanna II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vijayabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vijayabahu (page does not exist)">Vijayabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Kalinga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Kalinga (page does not exist)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Siri_Sanga_Bo" title="House of Siri Sanga Bo">Siri Sanga Bo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Senasammata_Vikramabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Senasammata Vikramabahu (page does not exist)">Senasammata Vikramabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vimaladharmasuriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vimaladharmasuriya (page does not exist)">Vimaladharmasuriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_monarchs_by_length_of_reign" title="List of Sinhalese monarchs by length of reign">By reign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchs_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese monarchs family tree">Family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_Interregnums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese Interregnums (page does not exist)">Interregnums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upatissa_(regent)" title="Upatissa (regent)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Tissa" title="Prince Tissa">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Sinhalese_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Sinhalese Interregnum (page does not exist)">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Sinhalese_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Sinhalese Interregnum (page does not exist)">4th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_female_monarchs" title="List of Sinhalese female monarchs">Sinhalese female monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Sri_Lanka_royal_consorts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Sri Lanka royal consorts (page does not exist)">Sinhalese Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usurpers_of_the_Sinhalese_throne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usurpers of the Sinhalese throne (page does not exist)">Usurpers</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_regnal_names&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese regnal names (page does not exist)">Regnal name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_royal_court&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese royal court (page does not exist)">Royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%C4%81tya_Mandalaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amātya Mandalaya (page does not exist)">Amātya Mandalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81j%C4%81kariya" title="Rājākariya">Rājākariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Royal Residences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tambapa%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87%C4%AB" title="Tambapaṇṇī">Tambapaṇṇī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upatissag%C4%81ma" title="Upatissagāma">Upatissagāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijithapura" title="Vijithapura">Vijithapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhuna">Rohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambadeniya" title="Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yapahuwa" title="Yapahuwa">Yapahuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurunegala" title="Kurunegala">Kurunegala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampola" title="Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedigama" title="Dedigama">Dedigama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rayigama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rayigama (page does not exist)">Rayigama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitawaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related dynasties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanga_kingdom" title="Vanga kingdom">Vanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakya" title="Shakya">Shakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda" title="Vedda">Vedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Nayak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhapura" title="Sinhapura">Sinhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhabahu" title="Sinhabahu">Sinhabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_royal_titles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese royal titles (page does not exist)">Titles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhalese_Crown_Jewels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhalese Crown Jewels (page does not exist)">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Standards_of_the_Sinhala_Kingdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Standards of the Sinhala Kingdom (page does not exist)">Royal Standards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pretenders_to_the_Sinhalese_throne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pretenders to the Sinhalese throne (page does not exist)">Pretenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhisheka" title="Abhisheka">Abhisheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayab%C4%81_Kollaya" title="Vijayabā Kollaya">Vijayabā Kollaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_the_Sinhala_kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_the_Sinhala_Kingdom" title="Template:Monarchs of the Sinhala Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_the_Sinhala_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Monarchs of the Sinhala Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_the_Sinhala_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of the Sinhala Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_the_Sinhala_kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Monarchs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_kingdom" title="Sinhala kingdom">Sinhala kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">List of monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_monarchs_by_length_of_reign" title="List of Sinhalese monarchs by length of reign">by reign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhalese_queens" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sinhalese queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchs_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhalese monarchs family tree">Family tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">House of Vijaya</a> (543–237 BCE)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a> (543 BCE–505 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upatissa_(regent)" title="Upatissa (regent)">Upatissa</a></i> (505 BCE–504 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panduvasdeva" title="Panduvasdeva">Panduvasdeva</a> (504 BCE–474 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhaya_of_Tambapanni" title="Abhaya of Tambapanni">Abhaya</a> (474 BCE–454 BCE)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Tissa" title="Prince Tissa">Tissa</a></i> (454 BCE–437 BCE)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_of_Kandy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Kandy.svg/75px-King_of_Kandy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Kandy.svg/113px-King_of_Kandy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/King_of_Kandy.svg/150px-King_of_Kandy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">House of Vijaya</a> (543–237 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola dynasty</a> (237–215 BCE)<br />House of Vijaya (215–205 BCE)<br />Chola dynasty (205–161 BCE)<br />House of Vijaya (161–103 BCE)<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Dravidians" title="The Five Dravidians">The Five Dravidians</a> (103–89 BCE)<br />House of Vijaya (89 BCE–66 CE)<br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lambakanna_I" title="House of Lambakanna I">House of Lambakanna I</a> (66–436)<br /><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Dravidians" title="The Six Dravidians">The Six Dravidians</a> (436–463)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Moriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Moriya (page does not exist)">House of Moriya</a> (463–691)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lambakanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Lambakanna II (page does not exist)">House of Lambakanna II</a> (691–1017)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandukabhaya" title="Pandukabhaya">Pandukabhaya</a> (437–367 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutasiva" title="Mutasiva">Mutasiva</a> (367–307 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa" title="Devanampiya Tissa">Devanampiya Tissa</a> (307–267 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttiya" title="Uttiya">Uttiya</a> (267–257 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiva" title="Mahasiva">Mahasiva</a> (257–247 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suratissa" title="Suratissa">Suratissa</a> (247–237 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_and_Guttika" title="Sena and Guttika">Sena and Guttika</a> (237–215 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asela_of_Anuradhapura" title="Asela of Anuradhapura">Asela</a> (215–205 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Elara</a> (205–161 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutugamunu" title="Dutugamunu">Dutugamunu</a> (161–137 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddha_Tissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddha Tissa">Saddha Tissa</a> (137–119 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thulatthana" title="Thulatthana">Thulatthana</a> (119 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanja_Tissa" title="Lanja Tissa">Lanja Tissa</a> (119–109 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khallata_Naga" title="Khallata Naga">Khallata Naga</a> (109–104 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valagamba" title="Valagamba">Valagamba</a> (104–103 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulahatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulahatta">Pulahatta</a> (103–100 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahiya">Bahiya</a> (100–98 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panya_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Panya Mara">Panya Mara</a> (98–91 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilaya_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilaya Mara">Pilaya Mara</a> (91–90 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dathika" class="mw-redirect" title="Dathika">Dathika</a> (90–88 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valagamba" title="Valagamba">Valagamba</a> (89–76 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakuli_Mahatissa" title="Mahakuli Mahatissa">Mahakuli Mahatissa</a> (76–62 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chora_Naga" title="Chora Naga">Chora Naga</a> (62–50 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuda_Tissa" title="Kuda Tissa">Kuda Tissa</a> (50–47 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_I" title="Siva I">Siva I</a> (47 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatuka_of_Anuradhapura" title="Vatuka of Anuradhapura">Vatuka</a> (47 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darubhatika_Tissa" title="Darubhatika Tissa">Darubhatika Tissa</a> (47 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niliya_of_Anuradhapura" title="Niliya of Anuradhapura">Niliya</a> (47 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anula_of_Anuradhapura" title="Anula of Anuradhapura">Anula</a> (47 BCE) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/12px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/18px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutakanna_Tissa" title="Kutakanna Tissa">Kutakanna Tissa</a> (42–20 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatikabhaya_Abhaya" title="Bhatikabhaya Abhaya">Bhatikabhaya Abhaya</a> (20 BCE–9 CE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadathika_Mahanaga" title="Mahadathika Mahanaga">Mahadathika Mahanaga</a> (9–21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amandagamani_Abhaya" title="Amandagamani Abhaya">Amandagamani Abhaya</a> (21–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanirajanu_Tissa" title="Kanirajanu Tissa">Kanirajanu Tissa</a> (30–33)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulabhaya" title="Chulabhaya">Chulabhaya</a> (33–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivali_of_Anuradhapura" title="Sivali of Anuradhapura">Sivali</a> (35–35) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/12px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/18px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Sinhalese_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Sinhalese Interregnum (page does not