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searchaux" style="display:none">Nanoscale orientation mapping method</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Transmission Kikuchi diffraction setup</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction_2.jpg/388px-Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction_2.jpg/582px-Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction_2.jpg/776px-Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="418" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Off-axis TKD with an example EBSP. Right: On-axis TKD with an example EBSP</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:390px;max-width:390px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:141px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction.jpg/388px-Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction.jpg" decoding="async" width="388" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction.jpg/582px-Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction.jpg/776px-Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="419" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Imaging using diodes in on-axis TKD setup. Right: on-axis TKD setup</div></div></div></div></div><p><b>Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction</b> (<b>TKD</b>), also sometimes called <b>transmission-electron backscatter diffraction</b> (<b>t-EBSD</b>), is a method for orientation mapping at the nanoscale. It’s used for analysing the microstructures of thin <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">transmission electron microscopy</a> (TEM) specimens in the <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> (SEM). This technique has been widely utilised in the characterization of nano-crystalline materials, including oxides, superconductors, and metallic alloys. </p><p>TKD offers improved spatial resolution, enabling effective characterization of nanocrystalline materials and heavily deformed samples where high dislocation densities can prevent successful characterization using conventional <a href="/wiki/Electron_backscatter_diffraction" title="Electron backscatter diffraction">Electron backscatter diffraction</a>. Many studies have reported sub-10 nm resolution using TKD. </p><p>The main difference between <a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">diffraction</a> spots and <a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_lines_(physics)" title="Kikuchi lines (physics)">Kikuchi bands</a> is that in TEM, discrete diffraction spots arise from coherent scattering of the incident beam, while the formation of Kikuchi bands is described as a two-step process consisting of incoherent scattering of the primary beam followed by coherent scattering of these forward biased electrons. TKD has also been applied to analyse fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Ultramylonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramylonite">ultramylonite</a> <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a> samples in a scanning electron microscope. The preparation of TKD samples can be done with standard methods used for transmission electron microscopy (TEM).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transmission Kikuchi diffraction (TKD or t-EBSD<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is an <a href="/wiki/Electron_backscatter_diffraction" title="Electron backscatter diffraction">Electron backscatter diffraction</a> (EBSD) technique that is used to analyse the <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(geometry)" title="Orientation (geometry)">crystallographic orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microstructure" title="Microstructure">microstructure</a> of materials at a high spatial resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a variation of <a href="/wiki/Convergent-beam_electron_diffraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergent-beam electron diffraction">convergent-beam electron diffraction</a>, which has been introduced around the 1970s, and has since become increasingly popular in materials science research, especially for studying materials at the nanoscale.<sup id="cite_ref-:38_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:38-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In TKD, a thin foil sample is prepared and placed perpendicular to the electron beam of a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a>. The electron beam is then focused on a small spot on the sample, and the crystal lattice of the sample diffracts the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">transmitted electrons</a>. The diffraction pattern is then collected by a detector and analysed to determine the crystallographic orientation and microstructure of the sample.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the key advantages of TKD is its high <a href="/wiki/Spatial_resolution" title="Spatial resolution">spatial resolution</a> that can reach a few nanometres. This is achieved by using a small electron beam spot size, typically less than 10 nanometres in diameter, and by collecting the transmitted electrons with a small-angle <a href="/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy" title="Dark-field microscopy">annular dark-field detector</a> (STEM-ADF) in a <a href="/wiki/Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission electron microscopy">scanning transmission electron microscope</a> (STEM). Another advantage of TKD is its high sensitivity to local variations in crystallographic orientation. This is because the transmitted electrons in TKD are diffracted at very small angles, which makes the diffraction pattern highly sensitive to local variations in the crystal lattice.<sup id="cite_ref-:38_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:38-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>TKD can also be used to study nano-sized materials, such as nanoparticles and thin films.<sup id="cite_ref-:41_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:41-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thin foil samples can be prepared for TKD using a <a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">Focused ion beam</a> (FIB) or <a href="/wiki/Ion_milling_machine" title="Ion milling machine">ion milling machine</a>. However, such machines are expensive and their operation requires particular skills and training. Additionally, the diffraction patterns obtained from TKD can be more complex to interpret than those obtained from conventional EBSD techniques due to the complex geometry of the diffracted electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:42_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On-axis and off-axis TKD methods differ in the sample's orientation with respect to the electron beam.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In on-axis TKD, the sample is oriented so that the incident electron beam is nearly perpendicular to the sample surface. This results in a diffraction pattern that is nearly centred around the transmitted beam direction.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On-axis TKD is typically used for analysing samples with low lattice strain and high crystallographic symmetry, such as single crystals or large grains.