Le boson W : Chaleur du Soleil et poussi猫res d'茅toile

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Cette force est celle qui permet la transformation de particules de mati猫re ; c'est gr芒ce 脿 elle que le Soleil brille et que se forment de nouveaux 茅l茅ments</p> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <a class="endof-cern-header-blocks"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"> <div class="component-row component-row__display__centered section-navigation effect_none"> <div class="component-row__row"> <div class="component-row__column component-row__center section-has-no-column col-md-9 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="box-effects-wrapper "> <div class="component-margin component-margin-small" ></div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <p>Le boson W est une particule fondamentale. Conjointement avec le <a href="https://home.cern/fr/science/physics/z-boson">boson Z</a>, il est le porteur de la force faible, l'une des <a href="/fr/science/physics/standard-model">quatre forces fondamentales</a> qui dictent le comportement de la mati猫re dans l'Univers.  Les particules de mati猫re peuvent interagir par l'茅change de ces bosons, mais uniquement sur de courtes distances.</p> <p>Dot茅 d'une charge 茅gale 脿 +1 ou 脿 -1, le boson W peut changer l'identit茅 des particules. C'est lui qui est 脿 l'origine de nombreux processus nucl茅aires, dont ceux qui font br没ler les 茅toiles. Cette combustion cr茅e aussi des 茅l茅ments plus lourds et, lorsque l'茅toile meurt, ces 茅l茅ments sont expuls茅s dans l'espace o霉 ils deviendront des mat茅riaux capables de constituer des plan猫tes (et tout ce qui va dessus).</p> <p>Le 25 janvier 1983, le CERN <a href="http://cds.cern.ch/record/854078/files/CM-P00053948.pdf">annon莽ait</a> la d茅couverte du boson W. Deux collaborations, <a href="/fr/science/experiments/ua1">UA1</a>, dirig茅e par <a href="/fr/about/who-we-are/our-people/biographies/carlo-rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a>, et <a href="/fr/science/experiments/ua2">UA2</a>, dirig茅e par Pierre Darriulat, avaient pr茅sent茅 leurs observations lors de <a href="http/cds.cern.ch/video/CERN-MOVIE-2013-003-001">s茅minaires </a> quelques jours auparavant. Cette d茅couverte 茅tait l'aboutissement d'une suggestion pr茅sent茅e par Rubbia et par d'autres scientifiques : convertir le <a href="/fr/science/accelerators/super-proton-synchrotron">SPS</a> en un collisionneur proton-antiproton, qui atteindrait l'茅nergie n茅cessaire pour produire le boson W. Cette conversion a 茅t茅 rendue possible par l'invention, par Simon van der Meer, du <a href="/fr/science/engineering/stochastic-cooling">refroidissement stochastique</a>. C'est ainsi que Carlo Rubbia et Simon van der Meer recevront le <a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1984/summary/">prix Nobel de physique</a> en 1984.</p> <p>Le boson W vient au quatri猫me rang sur l'茅chelle des masses dans le <a href="/fr/science/physics/standard-model">Mod猫le standard</a>, et sa masse s'explique par le <a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson/what">m茅canisme de Brout-Englert-Higgs</a>. Ce m茅canisme supposait l'existence d'un <a href="/fr/science/physics/higgs-boson">boson de Higgs</a>, <a href="/fr/news/press-release/general-cern/cern-experiments-observe-particle-consistent-long-sought-higgs">d茅couvert</a> au CERN en 2012.</p> <p>Depuis la d茅couverte de 1983, les physiciens exp茅rimentateurs continuent 脿 comparer les mesures des propri茅t茅s du boson W avec les pr茅dictions th茅oriques. Les 茅tudes effectu茅es 脿 pr茅sent au <a href="https://home.cern/fr/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider">LHC</a> s'appuient sur celles men茅es pr茅c茅demment au <a href="/fr/science/large-electron-positron-collider">LEP</a>, avec des analyses, en particulier sur la masse, de plus en plus pr茅cises. Tout 茅cart par rapport 脿 la th茅orie pourrait 锚tre l'indication d'une physique encore inconnue.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component-row__column component-row__sidebar-right col-md-3 col-sm-12 col-xs-12"> <div class="component-margin component-margin-small" ></div> <div class="text-component text-component-page clearfix"> <div class="text-component-text cern_full_html"> <figure id="CERN-EX-69576-1"><a href="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-EX-69576-1" title="View on CDS"><img alt src="//cds.cern.ch/images/CERN-EX-69576-1/file?size=medium"></a><figcaption>Un 茅v茅nement r茅v茅lant un boson W, enregistr茅 par le d茅tecteur UA1 lors du cycle d'exploitation proton-antiproton du collisionneur sur la p茅riode octobre-d茅cembre 1982. <span> (Image : CERN)</span></figcaption></figure><figure role="group"> <img alt="W boson press conference on 25 January 1983" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="cadc8a7d-af62-4285-9f72-673d7dd6cfbd" height="auto" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/katebrad/w-boson-press-conference1.jpg" width="1122" loading="lazy"> <figcaption>Le 25 janvier 1983, le CERN annon莽ait la d茅couverte du boson W. 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