exist)">Interregnum</a></i> (35–38)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilanaga" title="Ilanaga">Ilanaga</a> (38–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandamukha" title="Chandamukha">Chandamukha</a> (44–52)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassalalaka_Tissa" title="Yassalalaka Tissa">Yassalalaka Tissa</a> (52–60)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subharaja" title="Subharaja">Subharaja</a> (60–66)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasabha" title="Vasabha">Vasabha</a> (66–110)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vankanasika_Tissa" title="Vankanasika Tissa">Vankanasika Tissa</a> (110–113)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajabahu_I" title="Gajabahu I">Gajabahu I</a> (113–135)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahallaka_Naga" title="Mahallaka Naga">Mahallaka Naga</a> (135–141)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatika_Tissa" title="Bhatika Tissa">Bhatika Tissa</a> (141–165)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanittha_Tissa" title="Kanittha Tissa">Kanittha Tissa</a> (165–193)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cula_Naga" title="Cula Naga">Cula Naga</a> (193–195)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuda_Naga" title="Kuda Naga">Kuda Naga</a> (195–196)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_Naga_I" title="Siri Naga I">Siri Naga I</a> (196–215)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voharika_Tissa" title="Voharika Tissa">Voharika Tissa</a> (215–237)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhaya_Naga" title="Abhaya Naga">Abhaya Naga</a> (237–245)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_Naga_II" title="Siri Naga II">Siri Naga II</a> (245–247)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Kumara" title="Vijaya Kumara">Vijaya Kumara</a> (247–248)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha_Tissa_I" title="Sangha Tissa I">Sangha Tissa I</a> (248–252)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_Sangha_Bodhi_I" title="Siri Sangha Bodhi I">Siri Sangha Bodhi I</a> (252–254)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothabhaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothabhaya">Gothabhaya</a> (254–267)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jettha_Tissa_I" title="Jettha Tissa I">Jettha Tissa I</a> (267–277)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasena_of_Anuradhapura" title="Mahasena of Anuradhapura">Mahasena</a> (277–304)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirimeghavanna" title="Sirimeghavanna">Sirimeghavanna</a> (304–332)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jettha_Tissa_II" title="Jettha Tissa II">Jettha Tissa II</a> (332–341)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhadasa_of_Anuradhapura" title="Buddhadasa of Anuradhapura">Buddhadasa</a> (341–370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upatissa_I" title="Upatissa I">Upatissa I</a> (370–412)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Mahanama" title="King Mahanama">Mahanama</a> (412–434)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soththisena" title="Soththisena">Soththisena</a> (434)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattagahaka_Jantu" title="Chattagahaka Jantu">Chattagahaka Jantu</a> (434–435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittasena" title="Mittasena">Mittasena</a> (435–436)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Dravidians" title="The Six Dravidians">Pandu</a> (436–441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Parindu">Parindu</a> (441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudda_Parinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Khudda Parinda">Khudda Parinda</a> (441–447)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiritara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiritara">Tiritara</a> (447)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dathiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dathiya">Dathiya</a> (447–450)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pithiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pithiya">Pithiya</a> (450–452)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatusena" title="Dhatusena">Dhatusena</a> (463–479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa_I" title="Kashyapa I">Kashyapa I</a> (479–497)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggallana_I" title="Moggallana I">Moggallana I</a> (497–515)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumara_Dhatusena" title="Kumara Dhatusena">Kumara Dhatusena</a> (515–524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittisena" title="Kittisena">Kittisena</a> (524)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siva_II" title="Siva II">Siva II</a> (524–525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upatissa_II" title="Upatissa II">Upatissa II</a> (525–526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silakala_Ambosamanera" title="Silakala Ambosamanera">Silakala Ambosamanera</a> (526–539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dathappabhuti" title="Dathappabhuti">Dathappabhuti</a> (539–540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggallana_II" title="Moggallana II">Moggallana II</a> (540–560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittisiri_Meghavanna" title="Kittisiri Meghavanna">Kittisiri Meghavanna</a> (560–561)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Naga_of_Anuradhapura" title="Maha Naga of Anuradhapura">Maha Naga</a> (561–564)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggabodhi_I" title="Aggabodhi I">Aggabodhi I</a> (564–598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggabodhi_II" title="Aggabodhi II">Aggabodhi II</a> (598–608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha_Tissa_II" title="Sangha Tissa II">Sangha Tissa II</a> (608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moggallana_III" title="Moggallana III">Moggallana III</a> (608–614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silameghavanna" title="Silameghavanna">Silameghavanna</a> (614–623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggabodhi_III" title="Aggabodhi III">Aggabodhi III</a> (623)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jettha_Tissa_III" title="Jettha Tissa III">Jettha Tissa III</a> (623–624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggabodhi_III" title="Aggabodhi III">Aggabodhi III</a> (624–640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dathopa_Tissa_I" title="Dathopa Tissa I">Dathopa Tissa