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:39_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In off-axis TKD, the sample is tilted with respect to the incident electron beam, typically at an angle of several degrees. This results in a diffraction pattern that is shifted away from the transmitted beam direction. Off-axis TKD is typically used for analysing samples with high lattice strain and/or low crystallographic symmetry, such as nano-crystalline materials or materials with defects. Off-axis TKD is often preferred for materials science research because it provides more information about the crystallographic orientation and microstructure of the sample, especially in samples with a high density of defects<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a high degree of lattice strain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:44_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:44-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, on-axis TKD can still be useful for studying samples with high crystallographic symmetry or for verifying the crystallographic orientation of a sample before performing off-axis TKD.<sup id="cite_ref-:39_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:39-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The on-axis technique can speed up acquisition by more than 20 times, and a low scattering angle setup also gives rise to higher quality patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EBSD resolution is influenced by multiple factors including the beam size, electron accelerating voltage, the material's atomic mass and the specimen's thickness. Out of these variables, sample thickness has the greatest effect on the pattern quality and resolution of the image. An increase in the sample thickness broadens the beam, thus reducing the lateral spatial resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:43_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:43-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:41_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:41-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSneddonTrimbyCairney2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sneddon, Glenn C.; Trimby, Patrick W.; Cairney, Julie M. (2016-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927796X16300493">"Transmission Kikuchi diffraction in a scanning electron microscope: A review"</a>. <i>Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports</i>. <b>110</b>: 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mser.2016.10.001">10.1016/j.mser.2016.10.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0927-796X">0927-796X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Science+and+Engineering%3A+R%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Transmission+Kikuchi+diffraction+in+a+scanning+electron+microscope%3A+A+review&rft.volume=110&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2016-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mser.2016.10.001&rft.issn=0927-796X&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=Glenn+C.&rft.au=Trimby%2C+Patrick+W.&rft.au=Cairney%2C+Julie+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0927796X16300493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+Kikuchi+diffraction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFundenbergerBouzyGoranGuyon2016" class="citation journal cs1">Fundenberger, J. J.; Bouzy, E.; Goran, D.; Guyon, J.; Yuan, H.; Morawiec, A. (2016-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304399115300656">"Orientation mapping by transmission-SEM with an on-axis detector"</a>. <i>Ultramicroscopy</i>. <b>161</b>: 17–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ultramic.2015.11.002">10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3991">0304-3991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultramicroscopy&rft.atitle=Orientation+mapping+by+transmission-SEM+with+an+on-axis+detector&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=17-22&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ultramic.2015.11.002&rft.issn=0304-3991&rft.aulast=Fundenberger&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Bouzy%2C+E.&rft.au=Goran%2C+D.&rft.au=Guyon%2C+J.&rft.au=Yuan%2C+H.&rft.au=Morawiec%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0304399115300656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+Kikuchi+diffraction" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiessenBurrowsFanta2018" class="citation journal cs1">Niessen, F.; Burrows, A.; Fanta, A. Bastos da Silva (2018-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304399117303777">"A systematic comparison of on-axis and off-axis transmission Kikuchi diffraction"</a>. <i>Ultramicroscopy</i>. <b>186</b>: 158–170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ultramic.2017.12.017">10.1016/j.ultramic.2017.12.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-3991">0304-3991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultramicroscopy&rft.atitle=A+systematic+comparison+of+on-axis+and+off-axis+transmission+Kikuchi+diffraction&rft.volume=186&rft.pages=158-170&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ultramic.2017.12.017&rft.issn=0304-3991&rft.aulast=Niessen&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Burrows%2C+A.&rft.au=Fanta%2C+A.+Bastos+da+Silva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0304399117303777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+Kikuchi+diffraction" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmission_Kikuchi_diffraction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgamiMichibayashi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Igami, Yohei; Michibayashi, Katsuyoshi (2021-09-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00269-021-01161-7">"Transmission Kikuchi diffraction study of submicrotexture within ultramylonitic peridotite"</a>. <i>Physics and Chemistry of Minerals</i>. <b>48</b> (10): 38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00269-021-01161-7">10.1007/s00269-021-01161-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1432-2021">1432-2021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+and+Chemistry+of+Minerals&rft.atitle=Transmission+Kikuchi+diffraction+study+of+submicrotexture+within+ultramylonitic+peridotite&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2021-09-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00269-021-01161-7&rft.issn=1432-2021&rft.aulast=Igami&rft.aufirst=Yohei&rft.au=Michibayashi%2C+Katsuyoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00269-021-01161-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+Kikuchi+diffraction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_BremenRibas_Gomesde_JeerOcelík2016" class="citation journal cs1">van Bremen, R.; Ribas Gomes, D.; de Jeer, L.T.H.; Ocelík, V.; De Hosson, J.Th.M. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/7729a4b9-d8a6-49d9-b74c-312e4de6e7c9">"On the optimum resolution of transmission-electron backscattered diffraction (t-EBSD)"</a>. <i>Ultramicroscopy</i>. <b>160</b>: 256–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ultramic.2015.10.025">10.1016/j.ultramic.2015.10.