I</a> (640–652)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_II" title="Kassapa II">Kassapa II</a> (652–661)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dappula_I" title="Dappula I">Dappula I</a> (661–664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dathopa_Tissa_II" title="Dathopa Tissa II">Dathopa Tissa II</a> (664–673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggabodhi_IV" title="Aggabodhi IV">Aggabodhi IV</a> (673–689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unhanagara_Hatthadatha" title="Unhanagara Hatthadatha">Unhanagara Hatthadatha</a> (691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavanna_of_Anuradhapura" title="Manavanna of Anuradhapura">Manavanna</a> (691–726)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggabodhi_V" title="Aggabodhi V">Aggabodhi V</a> (726–732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_III" title="Kassapa III">Kassapa III</a> (732–738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_I" title="Mahinda I">Mahinda I</a> (738–741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggabodhi_VI" title="Aggabodhi VI">Aggabodhi VI</a> (741–781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggabodhi_VII" title="Aggabodhi VII">Aggabodhi VII</a> (781–787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_II" title="Mahinda II">Mahinda II</a> (787–807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dappula_II" title="Dappula II">Dappula II</a> (807–812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_III" title="Mahinda III">Mahinda III</a> (812–816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggabodhi_VIII" title="Aggabodhi VIII">Aggabodhi VIII</a> (816–827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dappula_III" title="Dappula III">Dappula III</a> (827–843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggabodhi_IX" title="Aggabodhi IX">Aggabodhi IX</a> (843–846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_I" title="Sena I">Sena I</a> (846–866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_II" title="Sena II">Sena II</a> (866–901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udaya_I" title="Udaya I">Udaya I</a> (901–912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_IV" title="Kassapa IV">Kassapa IV</a> (912–929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_V" title="Kassapa V">Kassapa V</a> (929–939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dappula_IV" title="Dappula IV">Dappula IV</a> (939–940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dappula_V" title="Dappula V">Dappula V</a> (940–952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udaya_II" title="Udaya II">Udaya II</a> (952–955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_III" title="Sena III">Sena III</a> (955–964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udaya_III" title="Udaya III">Udaya III</a> (964–972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_IV" title="Sena IV">Sena IV</a> (972–975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_IV" title="Mahinda IV">Mahinda IV</a> (975–991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_V" title="Sena V">Sena V</a> (991–1001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_V" title="Mahinda V">Mahinda V</a> (1001–1029)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura from Rohana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kassapa_VI" title="Kassapa VI">Kassapa VI</a> (1029–1040)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahalana%E2%80%93Kitti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahalana–Kitti (page does not exist)">Mahalana–Kitti</a> (1040–1042)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vikrama_Pandu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vikrama Pandu (page does not exist)">Vikrama Pandu</a> (1042–1043)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jagatipala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jagatipala (page does not exist)">Jagatipala</a> (1043–1046)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parakrama_Pandu,_Sinhalese_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parakrama Pandu, Sinhalese King (page does not exist)">Parakrama Pandu</a> (1046–1048)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loka,_Sinhalese_King&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loka, Sinhalese King (page does not exist)">Loka</a> (1048–1054)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassapa_VII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassapa VII (page does not exist)">Kassapa VII</a> (1054–1055)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a><br /><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vijayabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vijayabahu (page does not exist)">House of Vijayabahu</a> (1055–1187)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Kalinga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Kalinga (page does not exist)">House of Kalinga</a> (1187–1197)<br />House of Vijayabahu (1197–1200)<br />House of Kalinga (1200–1209)<br />House of Vijayabahu (1209–1210)<br />Lokissara (1210–1211)<br />House of Vijayabahu (1211–1212)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">Pandyan dynasty</a> (1212–1215)<br /><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga dynasty</a> (1215–1236)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_I" title="Vijayabahu I">Vijayabahu I</a> (1055–1110)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayabahu_I" title="Jayabahu I">Jayabahu I</a> (1110–1111)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramabahu_I" title="Vikramabahu I">Vikramabahu I</a> (1111–1132)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gajabahu_II" title="Gajabahu II">Gajabahu II</a> (1132–1153)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_I" title="Parakramabahu I">Parakramabahu I</a> (1153–1186)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_II" title="Vijayabahu II">Vijayabahu II</a> (1186–1187)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_VI" title="Mahinda VI">Mahinda VI</a> (1187)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissanka_Malla" title="Nissanka Malla">Nissanka Malla</a> (1187–1196)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Bahu_I" title="Vira Bahu I">Vira Bahu I</a> (1196)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramabahu_II" title="Vikramabahu II">Vikramabahu II</a> (1196)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodaganga_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Chodaganga of Polonnaruwa">Chodaganga</a> (1196–1197)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Lilavati" title="Queen Lilavati">Lilavati</a> (1197–1200) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/12px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/18px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahassa_Malla" title="Sahassa Malla">Sahassa Malla</a> (1200–1202)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyanavati" title="Kalyanavati">Kalyanavati</a> (1202–1208) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/12px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/18px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasoka" title="Dharmasoka">Dharmasoka</a> (1208–1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anikanga" title="Anikanga">Anikanga</a> (1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Lilavati" title="Queen Lilavati">Lilavati</a> (1209–1210) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/12px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/18px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokissara" title="Lokissara">Lokissara</a> (1210–1211)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Lilavati" title="Queen Lilavati">Lilavati</a> (1211–1212) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/12px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/18px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakrama_Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Parakrama Pandya">Parakrama Pandya</a> (1212–1215)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_Magha" title="Kalinga Magha">Kalinga Magha</a> (1215–1236)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/House_of_Siri_Sanga_Bo" title="House of Siri Sanga Bo">House of Siri Sanga Bo</a> (1220–1597)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Senasammata_Vikramabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Senasammata Vikramabahu (page does not exist)">House of Senasammata Vikramabahu</a> (1469–1592)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_III" title="Vijayabahu III">Vijayabahu III</a> (1220–1234)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_II" title="Parakramabahu II">Parakramabahu II</a> (1234–1270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_IV" title="Vijayabahu IV">Vijayabahu IV</a> (1270–1272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvanaikabahu_I" title="Bhuvanaikabahu I">Bhuvanaikabahu I</a> (1272–1284)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Sinhalese_Interregnum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Sinhalese Interregnum (page does not exist)">Interregnum</a></i> (1285–1286)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_III" title="Parakramabahu III">Parakramabahu III</a> (1287–1293)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvanaikabahu_II" title="Bhuvanaikabahu II">Bhuvanaikabahu II</a> (1293–1302)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_IV" title="Parakramabahu IV">Parakramabahu IV</a> (1302–1326)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvanaikabahu_III" title="Bhuvanaikabahu III">Bhuvanaikabahu III</a> (1326–1335)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_V" title="Vijayabahu V">Vijayabahu V</a> (1335–1341)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvanaikabahu_IV" title="Bhuvanaikabahu IV">Bhuvanaikabahu IV</a> (1341–1351)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_V" title="Parakramabahu V">Parakramabahu V</a> (1344–1359)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramabahu_III" title="Vikramabahu III">Vikramabahu III</a> (1357–1374)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvanaikabahu_V" title="Bhuvanaikabahu V">Bhuvanaikabahu V</a> (1371–1408)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Bahu_II" title="Vira Bahu II">Vira Bahu II</a> (1391/92–1397)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Alakesvara_of_Gampola" class="mw-redirect" title="Vira Alakesvara of Gampola">Vijayabahu VI</a> (1397–1409)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_Epa" title="Parakramabahu Epa">Parakramabahu Epa</a> (1409–1412)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_VI" title="Parakramabahu VI">Parakramabahu VI</a> (1410–1467)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayabahu_II" title="Jayabahu II">Jayabahu II</a> (1467–1472)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvanaikabahu_VI" title="Bhuvanaikabahu VI">Bhuvanaikabahu VI</a> (1469–1477)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_VII" title="Parakramabahu VII">Parakramabahu VII</a> (1477)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_VIII" title="Parakramabahu VIII">Parakramabahu VIII</a> (1477–1489)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parakramabahu_IX" title="Parakramabahu IX">Parakramabahu IX</a> (1489–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayabahu_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayabahu VII">Vijayabahu VII</a> (1513–1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvanaikabahu_VII" title="Bhuvanaikabahu VII">Bhuvanaikabahu VII</a> (1521–1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_of_Kotte" title="Dharmapala of Kotte">Dharmapala</a> (1551–1597)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka Line</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayadunne" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayadunne">Mayadunne</a> (1521–1581)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasinha_I" title="Rajasinha I">Rajasinha I</a> (1581–1593)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajasuriya_of_Sitawaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajasuriya of Sitawaka (page does not exist)">Rajasuriya</a> (1593–1594)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kandyan_monarchs" title="List of Kandyan monarchs">Kandyan Line</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senasammata_Vikramabahu" title="Senasammata Vikramabahu">Senasammata Vikramabahu</a> (1469– 1511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayavira_Bandara" title="Jayavira Bandara">Jayavira Bandara</a> (1511–1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karalliyadde_Bandara" title="Karalliyadde Bandara">Karalliyadde Bandara</a> (1551–1581)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusumasana_Devi" title="Kusumasana Devi">Kusumasana Devi</a> (1582–1582) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/12px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/18px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasinha_I" title="Rajasinha I">Rajasinha