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26579885">26579885</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325200603/https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/on-the-optimum-resolution-of-transmission-electron-backscattered-">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultramicroscopy&rft.atitle=On+the+optimum+resolution+of+transmission-electron+backscattered+diffraction+%28t-EBSD%29&rft.volume=160&rft.pages=256-264&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ultramic.2015.10.025&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26579885&rft.aulast=van+Bremen&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Ribas+Gomes%2C+D.&rft.au=de+Jeer%2C+L.T.H.&rft.au=Ocel%C3%ADk%2C+V.&rft.au=De+Hosson%2C+J.Th.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.rug.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F7729a4b9-d8a6-49d9-b74c-312e4de6e7c9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+Kikuchi+diffraction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerGeiss2012" class="citation journal cs1">Keller, R.R.; Geiss, R.H. (2012). "Transmission EBSD from 10 nm domains in a scanning electron microscope: Transmission EBSD in the SEM". <i>Journal of Microscopy</i>. <b>245</b> (3): 245–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2818.2011.03566.x">10.1111/j.1365-2818.2011.03566.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39521418">39521418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Microscopy&rft.atitle=Transmission+EBSD+from+10+nm+domains+in+a+scanning+electron+microscope%3A+Transmission+EBSD+in+the+SEM&rft.volume=245&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=245-251&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2818.2011.03566.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39521418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=R.R.&rft.au=Geiss%2C+R.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+Kikuchi+diffraction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:38-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:38_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:38_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneddonTrimbyCairney2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sneddon, Glenn C.; Trimby, Patrick W.; Cairney, Julie M. (2016). "Transmission Kikuchi diffraction in a scanning electron microscope: A review". <i>Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports</i>. <b>110</b>: 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mser.2016.10.001">10.1016/j.mser.2016.10.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+Science+and+Engineering%3A+R%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=Transmission+Kikuchi+diffraction+in+a+scanning+electron+microscope%3A+A+review&rft.volume=110&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mser.2016.10.001&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=Glenn+C.&rft.au=Trimby%2C+Patrick+W.&rft.au=Cairney%2C+Julie+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransmission+Kikuchi+diffraction" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:39-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:39_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:39_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:39_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:39_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:39_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiessenBurrowsFanta2018" class="citation journal cs1">Niessen, F.; Burrows, A.; Fanta, A. 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href="/wiki/Template:Electron_microscopy" title="Template:Electron microscopy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electron_microscopy" title="Template talk:Electron microscopy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electron_microscopy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electron microscopy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electron_microscopy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">Electron microscopy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron microscopy">Electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electron_microscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of electron microscopy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrograph" title="Micrograph">Micrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_microscope_technology" title="Timeline of microscope technology">Timeline of microscope technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a> interaction<br />with matter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auger_effect" title="Auger effect">Auger effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">Bremsstrahlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_diffraction" title="Electron diffraction">Electron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_scattering" title="Electron scattering">Electron scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuchi_lines_(physics)" title="Kikuchi lines (physics)">Kikuchi lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_electrons" title="Secondary electrons">Secondary electrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detectors_for_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Detectors for transmission electron microscopy">Detectors for transmission electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_gun" title="Electron gun">Electron gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everhart%E2%80%93Thornley_detector" title="Everhart–Thornley detector">Everhart–Thornley detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_electron_emission" title="Field electron emission">Field electron emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_emission_gun" title="Field emission gun">Field emission gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_lens" title="Magnetic lens">Magnetic lens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigmator" title="Stigmator">Stigmator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microscopes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_microprobe" title="Electron microprobe">EM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correlative_light-electron_microscopy" title="Correlative light-electron microscopy">Correlative light EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">Cryo-EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_microprobe" title="Electron microprobe">EMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid-Phase_Electron_Microscopy" title="Liquid-Phase Electron Microscopy">Liquid-Phase EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-energy_electron_microscopy" title="Low-energy electron microscopy">Low-energy EM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoemission_electron_microscopy" title="Photoemission electron microscopy">Photoemission EM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">SEM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_scanning_electron_microscope" title="Environmental scanning electron microscope">Environmental SEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_cryomicroscopy" title="Scanning electron cryomicroscopy">CryoSEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_confocal_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning confocal electron microscopy">Confocal SEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEM-XRF" title="SEM-XRF">SEM-XRF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">TEM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_cryomicroscopy" title="Transmission electron cryomicroscopy">Cryo-TEM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_cryotomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron cryotomography">Cryo-ET</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_filtered_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy">EFTEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-resolution_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="High-resolution transmission electron microscopy">HRTEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Scanning transmission electron microscopy">STEM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="4D scanning transmission electron microscopy">4D STEM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aberration-Corrected_Transmission_Electron_Microscopy" title="Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscopy">Aberration-Corrected TEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4D_scanning_transmission_electron_microscopy" title="4D scanning transmission electron microscopy">4D STEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annular_dark-field_imaging" title="Annular dark-field imaging">Annular dark-field imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathodoluminescence" title="Cathodoluminescence">Cathodoluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charge_contrast_imaging" title="Charge contrast imaging">Charge contrast imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_beam_electron_diffraction" title="Convergent beam electron diffraction">CBED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_electron_microscopy" title="Cryogenic electron microscopy">cryoEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy" title="Dark-field microscopy">Dark-field microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">EDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_backscatter_diffraction" title="Electron backscatter diffraction">EBSD</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">TKD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_channelling_contrast_imaging" title="Electron channelling contrast imaging">ECCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_energy_loss_spectroscopy" title="Electron energy loss spectroscopy">EELS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_beam-induced_current" title="Electron beam-induced current">EBIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_holography" title="Electron holography">Electron holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_tomography" title="Electron tomography">Electron tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focused_ion_beam" title="Focused ion beam">FIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluctuation_electron_microscopy" title="Fluctuation electron microscopy">FEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_electron_microscopy" title="Immune electron microscopy">Immune electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_phase_analysis" title="Geometric phase analysis">Geometric phase analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photon-Induced_Near-field_Electron_Microscopy" title="Photon-Induced Near-field Electron Microscopy">PINEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precession_electron_diffraction" title="Precession electron diffraction">Precession electron diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_block-face_scanning_electron_microscopy" title="Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy">Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelength-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy" title="Wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy">WDXS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weak-beam_dark-field_microscopy" title="Weak-beam dark-field microscopy">WBDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Crewe" title="Albert Crewe">Albert Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_von_Borries" title="Bodo von Borries">Bodo von Borries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Dennis Gabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_G._Bauer" title="Ernst G. Bauer">Ernst G. Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ernst Ruska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimos_Danilatos" title="Gerasimos Danilatos">Gerasimos Danilatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hillier" title="James Hillier">James Hillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Ardenne" title="Manfred von Ardenne">Manfred von Ardenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Knoll" title="Max Knoll">Max Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_J._Zaluzec" title="Nestor J. Zaluzec">Nestor J. Zaluzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondrej_Krivanek" title="Ondrej Krivanek">Ondrej Krivanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Everhart" title="Thomas Eugene Everhart">Thomas Eugene Everhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Ellis_Cosslett" title="Vernon Ellis Cosslett">Vernon Ellis Cosslett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEI_Company" title="FEI Company">FEI Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi" title="Hitachi">Hitachi High-Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEOL" title="JEOL">JEOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leica_Microsystems" title="Leica Microsystems">Leica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nion_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Nion Company">Nion Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TESCAN" title="TESCAN">TESCAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermo_Fisher_Scientific" title="Thermo Fisher Scientific">Thermo Fisher Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gegi.usherbrooke.ca/casino/index.html">CASINO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrysTBox" title="CrysTBox">CrysTBox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM_Data_Bank" title="EM Data Bank">EM Data Bank</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/EMsoft-org/EMsoft">EMsoft</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gatan.com/products/tem-analysis/gatan-microscopy-suite-software">Digital Micrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_methods_(electron_microscopy)" title="Direct methods (electron microscopy)">Direct methods</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucr.org/resources/commissions/electron-crystallography/software">IUCr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTEX" title="MTEX">MTEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multislice" title="Multislice">Multislice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Electron_microscopy" title="Category:Electron microscopy">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Electron_microscopy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Electron microscopy">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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