I</a> (1582–1592)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandyan period</a><br /><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Vimaladharmasuriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Vimaladharmasuriya (page does not exist)">House of Vimaladharmasuriya</a> (1592–1739)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nayaks_of_Kandy" title="Nayaks of Kandy">Nayaks of Kandy</a> (1739–1815)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vimaladharmasuriya_I" title="Vimaladharmasuriya I">Vimaladharmasuriya I</a> (1592–1604)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Senarat">Senarat</a> (1604–1635)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasinha_II" title="Rajasinha II">Rajasinha II</a> (1635–1687)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimaladharmasuriya_II" title="Vimaladharmasuriya II">Vimaladharmasuriya II</a> (1687–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Narendra_Sinha" title="Vira Narendra Sinha">Vira Narendra Sinha</a> (1707–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vijaya_Rajasinha" title="Sri Vijaya Rajasinha">Sri Vijaya Rajasinha</a> (1739–1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirti_Sri_Rajasinha" title="Kirti Sri Rajasinha">Kirti Sri Rajasinha</a> (1747–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Rajadhi_Rajasinha" title="Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha">Sri Rajadhi Rajasinha</a> (1782–1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vikrama_Rajasinha" title="Sri Vikrama Rajasinha">Sri Vikrama Rajasinha</a> (1798–1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate regent.·<span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/12px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/18px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> indicate the queen. <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sinhalese_monarchs" title="Category:Sinhalese monarchs">Category</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sri_Lanka_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Template talk:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sri_Lanka_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sri Lanka topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sri_Lanka_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankans">Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Sri_Lanka" title="2024 in Sri Lanka">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prehistory of Sri Lanka">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_period" title="Anuradhapura period">Anuradhapura period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa_period" title="Polonnaruwa period">Polonnaruwa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_period_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Transitional period of Sri Lanka">Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_period" title="Kandyan period">Kandyan period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon_period" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ceylon period">British Ceylon period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Sri Lanka (1948–present)">Sri Lanka (1948–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epochs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tambapanni" title="Kingdom of Tambapanni">Tambapanni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Polonnaruwa" title="Kingdom of Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffna_kingdom" title="Jaffna kingdom">Jaffna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dambadeniya" title="Kingdom of Dambadeniya">Dambadeniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gampola" title="Kingdom of Gampola">Gampola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kotte" title="Kingdom of Kotte">Kotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Sixteenth_Century" title="Crisis of the Sixteenth Century">Crisis of the Sixteenth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sitawaka" title="Kingdom of Sitawaka">Sitawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kandy" title="Kingdom of Kandy">Kandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Ceylon" title="Portuguese Ceylon">Portuguese Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Ceylon" title="Dutch Ceylon">Dutch Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">British Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandyan_Wars" title="Kandyan Wars">Kandyan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rebellion_of_1817%E2%80%9318" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Rebellion of 1817–18">Uva Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matale_rebellion" title="Matale rebellion">Matale rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement" title="Sri Lankan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Dominion of Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragalaya">Aragalaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chronicles_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of chronicles of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographic_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographic history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Sri Lanka">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="History of education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Military history of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Government of Sri Lanka">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Law of Sri Lanka">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Constitution of Sri Lanka">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Constitutional Council (Sri Lanka)">Constitutional Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Heads_of_state_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Heads of state of Sri Lanka">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/President_of_Sri_Lanka" title="President of Sri Lanka">President</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Secretariat_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Presidential Secretariat (Sri Lanka)">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Sri_Lanka_Government" title="Ministers of the Sri Lanka Government">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cabinet of Sri Lanka">Cabinet</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ministries of Sri Lanka">Ministries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Administrative_Service" title="Sri Lanka Administrative Service">Administrative Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Sri_Lanka)" title="National Security Council (Sri Lanka)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Law enforcement in Sri Lanka">Law enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Judiciary of Sri Lanka">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Supreme Court of Sri Lanka">Supreme Court</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Court of Appeal of Sri Lanka">Court of appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Sri Lanka">High Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="District courts of Sri Lanka">District courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrate's Courts of Sri Lanka">Magistrate's Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_Courts_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Courts of Sri Lanka">Primary Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Tribunal" title="Labour Tribunal">Labour Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Parliament of Sri Lanka">Parliament</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Prime Minister of Sri Lanka">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Prime Minister's Office (Sri Lanka)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_speaker_and_chairman_of_committees_of_the_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy speaker and chairman of committees of the Parliament of Sri Lanka">Deputy speaker and chairman of committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chairman_of_Committees" title="Deputy Chairman of Committees">Deputy Chairman of Committees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the House (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Sri Lanka)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Government_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Government Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Government Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Opposition_Whip_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Chief Opposition Whip (Sri Lanka)">Chief Opposition Whip</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretaries-General_of_Parliament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretaries-General of Parliament (page does not exist)">Secretaries-General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" title="15th Parliament of Sri Lanka">15th Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_the_15th_Parliament_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka">Members</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">National security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Armed_Forces" title="Sri Lanka Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Air_Force" title="Sri Lanka Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Army" title="Sri Lanka Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Navy" title="Sri Lanka Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Coast_Guard" title="Sri Lanka Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li>Intelligence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Intelligence_Service_(Sri_Lanka)" title="State Intelligence Service (Sri Lanka)">State Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (Sri Lanka)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Investigation_Department_(Sri_Lanka)" title="Criminal Investigation Department (Sri Lanka)">Criminal Investigation Department</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Police" title="Sri Lanka Police">Sri Lanka Police Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devolution_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devolution in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Devolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_government_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial government in Sri Lanka">Provincial governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Local government in Sri Lanka">Local governments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Municipal councils of Sri Lanka">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_councils_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Urban councils of Sri Lanka">Urban councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradeshiya_Sabha" title="Pradeshiya Sabha">Pradeshiya Sabha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wards_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wards of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Wards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Electoral districts of Sri Lanka">Electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Elections in Sri Lanka">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of political parties in Sri Lanka">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Freedom_Party" title="Sri Lanka Freedom Party">Sri Lanka Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_National_Party" title="United National Party">United National Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Political_scandals_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Political scandals of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Provinces of Sri Lanka">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Districts of Sri Lanka">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisional_Secretariats_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisional Secretariats of Sri Lanka">Divisional Secretariats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grama_Niladhari" title="Grama Niladhari">Grama Niladhari divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of towns in Sri Lanka">Towns</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of ecoregions in Sri Lanka">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Environment of Sri Lanka">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Extreme points of Sri Lanka">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of islands of Sri Lanka">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of mountains of Sri Lanka">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pidurutalagala" title="Pidurutalagala">Pidurutalagala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Highlands_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Highlands of Sri Lanka">Central Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthana_Mountain_Range" title="Hanthana Mountain Range">Hanthana Mountain Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knuckles_Mountain_Range" title="Knuckles Mountain Range">Knuckles Mountain Range</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of national parks of Sri Lanka">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Protected areas of Sri Lanka">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of rivers of Sri Lanka">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahaweli_River" title="Mahaweli River">Mahaweli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvathu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvathu River">Malvathu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelani_River" title="Kelani River">Kelani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Ganga" title="Kalu Ganga">Kalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gin_Ganga" title="Gin Ganga">Gin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="List of waterfalls of Sri Lanka">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Wildlife of Sri Lanka">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Agriculture in Sri Lanka">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Banking in Sri Lanka">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Central Bank of Sri Lanka">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Sri_Lanka" title="List of companies of Sri Lanka">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Electricity sector in Sri Lanka">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Information technology in Sri Lanka">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lanka_public_debt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lanka public debt (page does not exist)">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_rupee" title="Sri Lankan rupee">Rupee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Science and technology in Sri Lanka">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombo_Stock_Exchange" title="Colombo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Taxation in Sri Lanka">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade of Sri Lanka">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Transport in Sri Lanka">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unemployment_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unemployment in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Welfare in Sri Lanka">Welfare</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Industries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparel_industry_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Apparel industry of Sri Lanka">Apparel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Beer in Sri Lanka">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinnamon_production_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinnamon production in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Cocoa production in Sri Lanka">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coconut production in Sri Lanka">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Coffee production in Sri Lanka">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gems_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Gems of Sri Lanka">Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite_mining_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Graphite mining in Sri Lanka">Graphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rice production in Sri Lanka">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rubber production in Sri Lanka">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_production_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar production in Sri Lanka">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tea production in Sri Lanka">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Tourism in Sri Lanka">Tourism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan society">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Childbirth in Sri Lanka">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Demographics of Sri Lanka">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">Sexual Minorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Education in Sri Lanka">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Health in Sri Lanka">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Sri Lanka">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Mass media in Sri Lanka">Mass media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays in Sri Lanka">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Social class in Sri Lanka">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Visual arts of Sri Lanka">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Cinema of Sri Lanka">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fashion_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fashion in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Flag of Sri Lanka">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Folklore_of_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Folklore of Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Sri_Lanka" title="National symbols of Sri Lanka">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Lankan philosophy (page does not exist)">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Radio in Sri Lanka">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Sport in Sri Lanka">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Traditional games of Sri Lanka">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheena_di" title="Cheena di">Cheena di</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Television in Sri Lanka">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Theatre of Sri Lanka">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital punishment in Sri Lanka">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Crime in Sri Lanka">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Disability in Sri Lanka">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Gender inequality in Sri Lanka">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Human rights in Sri Lanka">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Immigration_to_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immigration to Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Sri_Lanka" title="International rankings of Sri Lanka">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sexual_minorities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Sri Lanka">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Terrorism in Sri Lanka">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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